English subsidy of James VI

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border and involvement in Ireland. David Foulis was sent to London in August 1598, and reported that James had made a proclamation against sending arms to Ireland. Foulis secured another £3000 in December 1598, but James was not satisfied. He seems to have suggested that both Kinloss and Foulis had been corrupted. Meanwhile, following the death of Burghley in 1598, his secretary

740:, The remainder became the king's gift to Maitland. A gift of silver was mentioned again in March 1594. James VI wrote to Robert Bowes asking that John Colville should be reimbursed for his services from the subsidy to the tune of £1266 sterling, and noted that despite rumours against he had delivered the silver plate. 500:

wrote to James VI on 1 March 1600 hoping for repayment of sums due to him by Robert Jousie. He had written twice before to the king, and was disappointed to hear from the Scottish ambassador that he would not be paid from the annuity awarded by Queen Elizabeth. Hicks supplied some of the fabrics worn

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had reported discussions amongst Scottish supporters of English policy, that Elizabeth's money in Scotland would be "best bestowed on the King only", so binding his nobility to the queen, and that "little matter of importance might be done without her highness' privity". This was thought better than

890:

In 1598 Robert Jousie's account of costume includes a payment to a Dutch craftsman in London who engraved a sapphire with Queen Elizabeth's portrait for Anne of Denmark for £17 Sterling or £280 Scots. Master David Foulis carried the sapphire "home" to Scotland. This Cornelius "Draggie" turned up in

406:

Robert Jousie was delayed in England in 1597 waiting for the subsidy. James VI wrote to Elizabeth I about his "endless detaining", saying that Jousie's "errand, it is turned from an honourable annuity to a volutntary uncertainty almost after long begging". Foulis was bankrupted in February 1599 and

719:

On 26 September 1589 the Maitlands made an inventory of a gilt silver service, known collectively a "cupboard" after the furniture with shelves where such silver was displayed at mealtimes. Part of the service came from Thomas Foulis. Other silver pieces were probably from £2,000 sterling worth of

242:

had promised in 1586 the sum would be £5000 yearly. William Cecil thought this unlikely, and ordered Randolph's papers to be searched for any record of this. Melville had been asked to request money for 600 soldiers and also for accounts be made of the subsidy payments since 1586. Such attempts to

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While I was there his table and the Queen's had like to have been unserved for want. The Queen, her house and train are more costly to him than his own, and all his servants of great place abuse him, and every (one) of them serveth one another's turn, and the King ... hath nothing that he accounts

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James VI sent Elizabeth a draft agreement for regular payments in April 1586 which she never completed. He wrote that she seemed "to marvel and mislike so far of the sending of yon instrument". A draft warrant for a yearly subsidy was made, but Elizabeth never signed it. James kept her letter from

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Other items sent from England "for the use of the King of Scots" and exempted from customs may have been bought with subsidy money. In November 1596 James VI was sent 20 tons of beer, 4 hampers of pewter, 2 hampers of glasses, 2 chests of sugar, 2 barrels with boxes of comfits and confections and

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In March 1598, Edward Bruce, Commendator of Kinloss, was sent as ambassador to London with instructions to secure an undertaking of regular payments and a settled amount. Although James VI expected £6000, Kinloss collected £3000 and Elizabeth wrote of her displeasure at James' management of the

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Much of the subsidy was allocated to pay for clothes worn by the monarchs. In July 1594 the textile merchant Robert Jousie was paid £18,280 Scots from the subsidy money for the clothes he had supplied to the king and Anne of Denmark. Jousie declared on 1 February 1596 he had spent £71,513-14d

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Fowler also wrote that James VI gave "to every one that asks what they desire, even to vain youths and proud fools the very lands of his crown ... Yea, what he gets from England, if it were a million, they would get it from him, so careless is he of any wealth if he may enjoy his pleasure in

24:

of Scotland from 1586 to 1602. This enabled her to influence James by delaying or deferring payments to his diplomats in London. Records survive of the yearly amounts, and details of the expenditure in some years. A large proportion of the money was spent on the royal wardrobe of James and

447:", a clear reference to the subsidy James VI received from Queen Elizabeth. Carmichael and Blantyre were disappointed by the subsequent execution of O'Rourke. James VI would later argue that he deserved increased amounts of subsidy for his compliance in the rendition of O'Rourke. 95:

Elizabeth signalled her disapproval of Scottish policies by keeping James' diplomats and agents waiting in London in the hope of payments and by sending sums amounting to less than James' expectations. One year, James wrote to Elizabeth of the "endless detaining" of his agent

255:, but the arrangements continued. A payment was later and smaller than expected in 1597, and James wrote that things had changed from a "honourable annuity to a voluntary uncertainty almost, after long begging". Elizabeth had decided to withhold any payment until James sent 1025:

The towns lent the money out at higher interest. The burgh council of Dundee made efforts to recheck the status and securities offered by the borrowers. In 1593, £4000 from the "annualrent" or investment of the dowry was delivered to Anne of Denmark, and £4170 was paid to

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proposes the word "Subsidy" can better represent the relationship implied by the payments than the loaded historical terms used, "pension", "gratuity", or "annuity". As a gift, the money implied a relationship for which James VI should be grateful. James' English courtier

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A Scottish diplomatic agent (and former court musician), James Hudson gave a view of the situation in December 1591, when usual Scottish income and crown rentals seems not to meet the expenses of the royal households, and a secure regular income would support a royal

932:

Maitland made an account of the dowry paid to James VI in Denmark. The account is also part of the British Library manuscript bought from Dawson Turner. Some of dowry was spent in Denmark as gifts and rewards, but Maitland held some back for investment in Scotland.

443:, a rebel to Queen Elizabeth in Ireland, and take him to England. This caused a riot in Glasgow, because the arrest was thought likely to damage the Irish trade, and Carmichael and Blantyre were cursed as "Queen Elizabeth's knights" and the king for taking "English 29:. Some royal expenses were met by Anne of Denmark's dowry, which was known as the "tocher". The regular incomes of the Scottish crown were feudal rents, customs, and "compositions" charged on grants of land. Accounts for royal incomes and payments survive as the 653:. On 5 June some of the English crewmen came ashore into Edinburgh to shop and sightsee. Three got in fight in a tavern, one was stabbed, and as they returned to Leith and their ship they were attacked again by a group of Spanish sailors, survivors from the 463:

deserted their posts, and discussed the subject of paying two departing members of the queen's household (Christopher Cariot and George Epping) with either money or livery clothes. He reminded Maitland of promises he had made to Anne's mother,

391:. Foulis and Jousie were regarded as the "chief furnishers" of the king and queen by July 1596. An account made by Foulis for the years 1594 to 1596 survives. The money was received for James VI from the English subsidy, from the duty on the 822:

at Stirling and on 16 August 1595 ordered some silver work for his chamber from Thomas Foulis. He encouraged the infant to hold a pen and make a mark on the precept, and certified it, writing "I will testify this is the prince's own mark".

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Edinburgh in 1601, attempting to set up a weaver's workshop to exploit generous subsidies for expert craftsmen, but the other weavers protested he was a lapidary, not a weaver. In London, Cornelius seems to have been associated with the

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on the queen's clothes in six years. He kept meticulous accounts of fabrics supplied to the royal tailors which are held by the National Archives of Scotland. Such expenditure demonstrated the power and stability of the Stuart monarchy.

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would write the subsidy money was compensation for these estates in England. However Julian Goodare finds no evidence for this, and Elizabeth never made a legal declaration or "instrument" regarding continual payment of the subsidy.

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belonging to Andrew Jack. There was a trunk of costume for pages and lackeys in December 1597. In April 1598 six trunks, four packs, and two hampers of clothes for James VI were sent north with the goods of the departing ambassador

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on 2 June 1586 which mentions the "portion meet for your own private use" which Elizabeth hoped to have "opportunity always to continue", and in November 1596 this letter "concerning the annuity" was copied into the register of the

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The dowry was sometimes called the "tocher", "toquher", or "tocher gude". Money raised by taxation totalling £100,000 Scots to fund costs associated with the marriage was also called the "tocher", possibly leading to confusion.

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certain to come into his purse but what he hath from her Majesty, which of extreme need he is driven sore against his heart to urge her Majesty for some certainty in, and that account be made and times of payment assigned.

960:. This was for a jewel given to Anne of Denmark at her betrothal in September 1589. This payment and the next fourteen entries were copied into the "Hopetoun manuscript". The account records an entertainment for the 184:

in 1588. Cecil recorded Asheby's offers to have been made "without warrant". James would later claim that Asheby was "clad with commission" and had written a statement about the subsidy with Elizabeth's permission.

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was sent as ambassador to London in October 1594 and received £2000. The cost of Cockburn's embassy was met with £1,000 Scots from the Danish dowry paid to James VI which had been invested with the town council of

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collected £3000 in February 1600; Foulis, Johnstone, and Master James Hamilton collected £2000 in October 1601; Foulis and Aston collected £3,000 in January 1602; Aston collected £2,500 in June and December 1602.

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paid for upholstery and repairs to tapestry. The money from Perth was delivered at Stirling Castle. Robert Jousie received £1000 (of £8000) from Aberdeen. Anne of Denmark was not pleased by this decision.

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See external links for the 'Hopetoun manuscript', the National Records of Scotland has a 19th-century transcript, RH2/2/16: Extracts from the Dawson Turner manuscripts were printed in George Duncan Gibb,

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The sapphire is the last item mentioned in Thomas Foulis' accounts of royal apparel. On 20 February 1600 James Sempill of Beltrees delivered £400 Sterling from the annuity directly to the goldsmith

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Several reports and suggestions for saving money at this time survive. A document produced by an exchequer committee appointed to investigate crown finance for the king includes the signatures of

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the money had been lodged with the towns to give the queen an annual income, and James was urged to spend it by corrupt advisors to offset his expenditure on "unnecessary" armed troops.

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The unspent remainder of the dowry was carried to James' ship and taken back to Scotland. IThis money and the remainder of the marriage tax was invested in various burgh towns by the

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thought this would not please Queen Elizabeth. James VI spent 75% of the subsidy payment of 1589 on the wedding and matrimonial diplomacy. A payment was made to an Edinburgh tailor,

427:. Bacon later tried to pawn the ring with the same London goldsmith, who said it was worth only half the amount that Foulis had allowed for it in the account of the royal subsidy. 940:

The dowry money was delivered in Denmark in February 1590. The king's previous expenses abroad had been partly met with a loan of £5000 from Maitland. Maitland received 75,000

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took a fleet to Scotland. Their purpose was likely a show of support for the Danish marriage. An unfortunate incident embarrassed James VI. On 1 June Beeston arrived in the

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Some selected items in the Danish dowry account were printed by George Duncan Gibb in 1874. The whole account was edited by Miles Kerr-Peterson and published by the

975:, his servants, and the workmen building his paper mill and corn mill, and the boatmen who took the royal party to Tycho's island. On 13 March 1590 James VI came to 617:. Around the same time James VI paid a "Highlandman" for making a chart of the genealogy of all the Kings of Scotland. Such charts were displayed in the gallery of 480:

Thomas Foulis' account of subsidy money mentions eight ruffs bought in London for Anne of Denmark that cost £24 sterling, to wear in August 1594 at the baptism of

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hunting". James VI gave money away with apparent freedom, but Julian Goodare notes such patronage and largesse was a necessary feature of early modern courts.

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studded with diamonds given to the Master of Work, William Schaw. Anna of Denmark had a diamond set gold locket or tablet with a diamond and ruby necklace.

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silver and silk fabrics given to James VI by Elizabeth. Master John Colville had arrived in Scotland on 22 September with the silver, which was supplied by

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brought James an offer of a regular payment of 20,000 crowns in July 1585. However, a formal amount or lasting agreement was never concluded, though £4,000

403:. Elizabeth had let it be known that the money given to Cockburn should be taken to Scotland, and not spent in London, as had happened in previous years. 826:

Subsidy money was used to fund the Prince's household at Stirling. In September 1595 the Earl of Mar's servant Gilbert Mastertoun received £5,000 Scots.

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suggested that Foulis was dishonest in his accounting. According to Douglas, Foulis had selected a ring from a goldsmith in London as the king's gift to

979:. He gave money to the poor, to the keeper of the park who lent the couple horses, to a woman who kept pheasants and "spruce" or German fowls, and 100 271:

a copy of the letter from Elizabeth which James VI claimed established annual payments of £4000, with a note from Burghley that in 1586 the ambassador

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to his captains. James also requested that Edinburgh town council give Beeston his three captains, and the English ambassadors an "honest banquet" in

505:, and was not paid as late as 1606. Hicks employed factors at Florence and Leghorn to buy the best quality fabrics, and one of his former employees 80:

affair in 1596, and in Scottish policy towards Ireland. In 1601, Elizabeth wished James to take action to prevent Scottish arms and men fighting in

118:, suggested by Elizabeth in March 1586, has sometimes been regarded as the usual figure. The payment was part of the arrangements which led to the 364:, Master of Work, to repair royal palaces. Maitland was reimbursed for expenses made on the king's voyage to Norway and Denmark to meet his bride 68:

of Scotland which remained contingent on him pursuing pro-English policies in Scotland, such as the suppression of pro-Catholic northern Earls of

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wrote that England sent him "a poor pension to make your majesty their pensioner to your more disgrace and shame to all princes that knows it".

44: 748:

Robert Jousie's costume accounts include masque outfits for Anne of Denmark and James VI. These include costumes for a dance at the wedding of

40: 2807:, 'Anna of Denmark and Scottish Court Finances', p. 106: A. Montgomerie, 'King James VI's Tocher Gude and a Local Authorities Loan of 1590', 2278:

Lucinda H. S. Dean, '"richesse in fassone and in fairness": Marriage, Manhood and Sartorial Splendour for Sixteenth-century Scottish Kings',

768:. The record mentions "ane stand of maskerye claythis to hym that wes his majesties vallett att thatt tyme". The valet was almost certainly 560: 100:

on an errand "turned from one honorable annuity to a voluntary uncertainty with long begging". James more than once reminded Elizabeth and

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REED project extracts from Scottish exchequer records and the Foulis & Jousie accounts relating to costume and drama, Sarah Carpenter

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At the banquet in the Great Hall, during the masque, James VI was styled a "New Jason", on account of his voyage to Norway. The story of

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giving pensions to individual Scottish nobles or a particular courtier. The subsidy scheme was the realisation of these suggestions.

1738:(Great Yarmouth, 1851), p. 127: Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce (2020), pp. 1-2, 93-4, from British Library Add. MS 19401. 838: 510: 485: 396: 291: 3160: 3115: 435:

The subsidy was not always regarded as beneficial by the people of Scotland. In April 1591 James VI sent Sir John Carmichael and

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Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce (2020), pp. 11-2, 22-3: National Records of Scotland, Treasurer's accounts, June 1589.

1387:

Hannah Coates, 'The Moor's Counsel: Sir Francis Walsingham's Advice', Helen Matheson-Pollock, Joanne Paul, Catherine Fletcher,

544: 3175: 1039: 815: 753: 721: 294: 69: 3025:

Images from the 'Hopetoun manuscript', British Library Add. MS 33531 ff.289r-290v summarising payments made from the annuity

251:

There were rumours and discussions in 1596 that James VI would no longer ask for payments, due to the administration of the

416: 143: 2009:

Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, 'James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts, 1588-1596' (2020), p. 79.

1736:

Descriptive Index of Five Manuscript Volumes Illustrative of the History of Great Britain, in the Library of Dawson Turner

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and a further 10,000 dalers from the Queen Mother, Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow. He paid out 6,030 dalers for a debt of

875: 855: 729: 713: 497: 287: 3125: 871: 776: 572: 535:. From March 1595, English beer, brewed in London by Robert Sky was sent annually for the king and queen's households. 424: 345: 297:

and a Scottish diplomat in London, James Hudson. The payments would be made regularly on 10 June and at Christmastime.

231: 204: 48: 3062:

Julian Goodare, (2004, September 23). 'Foulis, Thomas (c. 1560–1628), goldsmith, financier, and mining entrepreneur',

3170: 1709:(Woodbridge, 2020), pp. 1-94, at p. 5 fn. 16 citing British Library Add, MS. 33531, the former 'Hopetoun manuscript'. 436: 408: 256: 123: 101: 567:

received £3000, in June and July 1590 Carmichael received two payments of £500 and £3000; in May 1591 James Hudson,

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tried to influence Elizabeth to pay the pension by asking a diplomat in Scotland to amplify requests for the money.

3165: 1043: 949: 858:, who was appointed Lieutenant of the North, for the wages of his soldiers in the north of Scotland for one month. 819: 761: 689: 564: 502: 481: 1364: 918: 878:

had a hat badge in the shape of a diamond set gold crown, and a courtier known as the "Little Dutchman" (possibly

465: 377: 834: 576: 400: 272: 111: 73: 2695: 749: 584: 532: 305:

There are several lists of the actual yearly amounts paid, and some records of the expenditure are held by the

283: 3084:

Julian Goodare, 'Thomas Foulis and the Scottish Fiscal Crisis of the 1590s', W. Ormrod, M. Bonney, R. Bonney,

1010:. The terms were 10%, providing income for the royal households. Probably in December 1591, James VI wrote to 964:

at Oslo provided by acrobats called "vautis"; "And of sex scoir daleris to the tua vautis that was in Upslo".

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banqueting stuff, a pack of rugs and upholsterers' wares, and two trunks of kersey wool fabrics, in a ship of

3185: 2782:

Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, 'James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts, 1588-1596',

1964:

Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, 'James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts, 1588-1596',

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wrote that the king treated the sailors honourably; James VI gave Beeston a locket set with diamonds and 100

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An English poet named "Mr Breton" who visited the Scottish court in 1588 or 1589 and received a gift of £160

580: 420: 3155: 2947: 2883: 639: 314: 310: 2727:

Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce (2020), p. 36: British Library Add. MS. 33531 see external links.

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of Edinburgh on the "matter of the tocher", the Scots word for the dowry. According to the author of the

693: 376:. Maitland also accounted expenditure of part of the dowry of Anne of Denmark and a gift from her mother 334: 216: 30: 2519:

Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, 'James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts', p. 83.

3150: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3035: 2925: 2768: 2227: 2065: 2036: 1995:'Dressing a Queen: The Wardrobe of Anna of Denmark at the Scottish Court of King James VI, 1590–1603', 1868: 1720: 1667:

Alexander Courtney, 'The Secret Correspondence of James VI, 1601-3', in Susan Doran and Paulina Kewes,

369: 239: 1913:(Manchester, 2020), p. 132: Michael Pearce, 'Anna of Denmark: Fashioning a Danish Court in Scotland', 2971: 2895: 2875: 2627: 1139: 1011: 658: 326: 208: 177: 170: 88: 2410: 1994: 368:

from the subsidy. The accounts detail the expense of fitting out and decorating a ship belonging to

2461: 1007: 991: 843: 814:. The alabaster may have been for carving or to make gypsum plaster to decorate the chapel for the 666: 212: 132: 77: 3099:

An example of a sapphire cameo portrait of Queen Elizabeth (Locket, Christie’s 14-15 October 1992)

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