1446:, claims that with mounting economic problems worker discipline decreased, which the government could not counter effectively because of the full employment policy. According to Service, this policy led to government industries, such as factories, mines and offices, being staffed by undisciplined and unproductive personnel ultimately leading to a "work-shy workforce" among Soviet workers and administrators. While the Soviet Union under Brezhnev had the "second greatest industrial capacity" after the United States, and produced more "steel, oil, pig-iron, cement and ... tractors" than any other country in the world, Service treats the problems of agriculture during the Brezhnev era as proof of the need for de-
1586:(1976–1981) the Soviet GNP "reached about 60% of the American level, and the net current investment was actually greater in absolute terms". The failure then, according to Daniels, was that the Soviet economy was not able to deliver in certain sectors; agriculture is a sector where this failure occurred. Throughout Soviet history, deficiencies in agriculture and consumer goods always existed. During Brezhnev's reign, the Soviet Union became the largest producer of wheat in the world but was unable to produce meat in sufficient quantities. According to Daniels, the economy began to stagnate in 1975 rather than 1973 and that the following period contradicted the previous one "in almost every way".
33:
1582:; "the contradictions of what it was and what it could be became obvious". Net growth, in excess of 50% and as high as two thirds, was primarily in the urban sector resulting in high population growth and urban growth higher than that of the United States. Industrial development continued to grow rapidly, and in certain sectors surpassed the United States. As an example, coal production in the Soviet Union increased from 85 million metric tons in 1964 to 149 million metric tons in 1981 while in the United States it grew from 100 million to 130 million metric tons in the same period. The Soviet Union became the largest exporter of petroleum in the world and by the end of the
981:
753:
974:
6877:
694:
1542:, claims that the label stagnation is not "entirely unfair". Brezhnev, according to Hanson, did preside over a period of slowdown in economic growth, but claims that the era started with good growth that was at a higher rate than during the end of Khrushchev's rule. Economic slowdown began in 1973 "when even the official estimates began to show Soviet per capita production no longer closing the gap with the US." Before 1973, there was a reform period launched by
6889:
1460:, takes a dimmer view of the Brezhnev era by claiming that growth rates fell "inexorably" from the 1950s until they stopped completely in the 1980s. His reasoning for this stagnation was the growing demand for unskilled workers resulted in a decline of productivity and labour discipline. Sakwa believes that stability itself led to stagnation and claimed that without strong leadership "Soviet socialism had a tendency to relapse into stagnation."
1523:
1918:
1157:
1475:, became General Secretary. Mark Harrison claims that the economic performance of the Brezhnev era has not been looked at objectively as analysis of the period sometimes used lower estimates. Harrison further claims that in the period between 1928 and 1973 the Soviet economy grew in a phase that would surpass the United States "one day". During the
1514:) claiming that the Soviet economy "enjoyed stronger growth in the second half of the 1960s than it ever did thereafter". The link between these growth rates and the Kosygin reform is, according to Brown, "tenuous", but says that "From the point of view of communist rulers, the Brezhnev era was in many ways successful". The Soviet Unions
2167:, was established to check out if this was in fact true. The panel concluded that the CIA were based on facts, and that Khanin's approach was methodologically naive, as it has not been possible for others to reproduce his results. Growth figures for the Soviet economy vary widely (as seen below if compared to those at the table above):
1558:. According to Hanson, many assumed that growth during the Brezhnev era did not stop but started to stagnate. Not everything stagnated, as per capita consumption grew by 1.9% during the 1970s, which is a "highly respectable rate" of growth. Another point that Hanson makes is that, in contrast to the repressive policies of
1809:
One of the main causes for
Khrushchev's dismissal from power was the relatively poor economic growth during the early 1960s. Overall economic growth was 6% from 1951 to 1955 but had fallen to 5.8% in the subsequent 5 years and to 5% from 1961 to 1965. Labour productivity, which had grown 4.7% from
1296:(1964–1982) began with high economic growth and soaring prosperity, but gradually significant problems in social, political, and economic areas accumulated. Social stagnation began following Brezhnev's rise to power, when he revoked several of Khrushchev's reforms and partially rehabilitated
1510:, claims in his book that the term Era of Stagnation "was in many ways a fitting description, for this was a period of declining growth", but noted it could be misleading in non-economic spheres. Brown states there were high growth rates in the mid-to-late 1960s (during the
1346:
Brezhnev has been criticised posthumously for doing too little to improve the economic situation. Throughout his rule, no major reforms were initiated and the few proposed reforms were either very modest or opposed by the majority of the Soviet leadership. The reform-minded
1518:
provided a strong economic foundation, which bore fruit during the 1973 oil crisis and "turned out to be an energy bonanza". On the other hand, Brown states it was a sign of weakness that the Soviet Union grew so dependent on its natural resources, as it did in the 1970s.
1383:, his successor, continued much of Andropov's policies. The economic problems that began under Brezhnev persisted into these short administrations and scholars still debate whether the reform policies that were followed improved the economic situation in the country.
2151:(GNP), contained distortions and could not accurately determine a country's economic growth. Because of this, several specialists created GNP figures to estimate Soviet growth rates and to compare Soviet growth rates with the growth rates of capitalist countries.
1143:. Scholars have subsequently disagreed on the dates, significance and causes of the stagnation. Supporters of Gorbachev have criticised Brezhnev, and the Brezhnev administration in general, for being too conservative and failing to change with the times.
1881:, which Brezhnev agreed to as the Soviet economy was entering a period of low growth. Kosygin's reforms on agriculture gave considerable autonomy to the collective farms, giving them the right to the contents of private farming. As a result, during the
1885:(1966–1970), large-scale land reclamation programmes, construction of irrigation channels, and other measures, were enacted. Overall, the reform failed and links to any high growth rates during the Eighth Five-Year Plan are considered to be "tenuous".
2030:
activity. Supporters of these meetings and demonstrations claimed that the arrests were illegal, because there is no criminality in the realization of the human right to obtain and distribute information. They asserted this right was part of the
2050:
formed a well-paid, elite group that enjoyed an easy life and high social status. Nevertheless, open and clandestine political opposition to the regime by a subset of Soviet scientists and artists (collectively known as
1810:
the 1950s to 1962, had declined to 4% by the early 1960s. Growth, capital out and investments were all showing signs of steady decline. Another problem was
Khrushchev's unrealistic promises such as committing to reach
1378:
was a Soviet Union that was much less dynamic than it had been when he assumed power in 1964. During
Andropov's short rule, modest reforms were introduced; he died little more than a year later in February 1984.
1499:
inherited a more dynamic and vibrant economy in a "pre-crisis situation" where the economy was still growing with low internal and external debts, compared to the economy that
Andropov and Chernenko inherited.
1814:, a near impossibility with the then-current economic indicators. Ultimately, as a result of his failure to deliver on his promises and the problems engendered, Khrushchev was dismissed in October 1964 by a
1652:, but in the Soviet Union it was much more pronounced. Kotz and Weir argued that ultimately, economic stagnation in the Soviet Union could only have been caused by internal problems rather than external.
2155:
published his growth rates in the 1980s as a "translation" of NMP to GNP. His growth rates were (as seen above) much lower than the official figures, and lower than some
Western estimates. After the
237:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
1386:
The Era of
Stagnation ended with Gorbachev's rise to power during which political and social life was democratised even though the economy was still stagnating. Under Gorbachev's leadership the
1323:
The majority of scholars set the starting year for economic stagnation at 1975, although some claim that it began as early as the 1960s. Industrial growth rates declined during the 1970s as
1625:, the veteran dissident, claimed in a 1980 letter to Brezhnev that the increasing expenditure on the armed forces was stalling economic growth. David Michael Kotz and Fred Weir, authors of
5796:
5284:
4534:
1830:, which meant that the Soviet Union had developed to a sufficiently advanced stage that the country would move "naturally" to communism (in an unspecified amount of time).
1450:. In short, Service considers the Soviet economy to have become "static" during this time period, and Brezhnev's policy of stability was a "recipe for political disaster".
6200:
6183:
4544:
3559:
2066:
were well-known representatives of this movement. When details regarding the
Brezhnev regime's effort to suppress the speech of political dissidents came to light via the
795:
516:
128:
113:
6230:
388:
2447:
1363:, and attempted to reverse the trend of declining growth. By the 1970s, Brezhnev had consolidated enough power to stop any "radical" reform-minded attempts by Kosygin.
4689:
1888:
The
Brezhnev era, which had begun with high growth, began to stagnate some time in the early 1970s. Kosygin's "radical" reform attempts were halted in 1971 and his
2163:(CIA). Since then, the CIA has generally been regarded as having overestimated Soviet growth. In response to the criticism of CIA's work, a panel led by economist
1112:
6173:
6693:
6193:
731:
144:
1495:
leading to faulty economic decisions. He claims that the economic policies of
Andropov, and Chernenko, had improved the economic situation in the country and
4099:
1343:
suffered from systemic flaws that inhibited growth. Others have argued that the lack of reform, or the high expenditures on the military, led to stagnation.
6219:
6188:
2040:
1849:
retained his leadership of the party's hardliners. Kosygin and
Brezhnev strongly disagreed over economic policy; Kosygin wanted to increase investments in
225:
139:
2074:
had systematically criticized the social and moral manifestations of the Stagnation without overtly challenging the authorities. Examples include writers
6178:
6130:
413:
108:
1648:
earnings grew as a result of oil exports. Following the crisis, overall economic activity decreased markedly in the Soviet Union, the Western Bloc and
118:
6427:
5508:
908:
646:
5264:
4240:
1011:
3900:
4727:
2119:
185:
3611:
2522:
6948:
6125:
5738:
5791:
1629:, argue that militarisation cannot be the prime cause for the economic stagnation, as military spending had historically been high (17% of
356:
6310:
6280:
5431:
4604:
4124:
3991:
2108:
1467:, the economy under Brezhnev was as dynamic as the economy presided over by Nikita Khrushchev, but this dynamism had stalled by the time
1140:
1068:
812:
6567:
6527:
6437:
6248:
5764:
5132:
4109:
4059:
4034:
3905:
2472:
The Reconstructed 1972 Input-output Tables for Eight Soviet Republics (Manufactured goods sector was worth 118 billion roubles in 1972)
2070:
policies of the Gorbachev Era, many writers claimed to have been unaware of its widespread use. Conversely, many members of the Soviet
1367:
960:
854:
724:
641:
531:
62:
2282:
6555:
6450:
6322:
6108:
3999:
74:
2934:
6953:
6460:
6377:
6270:
5320:
4142:
3974:
3486:
2114:
1492:
651:
616:
346:
84:
1483:
causing the economy to begin stagnating. One explanation, according to Harrison, is that the Soviet economy could not sustain its
6400:
6207:
6074:
4448:
666:
656:
326:
175:
5436:
3551:
1982:
1221:
6098:
5943:
4815:
4752:
4567:
4019:
2226:
2103:
2015:
1309:
923:
400:
242:
1954:
1601:
were progressively distorted due to the rapid growth of the shadow economy. It is suggested that failure to account for it by
1193:
704:
6585:
6086:
6052:
6040:
6035:
5926:
5528:
5360:
5340:
5315:
5217:
5162:
4074:
3912:
The Decline of the Soviet Union: A Hypothesis on Industrial Paradigms, Technological Revolutions and the Roots of Perestroika
3911:
3883:
3862:
3824:
3799:
3776:
3753:
3727:
3688:
3628:
3428:
3253:
3217:
3181:
3145:
3014:
2983:
2423:
2032:
869:
717:
6512:
3830:
2439:
6622:
6390:
5380:
5370:
4552:
2247:
2169:
1882:
1551:
1511:
1447:
1004:
631:
3581:
3520:
6502:
6168:
6115:
6103:
5416:
4747:
4562:
4557:
4404:
2932:"The Second Economy And The Destabilizing Effect Of Its Growth On The State Economy In The Soviet Union : 1965-1989"
2255:
2251:
2211:
2193:
1961:
1583:
1387:
1352:
1200:
321:
97:
52:
3656:
1487:
patterns. Other explanations include: the lack of Soviet, and communist bloc, transparency with other nations hindering
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6550:
6545:
6265:
6213:
5385:
5212:
2309:
1935:
1850:
1590:
1332:
1174:
849:
511:
351:
280:
195:
67:
6802:
6753:
6686:
6497:
6225:
5827:
5731:
4659:
4644:
3457:
3399:
3366:
3289:
3039:
2656:
2470:
2001:
1562:
and instability-inducing policies of Khrushchev, the Brezhnev era was stable and a "period of (comparative) plenty".
1240:
383:
79:
3635:
3330:
3314:
3298:
6832:
6820:
6644:
6634:
6590:
6405:
6081:
6030:
5913:
5705:
5406:
5390:
4664:
1968:
1390:
began efforts to accelerate economic development in 1985 through massive injections of finance into heavy industry
1207:
985:
636:
572:
395:
269:
6837:
6825:
6681:
6666:
6580:
6482:
6064:
5884:
5613:
5543:
5294:
5177:
5172:
4778:
4597:
4486:
2156:
2026:
had their homes and property searched and a group of Moscow lawyers specialised in defending people charged with
1423:
1417:
997:
506:
215:
6778:
6758:
6455:
6069:
5894:
5822:
5451:
4742:
4481:
4471:
4461:
3241:
2876:
1939:
1178:
661:
611:
316:
306:
2828:
2018:
with protesters being dismissed from their jobs, beaten or arrested. Eight protesters held a demonstration in
1950:
1479:, growth in the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc halted abruptly and stalled for a longer period than in the
1189:
6849:
6676:
6540:
6492:
6253:
6047:
5921:
5904:
5623:
5222:
5207:
4476:
4466:
4456:
4290:
4265:
4024:
1838:
1339:. Historians, scholars, and specialists are uncertain what caused the stagnation, with some arguing that the
1285:, led to the reassertion of Communist Party control over the arts and marked the beginning of the end of the
1063:
in order to describe the negative way in which he viewed the economic, political, and social policies of the
577:
546:
57:
2908:
2892:
2860:
1335:
were neglected. The value of all consumer goods manufactured in 1972 in retail prices was about 118 billion
6445:
6120:
6015:
5816:
5724:
5533:
5498:
5488:
5446:
5259:
4157:
4084:
4079:
3967:
2844:
2812:
1555:
592:
24:
6963:
6726:
6708:
6474:
6332:
6293:
6260:
5950:
5938:
5854:
5756:
5513:
5426:
5279:
5152:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4137:
4039:
4004:
3934:
2160:
1901:
1889:
1862:
1606:
1527:
1360:
1348:
842:
837:
832:
561:
521:
496:
336:
6913:
6721:
6698:
6671:
5578:
5232:
5227:
4590:
3846:
3768:
1439:
1301:
980:
898:
784:
582:
32:
3079:
Harrison, M. (1993). "Soviet economic growth since 1928: The alternative statistics of G. I. Khanin".
6763:
6736:
6639:
5593:
4114:
1861:, agriculture and defence. In 1965, Kosygin introduced an economic reform, widely referred to as the
1633:
in 1950) and had increased on par with economic growth without previously destabilising the economy.
965:
874:
541:
6731:
3615:
2530:
752:
6958:
6844:
5608:
5558:
5197:
5187:
4956:
4717:
3709:
2246:
According to Soviet statistics, there were significant improvements made in the economy during the
1904:
but this, too, failed as by this time the Soviet economy had become "addicted" to high oil prices.
1503:
1111:) was used for the period that started in 1967. This Soviet concept was officially declared at the
951:
946:
864:
295:
290:
285:
5054:
1873:
framework. In a bid to improve the Soviet economy Kosygin copied some of the measures used in the
1095:
During the period of Brezhnev's leadership, the term "Era of Stagnation" was not used. Instead in
6093:
5659:
5598:
5538:
5441:
5365:
5325:
5192:
5182:
4961:
4878:
4810:
4722:
3960:
3745:
2411:
1928:
1167:
1038:
973:
378:
210:
2941:, Berkeley-Duke Occasional Papers On The Second Economy In The Ussr, Paper No. 36, December 1993
1826:. To counter Khrushchev's promise of reaching communism, the Soviet leadership created the term
6773:
6365:
6303:
5563:
5375:
4946:
4793:
4345:
3737:
3387:
2148:
1975:
1630:
1565:
1214:
3449:
3420:
3358:
3340:
3324:
3308:
3245:
3173:
3137:
2975:
2648:
2322:
1135:
coined the term "Era of Stagnation" to describe the economic difficulties that developed when
6892:
5864:
5664:
5618:
5603:
5568:
5355:
5299:
4888:
4654:
4089:
3391:
3281:
3209:
3000:
2918:
2902:
2886:
2870:
2854:
2838:
2822:
2415:
2250:(1966–1970). The economy grew by 7.7% during the Eighth Five-Year Plan but slowed during the
2181:
1815:
1811:
1656:
1305:
1120:
933:
903:
879:
824:
1123:
and was a replacement for the concept "period of the extensive construction of communism" (
6654:
6517:
6337:
6135:
5849:
5573:
5074:
5069:
5029:
4898:
4883:
4438:
4225:
4152:
4094:
4069:
2278:
2144:
1833:
Khrushchev's dismissal led to the establishment of a more conservative Politburo; Kosygin,
1709:
1472:
1380:
1375:
1080:
859:
789:
429:
6741:
4843:
1422:
reforms. These were intended to re-energize the Soviet Union but inadvertently led to its
8:
6881:
6610:
6415:
6344:
6152:
6001:
5879:
5801:
5774:
5518:
5493:
5289:
5274:
4873:
4613:
4370:
4360:
3816:
3812:
Russia's Path from Gorbachev to Putin: The Demise of the Soviet System and the New Russia
3677:
3205:
3169:
3081:
2971:
2931:
2046:
Throughout the Brezhnev Era, artists propagating "Soviet values" within the framework of
1827:
1100:
698:
526:
205:
5004:
3478:
6748:
6659:
5976:
5889:
5779:
5769:
5461:
5350:
5345:
5335:
5330:
4350:
4275:
2376:
1878:
1667:
program was also used to implement economic reforms that would move the USSR away from
587:
4820:
1617:
One of the suggested causes of stagnation was the increased military expenditure over
6856:
6796:
6575:
6361:
6057:
5844:
5786:
5639:
5269:
5157:
5114:
5109:
5059:
4853:
4848:
4395:
4315:
4310:
4245:
4104:
4029:
3930:
3879:
3858:
3854:
3820:
3795:
3791:
3772:
3749:
3723:
3713:
3453:
3424:
3395:
3362:
3285:
3249:
3213:
3177:
3141:
3035:
3010:
2979:
2963:
2652:
2419:
2380:
2159:
in 1991, Khanin's estimates led several agencies criticise the estimates made by the
2052:
2047:
1842:
1496:
1262:
1132:
1116:
1060:
928:
893:
2359:
Reid, Susan Emily (2005). "In the Name of the People: The Manege Affair Revisited".
1659:
in Soviet economic policy during Khrushchev's leadership. According to authors like
1308:
and which marked the end of the Khrushchev Thaw. Others place it at the time of the
5588:
5456:
5089:
4994:
4941:
4863:
4798:
4679:
4427:
4380:
4365:
4325:
4320:
4235:
4220:
4162:
4064:
3681:
3090:
2503:
2368:
2063:
2036:
1834:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1655:
Some Marxist–Leninist writers have argued that economic stagnation was a result of
1598:
1594:
1515:
1484:
1359:, introduced two modest reforms in the 1970s after the failure of his more radical
1258:
1124:
1104:
1029:
455:
424:
3788:
The Rise and Fall of the Soviet economy: an Economic History of the USSR from 1945
3685:
2494:
Khazanov, Anatoly M. (1992). "Soviet Social Thought in the Period of Stagnation".
1540:
The Rise and Fall of the Soviet economy: an Economic History of the USSR from 1945
6768:
5981:
5933:
5839:
5654:
5644:
5503:
5411:
4732:
4707:
4684:
4417:
4390:
4385:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4305:
4270:
4215:
4049:
3923:
3873:
3810:
3692:
3639:
2938:
2164:
2152:
2075:
2059:
2056:
1893:
1866:
1819:
1716:
1689:
1641:
1622:
1476:
1340:
1286:
1274:
1266:
1136:
1096:
1072:
767:
4999:
6788:
6716:
5996:
5986:
5679:
5583:
5099:
5079:
4858:
4639:
4529:
4422:
4375:
4300:
4295:
4285:
4280:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4230:
4147:
4054:
3589:
3528:
2507:
2087:
2071:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1823:
1618:
1543:
1531:
1356:
1324:
1300:
policies. Some commentators regard the start of social stagnation as being the
886:
3094:
6907:
6649:
5684:
5674:
5669:
5553:
5421:
5104:
5084:
5064:
5044:
5019:
4976:
4918:
4908:
4737:
4433:
4355:
4210:
4205:
4014:
3652:
2636:
2091:
2083:
1645:
1559:
1547:
1488:
1468:
1453:
1371:
1336:
1328:
1313:
1278:
1270:
1254:
1076:
676:
551:
447:
1316:. The period's political stagnation is associated with the establishment of
6532:
6353:
5747:
5548:
5167:
5094:
5049:
4783:
4674:
4649:
3552:"Nearly half of Russians ignorant of 1968's Czechoslovakia invasion – poll"
3125:
2079:
1897:
1874:
1480:
1409:
1317:
1293:
1064:
2372:
6395:
6357:
6349:
5971:
5955:
5869:
5811:
5147:
5034:
5009:
4951:
4913:
4903:
4773:
4413:
4009:
3944:
3719:
3632:
3482:
3384:
Chernenko: The Last Bolshevik: The Soviet Union on the Eve of Perestroika
3277:
3274:
Controlling Soviet Labour: Experimental Change from Brezhnev to Gorbachev
3133:
2027:
1660:
1637:
1401:
621:
461:
2408:
The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968
6385:
5649:
5523:
5137:
4923:
4868:
4838:
4768:
2187:
2019:
1942: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1574:
1393:
1282:
1277:. This period also brought an economic increase that topped at 6%. The
1273:, introduced relatively liberal reforms during the period known as the
1181: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
671:
5716:
4582:
4044:
1281:
of 1962, during which Khrushchev publicly criticised an exhibition of
941:
6605:
6600:
6422:
6315:
6145:
5806:
5689:
5483:
5202:
5142:
5024:
4634:
3006:
2644:
2023:
1870:
1605:
contributed to the stagnation, and ultimately to the collapse of the
1522:
1297:
442:
3952:
2968:
Autopsy for an Empire: The Seven Leaders Who Built the Soviet Regime
1917:
1644:, economic growth in the rest of the world plummeted but the Soviet
1156:
6595:
6140:
5874:
5834:
5039:
5014:
4971:
4805:
4788:
4712:
2067:
938:
468:
437:
3851:
History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century
2022:
in Moscow and were subsequently imprisoned. A number of suspected
1900:
prompted economic growth based on selling oil. Another reform was
1444:
History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century
1406:
the Soviet economy and government by introducing quasi-capitalist
6487:
5991:
4966:
1602:
1579:
149:
4893:
2258:(1976–1981) when the economy grew by 5.7 and 4.2, respectively.
3686:С. В. Калистратова. Открытое письмо писателю Чингизу Айтматову
2800:
1257:
in 1953, a program of policy change was begun, later known as
6410:
6288:
3653:"Conference On Security And Co-Operation In Europe Final Act"
2406:
Bischof, Günter; Karner, Stefan; Ruggenthaler, Peter (2010).
1892:
was more modest. The second reform was halted because of the
1649:
626:
3481:[The Soviet economy in the era of Leonid Brezhnev].
2725:
2689:
2677:
1320:, which came into being as part of the policy of stability.
6522:
6298:
4509:
4132:
2314:
2312:
1292:
Brezhnev replaced Khrushchev as Soviet leader in 1964. The
3238:
Agriculture and the State in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia
6507:
6327:
4690:
Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe
4669:
3501:
3048:
2944:
2749:
2737:
2713:
2701:
2665:
2405:
2387:
2297:
1702:
3742:
Russia's Transformation: Snapshots of a Crumbling System
1572:, claimed that the hallmark of the Brezhnev era was the
1570:
Russia's Transformation: Snapshots of a Crumbling System
1113:
24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2790:
2788:
2340:
2328:
1597:, indicated that during 1970s-1980s the effects of the
3101:
3060:
3002:
Revolution from Above: The Demise of the Soviet System
2617:
2605:
2593:
2581:
2569:
2557:
2545:
1627:
Revolution from Above: The Demise of the Soviet System
1398:. When these failed, the Communist Party restructured
2361:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
1463:
According to Edwin Bacon and Mark Sandle, authors of
1054:
1043:
2785:
2773:
2761:
1526:
Scholars are generally unsure as to what effect the
3680:. We were not silent! – open letter to writer
2475:. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census
1857:whereas Brezhnev wanted to increase investment in
1578:, which in turn led to the development of a great
3032:Perestroika: The Complete Collapse of Revisionism
2962:
2041:Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe
6905:
6596:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
3584:[Chronicle of Current Events: Issue 4].
3523:[Chronicle of Current Events: Issue 3].
2641:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union: 1917–1991
1458:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union: 1917–1991
1304:in 1966, in which two writers were convicted of
4728:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union
2523:"Russia, from Revolution to Counter-Revolution"
2120:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union
2055:) persisted from the Khrushchev Era. Prominent
5509:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria
3479:"Советская экономика в эпоху Леонида Брежнева"
2014:Acts of protest took place in reaction to the
1131:). It was in the 1980s that the Soviet leader
5732:
4598:
3968:
3762:
3612:"Letter by Andropov to the Central Committee"
3588:(in Russian). 31 October 1968. Archived from
3336:
3320:
3304:
2318:
1049:
1005:
725:
3527:(in Russian). 30 August 1968. Archived from
1841:were the most liberal members, Brezhnev and
1129:период развёрнутого строительства коммунизма
3871:
3549:
3507:
3054:
2950:
2806:
2755:
2743:
2731:
2719:
2707:
2695:
2683:
2671:
2393:
2346:
2334:
2303:
5739:
5725:
4605:
4591:
4110:Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev
3975:
3961:
3199:
3159:
3157:
3130:The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath
2930:Vladimir G. Treml and Michael V. Alexeev,
1012:
998:
732:
718:
3872:Bacon, Edwin; Sandle, Mark, eds. (2002).
3231:
3229:
3195:
3193:
2002:Learn how and when to remove this message
1265:, who succeeded Stalin's brief successor
1241:Learn how and when to remove this message
1083:(1984–1985). It is sometimes called the "
3809:Kotz, David Michael; Weir, Fred (2007).
3808:
3267:
3265:
3166:The Soviet economy: Toward the year 2000
3107:
3078:
3066:
2999:Kotz, David Michael; Weir, Fred (1997).
2998:
2493:
1896:, when an international increase in the
1521:
1115:in 1971. It stemmed from the failure of
5746:
5133:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation
4612:
3845:
3736:
3622:
3443:
3381:
3163:
3154:
3120:
3118:
3116:
2914:
2898:
2882:
2866:
2623:
2611:
2599:
2587:
2575:
2563:
2551:
2468:
2208:Capital investments in agriculture: 27%
2109:History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)
1845:belonged to the moderate faction while
1491:and misinterpretation of a "permanent"
6906:
5765:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
4816:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
4753:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
3785:
3765:The Life and Times of Soviet Socialism
3604:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3235:
3226:
3190:
2924:
2850:
2834:
2818:
2440:"1964-1982 – The Period of Stagnation"
2104:Index of Soviet Union-related articles
2016:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
1546:, which many believed would become as
1310:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
924:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
5720:
5163:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights
4586:
3982:
3956:
3939:14 October 1964 – 10 March 1985
3708:
3629:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3271:
3262:
2794:
2779:
2767:
2635:
2520:
2033:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
6949:Economic history of the Soviet Union
3763:Dowlah, Alex; Elliott, John (1997).
3414:
3200:Pallot, Judith; Shaw, Denis (1981).
3124:
3113:
3029:
2358:
2115:Post–World War II economic expansion
1940:adding citations to reliable sources
1911:
1552:Socialist Republic of Czechoslovakia
1179:adding citations to reliable sources
1150:
16:1964–1985 period of the Soviet Union
4100:Reaction to 1980–1981 Polish crisis
3582:"Хроника Текущих Событий: выпуск 4"
3574:
3521:"Хроника Текущих Событий: выпуск 3"
3513:
3466:
3446:Inside CIA: Lessons in Intelligence
3352:
2514:
2487:
2285:from the original on 9 January 2021
13:
3659:from the original on 23 April 2021
3645:
3357:. New York: Ardent Media. p.
2367:(4). Slavica Publishers: 673–716.
2175:Gross national product (GNP): 5.2%
1591:second economy of the Soviet Union
14:
6975:
4660:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda
4645:Criticism of communist party rule
4143:1983 false nuclear alarm incident
3894:
3671:
3655:. Helsinki: OSCE. 1 August 1975.
3489:from the original on 2 April 2015
2502:(2). SAGE Publications: 231–237.
2496:Philosophy of the Social Sciences
2450:from the original on 28 July 2018
2147:(NMP), the Soviet version of the
1253:After the death of Soviet leader
6888:
6887:
6875:
5706:Human rights in the Soviet Union
4665:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc
3833:from the original on 2 June 2024
3715:The Rise & Fall of Communism
3562:from the original on 2 June 2024
3419:. London: Anthem Press. p.
2521:Grant, Ted (22 September 2006).
1916:
1374:succeeded him as Soviet leader.
1155:
1075:(1964–1982) and continued under
979:
972:
751:
692:
31:
6954:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
5614:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
5544:Fall of the inner German border
3701:
3543:
3437:
3417:A History of Russia: Since 1855
3408:
3375:
3346:
3072:
3023:
2992:
2956:
2629:
2462:
2265:
2240:
2157:dissolution of the Soviet Union
2143:Many economists argue that the
2137:
1927:needs additional citations for
1493:post–World War II economic boom
1166:needs additional citations for
5604:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact
4743:Terrorism and the Soviet Union
4035:Brezhnev assassination attempt
3614:. 10 July 1970. Archived from
3242:University of Pittsburgh Press
2432:
2399:
2352:
2271:
1508:The Rise and Fall of Communism
1141:Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982
1109:пери́од развито́го социали́зма
1090:
1:
6428:Political abuse of psychiatry
6220:Congress of People's Deputies
5624:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
5223:Inter-regional Deputies Group
5208:National League for Democracy
4025:1968 Red Square demonstration
3550:Andrew Roth (9 August 2018).
2125:
1907:
801:General Secretary of the CPSU
647:Political abuse of psychiatry
226:Congress of People's Deputies
5534:Alexanderplatz demonstration
5499:Polish Round Table Agreement
5173:People's Movement of Ukraine
4158:1984 Summer Olympics boycott
4080:1978 Georgian demonstrations
3901:Stagnation: The Brezhnev Era
3202:Planning in the Soviet Union
1865:, which aimed to reform the
1621:and other economic spheres.
1530:, named after its initiator
1312:in 1968 that suppressed the
1119:promise in 1961 of reaching
25:Politics of the Soviet Union
7:
6591:Academy of Medical Sciences
5579:January Events in Lithuania
5514:Hungarian Round Table Talks
5153:Democratic Party of Albania
4138:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
4040:Sino-Soviet border conflict
4005:Glassboro Summit Conference
3935:History of the Soviet Union
2161:Central Intelligence Agency
2097:
1434:
1055:
1044:
186:Central Executive Committee
10:
6980:
5233:Hungarian Democratic Forum
5228:Alliance of Free Democrats
5218:Union of Democratic Forces
4020:Invasion of Czechoslovakia
3769:Greenwood Publishing Group
3448:. APH Publishing. p.
2966:; Shukman, Harold (1999).
2508:10.1177/004839319202200205
2469:Gillula, James W. (1983).
1678:
1429:
1146:
6944:1980s in the Soviet Union
6939:1970s in the Soviet Union
6934:1960s in the Soviet Union
6929:1980s in economic history
6924:1970s in economic history
6919:1960s in economic history
6869:
6813:
6787:
6707:
6630:
6621:
6566:
6473:
6436:
6376:
6279:
6241:
6161:
6023:
6014:
5964:
5912:
5903:
5755:
5698:
5632:
5594:1991 protests in Belgrade
5474:
5399:
5308:
5250:
5241:
5123:
4985:
4932:
4829:
4761:
4698:
4620:
4543:
4502:
4495:
4447:
4403:
4171:
4123:
4115:Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev
3990:
3941:
3928:
3920:
3337:Dowlah & Elliott 1997
3321:Dowlah & Elliott 1997
3305:Dowlah & Elliott 1997
3095:10.1080/09668139308412080
2319:Dowlah & Elliott 1997
2223:Labour productivity: 3.2%
1803:
1688:
1685:
1612:
1538:Philip Hanson, author of
1128:
1108:
1050:
1033:
542:Material balance planning
243:1989 Legislative election
5584:January Events in Latvia
5574:Reunification of Germany
5559:1990s post-Soviet aliyah
5489:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
5213:National Salvation Front
5198:Belarusian Popular Front
5188:Popular Front of Estonia
4957:Polish underground press
4718:List of socialist states
4085:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
4075:1977 Soviet constitution
3906:The Period of Stagnation
3746:Rowman & Littlefield
3642:, accepted 10 Dec. 1948.
3444:Chauhan, Sharad (2004).
3236:Wegren, Stephen (1998).
2529:(Part 6). Archived from
2412:Rowman & Littlefield
2130:
2062:and Soviet Army General
1554:and the previous reform
1534:, had on economic growth
1477:international oil crisis
760:This article is part of
357:Administrator of Affairs
6882:Soviet Union portal
5660:Economic liberalization
5599:1991 Belarusian strikes
5539:Fall of the Berlin Wall
5193:Public Against Violence
5183:Popular Front of Latvia
4962:Political demonstration
4811:Chinese economic reform
4723:People Power Revolution
3786:Hanson, Philip (2003).
3738:Daniels, Robert Vincent
3638:8 November 2006 at the
3508:Bacon & Sandle 2002
3164:Bergson, Abram (1985).
3055:Bacon & Sandle 2002
2951:Bacon & Sandle 2002
2937:25 October 2023 at the
2807:Bacon & Sandle 2002
2756:Bacon & Sandle 2002
2744:Bacon & Sandle 2002
2732:Bacon & Sandle 2002
2720:Bacon & Sandle 2002
2708:Bacon & Sandle 2002
2696:Bacon & Sandle 2002
2684:Bacon & Sandle 2002
2672:Bacon & Sandle 2002
2394:Bacon & Sandle 2002
2347:Bacon & Sandle 2002
2335:Bacon & Sandle 2002
2304:Bacon & Sandle 2002
2227:Eleventh Five-Year Plan
2205:Labour productivity: 6%
1331:were prioritized while
961:Death and state funeral
699:Soviet Union portal
211:Soviet of Nationalities
6774:Stalinist architecture
6528:Science and technology
6438:Ideological repression
6366:Soviet Airborne Forces
6304:Destruction battalions
4794:New political thinking
3633:resolution 217 A (III)
3388:Transaction Publishers
3382:Zemtsov, Ilya (1989).
3353:Law, David A. (1975).
2149:gross national product
1566:Robert Vincent Daniels
1535:
1302:Sinyavsky–Daniel trial
1085:Brezhnevian Stagnation
1059:) is a term coined by
899:Sinyavsky–Daniel trial
642:Ideological repression
532:Science and technology
6556:List of metro systems
6109:Collective leadership
5665:Post-Soviet conflicts
5619:Tajikistani Civil War
5569:Revolution on Granite
5529:Monday Demonstrations
5055:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig
4889:Mengistu Haile Mariam
4655:Eastern Bloc politics
4000:Collective leadership
3875:Brezhnev Reconsidered
3415:Moss, Walter (2005).
3030:Brar, Harpal (1992).
2527:In Defence of Marxism
2373:10.1353/kri.2005.0058
2248:Eighth Five-Year Plan
2182:Gross national income
2170:Eighth Five-Year Plan
1883:Eighth Five-Year Plan
1816:collective leadership
1812:communism in 20 years
1525:
1512:Eighth Five-Year Plan
1465:Brezhnev Reconsidered
1456:, author of the book
1333:Soviet consumer goods
1306:anti-Soviet agitation
1121:communism in 20 years
904:Moscow Helsinki Group
855:Assassination attempt
825:Collective leadership
75:Collective leadership
6518:Net material product
6461:Censorship of images
6378:Political repression
6338:Soviet Border Troops
6271:First Deputy Premier
5855:1965 economic reform
5850:Soviet space program
5075:Vytautas Landsbergis
5070:Viacheslav Chornovil
4899:Denis Sassou Nguesso
4439:Konstantin Chernenko
4153:Uzbek cotton scandal
4095:1980 Summer Olympics
4070:1977 Moscow bombings
3817:Taylor & Francis
3531:on 29 September 2012
3355:Russian Civilization
3206:Taylor & Francis
3170:Taylor & Francis
3108:Kotz & Weir 2007
3067:Kotz & Weir 2007
2972:Simon & Schuster
2279:"The World Factbook"
2256:Tenth Five-Year Plan
2252:Ninth Five-Year Plan
2212:Tenth Five-Year Plan
2194:Ninth Five-Year Plan
2145:net material product
2111: – Brezhnev Era
1936:improve this article
1584:Tenth Five-Year Plan
1473:Konstantin Chernenko
1381:Konstantin Chernenko
1353:Council of Ministers
1175:improve this article
1099:the term "period of
1081:Konstantin Chernenko
865:Baikal–Amur Mainline
860:Bulldozer Exhibition
652:Political repression
617:Censorship of images
347:First Deputy Premier
85:Presidential Council
6586:Academy of Sciences
6401:Population transfer
6345:Soviet Armed Forces
6208:Congress of Soviets
6189:Presidium/Politburo
6153:Soviet anti-Zionism
6002:West Siberian Plain
5880:Revolutions of 1989
5817:Great Patriotic War
5802:New Economic Policy
5519:Pan-European Picnic
5494:1988 Polish strikes
4874:Wojciech Jaruzelski
4614:Revolutions of 1989
3678:Sofia Kallistratova
3485:. 8 November 2010.
3272:Arnot, Bob (1988).
3082:Europe-Asia Studies
2809:, pp. 415–416.
2190:in agriculture: 24%
2188:Capital investments
1951:"Era of Stagnation"
1902:implemented in 1979
1828:developed socialism
1556:attempts in Hungary
1471:, and subsequently
1190:"Era of Stagnation"
1101:developed socialism
909:Punitive psychiatry
875:Cult of personality
790:Dnipropetrovsk clan
667:Suppressed research
657:Population transfer
527:New Economic Policy
206:Soviet of the Union
176:Congress of Soviets
6964:Soviet phraseology
6231:Military Collegium
6099:Capital punishment
5977:Caucasus Mountains
5890:Post-Soviet states
5770:Russian Revolution
4879:Slobodan Milošević
4748:Vatican Opposition
4125:Events (1982–1985)
4060:Vladivostok Summit
3992:Events (1964–1982)
3914:by Angelo Segrillo
3691:2007-09-26 at the
3592:on 4 February 2017
2964:Volkogonov, Dmitri
2533:on 6 February 2009
2444:GlobalSecurity.org
1536:
1370:in November 1982,
880:Brezhnev's trilogy
401:Procurator General
389:Military Collegium
6914:Era of Stagnation
6901:
6900:
6865:
6864:
6857:Hammer and sickle
6799:and their groups
6797:Soviet dissidents
6576:Communist Academy
6493:Economic planning
6469:
6468:
6362:Soviet Air Forces
6281:Security services
6201:General Secretary
6184:Central Committee
6126:Political parties
6058:Brezhnev Doctrine
6053:Foreign relations
6010:
6009:
5951:Autonomous okrugs
5865:Soviet–Afghan War
5845:Sino-Soviet split
5787:Russian Civil War
5714:
5713:
5640:Colour revolution
5470:
5469:
5437:Congo-Brazzaville
5158:Democratic Russia
5115:Pope John Paul II
5110:George H. W. Bush
5060:Vladimir Bukovsky
4849:Mikhail Gorbachev
4844:Nicolae Ceaușescu
4630:Era of Stagnation
4580:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4172:Politburo members
4090:Soviet–Afghan War
4030:Brezhnev Doctrine
3984:Era of Stagnation
3951:
3950:
3942:Succeeded by
3931:History of Russia
3885:978-0-230-50108-9
3864:978-0-674-03493-8
3855:Penguin Books Ltd
3826:978-0-415-70146-4
3801:978-0-582-29958-0
3792:Pearson Education
3778:978-0-275-95629-5
3755:978-0-8476-8709-1
3729:978-0-06-113879-9
3618:on 11 March 2007.
3430:978-1-84331-034-1
3255:978-0-8229-8585-3
3219:978-0-85664-571-6
3183:978-0-04-335053-9
3147:978-0-7656-2387-4
3016:978-0-415-14317-2
2985:978-0-684-87112-7
2734:, pp. 50–51.
2698:, pp. 44–45.
2686:, pp. 43–44.
2425:978-0-7391-4304-9
2057:nuclear physicist
2048:socialist realism
2012:
2011:
2004:
1986:
1807:
1806:
1729:
1720:
1706:
1516:natural resources
1497:Mikhail Gorbachev
1376:Brezhnev's legacy
1368:death of Brezhnev
1263:Nikita Khrushchev
1251:
1250:
1243:
1225:
1133:Mikhail Gorbachev
1061:Mikhail Gorbachev
1042:
1026:Era of Stagnation
1022:
1021:
934:Soviet–Afghan War
929:Brezhnev Doctrine
870:1977 Constitution
829:Economic reforms
820:Era of Stagnation
807:
777:
776:
742:
741:
684:
683:
537:Era of Stagnation
479:
478:
364:
363:
252:
251:
158:
157:
129:General Secretary
114:Central Committee
6971:
6891:
6890:
6880:
6879:
6878:
6628:
6627:
6536:
6391:Collectivization
6136:Marxism–Leninism
6021:
6020:
5910:
5909:
5741:
5734:
5727:
5718:
5717:
5589:Transnistria War
5248:
5247:
5090:Aung San Suu Kyi
5005:Alexander Dubček
4942:Civil resistance
4799:Sinatra Doctrine
4779:Demokratizatsiya
4680:Shortage economy
4607:
4600:
4593:
4584:
4583:
4500:
4499:
4496:National economy
4163:Friendship Games
4065:Helsinki Accords
3977:
3970:
3963:
3954:
3953:
3921:Preceded by
3918:
3917:
3889:
3868:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3805:
3782:
3759:
3733:
3696:
3682:Chingiz Aitmatov
3675:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3649:
3643:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3475:
3464:
3463:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3350:
3344:
3334:
3328:
3318:
3312:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3233:
3224:
3223:
3197:
3188:
3187:
3161:
3152:
3151:
3122:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3027:
3021:
3020:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2928:
2922:
2912:
2906:
2896:
2890:
2880:
2874:
2864:
2858:
2848:
2842:
2832:
2826:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2316:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2275:
2259:
2254:(1971–1975) and
2244:
2238:
2141:
2086:, and directors
2064:Pyotr Grigorenko
2053:"the dissidents"
2007:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1944:
1920:
1912:
1863:"Kosygin reform"
1839:Andrei Kirilenko
1835:Nikolai Podgorny
1725:
1713:
1698:
1683:
1682:
1673:market socialism
1669:central planning
1665:de-Stalinization
1599:central planning
1595:Gregory Grossman
1589:The research in
1548:radical as those
1528:"Kosygin reform"
1485:extensive growth
1448:collectivization
1442:, author of the
1418:demokratizatsiya
1259:de-Stalinization
1246:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1183:
1159:
1151:
1130:
1110:
1079:(1982–1984) and
1058:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1014:
1007:
1000:
983:
976:
805:
773:
772:
770:
763:
755:
748:
747:
744:
743:
734:
727:
720:
697:
696:
695:
632:Collectivization
492:
491:
456:De-Stalinization
430:Marxism–Leninism
425:Soviet democracy
419:
418:
322:State Committees
265:
264:
171:
170:
103:
102:
35:
21:
20:
6979:
6978:
6974:
6973:
6972:
6970:
6969:
6968:
6959:Leonid Brezhnev
6904:
6903:
6902:
6897:
6876:
6874:
6861:
6809:
6783:
6703:
6617:
6562:
6534:
6508:Internet domain
6503:Five-year plans
6465:
6432:
6372:
6275:
6237:
6169:Communist Party
6157:
6116:Passport system
6006:
5982:European Russia
5960:
5899:
5840:Khrushchev Thaw
5819:(World War II)
5797:Creation treaty
5751:
5745:
5715:
5710:
5694:
5655:Democratization
5645:Decommunization
5628:
5564:Helsinki Summit
5504:April 9 tragedy
5476:
5466:
5395:
5304:
5252:
5243:
5237:
5125:
5119:
4987:
4981:
4934:
4928:
4884:Mathieu Kérékou
4831:
4825:
4757:
4733:Reagan Doctrine
4708:Active measures
4700:
4694:
4685:Totalitarianism
4622:
4616:
4611:
4581:
4572:
4545:Five-year plans
4539:
4491:
4443:
4399:
4173:
4167:
4119:
4050:1973 oil crisis
3986:
3981:
3947:
3938:
3933:
3926:
3924:Khrushchev Thaw
3897:
3892:
3886:
3865:
3847:Service, Robert
3836:
3834:
3827:
3802:
3779:
3756:
3730:
3704:
3699:
3695:, 5 мая 1988 г.
3693:Wayback Machine
3676:
3672:
3662:
3660:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3640:Wayback Machine
3627:
3623:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3595:
3593:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3565:
3563:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3532:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3490:
3477:
3476:
3467:
3460:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3351:
3347:
3335:
3331:
3319:
3315:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3123:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3077:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3028:
3024:
3017:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2961:
2957:
2949:
2945:
2939:Wayback Machine
2929:
2925:
2913:
2909:
2897:
2893:
2881:
2877:
2865:
2861:
2849:
2845:
2833:
2829:
2817:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2534:
2519:
2515:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2404:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2317:
2310:
2306:, pp. 1–2.
2302:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2245:
2241:
2168:
2165:James R. Millar
2153:Grigorii Khanin
2142:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2100:
2076:Viktor Astafyev
2060:Andrey Sakharov
2035:(1948) and the
2008:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1945:
1943:
1933:
1921:
1910:
1894:1973 oil crisis
1867:planned economy
1820:Leonid Brezhnev
1727:
1724:
1715:
1712:
1700:
1697:
1681:
1663:, Khrushchev's
1642:1973 oil crisis
1623:Andrei Sakharov
1615:
1593:, pioneered by
1437:
1432:
1414:and democratic
1388:Communist Party
1341:command economy
1275:Khrushchev Thaw
1267:Georgy Malenkov
1247:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1184:
1182:
1172:
1160:
1149:
1137:Leonid Brezhnev
1097:Soviet ideology
1093:
1073:Leonid Brezhnev
1069:during the rule
1034:Пери́од засто́я
1018:
977:
970:
915:
809:
804:
769:Leonid Brezhnev
768:
766:
765:
764:
761:
759:
738:
709:
705:Other countries
693:
691:
686:
685:
597:
489:
481:
480:
452:
416:
406:
405:
374:
366:
365:
300:
262:
254:
253:
168:
160:
159:
154:
100:
98:Communist Party
90:
89:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6977:
6967:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6895:
6885:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6859:
6854:
6853:
6852:
6842:
6841:
6840:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6817:
6815:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6807:
6806:
6805:
6793:
6791:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6745:
6744:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6713:
6711:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6684:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6642:
6637:
6631:
6625:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6613:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6572:
6570:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6553:
6551:Rail transport
6548:
6546:Railway system
6538:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6479:
6477:
6471:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6442:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6382:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6342:
6341:
6340:
6335:
6325:
6320:
6319:
6318:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6296:
6291:
6285:
6283:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6266:Deputy Premier
6263:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6249:Heads of state
6245:
6243:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6233:
6223:
6217:
6214:Supreme Soviet
6211:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6191:
6181:
6176:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6150:
6149:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6131:State ideology
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6090:
6089:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6067:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6050:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6027:
6025:
6018:
6012:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5997:Ural Mountains
5994:
5989:
5987:North Caucasus
5984:
5979:
5974:
5968:
5966:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5936:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5918:
5916:
5907:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5825:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5783:
5782:
5777:
5767:
5761:
5759:
5753:
5752:
5744:
5743:
5736:
5729:
5721:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5680:Post-communism
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5480:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5270:Czechoslovakia
5267:
5262:
5256:
5254:
5253:Eastern Europe
5245:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5129:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5100:Isaias Afwerki
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5080:Zianon Pazniak
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4991:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4938:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4859:Erich Honecker
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4771:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4704:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4640:Anti-communism
4637:
4632:
4626:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4610:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4587:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4549:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4530:Food Programme
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4506:
4504:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4482:Tikhonov's 1st
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4453:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4425:
4420:
4409:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4148:Able Archer 83
4145:
4140:
4135:
4129:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4105:Exercise Zapad
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4055:Fall of Saigon
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3980:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3957:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3940:
3927:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3896:
3895:External links
3893:
3891:
3890:
3884:
3869:
3863:
3853:(3 ed.).
3843:
3825:
3806:
3800:
3783:
3777:
3760:
3754:
3734:
3728:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3684:, in Russian.
3670:
3644:
3621:
3603:
3573:
3542:
3512:
3500:
3465:
3458:
3436:
3429:
3407:
3400:
3374:
3367:
3345:
3329:
3313:
3297:
3290:
3261:
3254:
3225:
3218:
3189:
3182:
3153:
3146:
3112:
3100:
3089:(1): 141–167.
3071:
3059:
3047:
3040:
3022:
3015:
3009:. p. 48.
2991:
2984:
2955:
2943:
2923:
2907:
2891:
2875:
2859:
2843:
2827:
2811:
2799:
2797:, p. 415.
2784:
2782:, p. 403.
2772:
2770:, p. 398.
2760:
2748:
2736:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2688:
2676:
2664:
2657:
2637:Sakwa, Richard
2628:
2626:, p. 409.
2616:
2614:, p. 407.
2604:
2602:, p. 402.
2592:
2590:, p. 397.
2580:
2578:, p. 417.
2568:
2566:, p. 416.
2556:
2554:, p. 427.
2544:
2513:
2486:
2461:
2431:
2424:
2398:
2396:, p. 143.
2386:
2351:
2339:
2327:
2308:
2296:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2099:
2096:
2088:Eldar Ryazanov
2072:intelligentsia
2010:
2009:
1924:
1922:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1859:heavy industry
1855:light industry
1851:consumer goods
1847:Mikhail Suslov
1824:Alexei Kosygin
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1721:
1707:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1619:consumer goods
1614:
1611:
1607:Soviet economy
1544:Alexei Kosygin
1532:Alexei Kosygin
1440:Robert Service
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1357:Alexei Kosygin
1355:(Government),
1325:heavy industry
1249:
1248:
1163:
1161:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1092:
1089:
1087:" in English.
1056:Epókha zastóya
1051:Эпо́ха засто́я
1045:Períod zastóya
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1002:
994:
991:
990:
971:
969:
968:
963:
957:
956:
955:
954:
949:
936:
931:
926:
918:Foreign policy
914:
913:
912:
911:
906:
901:
890:
889:
887:Food Programme
884:
883:
882:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
850:Shadow economy
847:
846:
845:
840:
835:
827:
822:
793:
792:
787:
779:
778:
775:
774:
762:a series about
758:
756:
740:
739:
737:
736:
729:
722:
714:
711:
710:
708:
707:
701:
688:
687:
682:
681:
680:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
606:
605:
599:
598:
596:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
569:
566:
565:
557:
556:
555:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
522:Kosygin reform
519:
517:Five-Year Plan
514:
512:Consumer goods
509:
501:
500:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
477:
476:
475:
474:
473:
472:
458:
453:
451:
450:
445:
440:
434:
432:
427:
417:
412:
411:
408:
407:
404:
403:
398:
396:People's Court
393:
392:
391:
381:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
362:
361:
360:
359:
354:
352:Deputy Premier
349:
341:
340:
332:
331:
330:
329:
324:
319:
311:
310:
302:
301:
299:
298:
293:
288:
283:
281:Official names
277:
274:
273:
263:
260:
259:
256:
255:
250:
249:
248:
247:
246:
245:
240:
230:
229:
221:
220:
219:
218:
213:
208:
200:
199:
196:Supreme Soviet
191:
190:
189:
188:
180:
179:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
156:
155:
153:
152:
147:
142:
136:
133:
132:
124:
123:
122:
121:
116:
111:
101:
96:
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:
82:
77:
72:
71:
70:
68:Vice President
65:
55:
49:
46:
45:
42:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6976:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6911:
6909:
6894:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6872:
6871:
6868:
6858:
6855:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6846:
6843:
6839:
6836:
6835:
6834:
6831:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6822:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6812:
6804:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6790:
6786:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6754:Printed media
6752:
6750:
6747:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6710:
6706:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6688:
6687:Cyrillisation
6685:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6655:Working class
6653:
6651:
6650:Soviet people
6648:
6647:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6632:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6620:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6565:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6543:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6498:Energy policy
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6476:
6472:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6439:
6435:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6343:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6309:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6282:
6278:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6240:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6226:Supreme Court
6224:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6202:
6199:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6160:
6154:
6151:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6080:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6013:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5963:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5902:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5829:
5828:The Holocaust
5826:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5749:
5742:
5737:
5735:
5730:
5728:
5723:
5722:
5719:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5685:Yugoslav Wars
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5675:Neo-Stalinism
5673:
5671:
5670:Neo-Sovietism
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5554:Black January
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5473:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5249:
5246:
5240:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5122:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5105:Ronald Reagan
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5085:Zhelyu Zhelev
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5065:Boris Yeltsin
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5045:Joachim Gauck
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4984:
4978:
4977:Strike action
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4931:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4919:Todor Zhivkov
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4909:Deng Xiaoping
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4828:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4738:Soviet Empire
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4699:International
4697:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4603:
4601:
4596:
4594:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4457:Kosygin's 1st
4455:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4434:Yuri Andropov
4432:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4015:Prague Spring
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3973:
3971:
3966:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3946:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3887:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3710:Brown, Archie
3707:
3706:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3546:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3510:, p. 58.
3509:
3504:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3461:
3459:81-7648-660-4
3455:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3432:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3403:
3401:0-88738-260-6
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3370:
3368:0-8422-0529-2
3364:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3293:
3291:0-87332-470-6
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3266:
3257:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3230:
3221:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3194:
3185:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3158:
3149:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3126:Kort, Michael
3121:
3119:
3117:
3110:, p. 39.
3109:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3075:
3069:, p. 35.
3068:
3063:
3057:, p. 40.
3056:
3051:
3043:
3041:1-874613-01-X
3037:
3033:
3026:
3018:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3003:
2995:
2987:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2953:, p. 28.
2952:
2947:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2927:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2808:
2803:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2781:
2776:
2769:
2764:
2758:, p. 63.
2757:
2752:
2746:, p. 54.
2745:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2722:, p. 53.
2721:
2716:
2710:, p. 47.
2709:
2704:
2697:
2692:
2685:
2680:
2674:, p. 38.
2673:
2668:
2660:
2658:0-415-12290-2
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2625:
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2613:
2608:
2601:
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2589:
2584:
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2528:
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2174:
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2166:
2162:
2158:
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2146:
2140:
2136:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2092:Mark Zakharov
2089:
2085:
2084:Grigory Gorin
2082:, playwright
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2006:
2003:
1995:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953: –
1952:
1948:
1947:Find sources:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1925:This section
1923:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1890:second reform
1886:
1884:
1880:
1879:profit making
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1726:(according to
1722:
1718:
1714:(according to
1711:
1708:
1704:
1699:(according to
1695:
1694:
1691:
1684:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1646:hard currency
1643:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1568:in his book,
1567:
1563:
1561:
1560:Joseph Stalin
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1489:globalisation
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1469:Yuri Andropov
1466:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1454:Richard Sakwa
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1372:Yuri Andropov
1369:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:arms industry
1326:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1314:Prague Spring
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1287:Cultural Thaw
1284:
1280:
1279:Manege Affair
1276:
1272:
1271:Soviet leader
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1255:Joseph Stalin
1245:
1242:
1234:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192: –
1191:
1187:
1186:Find sources:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1164:This section
1162:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:Yuri Andropov
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1046:
1040:
1031:
1027:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1003:
1001:
996:
995:
993:
992:
989:
988:
987:Media gallery
984:
982:
975:
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964:
962:
959:
958:
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948:
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905:
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817:
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815:
814:
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803:
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798:
791:
788:
786:
783:
782:
781:
780:
771:
757:
754:
750:
749:
746:
745:
735:
730:
728:
723:
721:
716:
715:
713:
712:
706:
703:
702:
700:
690:
689:
678:
677:Soviet Empire
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
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628:
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623:
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586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
568:
567:
564:
563:
559:
558:
553:
552:War communism
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
504:
503:
502:
499:
498:
494:
493:
485:
484:
471:
470:
466:
465:
464:
463:
459:
457:
454:
449:
448:Khrushchevism
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
421:
420:
415:
410:
409:
402:
399:
397:
394:
390:
387:
386:
385:
384:Supreme Court
382:
380:
377:
376:
370:
369:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
343:
342:
339:
338:
334:
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328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
313:
312:
309:
308:
304:
303:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
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279:
278:
276:
275:
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271:
267:
266:
258:
257:
244:
241:
239:
236:
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232:
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228:
227:
223:
222:
217:
214:
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209:
207:
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202:
201:
198:
197:
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192:
187:
184:
183:
182:
181:
178:
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172:
164:
163:
151:
148:
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143:
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138:
137:
135:
134:
131:
130:
126:
125:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
106:
105:
104:
99:
94:
93:
86:
83:
81:
80:State Council
78:
76:
73:
69:
66:
64:
61:
60:
59:
56:
54:
51:
50:
44:
43:
39:
38:
34:
30:
29:
26:
23:
22:
19:
6873:
6645:Demographics
6635:Antisemitism
6488:Central Bank
6406:Forced labor
6354:Spetsnaz GRU
6174:organisation
6082:Human rights
6031:Constitution
5914:Subdivisions
5859:
5792:Russian SFSR
5748:Soviet Union
5633:Later events
5549:Malta Summit
5381:Turkmenistan
5309:Soviet Union
5295:Soviet Union
5275:East Germany
5095:Meles Zenawi
5050:Sali Berisha
5000:Václav Havel
4947:Human chains
4854:Károly Grósz
4784:Khozraschyot
4675:Nomenklatura
4650:Eastern Bloc
4629:
4361:Shevardnadze
4346:Shcherbytsky
3983:
3929:
3908:By Ted Grant
3878:. Springer.
3874:
3850:
3835:. Retrieved
3811:
3787:
3764:
3741:
3714:
3702:Bibliography
3673:
3661:. Retrieved
3647:
3624:
3616:the original
3606:
3594:. Retrieved
3590:the original
3585:
3576:
3564:. Retrieved
3556:The Guardian
3555:
3545:
3533:. Retrieved
3529:the original
3524:
3515:
3503:
3491:. Retrieved
3445:
3439:
3416:
3410:
3383:
3377:
3354:
3348:
3332:
3316:
3300:
3273:
3237:
3201:
3165:
3129:
3103:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3062:
3050:
3031:
3025:
3001:
2994:
2967:
2958:
2946:
2926:
2915:Daniels 1998
2910:
2899:Daniels 1998
2894:
2883:Daniels 1998
2878:
2867:Daniels 1998
2862:
2846:
2830:
2814:
2802:
2775:
2763:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2715:
2703:
2691:
2679:
2667:
2640:
2631:
2624:Service 2009
2619:
2612:Service 2009
2607:
2600:Service 2009
2595:
2588:Service 2009
2583:
2576:Service 2009
2571:
2564:Service 2009
2559:
2552:Service 2009
2547:
2535:. Retrieved
2531:the original
2526:
2516:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2477:. Retrieved
2471:
2464:
2452:. Retrieved
2443:
2434:
2407:
2401:
2389:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2349:, p. 2.
2342:
2337:, p. 1.
2330:
2299:
2287:. Retrieved
2273:
2242:
2229:(1981–1985)
2214:(1976–1980)
2196:(1971–1975)
2172:(1966–1970)
2139:
2080:Oles Honchar
2045:
2013:
1998:
1989:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1946:
1934:Please help
1929:verification
1926:
1898:price of oil
1887:
1875:Western Bloc
1843:Arvīds Pelše
1832:
1808:
1717:G. I. Khanin
1690:Growth rates
1671:and towards
1654:
1635:
1626:
1616:
1588:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1539:
1537:
1507:
1506:, author of
1504:Archie Brown
1502:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1443:
1438:
1415:
1410:Khozraschyot
1407:
1399:
1391:
1385:
1365:
1345:
1322:
1318:gerontocracy
1294:Brezhnev Era
1291:
1252:
1237:
1228:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1185:
1173:Please help
1168:verification
1165:
1117:Khrushchev's
1094:
1084:
1065:Soviet Union
1025:
1023:
986:
978:
917:
916:
819:
813:Brezhnev Era
811:
810:
800:
796:
794:
637:Human rights
627:Gulag system
602:
573:Demographics
560:
536:
495:
467:
460:
335:
305:
270:Constitution
268:
224:
194:
174:
127:
18:
6749:Phraseology
6694:Prohibition
6682:Linguistics
6667:Drug policy
6660:1989 census
6581:Cybernetics
6483:Agriculture
6396:Great Purge
6358:Soviet Navy
6350:Soviet Army
6222:(1989–1991)
6216:(1938–1991)
6210:(1922–1936)
6194:Secretariat
6065:Gun control
5972:Caspian Sea
5956:Closed city
5885:Dissolution
5870:Perestroika
5812:Great Purge
5609:August Coup
5462:South Yemen
5407:Afghanistan
5251:Central and
5244:by location
5148:Civic Forum
5035:Feng Congde
5010:Ion Iliescu
4995:Lech Wałęsa
4952:Magnitizdat
4914:Zhao Ziyang
4904:Heng Samrin
4864:Miloš Jakeš
4774:Perestroika
4449:Governments
4371:Solomentsev
4311:Mzhavanadze
4010:Six-Day War
3945:Perestroika
3720:Bodley Head
3663:27 February
3493:31 December
3483:RIA Novosti
3278:M.E. Sharpe
3134:M.E. Sharpe
3034:. H. Brar.
2885:, pp.
2851:Hanson 2003
2837:, pp.
2835:Hanson 2003
2819:Hanson 2003
2537:31 December
2321:, pp.
2289:7 September
2281:. Cia.gov.
2184:(GNI): 7.1%
2028:anti-Soviet
1661:Harpal Brar
1657:revisionism
1638:Nixon Shock
1636:During the
1424:dissolution
1402:perestroika
1361:1965 reform
1091:Terminology
1067:that began
622:Great Purge
588:Phraseology
507:Agriculture
462:Perestroika
337:Premiership
167:Legislature
145:Secretariat
6908:Categories
6789:Opposition
6779:Television
6759:Propaganda
6732:Literature
6606:Naukograds
6601:Sharashkas
6535:(currency)
6513:Inventions
6456:Censorship
6386:Red Terror
6070:Government
5944:Autonomous
5927:Autonomous
5860:Stagnation
5823:Evacuation
5650:Lustration
5524:Baltic Way
5475:Individual
5452:Mozambique
5391:Uzbekistan
5376:Tajikistan
5361:Kyrgyzstan
5356:Kazakhstan
5321:Azerbaijan
5300:Yugoslavia
5178:Solidarity
5138:Charter 77
5124:Opposition
5020:Wu'erkaixi
4986:Opposition
4933:Opposition
4924:Siad Barre
4869:Egon Krenz
4839:Ramiz Alia
4830:Government
4769:Uskoreniye
4701:background
4623:background
4396:Vorotnikov
3390:. p.
3339:, p.
3323:, p.
3307:, p.
3280:. p.
3244:. p.
3208:. p.
3172:. p.
3136:. p.
2974:. p.
2917:, p.
2901:, p.
2869:, p.
2853:, p.
2821:, p.
2795:Brown 2009
2780:Brown 2009
2768:Brown 2009
2647:. p.
2414:. p.
2266:References
2126:References
2024:dissidents
2020:Red Square
1962:newspapers
1908:Opposition
1877:, such as
1790:1980–1985
1776:1975–1980
1762:1970–1975
1748:1965–1970
1734:1960–1965
1575:status quo
1394:Uskoreniye
1366:After the
1283:Soviet art
1201:newspapers
894:Opposition
785:Early life
672:Red Terror
662:Propaganda
612:Censorship
603:Repression
317:Ministries
307:Government
261:Governance
47:Leadership
6850:Republics
6838:Republics
6826:Republics
6677:Languages
6541:Transport
6423:Holodomor
6316:Militsiya
6254:President
6146:Stalinism
6048:Elections
5922:Republics
5905:Geography
5895:Nostalgia
5807:Stalinism
5690:Pink tide
5484:Jeltoqsan
5400:Elsewhere
5351:Lithuania
5203:Rastokhez
5143:New Forum
5126:movements
5025:Chai Ling
4635:Communism
4568:11th plan
4563:10th plan
4331:Ponomarev
4326:Polyansky
4291:Kuznetsov
4266:Kirilenko
4246:Gorbachev
4226:Chernenko
4221:Chebrikov
3596:2 January
3566:20 August
3535:2 January
3007:Routledge
2645:Routledge
2479:2 January
2381:159693587
2217:GNP: 2.7%
2202:GNI: 5.1%
2199:GNP: 3.7%
2178:GNP: 5.3%
2037:final act
1992:July 2021
1871:socialist
1869:within a
1728:the USSR)
1426:in 1991.
1298:Stalinist
1231:July 2021
1039:romanized
952:1979–1985
947:1962–1979
806:1964–1982
578:Education
547:Transport
443:Stalinism
373:Judiciary
216:Presidium
140:Politburo
58:President
6893:Category
6446:Religion
6333:Chairmen
6179:Congress
6141:Leninism
6121:Propiska
6016:Politics
5875:Glasnost
5835:Cold War
5775:February
5447:Mongolia
5442:Ethiopia
5427:Cambodia
5331:Chechnya
5265:Bulgaria
5040:Tank Man
5030:Wang Dan
5015:Liu Gang
4972:Samizdat
4967:Protests
4806:Glasnost
4789:500 Days
4713:Cold War
4621:Internal
4558:9th plan
4553:8th plan
4428:Podgorny
4418:Brezhnev
4381:Tikhonov
4366:Shvernik
4351:Shelepin
4336:Rashidov
4321:Podgorny
4296:Masherov
4271:Kiselyov
4231:Demichev
4216:Brezhnev
4211:Andropov
3849:(2009).
3837:18 March
3831:Archived
3740:(1998).
3712:(2009).
3689:Archived
3657:Archived
3636:Archived
3560:Archived
3487:Archived
3128:(2010).
2935:Archived
2639:(1999).
2454:2 August
2448:Archived
2283:Archived
2098:See also
2068:glasnost
2043:(1975).
1640:and the
1435:Analysis
1349:Chairman
1327:and the
1139:led the
939:Cold War
593:Religion
469:Glasnost
438:Leninism
414:Ideology
327:Cabinets
109:Congress
6814:Symbols
6727:Fashion
6709:Culture
6623:Society
6568:Science
6533:Rouble
6475:Economy
6451:Science
6261:Premier
6242:Offices
6104:Leaders
6024:General
5992:Siberia
5965:Regions
5939:Oblasts
5780:October
5757:History
5699:Related
5457:Somalia
5386:Ukraine
5366:Moldova
5341:Georgia
5336:Estonia
5326:Belarus
5316:Armenia
5290:Romania
5280:Hungary
5260:Albania
5168:Sąjūdis
4988:leaders
4935:methods
4832:leaders
4821:Đổi Mới
4762:Reforms
4503:Reforms
4423:Kosygin
4405:Leaders
4391:Voronov
4386:Ustinov
4356:Shelest
4341:Romanov
4306:Mikoyan
4301:Mazurov
4286:Kulakov
4281:Kosygin
4261:Gromyko
4256:Grishin
4251:Grechko
4241:Efremov
4236:Dolgikh
4045:Détente
3586:memo.ru
3525:memo.ru
2323:148–149
2220:GNP: 3%
2039:of the
1976:scholar
1818:led by
1686:Period
1679:Summary
1603:Gosplan
1580:paradox
1550:in the
1430:Economy
1351:of the
1337:roubles
1215:scholar
1147:History
1125:Russian
1105:Russian
1041::
1030:Russian
942:détente
799:, then
562:Culture
497:Economy
488:Society
238:Speaker
150:Orgburo
119:History
53:Leaders
6833:Emblem
6821:Anthem
6769:Sports
6722:Cinema
6717:Ballet
6699:Racism
6672:Family
6162:Bodies
5750:topics
5477:events
5412:Angola
5371:Russia
5346:Latvia
5285:Poland
5242:Events
4894:Ne Win
4414:Troika
4376:Suslov
4276:Kunaev
4206:Aliyev
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6742:Opera
6737:Music
6640:Crime
6411:Gulag
6289:Cheka
5934:Krais
5432:China
5422:Burma
5417:Benin
4316:Pelše
2887:47–48
2839:98–99
2377:S2CID
2131:Notes
1983:JSTOR
1969:books
1650:Japan
1222:JSTOR
1208:books
1048:, or
1024:The "
797:First
6845:Flag
6803:List
6611:List
6523:OGAS
6416:List
6299:NKVD
6087:LGBT
6075:List
6041:1977
6036:1936
4535:1984
4525:1979
4520:1973
4515:1965
4510:OGAS
4412:The
4197:26th
4192:25th
4187:24th
4182:23rd
4177:22nd
4133:RYAN
3880:ISBN
3859:ISBN
3839:2016
3821:ISBN
3796:ISBN
3773:ISBN
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3724:ISBN
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3598:2016
3568:2018
3537:2016
3495:2011
3454:ISBN
3425:ISBN
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3363:ISBN
3286:ISBN
3250:ISBN
3214:ISBN
3178:ISBN
3142:ISBN
3036:ISBN
3011:ISBN
2980:ISBN
2653:ISBN
2539:2011
2481:2016
2456:2017
2420:ISBN
2291:2015
2090:and
2078:and
1955:news
1853:and
1837:and
1822:and
1799:3.5
1796:0.6
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1782:1.0
1779:1.9
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296:1977
291:1936
286:1924
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6328:KGB
6323:MGB
6311:MVD
6294:GPU
6094:Law
4670:KGB
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3309:148
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3091:doi
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2649:339
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2369:doi
1938:by
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1710:NMP
1703:CIA
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