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1304:, which mostly hunt foals. When in the presence of a lion, zebras remain alert and stand in a semi-circle at as much as 100 m (330 ft) and no less than 50 m (160 ft). Stallions sometimes try to drive lions away with bluff charges. By contrast, zebras may approach cheetahs and wild dogs and a single hyena is allowed to come within a few metres. To escape from predators, an adult zebra can run at 60–70 km/h (37–43 mph). When being hunted by hyenas or wild dogs, a zebra harem stays close together and cooperates to protect threatened members, particularly the young. The harem stallion goes on the offensive and attacks the dogs or hyenas.
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is intermediate in size between the larger Grévy's zebra and the smaller mountain zebra. It is dumpy bodied with relatively short legs and a skull with a convex forehead and a somewhat concave nose profile. The neck is thicker in males than in females. The ears are upright and have rounded tips. They are shorter than in the mountain zebra and narrower than in Grévy's zebra. As with all wild equids, the plains zebra has an erect mane along the neck and a tuft of hair at the end of the tail. The body hair of a zebra is 9.4 ± 4 mm (0.37 ± 0.16 in), shorter than in other
African ungulates.
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50:
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1492:. A foal is usually weaned at around eleven months, but may suckle for longer. Females reach puberty before three years, and males after five or six. Young male zebras eventually leave their family groups as the relationship with their mothers fades after the birth of a sibling. The young stallion then seeks out other young stallions for company. Young females may stay in the harem until they are abducted by another stallion. Plains zebras have an average lifespan of 25 years in the wild.
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wrestling to the ground and occasional kicking. Sometimes, a stallion lies still on the ground as if surrendering, but once the other male lets up, he strikes and continues the fight. Most fighting occurs over young mares in oestrus and as long as a harem stallion is healthy, he usually is not challenged. Only unhealthy stallions have their harems taken over and even then, the new stallion gradually takes over, pushing the old one out without a fight.
1506:
1273:
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1469:). The female signals her readiness for copulation by straddling her legs and raising her tail. The gestation period lasts around a year, and a single young is produced. Mares may give birth to one foal every twelve months. The birthing peak is during the rainy season. A mare gives birth within the vicinity of her group and while lying down on her side. The newborn foal weighs 30–35 kg (66–77 lb) and the
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subsides. The most recently added females rank lowest. Females that become unfit or weak may drop in their rank, though. The female membership of a harem stays intact, even if a new stallion takes over. During herd gatherings, family stallions may be cordial towards each other, while the mares are less tolerant.
1348:" also exist. These are stable groups of up to 15 males with an age-based hierarchy, led by a young male. These males stay in their groups until they are ready to start a harem. The bachelors prepare for their adult roles with play fights and greeting/challenge rituals, which take up most of their activities.
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cycle, she attracts the attention of nearby stallions, both bachelors and harem leaders. Her family stallion (likely her father) chases off or fights stallions attempting to abduct her. Even after a young mare is isolated from her natal harem, the fight over her continues until her oestrous cycle is
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The plains zebra stands at a height of 127–140 cm (50–55 in) with a head-body length of 217–246 cm (85–97 in) and a tail length of 47–56.5 cm (18.5–22.2 in). Males weigh 220–322 kg (485–710 lb) while females weigh 175–250 kg (386–551 lb). The species
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A newborn is capable of standing almost immediately and starts to eat grass within a week. Early on, a mother zebra keeps any other zebra away from her foal, including the stallion, the other mares, and even her previous offspring. Later, though, they all bond. Within the group, a foal has the same
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A stallion defends his harem from other males. When challenged, the stallion issues a warning to the invader by rubbing nose or shoulder with him. If the warning is not heeded, a fight breaks out. Zebra fights often become very violent, with the animals biting at each other's necks, heads, or legs,
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and tend to have broader stripes than both. Great variation in coat patterns exists between clines and individuals. The plains zebra's habitat is generally, but not exclusively, treeless grasslands and savanna woodlands, both tropical and temperate. They generally avoid desert, dense rainforest and
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Zebras are threatened by hunting for their hide and meat, and habitat change from farming. They also compete with livestock for food, and fencing blocks migration routes. Civil wars in some countries have also caused declines in zebra populations. The zebra can be found in numerous protected areas
1038:
A 2018 DNA study found no evidence for a subspecies structure in plains zebras but, instead, observed a north–south genetic continuum. Modern plains zebra populations appear to have originated from
Southern Africa around 370,000 years ago with plains zebras in Uganda, the most northern population,
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Burchell's zebra was thought to have been hunted to extinction. However, Groves and Bell concluded that "the extinct true
Burchell's zebra is a phantom". Careful study of the original zebra populations in Zululand and Eswatini and of skins harvested on game farms in Zululand and Natal has revealed
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for its call. When a predator is sighted, a zebra makes a two-syllable alarm call. A loud snort is made when moving in cover of potential danger. When in contentment, a zebra makes a more drawn-out snort. Males make a short, high-pitched squeal when hurt, and foals emit a drawn-out wail when in
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Multiple harems and bachelor groups come together to form larger herds of hundreds of animals, especially during migrations. Plains zebras are unusual among harem-holding species in forming these groups. In addition, pairs of harems may create temporarily stable subgroups within a herd, allowing
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to provide meat or for their skins. The skins were traded or used locally. The quagga was probably vulnerable to extinction due to its limited distribution, and it may have competed with domestic livestock for forage. The last known wild quagga died in 1878. The last captive quagga, a female in
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and, possibly, the penultimate glacial maximum. Its distinct coat pattern may have evolved rapidly because of geographical isolation and/or adaptation to a drier environment. In addition, plains zebra subspecies tend to have less striping the further south they live, and the quagga was the most
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Mares exist in a hierarchy, with the alpha female being the first to mate with the harem stallion and being the one to lead the group. When new mares are added to the group, they are met with hostility by the other mares. Thus, the harem stallion must shield the new mares until the aggression
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and no two individuals look exactly alike. Compared to other species, the plains zebra has broader stripes. The stripes are vertical on the fore part of the body, and tend towards the horizontal on the hindquarters. Northern zebra populations have narrower and more defined striping; southern
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Two main facial expressions are made by zebras; the greeting and threat. In both cases, the lips are pulled back and chewing motions are made. Greeting involves the ears sticking up and directing forward; while the threat involves the ears down. Zebras strengthen their social bonds with
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populations have varied but lesser amounts of striping on the under parts, the legs and the hindquarters. Southern populations also have brown "shadow" stripes between the black and white colouring. These are absent or poorly expressed in northern zebras. The natal coat of a
1155:. Plains zebras generally live in treeless grasslands and savanna woodlands, but can be found in a variety of habitats, both tropical and temperate. However, they are generally absent from deserts, dense rainforests, and permanent wetlands. They generally prefer
1372:, the male that impregnates her keeps her for good. Thus, the mare becomes a permanent member of a new harem. Oestrus in a female becomes less noticeable to outside males as she gets older, hence competition for older females is virtually nonexistent.
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and its stripes are depicted on the country's flag. The flag stripes also represent racial harmony in the country. The zebra has also been associated with beauty and the women of various societies would paint much of their bodies in stripes. For the
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Plains zebras are adapted for grazing on both long, tough grass stems and newly emerging short grass. In some areas, it rarely feeds below 100–150 mm (3.9–5.9 in) to ground level. It ranges more widely than many other species, even into
2237:
Pedersen, Casper-Emil T.; Albrechtsen, Anders; Etter, Paul D.; Johnson, Eric A.; Orlando, Ludovic; Chikhi, Lounes; Siegismund, Hans R.; Heller, Rasmus (2018). "A southern
African origin and cryptic structure in the highly mobile plains zebra".
838:
A 2005 genetic study confirmed the quagga being the same species as the plains zebra. It showed that the quagga had little genetic diversity and that it diverged from the other plains zebra subspecies only 120,000–290,000 years ago, during the
1521:. As of that year, the total population is estimated to be around 500,000 individuals. The species remains common throughout its range but has experienced population declines in 10 of the 17 countries where it is native. They are stable in
429:
and their recent offspring; bachelor groups also form. Groups may come together to form herds. The animals keep watch for predators; they bark or snort when they see a predator and the harem stallion attacks predators to defend his harem.
1188:, being less populated with separate, extensive dry and wet home ranges. When migrating, zebras appear to rely on some memory of the locations where foraging conditions were best and may predict conditions months before their arrival.
1445:. Members of a harem nip and scrape along the neck, withers, and back with their teeth and lips. Mothers and foals groom the most often, followed by siblings. Grooming shows social status and eases aggressive behaviour.
1256:, and it is often the first grazing species to appear in a well-vegetated area. The flexible upper lip allows them to push plant material between the incisors to cut. Zebras have a less efficient digestive system than
1324:, rubbing, drinking and intermittent resting which is very brief. At night, zebra activity is subdued except when threatened by predators. They may rest or sleep laying down, while one individual keeps guard.
826:
are so close to each other that the two are in fact one and that, therefore, the older of the two names should take precedence over the younger. They suggested that the correct name for the subspecies must be
2816:
Rubenstein, D. I.; Hack, M. (2004). "Natural and sexual selection and the evolution of multi-level societies: insights from zebras with comparisons to primates". In
Kappeler, P.; van Schaik, C. P. (ed.).
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but food passage is twice as fast. Thus, zebras are less selective in foraging, but they do spend much time eating. The zebra is a pioneer grazer and prepares the way for more specialised grazers such as
1344:, which consist of a single stallion, several mares and their recent offspring. The adult membership of a harem is highly stable, typically remaining together for months to years. Groups of all-male "
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animal, along with the eland, buffalo, lion and monkey. The zebra is praised in a poem as an "iridescent and glittering creature". Its stripes have symbolised the joining of male and female and at
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zoo, lived there from 9 May 1867 until it died on 12 August 1883, but its origin and cause of death are unclear. In 1984, the quagga was the first extinct animal to have its DNA analysed, and the
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zebras have high concentrations of dark stripes on the torso but low concentrations on the legs. "Spotted" individuals display interruptions in black striping patterns. There have even been
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Mortality for foals is high in their first year of life and is usually caused by predation. However, zebra young are afforded more protection than those of species like wildebeest and
2655:
1288:. Lions are most successful when targeting lone individuals, usually an old male while hyenas chase and isolate an individual from the group, usually a female or foal.
2089:
J. E. Cordingley, S. R. Sundaresan, I. R. Fischhoff, B. Shapiro, J. Ruskey, D. I. Rubenstein (2009). "Is the endangered Grevy's zebra threatened by hybridization?".
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are depicted being half human and half zebra, instead of the typical half human and half horse. Zebras have been featured as characters in other animated films like
2581:
Larison, Brenda; Kaelin, Christopher B.; Harrigan, Ryan; et al. (2020). "Population structure, inbreeding and stripe pattern abnormalities in plains zebras".
504:
evidence finds that plains zebras are more closely related to Grévy's zebras than mountain zebras. Groves and Bell (2004) place all three species in the subgenus
528:
In their 2004 study of cranial and pelage differences between specimens, Groves and Bell found support for the division of the plains zebra into six subspecies:
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extending south along eastern Africa, as far as Zambia, Mozambique, and Malawi, before spreading into most southern
African countries. They may have lived in
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3316:
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Young, T. P.; T. M. Palmer; M. E. Gadd (2005). "Competition and compensation among cattle, zebras, and elephants in a semi-arid savanna in
Laikipia, Kenya".
3947:
3915:
3907:
3149:
Odadi, W. O.; T. P. Young; J. B. Okeyo-Owour (2009). "The effects of wild herbivores on cattle intake and movement rates in
Laikipia rangeland, Kenya".
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vary from 30 km (12 sq mi) to 600 km (230 sq mi), depending on the area and if the population is migratory. They are more
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1111:, with the dark stripes being blonde. The quagga had brown and white stripes on the head and neck, brown upper parts and a white belly, tail and legs.
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4019:
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3931:
3015:
Nunez, C. M. V.; Rubenstein, D. I.; Asa, C. S. (2011). "Zebra
Reproduction". In McKinnon, A. O.; Squires, E. L.; Vaala, E. L.; Varner, D. D. (ed.).
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in
Southern Africa (modern Botswana, Namibia and South Africa) dating from 20,000–28,000 years ago, though not as commonly as antelope species like
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environments than other African equids. They seldom wander 10–12 km (6.2–7.5 mi) from a water source. Zebras also live in elevations from
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Zebras have also been represented in Western culture. They have been thought of as a more exotic alternative to horse; the comic book character
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Stallions form and expand their harems by abducting young mares from their natal harems. When a mare reaches sexual maturity and has her first
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over and it starts again with the next oestrous cycle. It is rare that the mare's original abductor keeps her for long. When the mare finally
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1408:
At least six different calls have been documented for the plains zebra. One is its distinctive, high-pitched, contact call (commonly called "
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individuals to interact with those outside their group. Among harem-holding species, this has only been observed in primates such as the
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as of 2016. The species population is stable and not endangered, though populations in most countries have declined sharply.
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which was thought to be a separate species. More recent research supports variations in zebra populations being
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features a captive zebra ostracised from the horses and end up being ridden by a rebellious girl. In the film
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rank as its mother. The stallion is generally intolerant of foals that are not his, and zebras may practice
1360:. Bachelor groups tend to be at the periphery of herds and when the herd moves, the bachelors trail behind.
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437:, but is threatened by human activities such as hunting for its meat and hide, as well as competition with
17:
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1736:
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1732:, the name "madhuve" means "woman/women of the zebra totem" and is a given name for girls in Zimbabwe.
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to test for female receptivity, which involves the upper lip curling back to smell for urine (via the
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Depending on the population, zebra herds may be sedentary, being highly dense with small ranges, or
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in 1785, was found to be the same species in the 21st century, the plains zebra was reclassified as
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Hofreiter, M.; Caccone, A.; Fleischer, R. C.; Glaberman, S.; Rohland, N.; Leonard, J. A. (2005).
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2013:
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of hair coat pattern and related characteristics by selectively breeding Burchell's zebras.
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1993:
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Groves, C. P.; Bell, C. H. (2004). "New investigations on the taxonomy of the zebras genus
1925:
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1622:
1618:
1614:
1424:" or "kwa-ha, kaw-ha, ha, ha" also transcribed as "kwahaah", or "oug-ga". The species name
1266:
1225:
648:
65:
8:
4728:
4512:
3784:
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2716:"Memory, not just perception, plays an important role in terrestrial mammalian migration"
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107:
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East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa, Volume 3, Part B: Large Mammals
366:. Its range is fragmented, but spans much of southern and eastern Africa south of the
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The Behavior Guide to African Mammals, Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates
1953:
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associated zebra stripes with water, rain and lighting due to its dazzling pattern.
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that a certain small proportion shows similarity to what now is regarded as typical
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1938:
1861:"The Micro-politics of Macromolecules in the Taxonomy and Restoration of Quaggas"
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with white spots on dark backgrounds. Striping abnormalities have been linked to
470:
446:
407:
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235:
92:
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2399:
Rubenstein, D. I. (2001). "Horse, Zebras and Asses". In MacDonald, D. W. (ed.).
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The plains zebra is highly social and usually forms small family groups called
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403:
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272:
164:
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3848:
3597:
3579:
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3320:
3055:"Further evidence for male infanticide and feticide in captive plains zebras"
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1823:
1763:
1345:
1285:
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Various abnormalities of the patterns have been documented in plains zebras.
1080:
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399:
184:
97:
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Equids. Zebras, Asses and Horses. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan
2005:
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also prey on zebras when they are near water. Less common predators include
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4708:
4253:
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Harley, E.H.; Knight, M.H.; Lardner, C.; Wooding, B.; Gregor, M. (2009).
2190:"A rapid loss of stripes: The evolutionary history of the extinct quagga"
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1570:
1178:
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1108:
840:
39:
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with Grévy's zebras, finding them in the same herds is not unusual, and
421:
Plains zebras are a highly social species, forming harems with a single
4777:
4452:
4310:
4149:
3633:
3234:"The Quagga Project: Progress over 20 years of selective breeding"
3180:
Conserving Living Natural Resources: In the Context of a Changing World
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1100:
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773:
678:
371:
255:
2594:
1505:
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1728:, a premarital school meant to initiate women into adulthood. In the
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in South Africa. Some stable populations live in unprotected areas.
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during the dry season. They appear to partial to eating scorched
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Alden, P. C., Estes, R. D., Schlitter, D., McBride, B. (1995).
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and spend most of their time feeding. Other activities include
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Sexual Selection in Primates: New and Comparative Perspectives
1808:
1806:
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1800:
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The plains zebra was formally classified by British zoologist
362:) is the most common and geographically widespread species of
4578:
4391:
4377:
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4289:
3843:
3645:
3624:
3565:
2485:; Izzo, A.; Reiner, R. C.; Walker, H.; Stankowich, T (2014).
1717:
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Horns, Tusks, and Flippers: The Evolution of Hoofed Mammals'
3853:
3211:"Illustrated notes on some extinct South African ungulates"
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1628:
The quagga was hunted by early Dutch settlers and later by
1518:
1281:
1229:
1085:
450:
426:
395:
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1975:
1914:"Mitochondrial Phylogenomics of Modern and Ancient Equids"
1812:
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Plains zebras are intermediate in size between the larger
2557:. IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group. IUCN. pp. 43–57.
1461:
The stallion mates with all his mares. Males exhibit the
2887:
National Audubon Society Field Guide to African Wildlife
2809:
1680:. How the zebra got its stripes has been the subject of
1139:
The plains zebra's range stops short of the Sahara from
496:, which was considered the sole species of the subgenus
3632:
2720:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2713:
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1881:
1684:, some of which involve it being scorched by fire. The
4278:
2859:
Klingel, H. (1969). "Reproduction in the plains zebra
2403:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 468.
851:
below is based on the 2005 analysis (some taxa shared
2580:
2541:
Hack, Mace A.; East, Rod; Rubenstein, Dan J. (2002).
2880:
2878:
2983:Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, C. T. (2005). "Equidae".
1888:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 216–18.
1088:is brown and white and the brown darkens with age.
2540:
2057:
1911:
1724:, zebra stripes decorate what is believed to be a
3290:
2875:
2398:
2314:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 165–179.
1075:Close-up of striping pattern of zebra in Tanzania
4922:
2821:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 266–279.
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2447:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 243–246.
1971:
1969:
1967:
2982:
2854:
2852:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2150:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 167.
1312:Plains zebras are nomadic and non-territorial,
810:*Sometimes a seventh subspecies is recognised.
3403:
3175:
2576:
2574:
2543:"Status and Action Plan for the Plains Zebra (
2445:The Mammals of the Southern African Sub-region
2183:
2181:
2146:Beolens, B.; Watkins, M.; Grayson, M. (2009).
1838:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41013A45172424.en
394:permanent wetlands. Zebras are preyed upon by
4181:
3389:
2985:The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion
2527:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2051:
2049:
1964:
1448:
3039:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3010:
3008:
2972:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2909:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2849:
2841:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2801:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2762:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2656:"Extremely Rare 'Blonde' Zebra Photographed"
2467:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2290:
2170:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2131:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2018:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1875:
1513:In 2016, the plains zebra was classified as
1165:. They are water-dependent and live in more
1107:zebras have been recorded in the forests of
855:and could therefore not be differentiated):
374:have been recognised, including the extinct
3295:. Reaktion Books. pp. 37–46, 192–201.
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3208:
2944:
2781:. Princeton University Press. p. 130.
2571:
2309:
2178:
2064:. University of California Press. pp.
1858:
673:Eastern Zambia, east of the Luangwa River,
441:and encroachment by farming on much of its
4188:
4174:
3396:
3382:
3241:South African Journal of Wildlife Research
2777:Kennedy, A. S., & Kennedy, V. (2013).
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
1907:
1905:
1672:for millennia. They have been depicted in
512:lineage. In areas where plains zebras are
299:
86:
48:
3252:
3202:
3005:
2739:
2510:
2375:
2328:
2213:
2055:
2026:
1947:
1937:
1836:
1053:Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology
3277:
3142:
2958:
2443:Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, C. T. (2006).
1912:Vilstrup, Julia T.; et al. (2013).
1690:
1652:
1504:
1452:
1399:
1374:
1331:
1271:
1123:
1070:
1046:
818:. The type localities of the subspecies
619:, north to the Kibanzao Plateau, and in
3225:
3169:
3019:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 2851–2865.
2976:
2889:. Chanticleer Press, Inc. p. 151.
2858:
2417:
1902:
1280:The plains zebra's major predators are
1248:, consuming both the leaves and twigs.
1042:
14:
4923:
4593:
3184:. Cambridge University Press. p.
2678:
677:, southeastern Tanzania, and northern
4931:IUCN Red List near threatened species
4675:
4674:
4169:
3377:
3345:
2863:: behaviour and ecological factors".
2684:
2361:
1813:King, S.R.B.; Moehlman, P.D. (2016).
1739:is depicted riding a zebra. The film
1648:
1495:
1191:
4908:C87B761C-AD73-44FD-8326-C12BA65F7C86
3107:
3086:"Plains Zebra | National Geographic"
2623:
2475:
1119:
745:Southern Botswana to Etosha and the
2926:"Can You Revive an Extinct Animal?"
2923:
2917:
1824:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1327:
433:The plains zebra remains common in
24:
3317:"Introducing the flag of Botswana"
1882:Prothero D.R; Schoch R. M (2003).
627:into southwestern Kenya as far as
25:
4972:
3369:
1699:represent the stripes of a zebra.
1509:A quagga mare in London Zoo, 1870
1081:boldly striped in black and white
485:were traditionally placed in the
469:. After the quagga, described by
4655:
4654:
4441:
3362:from the original on 2014-08-23.
3323:. 19 August 2020. Archived from
3215:South African Journal of Science
3151:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
2951:
2714:Bracis, C.; Mueller, T. (2017).
2148:The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals
2111:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00294.x
1601:across its range, including the
1395:
1379:Two male zebras fighting in the
1196:Plains zebras primarily feed on
787:
762:
728:
686:
681:south to the Gorongoza District
656:
617:Democratic Republic of the Congo
587:
545:
111:
4251:
3339:
3309:
3078:
3047:
2770:
2707:
2662:. 29 March 2019. Archived from
2648:
2617:
2487:"The function of zebra stripes"
2392:
1695:Black and white stripes on the
1500:
707:, north to Zimbabwe, west into
3163:10.1016/j.applanim.2008.08.010
2691:Johns Hopkins University Press
2240:Nature Ecology & Evolution
2139:
2082:
1852:
1783:
312: plains zebra range
13:
1:
4961:Taxa named by Pieter Boddaert
2924:Max, D. T. (1 January 2006).
2687:Walker's Mammals of the World
1777:
1664:Zebras have been featured in
1457:Mother zebra nursing her foal
844:southern-living of them all.
523:
4951:National symbols of Botswana
3291:Plumb, C.; Shaw, S. (2018).
3136:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.08.007
3092:. 2010-09-10. Archived from
2549:. In Moehlman, P. D. (ed.).
1939:10.1371/journal.pone.0055950
1716:of Zimbabwe, the zebra is a
1307:
1051:The skeleton exhibit in the
508:, and zebras appear to be a
7:
3794:Hartmann's mountain zebra (
3479:Equus africanus somaliensis
3416:Extinct species are marked
2632:University of Chicago Press
2401:The Encyclopedia of Mammals
1791:"Fossilworks: Equus quagga"
1737:Sheena, Queen of the Jungle
1381:Addo Elephant National Park
1336:A zebra harem within a herd
456:
10:
4977:
4946:Mammals of Southern Africa
4155:Domestication of the horse
3554:Equus hemionus hydruntinus
3470:Equus africanus atlanticus
3209:Van Bruggen, A.C. (1959).
2989:Cambridge University Press
1641:is trying to recreate the
1537:; stable or increasing in
1449:Reproduction and parenting
1200:; preferred species being
1114:
1079:Like all zebras, they are
4956:Mammals described in 1785
4683:
4652:
4577:
4549:
4525:
4501:
4468:
4451:
4440:
4436:
4261:
4250:
4246:
4208:
4135:
3867:
3836:
3806:
3771:
3690:
3681:
3623:
3564:
3491:Onager / Asiatic wild ass
3489:
3451:Equus africanus africanus
3433:
3424:
3414:
2779:Animals of the Masai Mara
2260:10.1038/s41559-017-0453-7
1245:Pterocarpus rotundifolius
1039:being the most distinct.
990:
953:
931:
924:
917:
897:
890:
870:
863:
500:; however, recent (2013)
406:and, to a lesser extent,
324:
317:
307:
298:
248:
243:
225:
218:
108:Scientific classification
106:
84:
75:
56:
47:
34:
2865:J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl
1703:The plains zebra is the
1432:word for "zebra" and is
1404:Zebras mutually grooming
1276:Lions feeding on a zebra
623:north from Nyangaui and
382:rather than subspecies.
310:
3716:Equus quagga burchellii
3667:Equus ferus przewalskii
3517:Equus hemionus hemippus
3507:Equus hemionus hemionus
3176:Weddell, B. J. (2002).
3116:Biological Conservation
2969:Encyclopædia Britannica
2006:10.1078/1616-5047-00133
1603:Serengeti National Park
824:Equus quagga antiquorum
820:Equus quagga burchellii
740:Equus quagga burchellii
481:. The plains zebra and
4623:South American tapir (
4145:Evolution of the horse
3796:Equus zebra hartmannae
3752:Equus quagga crawshayi
3566:Kiang/Tibetan wild ass
3460:Equus africanus asinus
2861:Equus burchelli boehmi
2732:10.1098/rspb.2017.0449
2693:. pp. 1024–1025.
2206:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0323
1700:
1661:
1597:and possibly Somalia.
1589:. They are extinct in
1510:
1458:
1405:
1384:
1337:
1277:
1136:
1128:Zebras migrating with
1076:
1064:
668:Equus quagga crawshayi
4890:Paleobiology Database
4513:Sumatran rhinoceros (
3785:Cape mountain zebra (
3743:Equus quagga chapmani
3734:Equus quagga borensis
3600:Equus kiang holdereri
3544:Equus hemionus onager
3404:Species of the genus
2685:Nowak, R. M. (1999).
2491:Nature Communications
1831:: e.T41013A45172424.
1694:
1659:Botswana coat of arms
1656:
1635:Natura Artis Magistra
1508:
1456:
1403:
1378:
1335:
1318:active during the day
1275:
1239:Colophospermum mopane
1127:
1074:
1050:
698:Equus quagga chapmani
557:Equus quagga borensis
479:principle of priority
4941:Fauna of East Africa
4320:Przewalski's horse (
4200:(Odd-toed ungulates)
3761:Equus quagga selousi
3665:Przewalski's horse (
3648:Equus ferus caballus
3609:Equus kiang polyodon
3535:Equus hemionus kulan
3505:Mongolian wild ass (
3263:10.3957/056.039.0206
3096:on February 25, 2021
2991:. pp. 537–546.
2310:Kingdon, J. (1988).
1859:Heywood, P. (2015).
1709:Republic of Botswana
1623:Kruger National Park
1619:Etosha National Park
1615:Hwange National Park
1549:; and decreasing in
1473:is rarely consumed.
1428:is derived from the
1043:Physical description
799:Equus quagga selousi
611:and west to Kariba,
66:Etosha National Park
62:E. quagga burchellii
4480:Indian rhinoceros (
4203:species by suborder
4060:Equus parastylidens
3725:Equus quagga boehmi
3707:Equus quagga quagga
3552:European wild ass (
3526:Equus hemionus khur
3346:Dirks, Tim (n.d.).
3128:2005BCons.122..351Y
3017:Equine Reproduction
2660:National Geographic
2503:2014NatCo...5.3535C
2252:2018NatEE...2..491P
2103:2009AnCon..12..505C
2091:Animal Conservation
1998:2004MamBi..69..182G
1930:2013PLoSO...855950V
777:Equus quagga quagga
749:, and southeast to
599:Equus quagga boehmi
445:, and is listed as
78:Conservation status
4561:Black rhinoceros (
4537:White rhinoceros (
4489:Javan rhinoceros (
4351:African wild ass (
4086:Equus semiplicatus
4077:Equus simplicidens
4044:Equus occidentalis
4036:Equus niobrarensis
4012:Equus mauritanicus
3924:Equus conversidens
3897:Giant Cape zebra (
3750:Crawshay's zebra (
3714:Burchell's zebra (
3533:Turkmenian kulan (
2931:The New York Times
2726:(1855): 20170449.
2624:Caro, Tim (2016).
2512:10.1038/ncomms4535
2364:"Equus burchellii"
2362:Grubb, P. (1981).
2056:Estes, R. (1991).
1701:
1662:
1649:In popular culture
1511:
1496:Human interactions
1459:
1406:
1385:
1338:
1278:
1267:Thomson's gazelles
1224:. Zebra sometimes
1215:Eragrostis superba
1192:Diet and predation
1137:
1077:
1065:
4918:
4917:
4877:Open Tree of Life
4677:Taxon identifiers
4668:
4667:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4587:
4573:
4572:
4462:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4322:E. f. przewalskii
4295:
4272:
4201:
4163:
4162:
4126:Equus yunnanensis
3948:Equus dalianensis
3916:Equus complicatus
3908:Equus cedralensis
3832:
3831:
3787:Equus zebra zebra
3741:Chapman's zebra (
3677:
3676:
3658:Equus ferus ferus
3619:
3618:
3582:Equus kiang kiang
3524:Indian wild ass (
3515:Syrian wild ass (
3477:Somali wild ass (
3449:Nubian wild ass (
3195:978-0-521-78812-0
2998:978-0-521-84418-5
2700:978-0-8018-5789-8
2666:on March 29, 2019
2641:978-0-226-41101-9
2595:10.1111/mec.15728
2583:Molecular Ecology
2410:978-0-7607-1969-5
2368:Mammalian Species
2321:978-0-226-43722-4
2075:978-0-520-08085-0
1986:Mammalian Biology
1895:978-0-801-87135-1
1467:vomeronasal organ
1302:African wild dogs
1221:Cenchrus ciliaris
1120:Range and habitat
1035:
1034:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1007:
979:
978:
808:
807:
670:– De Winton, 1896
643:in the north and
631:and southwestern
492:, in contrast to
416:African wild dogs
346:
345:
340:
332:
101:
16:(Redirected from
4968:
4911:
4910:
4898:
4897:
4885:
4884:
4872:
4871:
4859:
4858:
4846:
4845:
4833:
4832:
4820:
4819:
4807:
4806:
4794:
4793:
4781:
4780:
4768:
4767:
4755:
4754:
4745:
4744:
4732:
4731:
4729:Equus_burchellii
4719:
4718:
4717:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4672:
4671:
4658:
4657:
4614:Mountain tapir (
4591:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4438:
4437:
4407:Mountain zebra (
4331:Domestic horse (
4294:
4293:
4285:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4248:
4247:
4199:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4167:
4166:
4102:Equus sivalensis
4075:Hagerman horse (
4068:Equus pectinatus
3773:Mountain zebra (
3732:Maneless zebra (
3688:
3687:
3630:
3629:
3607:Southern kiang (
3589:Northern kiang (
3542:Persian onager (
3468:Atlas wild ass (
3435:African wild ass
3431:
3430:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3375:
3374:
3364:
3363:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3327:on 9 August 2021
3313:
3307:
3306:
3288:
3275:
3274:
3256:
3238:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3183:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3157:(2–4): 120–125.
3146:
3140:
3139:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3066:
3060:. Archived from
3059:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3038:
3030:
3012:
3003:
3002:
2987:(3rd ed.).
2980:
2974:
2973:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2900:
2882:
2873:
2872:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2840:
2832:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2800:
2792:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2761:
2753:
2743:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2556:
2538:
2525:
2524:
2514:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2458:
2440:
2415:
2414:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2379:
2359:
2326:
2325:
2307:
2288:
2287:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2161:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2122:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2063:
2053:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2009:
1973:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1941:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1810:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1621:in Namibia, and
1463:flehmen response
1358:hamadryas baboon
1328:Social structure
1263:blue wildebeests
1209:Cynodon dactylon
1203:Themeda triandra
1176:
960:E. q. antiquorum
927:
926:
920:
919:
893:
892:
866:
865:
859:
858:
791:
779:– Boddaert, 1785
766:
736:Burchell's zebra
732:
690:
664:Crawshay's zebra
660:
613:Katanga Province
601:– Matschie, 1892
591:
559:– Lönnberg, 1921
549:
531:
530:
467:Equus burchellii
463:John Edward Gray
389:and the smaller
360:Equus burchellii
338:
336:Equus burchellii
330:
313:
311:
303:
261:E. q. burchellii
231:
116:
115:
95:
90:
89:
58:Burchell's zebra
52:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
27:Species of zebra
21:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4906:
4901:
4893:
4888:
4880:
4875:
4867:
4864:Observation.org
4862:
4854:
4849:
4841:
4836:
4828:
4823:
4815:
4810:
4802:
4797:
4789:
4784:
4776:
4771:
4763:
4758:
4750:
4748:
4740:
4735:
4727:
4722:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4679:
4669:
4664:
4640:
4632:Malayan tapir (
4605:Baird's tapir (
4583:
4582:
4569:
4545:
4521:
4497:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4447:
4424:
4416:Grévy's zebra (
4287:
4286:
4284:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4257:
4242:
4204:
4198:Perissodactyla
4194:
4164:
4159:
4131:
4118:Equus uralensis
4052:Equus pacificus
4028:Equus namadicus
4020:Equus mexicanus
3980:Equus giganteus
3964:Equus fraternus
3940:Equus cumminsii
3932:Equus crinidens
3869:
3863:
3828:
3820:Grévy's zebra (
3808:Grévy's zebra (
3802:
3767:
3759:Selous' zebra (
3723:Grant's zebra (
3673:
3615:
3598:Eastern kiang (
3591:Equus kiang chu
3580:Western kiang (
3567:
3560:
3492:
3485:
3439:Equus africanus
3436:
3420:
3410:
3402:
3372:
3367:
3344:
3340:
3330:
3328:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3289:
3278:
3254:10.1.1.653.4113
3236:
3230:
3226:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3174:
3170:
3147:
3143:
3112:
3108:
3099:
3097:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2981:
2977:
2962:, ed. (1911). "
2952:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2936:
2934:
2922:
2918:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2883:
2876:
2857:
2850:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2814:
2810:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2775:
2771:
2755:
2754:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2689:. Vol. 1.
2683:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2622:
2618:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2545:Equus burchelli
2539:
2528:
2480:
2476:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2441:
2418:
2411:
2397:
2393:
2377:10.2307/3503962
2360:
2329:
2322:
2308:
2291:
2235:
2231:
2194:Biology Letters
2186:
2179:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2144:
2140:
2124:
2123:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2054:
2027:
2011:
2010:
1974:
1965:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1880:
1876:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1811:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1705:national animal
1651:
1515:near threatened
1503:
1498:
1451:
1412:") heard as "a-
1398:
1330:
1310:
1290:Nile crocodiles
1194:
1174:
1159:woodlands over
1122:
1117:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1009:
980:
964:Chapman's zebra
847:The simplified
801:– Pocock, 1897*
719:, and southern
694:Chapman's zebra
641:Nechisar plains
526:
518:fertile hybrids
471:Pieter Boddaert
459:
447:near threatened
404:Nile crocodiles
370:. Six or seven
328:Equus burchelli
309:
308:
288:
285:E. q. crawshayi
282:
276:
270:
264:
258:
239:
233:
227:
214:
110:
102:
93:Near Threatened
91:
87:
80:
43:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4974:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4899:
4886:
4873:
4860:
4847:
4834:
4821:
4808:
4795:
4782:
4769:
4756:
4746:
4733:
4720:
4705:
4689:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4666:
4665:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4629:
4620:
4611:
4601:
4599:
4588:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4557:
4555:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4533:
4531:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4515:D. sumatrensis
4509:
4507:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4486:
4476:
4474:
4463:
4459:(Rhinoceroses)
4453:Rhinocerotidae
4449:
4448:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4413:
4404:
4398:Plains zebra (
4385:
4384:
4375:
4366:
4357:
4338:
4337:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4298:
4296:
4273:
4269:(Horse family)
4259:
4258:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4238:Laurasiatheria
4234:
4228:
4222:
4216:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4193:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4170:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4121:
4113:
4110:Equus stenonis
4105:
4097:
4089:
4081:
4071:
4063:
4055:
4047:
4039:
4031:
4023:
4015:
4007:
4004:Equus lenensis
3999:
3991:
3983:
3975:
3972:Equus gallicus
3967:
3959:
3956:Equus excelsus
3951:
3943:
3935:
3927:
3919:
3911:
3903:
3899:Equus capensis
3893:
3885:
3876:
3874:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3816:
3814:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3791:
3781:
3779:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3756:
3747:
3738:
3729:
3720:
3711:
3700:
3698:
3692:Plains zebra (
3685:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3662:
3652:
3642:
3640:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3604:
3595:
3586:
3576:
3574:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3548:
3539:
3530:
3521:
3511:
3501:
3499:
3495:Equus hemionus
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3474:
3464:
3455:
3445:
3443:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3401:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3378:
3371:
3370:External links
3368:
3366:
3365:
3338:
3308:
3302:978-1780239354
3301:
3276:
3224:
3201:
3194:
3168:
3141:
3122:(2): 351–359.
3106:
3077:
3046:
3026:978-0813819716
3025:
3004:
2997:
2975:
2960:Chisholm, Hugh
2943:
2916:
2896:978-0679432340
2895:
2874:
2848:
2828:978-0521537384
2827:
2808:
2788:978-0691156019
2787:
2769:
2706:
2699:
2677:
2647:
2640:
2634:. p. 20.
2616:
2589:(2): 379–390.
2570:
2563:
2526:
2474:
2454:978-0521844185
2453:
2416:
2409:
2391:
2327:
2320:
2289:
2246:(3): 491–498.
2229:
2200:(3): 291–295.
2177:
2157:978-0801893049
2156:
2138:
2097:(6): 505–513.
2081:
2074:
2025:
1992:(3): 182–196.
1963:
1901:
1894:
1874:
1851:
1796:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1742:Racing Stripes
1730:Shona language
1722:Great Zimbabwe
1657:Zebras on the
1650:
1647:
1639:Quagga Project
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1450:
1447:
1397:
1394:
1383:, South Africa
1329:
1326:
1309:
1306:
1286:spotted hyenas
1193:
1190:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1044:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
989:
986:
985:
982:
981:
977:
976:
973:
972:
968:E. q. chapmani
952:
949:
948:
945:
944:
930:
925:
923:
918:
916:
913:
912:
909:
908:
896:
891:
889:
886:
885:
882:
881:
873:Mountain zebra
869:
864:
862:
857:
806:
805:
802:
792:
784:
783:
780:
767:
759:
758:
743:
733:
725:
724:
701:
700:– Layard, 1865
691:
683:
682:
671:
661:
653:
652:
602:
592:
584:
583:
560:
553:Maneless zebra
550:
542:
541:
538:
535:
525:
522:
483:mountain zebra
458:
455:
400:spotted hyenas
391:mountain zebra
344:
343:
342:
341:
333:
322:
321:
315:
314:
305:
304:
296:
295:
279:E. q. chapmani
273:E. q. borensis
246:
245:
241:
240:
234:
223:
222:
216:
215:
211:E. quagga
208:
206:
202:
201:
194:
190:
189:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
165:Perissodactyla
162:
158:
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148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
104:
103:
85:
82:
81:
76:
73:
72:
54:
53:
45:
44:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4973:
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4957:
4954:
4952:
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4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4909:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4792:
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4783:
4779:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4761:
4757:
4753:
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4725:
4721:
4716:
4710:
4706:
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4690:
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4686:
4682:
4678:
4673:
4663:
4662:
4651:
4637:
4635:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4625:T. terrestris
4621:
4619:
4617:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4589:
4580:
4576:
4566:
4564:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4542:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4528:Ceratotherium
4524:
4518:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4494:
4492:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4464:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4445:
4439:
4435:
4421:
4419:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4323:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4291:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4274:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4227:
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4215:
4211:
4210:
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4127:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3996:Equus latipes
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3958:
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3950:
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3912:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3882:Equus alaskae
3878:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3805:
3799:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3783:
3782:
3780:
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3776:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3757:
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3753:
3748:
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3744:
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3387:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3351:
3342:
3326:
3322:
3321:Lonely Planet
3318:
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3304:
3298:
3294:
3287:
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3281:
3272:
3268:
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3260:
3255:
3250:
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3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
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3117:
3110:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3067:on 2012-02-22
3063:
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2696:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2627:Zebra Stripes
2620:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2575:
2566:
2564:9782831706474
2560:
2555:
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2199:
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2038:
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2034:
2032:
2030:
2021:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1924:(2): e55950.
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1906:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1878:
1871:(1): 314–337.
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1764:The Lion King
1760:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1697:Botswana flag
1693:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1617:in Zimbabwe,
1616:
1612:
1608:
1605:in Tanzania,
1604:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1533:and possibly
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1507:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1472:
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1455:
1446:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1402:
1396:Communication
1393:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1153:Neolithic era
1150:
1146:
1143:and southern
1142:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1030:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1004:
1003:
1000:
998:
994:
993:Grant's zebra
988:
987:
984:
983:
975:
974:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
951:
950:
947:
946:
943:
941:
940:
935:
929:
928:
922:
921:
915:
914:
911:
910:
907:
905:
901:
900:Grévy's zebra
895:
894:
888:
887:
884:
883:
880:
878:
874:
868:
867:
861:
860:
856:
854:
850:
845:
842:
836:
834:
830:
825:
821:
817:
811:
803:
800:
796:
795:Selous' zebra
793:
790:
786:
785:
782:South Africa
781:
778:
775:
771:
768:
765:
761:
760:
756:
755:KwaZulu-Natal
752:
748:
744:
741:
737:
734:
731:
727:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:Caprivi Strip
710:
706:
702:
699:
695:
692:
689:
685:
684:
680:
676:
672:
669:
665:
662:
659:
655:
654:
651:to the east.
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
609:Luangwa River
606:
603:
600:
596:
595:Grant's zebra
593:
590:
586:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
562:Northwestern
561:
558:
554:
551:
548:
544:
543:
540:Distribution
539:
536:
533:
532:
529:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:Dolichohippus
495:
494:Grévy's zebra
491:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:game reserves
431:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
388:
387:Grévy's zebra
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:
351:
337:
334:
331:(Gray, 1824)
329:
326:
325:
323:
320:
316:
306:
302:
297:
294:
293:
292:
291:E. q. selousi
287:
286:
281:
280:
275:
274:
269:
268:
263:
262:
257:
254:
253:
247:
242:
237:
232:
230:
224:
221:
220:Binomial name
217:
213:
212:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
114:
109:
105:
99:
94:
83:
79:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
46:
41:
33:
30:
19:
4742:equus-quagga
4715:Equus quagga
4685:Equus quagga
4684:
4659:
4633:
4624:
4616:T. pinchaque
4615:
4606:
4594:
4562:
4550:
4538:
4526:
4514:
4504:Dicerorhinus
4502:
4491:R. sondaicus
4490:
4482:R. unicornis
4481:
4469:
4444:Ceratomorpha
4442:
4417:
4408:
4399:
4397:
4390:
4388:
4379:
4370:
4361:
4353:E. africanus
4352:
4343:
4341:
4332:
4321:
4312:
4311:Wild horse (
4303:
4301:
4279:
4252:
4123:
4115:
4108:
4099:
4094:Equus scotti
4091:
4083:
4076:
4065:
4057:
4049:
4041:
4033:
4025:
4017:
4009:
4001:
3993:
3988:Equus lambei
3985:
3977:
3969:
3961:
3953:
3945:
3937:
3929:
3921:
3913:
3905:
3898:
3890:Equus andium
3887:
3879:
3870:
3821:
3809:
3795:
3786:
3774:
3760:
3751:
3742:
3733:
3724:
3715:
3706:
3694:Equus quagga
3693:
3691:
3666:
3657:
3647:
3635:
3634:Wild horse (
3608:
3599:
3590:
3581:
3569:
3553:
3543:
3534:
3525:
3516:
3506:
3494:
3478:
3469:
3459:
3450:
3438:
3417:
3406:
3356:Filmsite.org
3349:
3341:
3329:. Retrieved
3325:the original
3311:
3292:
3244:
3240:
3227:
3218:
3214:
3204:
3179:
3171:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3098:. Retrieved
3094:the original
3089:
3080:
3069:. Retrieved
3062:the original
3049:
3016:
2984:
2978:
2967:
2946:
2935:. Retrieved
2929:
2919:
2886:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2818:
2811:
2778:
2772:
2758:cite journal
2723:
2719:
2709:
2686:
2680:
2668:. Retrieved
2664:the original
2650:
2626:
2619:
2586:
2582:
2552:
2544:
2494:
2490:
2477:
2444:
2400:
2394:
2370:(157): 1–9.
2367:
2311:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2197:
2193:
2147:
2141:
2127:cite journal
2094:
2090:
2084:
2059:
2014:cite journal
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1921:
1917:
1884:
1877:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1828:
1822:
1817:Equus quagga
1816:
1785:
1769:
1762:
1756:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1725:
1714:Shona people
1702:
1663:
1633:Amsterdam's
1627:
1599:
1531:South Africa
1512:
1501:Conservation
1487:
1475:
1460:
1439:
1434:onomatopoeic
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1390:
1386:
1362:
1350:
1339:
1322:dust bathing
1311:
1279:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1183:
1160:
1138:
1090:
1078:
1066:
1037:
997:E. q. boehmi
996:
991:
967:
959:
956:Damara zebra
954:
939:E. q. quagga
938:
937:
933:
932:
903:
898:
876:
871:
846:
837:
832:
828:
823:
819:
815:
812:
809:
798:
776:
742:– Gray, 1824
739:
705:South Africa
697:
667:
607:west of the
598:
578:district of
572:Lake Baringo
556:
527:
510:monophyletic
505:
502:phylogenetic
497:
489:
475:Equus quagga
474:
466:
460:
432:
420:
384:
359:
355:Equus quagga
354:
353:
350:plains zebra
349:
347:
339:Schinz, 1845
335:
327:
289:
283:
277:
271:
267:E. q. boehmi
265:
259:
252:E. q. quagga
250:
249:
229:Equus quagga
228:
226:
210:
209:
197:
185:
61:
35:Plains zebra
29:
18:Equus quagga
4786:iNaturalist
4709:Wikispecies
4563:D. bicornis
4392:Hippotigris
4371:E. hemionus
4333:E. caballus
4288:(including
4254:Hippomorpha
4236:Superorder
4230:Infraclass
3868:Prehistoric
3822:Equus grevy
3810:Equus grevy
3775:Equus zebra
3636:Equus ferus
3570:Equus kiang
1982:Hippotigris
1980:, subgenus
1844:19 November
1666:African art
1571:South Sudan
1479:infanticide
1314:home ranges
1228:or dig for
1179:Mount Kenya
1141:South Sudan
1134:Maasai Mara
1109:Mount Kenya
841:Pleistocene
804:Mozambique
703:North-east
649:Borena Zone
568:Uasin Gishu
506:Hippotigris
490:Hippotigris
477:due to the
465:in 1824 as
358:, formerly
244:Subspecies
198:Hippotigris
40:Pleistocene
4925:Categories
4634:T. indicus
4607:T. bairdii
4471:Rhinoceros
4150:Wild horse
3247:(2): 155.
3221:: 197–200.
3100:2022-12-15
3071:2012-07-03
2937:2014-03-03
2871:: 339–345.
1778:References
1770:Madagascar
1686:San people
1682:folk tales
1630:Afrikaners
1613:in Kenya,
1611:Masai Mara
1539:Mozambique
1490:hartebeest
1471:afterbirth
1437:distress.
1162:Commiphora
1130:wildebeest
1101:inbreeding
1093:Melanistic
853:haplotypes
833:antiquorum
829:burchellii
816:burchellii
679:Mozambique
637:Omo Valley
537:Subspecies
524:Subspecies
425:, several
372:subspecies
193:Subgenus:
4579:Tapiridae
4418:E. grevyi
4400:E. quagga
4389:Subgenus
4362:E. asinus
4342:Subgenus
4302:Subgenus
3249:CiteSeerX
3035:cite book
2905:cite book
2837:cite book
2797:cite book
2611:226305574
2463:cite book
2268:2397-334X
2166:cite book
1643:phenotype
1346:bachelors
1308:Behaviour
1258:ruminants
1254:woodlands
1186:migratory
1171:sea level
904:E. grevyi
849:cladogram
747:Kaokoveld
574:) to the
514:sympatric
439:livestock
205:Species:
131:Kingdom:
125:Eukaryota
4856:14100032
4804:10229254
4749:BioLib:
4694:Wikidata
4661:Category
4584:(Tapirs)
4539:C. simum
4409:E. zebra
4380:E. kiang
4369:Onager (
4360:Donkey (
4313:E. ferus
4232:Eutheria
4226:Mammalia
4220:Chordata
4214:Animalia
4212:Kingdom
3705:Quagga (
3656:Tarpan (
3458:Donkey (
3360:Archived
3350:Fantasia
3331:9 August
3271:31506168
2750:28539516
2603:33174253
2521:24691390
2497:: 3535.
2483:Caro, T.
2276:29358610
2224:17148190
2119:18388598
1958:23437078
1918:PLOS ONE
1767:and the
1753:centaurs
1748:Fantasia
1674:rock art
1587:Zimbabwe
1575:Tanzania
1555:DR Congo
1551:Botswana
1547:Eswatini
1523:Ethiopia
1483:feticide
1443:grooming
1430:Khoikhoi
1370:ovulates
1365:oestrous
1356:and the
1298:cheetahs
1294:leopards
1234:rhizomes
1175:4,300 ft
1157:Acacieae
1145:Ethiopia
877:E. zebra
751:Eswatini
709:Botswana
633:Ethiopia
621:Tanzania
576:Karamoja
487:subgenus
457:Taxonomy
423:stallion
412:cheetahs
408:leopards
319:Synonyms
236:Boddaert
171:Family:
155:Mammalia
145:Chordata
141:Phylum:
135:Animalia
121:Domain:
98:IUCN 3.1
42:– Recent
4903:ZooBank
4843:1006127
4778:2440892
4700:Q245305
4596:Tapirus
4552:Diceros
4378:Kiang (
4263:Equidae
4218:Phylum
4196:Extant
4140:Equidae
3873:species
3859:Zebroid
3837:Hybrids
3646:Horse (
3352:(1940)"
3124:Bibcode
3090:Animals
2741:5454266
2499:Bibcode
2386:3503962
2284:3333849
2248:Bibcode
2215:1617154
2099:Bibcode
2066:242–246
1994:Bibcode
1949:3577844
1926:Bibcode
1707:of the
1670:culture
1595:Lesotho
1591:Burundi
1567:Somalia
1543:Namibia
1517:by the
1410:barking
1151:in the
1149:Algeria
1132:in the
1115:Ecology
1063:, China
1057:Kunming
717:Namibia
645:Yabello
625:Kibwezi
615:of the
520:occur.
449:by the
443:habitat
181:Genus:
175:Equidae
161:Order:
151:Class:
96: (
70:Namibia
4936:Zebras
4882:124776
4817:624996
4765:311502
4737:ARKive
4345:Asinus
4290:Zebras
4224:Class
3683:Zebras
3625:Horses
3299:
3269:
3251:
3192:
3023:
2995:
2964:Quagga
2956:
2893:
2825:
2785:
2748:
2738:
2697:
2670:25 May
2638:
2609:
2601:
2561:
2519:
2451:
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2384:
2318:
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2266:
2222:
2212:
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2117:
2072:
1956:
1946:
1892:
1865:Kronos
1758:Khumba
1751:, two
1585:, and
1583:Zambia
1579:Uganda
1563:Rwanda
1535:Angola
1529:, and
1527:Malawi
1426:quagga
1354:gelada
1342:harems
1226:browse
1105:Albino
1097:morphs
1061:Yunnan
934:Quagga
831:, not
770:Quagga
721:Angola
711:, the
675:Malawi
605:Zambia
580:Uganda
566:(from
380:clines
376:quagga
368:Sahara
238:, 1785
4895:90653
4869:79459
4830:41013
4799:IRMNG
4791:43335
4752:33441
4305:Equus
4281:Equus
3871:Equus
3849:Kunga
3844:Hinny
3426:Asses
3407:Equus
3293:Zebra
3267:S2CID
3237:(PDF)
3065:(PDF)
3058:(PDF)
2607:S2CID
2382:JSTOR
2280:S2CID
2115:S2CID
1978:Equus
1772:films
1726:domba
1718:totem
1678:eland
1607:Tsavo
1559:Kenya
1282:lions
1230:corms
1198:grass
1167:mesic
635:from
629:Sotik
564:Kenya
534:Image
427:mares
396:lions
364:zebra
186:Equus
64:) at
4825:IUCN
4812:ITIS
4773:GBIF
3854:Mule
3333:2021
3297:ISBN
3190:ISBN
3041:link
3021:ISBN
2993:ISBN
2911:link
2891:ISBN
2843:link
2823:ISBN
2803:link
2783:ISBN
2764:link
2746:PMID
2695:ISBN
2672:2020
2636:ISBN
2599:PMID
2559:ISBN
2517:PMID
2469:link
2449:ISBN
2405:ISBN
2316:ISBN
2272:PMID
2264:ISSN
2220:PMID
2172:link
2152:ISBN
2133:link
2070:ISBN
2020:link
1954:PMID
1890:ISBN
1846:2021
1829:2016
1668:and
1609:and
1545:and
1519:IUCN
1481:and
1420:, a-
1416:, a-
1300:and
1284:and
1265:and
1242:and
1232:and
1218:and
1086:foal
822:and
753:and
647:and
570:and
451:IUCN
414:and
398:and
348:The
4851:MSW
4838:MDD
4760:EoL
4724:ADW
3259:doi
3159:doi
3155:116
3132:doi
3120:121
2966:".
2736:PMC
2728:doi
2724:284
2591:doi
2507:doi
2372:doi
2256:doi
2210:PMC
2202:doi
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2002:doi
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