39:
408:, a proposal to include the phrase, "new States shall be admitted on the same terms with the original States", was defeated. It was feared that the political power of future new western states would eventually overwhelm that of the established eastern states. Once the new Constitution went into effect, however, Congress admitted
563:
At the time of
Minnesota's admission as a state, Mud Lake and other much larger navigable waters within its limits were included in the Red Lake Indian Reservation. The Chippewas Tribe ceded to the United States its right of occupancy of the surrounding lands, which left the Red Lake Reservation as a
416:
on equal terms and thereafter formalized the condition in its acts of admission for subsequent states, declaring that the new state enters "on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever." Thus the
Congress, utilizing the discretion allowed by the framers, adopted a policy of
505:
The
Supreme Court held that preventing from Oklahoma its right to locate the state's own seat of government deprived it of powers that all other states of the Union enjoyed, which thus violated the traditional constitutional principle for all new states to be admitted "on an equal footing with the
572:
The State of
Minnesota was admitted into the Union in 1858, 11 Stat. 285, c. 31. Under the constitutional principle of equality among the several states, the title to the bed of Mud Lake then passed to the state if the lake was navigable, and the bed had not already been disposed of by the United
383:
New States may be admitted by the
Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as
501:
The Court noted that the power given to
Congress by Article IV, Section 3, of the US Constitution is to admit new states to the Union and relates only to such states as are equal to each other in power and dignity and competency to exert the residuum of sovereignty not delegated to the federal
551:
In general, lands underlying navigable waters within a state belong to the state in its sovereign capacity. The state may use and dispose them subject to the paramount power of
Congress to control such waters for the purposes of navigation in interstate and foreign commerce.
555:
If the United States, after acquiring the territory and before the creation of the state, has granted rights to land, which otherwise would have passed to the state, to a third party, by virtue of its admission to the Union, they remain with the third party.
559:
However, disposals by the United States during the territorial period of lands under navigable water should not be regarded as intended unless there was a definite declaration by contract, statute, or other similar action.
577:
does not depend on the particular mode used or an absence of occasional difficulties in navigation. It depends on the stream being, in its natural and ordinary condition, one that affords a channel for useful commerce.
489:. W.H. Coyle, the owner of large property interests in Guthrie, sued the state of Oklahoma and argued that the move was performed in violation of the state constitution's acceptance of the terms of the 1906
469: (1911), the Supreme Court ruled that if Congress mandates a unique limitation be put in a prospective constitution of a state, even if its residents agree, the unique mandate is not enforceable.
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1142:
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826:
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58:
1594:
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original states." As a result, the provision of the enabling act that temporarily restricted
Oklahoma's right to determine its seat of government was unconstitutional.
1012:
332:
1790:
997:
987:
86:
1629:
1007:
1002:
992:
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972:
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931:
220:
977:
957:
941:
521:
459:
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in 1796, Congress has specified that the new state joins the Union "on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever". Previously, when
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908:
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1514:
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1715:
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325:
1569:
811:
791:
786:
2007:
1059:
2307:
1720:
1519:
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remainder of their original aboriginal territory. The area was recognized as a reservation, but it was never formally set apart as such.
531: (1926), the Supreme Court ruled that the equal footing doctrine applied to water rights. The Supreme Court rejected a claim by the
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781:
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28:
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53:
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1574:
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since 1789 enter on equal footing with the 13 states already in the Union at that time. The
Constitution grants to
357:
686:
396:
was admitted in 1791, its act of admission said
Vermont was to be "a new and entire member" of the United States.
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1579:
1564:
101:
1986:
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20:
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and other navigable waters within the reservation by virtue of the tribe's aboriginal status.
2095:
1474:
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603:
8:
2223:
2012:
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1604:
1392:
1337:
1240:
1097:
540:
431:(1845), that the Constitution mandated admission of new states on the basis of equality.
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185:
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1909:
1770:
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116:
96:
528:
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1991:
1976:
1956:
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418:
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1981:
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663:
2090:
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2017:
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1930:
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1971:
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245:
574:
2147:
2027:
271:
1872:
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296:
1780:
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38:
478:
413:
654:"An Act for the admission of the State of Vermont into this Union"
1815:
1245:
409:
393:
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equal status for all newly admitted states. With the growth of
493:, which mandated the capital to be in Guthrie until 1913.
481:
enacted a statute, which removed the state capital from
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509:
2190:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
2284:
2201:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
752:
326:
567:
759:
745:
333:
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687:"Essays on Article IV: New States Clause"
496:
2257:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution
388:In each act of admission since that of
2285:
691:The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
740:
623:
621:
619:
379:, Section 3, Clause 1, which states:
2236:Constitution Day and Citizenship Day
629:"Doctrine of the Equality of States"
2224:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
1751:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
592:, 44 U.S. (3 How.) 212, 223 (1845)
477:On December 29, 1910, the State of
13:
2308:Legal history of the United States
1315:Drafting and ratification timeline
1060:District of Columbia Voting Rights
616:
14:
2319:
768:Constitution of the United States
684:
439:
425:, the Supreme Court asserted, in
375:the power to admit new states in
2298:United States constitutional law
1171:Convention to propose amendments
518:United States v. Holt State Bank
511:United States v. Holt State Bank
37:
2303:Federalism in the United States
1786:Separation of church and state
721:
709:
697:
678:
646:
1:
1290:Virginia Ratifying Convention
609:
399:
307:Common good constitutionalism
2251:National Constitution Center
2049:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
1348:Assemble and Petition Clause
7:
2122:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
1176:State ratifying conventions
1113:Equal Opportunity to Govern
1108:Electoral College abolition
1035:Congressional Apportionment
581:
533:Red Lake Indian Reservation
201:Right to keep and bear arms
10:
2324:
693:. The Heritage Foundation.
546:
445:
428:Lessee of Pollard v. Hagan
211:Criminal procedural rights
18:
2209:
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1823:
1814:
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1575:Privileges and Immunities
1388:Congressional enforcement
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1310:Rhode Island ratification
1201:Articles of Confederation
1188:
1166:
1143:Parental Rights amendment
1068:
1025:
950:
922:
901:
838:
834:
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774:
406:Constitutional Convention
1806:Unitary executive theory
1580:Privileges or Immunities
1295:New York Circular Letter
1285:Massachusetts Compromise
472:
434:
384:well as of the Congress.
282:Political process theory
1726:Dormant Commerce Clause
1570:Presidential succession
1305:Fayetteville Convention
1300:Hillsborough Convention
1236:Three-fifths Compromise
1216:Philadelphia Convention
1206:Mount Vernon Conference
1093:Campaign finance reform
367:to the Union under the
277:Substantive due process
16:Equality of U.S. states
2293:Equal footing doctrine
1889:William Samuel Johnson
1761:Nondelegation doctrine
1333:Admission to the Union
1280:Anti-Federalist Papers
1231:Connecticut Compromise
597:Idaho v. United States
568:Supreme Court Analysis
539:that it had rights to
497:Supreme Court Analysis
386:
353:, is the principle in
351:equality of the states
347:equal footing doctrine
302:Strict constructionism
206:Right to trial by jury
196:Freedom of association
21:Admission to the Union
2096:Richard Dobbs Spaight
1565:Presidential Electors
1540:Original Jurisdiction
1480:Full Faith and Credit
1353:Assistance of Counsel
1274:The Federalist Papers
1103:Crittenden Compromise
600:, 533 U.S. 262 (2001)
491:Oklahoma Enabling Act
381:
2265:A More Perfect Union
2241:Constitution Gardens
2162:Convention Secretary
1824:Convention President
1796:Symmetric federalism
1791:Separation of powers
1525:Necessary and Proper
1520:Natural-born citizen
1465:Freedom of the Press
1403:Copyright and Patent
1393:Contingent Elections
1211:Annapolis Convention
666:. September 15, 2022
604:Symmetric federalism
421:advocacy during the
251:Comprehensible rules
221:Freedom from slavery
181:Freedom of the press
125:Government structure
87:Separation of powers
31:of the United States
2272:Worldwide influence
2013:Gunning Bedford Jr.
1741:Executive privilege
1721:Criminal sentencing
1644:Title of Nobility (
1635:Taxing and Spending
1535:Oath or Affirmation
1495:House Apportionment
1358:Case or Controversy
1241:Committee of Detail
1133:"Liberty" amendment
1098:Christian amendment
267:Living Constitution
186:Freedom of assembly
171:Freedom of religion
1926:William Livingston
1910:Alexander Hamilton
1716:Criminal procedure
1711:Constitutional law
1646:Foreign Emoluments
1610:State of the Union
1595:Self-Incrimination
1585:Recess appointment
1378:Compulsory Process
1040:Titles of Nobility
358:constitutional law
287:Judicial restraint
246:Right to candidacy
133:Legislative branch
29:Constitutional law
2280:
2279:
2246:Constitution Week
2231:Independence Mall
2219:National Archives
2177:
2176:
1992:Gouverneur Morris
1977:Thomas Fitzsimons
1957:Benjamin Franklin
1831:George Washington
1731:Enumerated powers
1706:Concurrent powers
1701:Balance of powers
1530:No Religious Test
1470:Freedom of Speech
1261:Independence Hall
1184:
1183:
1088:Bricker amendment
1021:
1020:
423:antebellum period
343:
342:
191:Right to petition
176:Freedom of speech
163:Individual rights
117:Tiers of scrutiny
92:Individual rights
2315:
2127:Charles Pinckney
1936:William Paterson
1868:Nathaniel Gorham
1821:
1820:
1600:Speech or Debate
1428:Equal Protection
1138:Ludlow amendment
1123:Flag Desecration
1118:Federal Marriage
1083:Blaine amendment
1045:Corwin Amendment
836:
835:
832:
831:
761:
754:
747:
738:
737:
731:
725:
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685:Forte, David F.
682:
676:
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650:
644:
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625:
589:Pollard v. Hagan
349:, also known as
335:
328:
321:
231:Equal protection
216:Right to privacy
155:Local government
150:State government
138:Executive branch
41:
25:
24:
2323:
2322:
2318:
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2316:
2314:
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2312:
2283:
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2281:
2276:
2211:
2205:
2173:
2169:William Jackson
2157:
2153:Abraham Baldwin
2136:
2105:
2101:Hugh Williamson
2079:
2058:
2032:
2023:Richard Bassett
1996:
1982:Jared Ingersoll
1945:
1941:Jonathan Dayton
1914:
1898:
1877:
1856:
1852:Nicholas Gilman
1835:
1810:
1776:Reserved powers
1756:Judicial review
1689:
1485:General Welfare
1408:Double Jeopardy
1319:
1246:List of Framers
1226:New Jersey Plan
1180:
1162:
1158:Victims' Rights
1078:Balanced budget
1064:
1017:
946:
918:
897:
821:
770:
765:
735:
734:
726:
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710:
702:
698:
683:
679:
669:
667:
664:Yale Law School
652:
651:
647:
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627:
626:
617:
612:
584:
570:
549:
514:
499:
475:
450:
444:
437:
402:
339:
145:Judicial branch
71:Judicial review
30:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2321:
2311:
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2305:
2300:
2295:
2278:
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2238:
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2215:
2213:
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2198:
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2185:
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2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2110:South Carolina
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2091:William Blount
2087:
2085:
2084:North Carolina
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2054:Daniel Carroll
2051:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2018:John Dickinson
2015:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1962:Thomas Mifflin
1959:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1931:David Brearley
1928:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1876:
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1854:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1801:Taxation power
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1746:Implied powers
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1694:Interpretation
1691:
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1682:
1677:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
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1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1590:Recommendation
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1475:Fugitive Slave
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1445:
1443:Excessive Bail
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
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1355:
1350:
1345:
1343:Appropriations
1340:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
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1297:
1292:
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1243:
1238:
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1213:
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1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
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1163:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1153:Single subject
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1066:
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1063:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
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952:
948:
947:
945:
944:
939:
934:
928:
926:
924:Reconstruction
920:
919:
917:
916:
911:
905:
903:
899:
898:
896:
895:
890:
885:
880:
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870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
844:
842:
840:Bill of Rights
829:
823:
822:
820:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
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776:
772:
771:
764:
763:
756:
749:
741:
733:
732:
720:
708:
696:
677:
659:Avalon Project
645:
614:
613:
611:
608:
607:
606:
601:
593:
583:
580:
569:
566:
548:
545:
513:
508:
498:
495:
474:
471:
455:Coyle v. Smith
448:Coyle v. Smith
446:Main article:
443:
441:Coyle v. Smith
438:
436:
433:
419:states' rights
401:
398:
341:
340:
338:
337:
330:
323:
315:
312:
311:
310:
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304:
299:
294:
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261:
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109:
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76:
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68:
62:
61:
56:
48:
47:
43:
42:
34:
33:
19:Main article:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2229:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:Jacob Shallus
2194:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2132:Pierce Butler
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2117:John Rutledge
2115:
2114:
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112:Equal footing
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107:Republicanism
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2188:
1987:James Wilson
1950:Pennsylvania
1847:John Langdon
1735:
1605:Speedy Trial
1447:
1338:Appointments
1272:
1055:Equal Rights
951:20th century
727:
723:
715:
711:
703:
699:
690:
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668:. Retrieved
657:
648:
636:. Retrieved
632:
595:
587:
575:Navigability
571:
562:
558:
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517:
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510:
504:
502:government.
500:
476:
453:
451:
440:
426:
404:At the 1787
403:
387:
382:
369:Constitution
350:
346:
344:
111:
2148:William Few
2028:Jacob Broom
2008:George Read
1882:Connecticut
1816:Signatories
1666:Legislative
1640:Territorial
1560:Presentment
1545:Origination
1500:Impeachment
1455:Extradition
1423:Engagements
1413:Due Process
1363:Citizenship
1050:Child Labor
638:January 30,
292:Purposivism
272:Originalism
236:Citizenship
226:Due process
97:Rule of law
2287:Categories
2260:(painting)
2212:and legacy
2070:John Blair
1919:New Jersey
1873:Rufus King
1771:Preemption
1685:War Powers
1620:Suspension
1438:Exceptions
1128:Human Life
1027:Unratified
827:Amendments
730:, at p. 57
718:, at p. 55
706:, at p. 54
633:Justia.com
610:References
400:Background
377:Article IV
297:Textualism
102:Federalism
79:Principles
59:Amendments
1781:Saxbe fix
1670:Executive
1625:Take Care
1615:Supremacy
1490:Guarantee
1418:Elections
1189:Formation
902:1795–1804
537:Minnesota
390:Tennessee
360:that all
2063:Virginia
2037:Maryland
2001:Delaware
1903:New York
1680:Vicinage
1674:Judicial
1398:Contract
1368:Commerce
1256:Printing
1070:Proposed
782:Preamble
775:Articles
582:See also
573:States.
541:Mud Lake
479:Oklahoma
414:Kentucky
373:Congress
365:admitted
54:Articles
46:Overview
2210:Display
2182:Related
2141:Georgia
1662:Vesting
1630:Takings
1515:Militia
1373:Compact
1325:Clauses
1251:Signing
1196:History
483:Guthrie
410:Vermont
394:Vermont
66:History
2268:(film)
1652:Treaty
1555:Postal
1550:Pardon
362:states
259:Theory
547:Facts
524:
473:Facts
462:
435:Cases
728:Holt
716:Holt
704:Holt
672:2022
640:2012
526:U.S.
464:U.S.
412:and
345:The
817:VII
797:III
535:of
522:270
516:In
485:to
467:559
460:221
452:In
2289::
1672:/
1668:/
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1008:26
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909:11
893:10
812:VI
802:IV
792:II
689:.
662:.
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631:.
618:^
529:49
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1664:(
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807:V
787:I
760:e
753:t
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674:.
642:.
334:e
327:t
320:v
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