1033:
1170:
essential to unraveling the drug lords' multi-billion dollar property and investment empire and their systematic bribes to politicians and other official protectors. 'We use a hammer-and-anvil tactic,' said
Colonel Argemiro Serna, commander of the Cali police, in a recent interview. 'The search force raids suspected drug houses and possible hideouts, to try to flush them into movement. Then I send out units on roadblocks and aggressive random searches to trap them.' His boss, National Police Director Ross Serrano, described a more complex overall strategy—first closing down the private security agencies, taxi fleets and beeper companies that gave the cartel leaders bodyguards, safe transport and communications; arresting many of their messengers and lower-level employees to isolate them; and freezing their bank accounts to crimp cash flow.
1002:
hours by Heine Mogollón, the head of the
Chamber of Representatives' Accusation Commission, at Samper's own request. Afterward, Samper went on television to say that he had answered all "the lies" and vowed to serve out his term. It was considered unlikely that the commission, composed mostly of members from Samper's own party, would recommend impeachment. A greater danger was the possibility that the supreme court would allow Valdivieso to investigate Samper. On 27 September, in an apparent attempt to force Samper to resign, two bodyguards of his attorney, Antonio José Cancino, were killed, with Cancino and another bodyguard wounded. On 14 December 1995, despite the publication in the magazine
878:: opinion polls were sharply divided. Presidential elections took place on 29 May 1994. Ernesto Samper won the first electoral round—where about 1/2 of 17 million voters cast ballots—with 45.2% of the vote. Pastrana was the runner up, with 45%. 16 other candidates divided the remainder. Colombian electoral law states that if no candidate wins more than 50% + 1 vote in the first round, a second round between the two candidates who achieved the highest number of votes in the first round shall take place to identify a winner.
1132:... Instead of fighting the state through a campaign of terrorism, the leaders here set out to buy influence and control the economy.... all the leaders run separate trafficking, intelligence and security organizations, but they coordinate drug shipments and share information. With an intelligence apparatus encompassing hotel clerks, corrupt policemen and politicians and a taxi fleet of several thousand, the movements of police and army units are constantly monitored. To combat such corruption, Gen.
1025:
2888:
2898:
964:, another political ally, held a press conference to deny Medina's allegations, armed with copies of Medina's testimony to the chief prosecutor. Serpa said the testimony had come from "anonymous sources", but they were allegedly stolen from the prosecutor's office. Valdivieso appeared on national television to angrily denounce Botero and Serpa for divulging such testimony. Medina was later convicted, and sentenced to prison.
976:
The prosecutor also charged Samper, who insisted on his innocence. Samper said that if drug money had entered the presidential campaign, it had done so "behind his back". Subsequently, Samper declared a 90-day state of emergency, which caused some to fear a shift to the right by Samper. The defection to the United States of cartel accountant
1207:
million in aid to combat narcotics trafficking. The United States would also seek to block loans from international organizations. For years, Samper's administration was lambasted by the US for its supposed failure to make every effort to effectively fight the war against cocaine and the Cali Cartel.
1187:
Shortly after Samper's election and disturbed by the release of the taped phone conversations compromising the integrity of the president-elect, the US Senate unanimously approved a measure that would make anti-narcotic financial aid to
Colombia conditional on the government's commitment to fighting
990:, stated in an interview that not knowing that drug money financed part of the presidential campaign was similar to not noticing an elephant entering one's living room. Since then, the events that led to drug money financing the "Samper for President" campaign have been referred to as "The Elephant".
1178:
Samper stated that further measures to be taken should focus on increased international cooperation, including sharing information to speed up investigations and prosecutions, working toward implementing a treaty to stop cartel money laundering through established financial institutions, restricting
975:
Armando
Benedetti, in Samper's campaign financing. On 15 August, Botero was arrested in connection with the investigation. Other political figures, such as Alberto Santofimio Botero and Eduardo Mestre, as well as journalist Alberto Giraldo, were also imprisoned as a result of the same investigation.
1001:
can judge the president. So, once the
Prosecutor General presented the case and delivered the evidence to the Congress, it was in the hands of the latter to evaluate the evidence and determine whether Samper was directly involved in this scandal. On 26 September 1995, Samper was questioned for nine
881:
The results of the first round caused the Samper campaign team to secure additional funding to help widen the margin over the opposing candidate. The campaign had assumed that
Ernesto Samper would win the election easily in the first round and had spent all of their campaign funds to achieve this.
1169:
In less than 30 days, five of the cartel's seven most wanted members have been put behind bars. In thousands of raids on farms, houses, apartments and office buildings, police have found and seized weapons, drugs, money and—most importantly—business documents, accounts books and lists of payments
1064:
In June 1995, Samper claimed that his administration had made considerable progress in fighting the drug war—which had cost
Colombia "countless lives" in the previous ten years, "including more than 3,000 police officers and soldiers, 23 judges, 63 journalists and four presidential candidates"—by
955:
As a result of the investigation, Santiago Medina, the campaign's treasurer, was arrested for accepting $ 50,000 from a company known to be a front for the Cali cartel. Just after Medina's arrest, Samper gave a unscheduled, nationally televised address where he admitted the possibility that drug
952:, and nine congressman, as well as journalist Alberto Giraldo, who openly admitted to having ties to the Cali cartel. Although Samper's campaign treasurer, Santiago Medina, came under investigation, Valdivieso refused to re-open the "narco-cassette case" that had been closed by de Greiff.
68:
1103:
In the first half of 1995, about 25,000 acres (10,000 ha) of coca crops and over 5,400 acres (2,200 ha) of heroin crops were destroyed, much more than in 1994; more than 440,000 US gallons (1,700,000 L; 370,000 imp gal) of liquid chemicals and 3,800,000 kilograms
1174:
However, with drug use in Europe on the rise, new markets opening up in
Eastern Europe and Asia, and the United States reporting a 25% increase in cocaine-related medical emergencies since 1991, the continuing demand for drugs meant that drug trafficking would continue.
882:
With the campaign financials running in the red, the campaign managers were faced with the need to rally support for an additional three weeks against a strong, well-funded opponent. In what can be described as an attempt to win at all cost, the campaign turned to the
652:
was funneled into Samper's presidential campaign to gain his success in what would have been a very close race after he failed to win by a majority during the first round (Colombia has 2 rounds of elections, unless the first round yields a majority winner). The
1240:, Samper announced that he planned to focus on three agendas: political, social, and economic. He also announced plans to create a South American International Criminal Court to deal with regional criminal issues. Samper left office on 31 January 2017.
1119:
Under strong U.S. pressure, leaders of the Cali
Cocaine cartel are targets of a massive manhunt involving about 6,000 troops. Now controlling about 80 percent of the global multibillion-dollar cocaine trade, the loose-knit Cali syndicate is
1373:
917:, with journalist Alberto Giraldo Lopez as the intermediary. Samper initially denied the allegations. Soon afterwards, a series of damaging tape recordings were released to the public. In 2021, Joe Toft of the United States
943:
for his political views, particularly for favoring the extradition of drug lords to the United States. Valdivieso discovered connections between the Cali drug cartel and top figures of
Colombia's society, including the
1008:
of the details of Pallomari's accusations, the congressional commission voted against opening a formal investigation into the charges against Samper, although Colombian justice officials continued to investigate.
893:
On 19 June 1994, after three weeks of arduous campaigning, Samper was elected president in the second-round voting, once again by a narrow margin, 50.37% to 48.64%, over Pastrana, being sworn in in August.
1224:, Andrés Pastrana, who criticized the decision. Opposition was also expressed by the media, political groups, and other segments of Colombian society. In the end, Samper did not accept the offer.
1384:
1248:
Samper married Silvia Arbelaez with whom he had one son, Andrés. The couple divorced, and Samper married Jacquin Strouss Lucena on 16 June 1979, with whom he has two children, Miguel and Felipe.
1939:
2982:
972:
2035:
1636:
289:
1065:
launching an "integrated, multi-front attack on the cartels" that targeted "bank accounts, laboratories, crops, chemicals, transportation systems and political connections."
2987:
1056:
in attendance. In his inauguration speech, he made the drug war a special priority while warning that no one was in a position to lecture Colombia on how to fight that war.
1203:
billion of economic aid to Colombia, saying that Colombia's government was too corrupt to combat its country's drug lords, although Colombia would continue to receive $ 37
1108:
680:
1832:
846:. His subsequent campaign was conducted with strict regard for security, including wearing bullet-proof vests and being accompanied by a security detail of over 400.
724:
2977:
2381:
1264:
2967:
702:
1032:
669:
1662:
713:
2111:
Fernando Botero's 2007 Spanish language tv and radio interview with new details on Ernesto Samper's involvement on receiving money from the Cali Cartel -
832:
1591:
668:
One of his great great grandfathers, Teodoro Valenzuela Sarmiento, was the nephew of the former president and hero of the Independence of Colombia,
2937:
2621:
2165:
2081:
1104:(8,400,000 lb) of solid chemicals were destroyed; 64,277 grams (2,267 oz) of heroin were confiscated; and 243 drug labs were destroyed.
783:, graduating in 1972 with a degree in economics. He obtained a degree in law in 1973. Additionally, he conducted graduate studies in Economics at
744:
2418:
2947:
945:
2957:
1535:"Economist Elected Colombian President: Ruling party candidate Ernesto Samper defeats Andres Pastrana. He promises to do more for the poor"
357:
1221:
855:
648:, which takes its name from the folio number assigned to it by the chief prosecutor's office. The prosecutor charged that money from the
2076:
1179:
the trade in precursor chemicals, enhancing international financial support for crop substitution, and holding a world summit on drugs.
2962:
1111:
became bases from which the military could intercept drug shipments and communications. Unprecedented police operations in the city of
928:
2972:
2110:
232:
2746:
2730:
949:
654:
1847:
2149:
17:
2614:
2223:
1829:
1192:
said that Colombia was prepared to fight the drug war without the United States, and that the measure was "disrespectful".
968:
870:
was in its early stages, it became increasingly clear that the race was going to be close, particularly between Samper and
867:
820:
1152:... soldiers assigned to anti-drug duty, members of an elite 150-man unit trained as a shock force live in utter isolation
827:, Samper was from the reformist wing of the party. In 1989, Samper was wounded by 11 bullets during the assassination of
2932:
2411:
909:
Shortly after his presidential victory, Samper was accused by Pastrana of having received campaign donations from the
629:(born 3 August 1950) is a Colombian politician. Samper is a member of the influential Samper family. He served as the
2130:
1564:
2850:
1076:, was arrested, one of over 1,100 cartel members arrested so far in the year. By August, five more cartel leaders—
760:
Ernesto was born on 3 August 1950 in Bogotá, to Andrés Samper Gnecco and Helena Pizano Pardo. Among his siblings,
2952:
2891:
2607:
1233:
918:
788:
780:
638:
586:
1339:
1012:
On 15 March 1996, the Colombian supreme court opened an investigation into three cabinet members—Horacio Serpa,
2901:
2648:
1013:
994:
931:
cleared Samper of wrongdoing, after what critics termed a "less-than-exhaustive" investigation. His successor,
630:
2336:
350:
2942:
2404:
2291:
1128:... anti-narcotics efforts concentrated on the rival Medellín cartel in the 1980s, the Cali organization grew
2840:
2678:
932:
875:
685:
1093:
787:
while living in New York City. In 1974, he became a professor of law and economics at his alma mater, the
2870:
1208:
Additionally, the US revoked Samper's visa and thereby effectively banned him from entering the country.
1085:
1069:
176:
2860:
2800:
1534:
1220:
offered Samper Colombia's ambassadorship to France. This led to the resignation of former President and
764:
stands out as a prolific writer and journalist, a trait not alien to the Samper family, who come from a
2666:
2660:
1089:
1045:
828:
117:
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2776:
800:
729:
2714:
2374:
1559:
1437:
214:
2742:
2726:
2523:
2364:
1781:
Ambrus, Steven (26 August 1995). "Colombian Rights Groups Fear President's Sudden Tilt to Right".
1081:
2788:
2684:
2563:
2427:
2214:
890:. These donations were delivered in large colourful paper bags normally used for birthday gifts.
707:
634:
490:
2752:
2992:
2927:
2782:
2770:
2736:
2453:
1276:, Samper is portrayed by the Colombian actor Gustavo Ángel as the character of Néstor Sampedro.
1195:
On 1 March 1996, after an annual review of narcotics programs in 140 countries, U.S. President
739:
674:
534:
2690:
983:
804:
2812:
2764:
2720:
2630:
2543:
2252:
2218:
2086:
1467:
1077:
987:
717:
136:
83:
2696:
1133:
2922:
2473:
2354:
1409:
998:
914:
887:
761:
749:
735:
126:
936:
837:
8:
2654:
2573:
2079:[Ernesto Samper signs certificate of possession as Secretary General of UNASUR].
1599:
1272:
977:
957:
784:
598:
591:
422:
1521:
2846:
2806:
2508:
2443:
1237:
967:
On 2 August 1995, Botero resigned as defense minister, soon after Valdivieso asked the
808:
2830:
2301:
2262:
940:
871:
282:
168:
2463:
2458:
2396:
2145:
2126:
2118:
1318:
1004:
924:
799:
Samper helped manage the unsuccessful 1982 presidential campaign of former president
2758:
2583:
2488:
1815:
Selsky, Andrew (24 September 1995). "Secret records may ruin Colombia's president".
1097:
698:
690:, and his great great grandmother Felisa Pombo Rebolledo was the sister of the poet
2708:
2538:
2004:
Farah, Douglas (11 June 1995). "Colombia hits drug cartel with a massive manhunt".
1236:(UNASUR). He took office on 11 September 2014. During his inauguration ceremony in
1189:
776:
772:
2818:
2702:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2207:
1280:
824:
393:
328:
156:
2438:
1836:
1800:
Selsky, Andrew (21 September 1995). "Cali Cartel Treasurer in U.S. and Talking".
939:, a charismatic Liberal party presidential candidate assassinated in 1989 by the
903:
2836:
1217:
2578:
2528:
2448:
1383:(Family tree) (in Spanish). Vol. 4. Interconexion Colombia. Archived from
1037:
55:
2553:
2019:
Timothy, Ross (14 July 1995). "Colombia's Cali Cartel Is Down – But Not Out".
1522:
Colombia:1994 Elecciones Presidenciales, Primera Vuelta, Resultados Nacionales
1259:
2916:
2866:
2568:
2558:
2483:
2277:
2245:
2230:
1322:
1053:
1024:
961:
956:
money had gone to his campaign. On 31 July 1995, days after Medina's arrest,
2856:
1124:... to be one of the most difficult criminal enterprises to penetrate. While
1044:
On 7 August 1994, under tight security, Samper was sworn in as president in
2672:
2588:
2548:
2468:
1196:
1049:
691:
645:
33:
1989:"Colombian Drug Lord Arrested: 6 Cali cartel leaders caught in 2 months".
935:, personally led a new investigation. Valdivieso was a cousin of the late
2599:
2533:
2077:"Ernesto Samper firma acta de posesión como Secretario General de UNASUR"
1414:
1073:
910:
883:
649:
2478:
1702:
Stott, Michael (29 July 1995). "Crisis Over Cocaine Cash in Colombia".
578:
2060:
Deans, Bob (2 March 1996). "U.S. Cuts Colombia Aid Over Drug Issue".
1717:"Colombia's Top Prosecutor Accuses Government of Meddling in Probe".
1344:
614:
479:
1115:
took place with the same objective of disrupting drug trafficking.
2513:
2346:
819:
Samper unsuccessfully ran for the Liberal Party's nomination for
657:
acquitted Samper by a vote of 111 to 43, concluding the process.
270:
67:
37:
1940:"Colombia Inaugurates President Who Raised Drug Worries in U.S."
1028:
Samper naming Olga Duque de Ospina as education minister in 1994
1492:
Guillermoprieto, Alma (16 October 1989). "Letter from Bogotá".
1285:
843:
1016:
and Juan Manuel Turbay—alleged to be involved in the scandal.
637:. From 2014 to 2017 he served as the Secretary General of the
1974:
Samper, Ernesto (30 June 1995). "Colombia's War on Drugs".
1747:"Samper Campaign Head Arrested in Colombia". World Report.
1507:"Close Colombian Election Sets Up a Runoff for President".
1342:[Latin-American Unity, At Its Most Critical Hour].
1112:
2983:
Secretaries general of the Union of South American Nations
1148:... 400 noncommissioned officers and 1,600 other policemen
2142:
Here I Am and Here I Remain: Witness to Government
1863:. Chronicle News Services. 27 September 1995. p. C1.
1283:
in season 3 (2017) of the crime drama television series
1232:
In July 2014, Samper was named Secretary General of the
980:
put a trove of documents in the hands of investigators.
177:
Secretary General of the Union of South American Nations
1188:
drug trafficking. In reply, Colombian foreign minister
679:. Another of his great great grandfathers was the poet
665:
Samper is related to several other Colombians of note.
2426:
1927:. Chronicle News Services. 16 March 1996. p. A12.
858:, (1990–1991) and as ambassador to Spain (1991–1993).
2138:
Aquí Estoy y Aquí Me Quedo: Testimonio de un Gobierno
1993:. Chronicle News Services. 7 August 1995. p. A1.
1068:
In June 1995, a money-laundering law was signed; and
2988:
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
886:, receiving cash donations in excess of $ 6 million
854:
During the Gaviria administration, Samper served as
2036:"Senate Drug Bill Imperils U.S. Ties With Colombia"
2012:
1340:"La unidad latinoamericana, en su hora más crítica"
1334:
1332:
1048:, with foreign dignitaries such as Cuban president
1563:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1956:
1897:. Associated Press. 12 December 1995. p. A6.
1637:"DEA Agent Attacks Colombia As 'Narco-Democracy'"
1552:
1412:[The luxurious life of Alejandro Riaño].
2914:
2082:South American Institute of Government in Health
1762:"Colombia's Leader Imposes State of Emergency".
1628:
1329:
2978:Secretaries-general of the Non-Aligned Movement
1997:
1908:"Colombian Congress Drops Probe of President".
1721:. Associated Press. 1 August 1995. p. C12.
1654:
1491:
1455:
1374:"Ernesto Samper Pizano, Familiares Y Parentela"
723:Samper is the nephew of the renowned architect
44: and the second or maternal family name is
1893:"New Tale of Drug Cash In Colombia Campaign".
1691:. Associated Press. 27 July 1995. p. A10.
1620:"Drug Prosecutor Clears Colombian President".
1227:
960:, who had been Samper's campaign manager, and
842:, leaving Samper hospitalized with near-fatal
734:, brother of writer, journalist and columnist
2968:Ministers of economic development of Colombia
2615:
2412:
2008:– via San Francisco Chronicle, p. C-18.
1308:
1263:, Samper is portrayed by the Colombian actor
861:
814:
720:, who was a presidential candidate in 1898.
1874:"Colombian Leader's Lawyer Hit By Gunmen".
1817:San Francisco Sunday Examiner and Chronicle
1222:Ambassador of Colombia to the United States
755:
2897:
2629:
2622:
2608:
2419:
2405:
1371:
1304:
1302:
849:
66:
1687:"Colombian Leader's Campaign Aide Held".
1532:
1036:Samper meeting with Venezuelan president
794:
712:, grandson in direct line of businessman
233:Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement
1031:
1023:
1019:
2938:Pontificia Universidad Javeriana alumni
2144:] (in Spanish). Bogotá: El Ancora.
2018:
1923:"Court Opens Graft Probe In Colombia".
1732:"Colombia's Defense Chief Steps Down".
1511:. Chronicle Wire Services. 30 May 1994.
1299:
1211:
27:President of Colombia from 1994 to 1998
14:
2915:
2135:
2074:
2033:
1973:
1937:
1814:
1799:
1780:
1634:
1565:"Drug Cartel Tied to Vote In Colombia"
1558:
1438:"Explainer: Colombia's 2018 Elections"
1367:
1365:
1363:
1199:cut off most of his country's over $ 1
742:, and uncle of the former director of
2603:
2400:
2059:
2003:
1736:. Reuters. 3 August 1995. p. A8.
1701:
1660:
1251:
971:to investigate his role, and that of
950:lower house of the Colombian congress
921:claimed ownership of the recordings.
697:Samper is a collateral descendant of
378: – 28 October 1991
197: – 31 January 2017
2948:Colombian people of Scottish descent
1182:
655:Colombian Chamber of Representatives
633:from 1994 to 1998, representing the
2958:Colombian Liberal Party politicians
1859:"Colombia's President Questioned".
1360:
897:
253: – 7 August 1998
104: – 7 August 1998
24:
2428:Chairs of the Non-Aligned Movement
2104:
1136:, commander of the National Police
443: – 20 July 1990
25:
3004:
2963:Members of the Senate of Colombia
2186:Minister of Economic Development
2159:
1848:Articulo Archivado FRASES DEL AÑO
1635:Gutkin, Steven (1 October 1994).
1533:Wilkinson, Tracy (20 June 1994).
716:, and grandson of the politician
2973:Ambassadors of Colombia to Spain
2896:
2887:
2886:
1938:Gutkin, Steven (8 August 1994).
1878:. 28 September 1995 – via
1267:as the character Enrique Sander.
1243:
856:Minister of Economic Development
701:'s, paternal grandson of writer
521:
358:Minister of Economic Development
2292:Order of precedence of Colombia
2068:
2064:. Cox News Service. p. A1.
2053:
2034:Gutkin, Steven (17 July 1994).
2027:
1982:
1931:
1916:
1912:. 15 December 1995. p. B4.
1901:
1886:
1867:
1852:
1841:
1823:
1808:
1804:. Associated Press. p. C3.
1793:
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1755:
1740:
1725:
1710:
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1680:
1624:. 17 August 1994. p. A-11.
1613:
1584:
1526:
1309:Samper Pizano, Ernesto (1992).
1234:Union of South American Nations
919:Drug Enforcement Administration
902:For a chronological guide, see
789:Pontifical Xavierian University
781:Pontifical Xavierian University
639:Union of South American Nations
587:Pontifical Xavierian University
546:
517:
2328:Colombian Ambassador to Spain
1661:Farah, Douglas (7 June 1995).
1515:
1500:
1485:
1430:
1410:"Los lujos de Alejandro Riaño"
1402:
1348:(in Spanish). 14 December 2018
1100:the only top leader at large.
807:. He was then a member of the
765:
13:
1:
1766:. 17 August 1995 – via
1598:. Season 1. Episode 7. 2021.
1372:García Vásquez, Julio Cesar.
1293:
946:Colombian comptroller general
2166:Biography by Fundación CIDOB
2125:, Edition XO, Pocket, 2001,
2085:(in Spanish). Archived from
2075:UNASUR (12 September 2014).
1311:Apertura & modernización
1144:... kicked out 220 officers
1109:Colombia's Caribbean islands
1096:—had been arrested, leaving
933:Alfonso Valdivieso Sarmiento
876:Colombian Conservative Party
823:. Like the eventual winner,
803:. He became a member of the
779:in Bogotá, and attended the
738:(as noted above), cousin of
660:
36:, the first or paternal
7:
2382:Secretary General of UNASUR
1228:Secretary General of UNASUR
1070:Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela
1059:
10:
3009:
2661:Manuel Antonio Sanclemente
1663:"Colombia Takes On Cartel"
1090:Phanor Arizabaleta-Arzayus
1052:and US interior secretary
901:
868:1994 presidential campaign
862:1994 presidential campaign
815:1990 presidential campaign
31:
2882:
2637:
2434:
2388:
2379:
2371:
2361:
2353:Secretary General of the
2351:
2343:
2333:
2326:
2320:
2315:
2298:
2289:
2274:
2269:
2259:
2250:
2242:
2237:
2227:
2212:
2204:
2199:
2191:
2184:
2174:
1418:(in Spanish). 1 June 2021
1315:Opening and Modernization
1160:... is from the Cali area
1140:... n the last two months
1094:Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela
986:, a leader of Colombia's
620:
610:
577:
557:
496:
486:
463:
458:
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428:
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245:18 October 1995
238:
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208:
182:
174:
162:
150:
115:
89:
81:
77:
65:
53:
2200:Party political offices
2136:Samper, Ernesto (2000).
1830:Canal RCN – Noticias RCN
1279:Samper was portrayed by
1216:In July 2006, President
1156:... None of the soldiers
756:Early life and education
2933:Politicians from Bogotá
2795:Alfonso López Michelsen
2789:Misael Pastrana Borrero
2777:Guillermo León Valencia
2685:Carlos Eugenio Restrepo
2679:Ramón González Valencia
2323:William Jaramillo Gómez
2062:San Francisco Chronicle
2021:San Francisco Chronicle
1991:San Francisco Chronicle
1925:San Francisco Chronicle
1910:San Francisco Chronicle
1895:San Francisco Chronicle
1880:San Francisco Chronicle
1861:San Francisco Chronicle
1802:San Francisco Chronicle
1787:San Francisco Chronicle
1768:San Francisco Chronicle
1749:San Francisco Chronicle
1734:San Francisco Chronicle
1719:San Francisco Chronicle
1704:San Francisco Chronicle
1689:San Francisco Chronicle
1622:San Francisco Chronicle
1509:San Francisco Chronicle
1472:Encyclopedia Britannica
1468:"Ernesto Samper Pizano"
973:communications minister
969:Colombian supreme court
948:, the president of the
874:, the candidate of the
850:Minister and ambassador
801:Alfonso López Michelsen
644:He was involved in the
370:7 August 1990
290:Colombia Ambassador to
189:1 August 2014
96:7 August 1994
2953:Presidents of Colombia
2783:Carlos Lleras Restrepo
2771:Alberto Lleras Camargo
2743:Alfonso López Pumarejo
2737:Eduardo Santos Montejo
2727:Alfonso López Pumarejo
2631:Presidents of Colombia
2365:Andrés Pastrana Arango
2337:María Emma Mejía Vélez
1706:. Reuters. p. A9.
1270:In the 2014 TV series
1257:In the 2013 TV series
1172:
1166:
1086:José Santacruz Londoño
1041:
1029:
995:Colombian Constitution
984:Cardinal Pedro Rubiano
927:, Colombia's outgoing
795:Early political career
771:Samper studied in the
740:Patricio Samper Gnecco
564:Andrés Samper Arbeláez
535:Jacquin Strouss Lucena
435:20 July 1986
2813:Virgilio Barco Vargas
2765:Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
2721:Enrique Olaya Herrera
2667:José Manuel Marroquín
2253:President of Colombia
2219:President of Colombia
1381:Genealogía Colombiana
1167:
1117:
1082:Victor Patiño-Fomeque
1078:Henry Loaiza-Ceballos
1046:Plaza Bolívar, Bogotá
1035:
1027:
1020:President of Colombia
718:Miguel Samper Agudelo
631:President of Colombia
627:Ernesto Samper Pizano
570:Miguel Samper Strouss
567:Felipe Samper Strouss
137:Carlos Lemos Simmonds
84:President of Colombia
18:Ernesto Samper Pizano
2943:Colombian economists
2753:Mariano Ospina Pérez
2715:Miguel Abadía Méndez
2375:Alí Rodríguez Araque
2355:Non-Aligned Movement
2270:Order of precedence
1496:. pp. 120, 125.
1317:] (in Spanish).
1212:Ambassadorship offer
766:long line of writers
762:Daniel Samper Pizano
750:Daniel Samper Ospina
736:Daniel Samper Pizano
725:Germán Samper Gnecco
703:Daniel Samper Ortega
646:8000 process scandal
520: 1972;
406:Position established
215:Alí Rodríguez Araque
127:Humberto De la Calle
2691:José Vicente Concha
2655:Miguel Antonio Caro
2308:as former President
2284:as former President
2181:Office Established
2089:on 2 September 2017
2006:The Washington Post
1976:Wall Street Journal
1943:The Washington Post
1819:. Associated Press.
1600:National Geographic
1273:En la boca del lobo
978:Guillermo Pallomari
805:Bogotá City Council
785:Columbia University
670:Crisanto Valenzuela
599:Columbia University
423:Senator of Colombia
2847:Juan Manuel Santos
2807:Belisario Betancur
2801:Julio César Turbay
2697:Marco Fidel Suárez
2238:Political offices
2194:Jorge Ospina Sardi
2175:Political offices
1876:The New York Times
1835:2007-09-28 at the
1570:The New York Times
1252:In popular culture
1238:Caracas, Venezuela
1134:Rosso José Serrano
1072:, a leader of the
1042:
1030:
913:of $ 3.75 million
866:In 1993, when the
809:Senate of Colombia
714:Tomas Samper Brush
417:Jorge Ospina Sardi
2910:
2909:
2597:
2596:
2395:
2394:
2362:Succeeded by
2334:Succeeded by
2316:Diplomatic posts
2311:
2299:Succeeded by
2296:former President
2287:
2260:Succeeded by
2228:Succeeded by
2192:Succeeded by
2151:978-9-583-60064-7
2119:Ingrid Betancourt
1783:Los Angeles Times
1751:. 16 August 1995.
1539:Los Angeles Times
1183:Foreign relations
993:According to the
937:Luis Carlos Galán
925:Gustavo de Greiff
821:president in 1990
624:
623:
603:
595:
340:William Jaramillo
143:
133:
16:(Redirected from
3000:
2900:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2709:Pedro Nel Ospina
2624:
2617:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2372:Preceded by
2344:Preceded by
2321:Preceded by
2305:
2281:
2275:Preceded by
2243:Preceded by
2205:Preceded by
2172:
2171:
2155:
2123:La Rage au Coeur
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1856:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1759:
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1752:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1708:
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1699:
1693:
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1649:
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1610:
1608:
1606:
1588:
1582:
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1577:
1567:
1562:(23 June 1994).
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1530:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1498:
1497:
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1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
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1428:
1427:
1425:
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1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1390:on 6 August 2023
1389:
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1357:
1355:
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1202:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1123:
929:Chief Prosecutor
898:Campaign scandal
841:
777:secondary school
775:, a prestigious
773:Gimnasio Moderno
733:
711:
689:
678:
601:
589:
550:
548:
525:
523:
519:
477:
473:
471:
459:Personal details
450:
448:
442:
440:
433:
414:
402:
385:
383:
377:
375:
368:
351:María Emma Mejía
347:
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293:
279:
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142:
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120:
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109:
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94:
70:
51:
50:
21:
3008:
3007:
3003:
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3001:
2999:
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2997:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2831:Andrés Pastrana
2639:
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2593:
2430:
2425:
2385:
2377:
2367:
2358:
2349:
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2324:
2304:
2302:Andrés Pastrana
2295:
2280:
2265:
2263:Andrés Pastrana
2256:
2248:
2233:
2222:
2210:
2195:
2188:
2162:
2152:
2107:
2105:Further reading
2102:
2092:
2090:
2073:
2069:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2040:Washington Post
2032:
2028:
2017:
2013:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1972:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1873:
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1837:Wayback Machine
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1062:
1022:
988:Catholic Church
958:Fernando Botero
941:Medellín Cartel
907:
904:Procedure 8.000
900:
872:Andrés Pastrana
864:
852:
835:
829:Patriotic Union
817:
797:
758:
727:
705:
683:
672:
663:
606:
573:
553:
552:
549: 1979)
544:
540:
537:
527:
524: 1975)
515:
511:
508:
507:Silvia Arbeláez
487:Political party
478:
475:
469:
467:
446:
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438:
436:
434:
429:
412:
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381:
379:
373:
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364:
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335:
316:
314:
308:
306:
304:
299:
291:
283:Andrés Pastrana
277:
265:
256:
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188:
183:
169:Andrés Pastrana
163:
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146:
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130:
116:
107:
105:
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97:
95:
90:
73:
61:
58:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3006:
2996:
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2985:
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2925:
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2894:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2854:
2844:
2834:
2828:
2825:Ernesto Samper
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2759:Laureano Gómez
2756:
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2740:
2734:
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2718:
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2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
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2670:
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2658:
2652:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2638:Presidents and
2635:
2634:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2595:
2594:
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2201:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2183:
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2176:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2160:External links
2158:
2157:
2156:
2150:
2133:
2116:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2067:
2052:
2026:
2011:
1996:
1981:
1978:. p. A16.
1955:
1930:
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1900:
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1866:
1851:
1840:
1822:
1807:
1792:
1773:
1764:New York Times
1754:
1739:
1724:
1709:
1694:
1679:
1653:
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1612:
1583:
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1525:
1514:
1499:
1494:The New Yorker
1484:
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1098:Hélmer Herrera
1061:
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1038:Rafael Caldera
1021:
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899:
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863:
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848:
833:José Antequera
816:
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72:Samper in 2014
71:
63:
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60:Ernesto Samper
59:
56:His Excellency
54:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3005:
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2993:Samper family
2991:
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2928:Living people
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2867:Gustavo Petro
2865:
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2829:
2826:
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2819:César Gaviria
2817:
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2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2703:Jorge Holguín
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
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2530:
2527:
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2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
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2310:
2309:
2303:
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2285:
2279:
2278:Cesar Gaviria
2273:
2268:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2247:
2246:Cesar Gaviria
2241:
2236:
2232:
2231:Horacio Serpa
2225:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2208:César Gaviria
2203:
2198:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2131:2-266-12016-6
2128:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2056:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2023:. p. D2.
2022:
2015:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1944:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1919:
1911:
1904:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1862:
1855:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1826:
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1811:
1803:
1796:
1788:
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1777:
1769:
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1758:
1750:
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1713:
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1698:
1690:
1683:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1623:
1616:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:"After Pablo"
1587:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1560:Brooke, James
1555:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1523:
1518:
1510:
1503:
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1469:
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1433:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1347:
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1281:Tristán Ulloa
1278:
1275:
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1269:
1266:
1265:Diego Camacho
1262:
1261:
1256:
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1244:Personal life
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1054:Bruce Babbitt
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1014:Rodrigo Pardo
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745:SoHo Magazine
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635:Liberal Party
632:
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476:(age 74)
474:3 August 1950
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394:César Gaviria
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114:
93:
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85:
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76:
69:
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57:
52:
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39:
35:
30:
19:
2871:2022–present
2837:Álvaro Uribe
2824:
2673:Rafael Reyes
2649:Rafael Núñez
2640:presidencies
2518:
2389:
2380:
2352:
2327:
2307:
2306:
2290:
2283:
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2251:
2217:nominee for
2213:
2185:
2180:
2168:(in Spanish)
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2122:
2112:
2091:. Retrieved
2087:the original
2080:
2070:
2061:
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2039:
2029:
2020:
2014:
2005:
1999:
1990:
1984:
1975:
1946:. Retrieved
1942:
1933:
1924:
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1909:
1903:
1894:
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1879:
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1869:
1860:
1854:
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1825:
1816:
1810:
1801:
1795:
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1785:– via
1782:
1776:
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1742:
1733:
1727:
1718:
1712:
1703:
1697:
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1670:. Retrieved
1666:
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1640:
1630:
1621:
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1595:
1586:
1574:. Retrieved
1572:. p. A9
1569:
1554:
1542:. Retrieved
1538:
1528:
1517:
1508:
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1493:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1471:
1445:. Retrieved
1441:
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1413:
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1385:the original
1380:
1350:. Retrieved
1343:
1314:
1310:
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1271:
1258:
1247:
1231:
1218:Álvaro Uribe
1215:
1194:
1186:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1118:
1106:
1102:
1067:
1063:
1050:Fidel Castro
1043:
1011:
1003:
992:
982:
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954:
923:
908:
892:
880:
865:
853:
818:
798:
770:
759:
743:
722:
696:
692:Rafael Pombo
681:Diego Fallón
667:
664:
643:
626:
625:
430:
413:Succeeded by
405:
365:
346:Succeeded by
300:
278:Succeeded by
240:
222:Succeeded by
184:
164:Succeeded by
91:
45:
41:
34:Spanish name
29:
2923:1950 births
2833:(1998–2002)
2827:(1994–1998)
2821:(1990–1994)
2815:(1986–1990)
2809:(1982–1986)
2803:(1978–1982)
2797:(1974–1978)
2791:(1970–1974)
2785:(1966–1970)
2779:(1962–1966)
2773:(1958–1962)
2767:(1953–1957)
2761:(1950–1953)
2755:(1946–1950)
2739:(1938–1942)
2723:(1930–1934)
2717:(1926–1930)
2711:(1922–1926)
2705:(1921–1922)
2699:(1918–1921)
2693:(1914–1918)
2687:(1910–1914)
2681:(1909–1910)
2675:(1904–1909)
2669:(1900–1904)
2663:(1898–1900)
2657:(1894–1898)
2651:(1887–1894)
2574:Ahmadinejad
2464:Jayewardene
1789:, page A12.
1770:, page A12.
1415:Las2orillas
1352:3 September
1260:Tres Caínes
1190:Noemí Sanín
1074:Cali Cartel
911:Cali Cartel
884:Cali Cartel
836: [
728: [
706: [
684: [
673: [
650:Cali Cartel
401:Preceded by
336:Preceded by
266:Preceded by
210:Preceded by
152:Preceded by
141:(1996–1998)
131:(1994–1996)
2917:Categories
2857:Iván Duque
2454:Boumédiène
2386:2014–2017
2359:1995–1998
2331:1991–1993
2257:1994-1998
2189:1990–1991
1882:, page A6.
1605:2 February
1596:Narco Wars
1294:References
1120:considered
915:US dollars
888:US dollars
641:(UNASUR).
611:Profession
602:(MA, 1979)
579:Alma mater
482:, Colombia
470:1950-08-03
447:1990-07-20
439:1986-07-20
382:1991-10-28
374:1990-08-07
257:1998-08-07
249:1995-10-18
201:2017-01-31
193:2014-08-01
108:1998-08-07
100:1994-08-07
2861:2018–2022
2851:2010–2018
2841:2002–2010
2747:1942–1946
2731:1934–1938
2554:R. Castro
2549:F. Castro
2469:F. Castro
2459:Gopallawa
2113:El Tiempo
2045:16 August
1394:15 August
1345:France 24
1323:253941439
1107:In 1995,
661:Genealogy
615:Economist
431:In office
390:President
366:In office
325:President
301:In office
241:In office
231:17th
185:In office
92:In office
82:29th
2892:Category
2544:Abdullah
2539:Mahathir
2524:Pastrana
2489:Drnovšek
2093:25 March
1833:Archived
1060:Drug war
999:Congress
558:Children
175:4th
32:In this
2579:Rouhani
2564:Tantawi
2559:Mubarak
2529:Mandela
2514:Suharto
2347:Suharto
2215:Liberal
1948:11 June
1672:29 June
1646:29 June
1576:28 June
1544:28 June
1477:15 June
1197:Clinton
1040:in 1994
997:, only
831:leader
594:, 1973)
551:
543:
539:
526:
514:
510:
497:Spouses
491:Liberal
445: (
437: (
380: (
372: (
315: (
307: (
271:Suharto
255: (
247: (
199: (
191: (
106: (
98: (
38:surname
2589:Aliyev
2584:Maduro
2519:Samper
2504:Kostić
2484:Mugabe
2449:Kaunda
2444:Nasser
2390:Vacant
2148:
2129:
1447:5 July
1442:AS/COA
1422:6 June
1321:
1286:Narcos
1205:
1201:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1092:, and
1005:Cambio
844:sepsis
480:Bogotá
226:Vacant
46:Pizano
42:Samper
2569:Morsi
2534:Mbeki
2509:Ćosić
2499:Mesić
2494:Jović
2479:Singh
2474:Reddy
2140:[
1388:(PDF)
1377:(PDF)
1313:[
840:]
732:]
710:]
688:]
677:]
545:(
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516:(
512:
313:–1993
292:Spain
2902:List
2439:Tito
2224:1994
2146:ISBN
2127:ISBN
2095:2020
2047:2020
1950:2020
1674:2020
1648:2020
1607:2024
1578:2020
1546:2020
1479:2020
1449:2021
1424:2024
1396:2024
1354:2021
1319:OCLC
1164:...
1113:Cali
522:div.
464:Born
317:1993
309:1991
305:1991
592:Lic
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20:)
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