English nouns - Knowledge

2482: 38: 3376:. The central zone consists of the most prototypical adjectives, that is, adjectives that admit intensifiers and comparison and can also appear in predicate position. Within this central zone, evaluative adjectives typically occur first, and the usual order for the rest is nonderived adjectives, then adjectives derived from verbs, and finally adjectives derived from nouns. The post-central zone includes participles and color terms. The pre-head zone includes adjectives denoting provenance, adjectives with the meaning of "relating to (noun)" (such as 2684:) indicates that these pre-head modifiers are verb phrases rather than adjective phrases because verbs can typically be modified by manner but not degree adverbs while adjectives can typically be modified by degree but not manner adverbs. Another pre-head modifier of nouns is determiner phrases. For example, the determiner phrase 4011:

Linguists have offered a variety of accounts for English gerunds. For instance, Geoffrey K. Pullum and James P. Blevins both argue that gerunds are noun phrases with verb phrase heads. Other linguists, such as Richard Hudson, argue that gerunds are both verbs and nouns. Yet others, such as Bas Aarts,

3678:

in this case have features typical of a noun; specifically, they appear to head phrases that (1) contain determinatives and (2) have the prototypical functions of noun phrases (such as subject, in this example). However, these words also have features of adjectives. For instance, they can be modified

2008:. In the personal pronoun subsystem, nouns can be classified according to whether they are compatible with one, two, or three of these three personal pronouns. Single-gender and dual-gender nouns can be subclassified according to which specific pronouns they agree with. This results in seven classes: 1859:

number.) Singular number restricts the denotation of the noun to the set of singularities. Plural number is often said to mean more than one, but, in fact, it restricts the denotation of the noun to the set of non-singularities. That is, in English, plural nouns are appropriate for quantities denoted

2172:

English nouns function as the head of a nominal (see §Internal structure below), which in turn mostly functions as the head of an NP. At the clause-level, English NPs typically function as subjects, objects, and predicative complements. The following table shows these typical functions and the other

1980:

that was present in Old English, and while there is some disagreement over what has replaced it, generally speaking English is said to have a system of "natural gender", which applies only to the pronouns. A natural gender is one "in which there is a clear correlation between masculine and feminine

4038:

for adverbs) and they tend to cooccur with different kinds of words (e.g., nouns can head phrases containing determinatives while adverbs cannot). Further, nouns and adverbs tend to head phrases with different prototypical functions: noun phrases typically function as subjects, direct objects, and

3320:

because the stainlessness of stainless steel is more inherent than the solidness of solid steel. Also from a semantic perspective, modifiers that "are less dependent on comparison are put nearer to the head noun." For example, the redness of a file can be determined without comparing it to another

2966:

proposes the following rigid order of elements within noun phrases: pre-head external modifiers (peripheral modifiers and predeterminatives), determinatives, pre-head internal modifiers, pre-head complement, head, post-head internal dependents, and post-head external modifiers (emphatic reflexives

1114:

Those types that are indisputably pronouns are the personal pronouns, relative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, and reciprocal pronouns. The following table presents the Modern Standard English pronouns (for pronouns in other dialects, see the main article on English pronouns). Nominative case is

3148:

suggests that adjectives must occur in the following order: opinion, size, age, shape, color, origin, material, purpose. These orders are similar to the order as analyzed by Charles Darling, which offers this order: observation, size, shape, age, color, origin, material, qualifier. The following

2163:

Some defining properties of English nouns are that they function as the heads of NPs and that they can be specified by determinatives and modified by pre-head adjective phrases. A defining property of English NPs is that they prototypically function at the clause level as subjects, objects, and

3738:

suffix of the present participle form. Nouns typically take prepositional phrases and clauses as complements while verbs typically take noun phrases and clauses as complements. The typical pre-head modifiers of nouns are adjective phrases, but the typical pre-head modifiers of verbs are adverb

1847:

Non-count nouns denote things that, when put together, remain the same thing. For example, if I have luggage and you give me more luggage, I still just have luggage. Count nouns fail this test: if you have an apple, and I give you more apple or more apples, you no longer just have an apple.

3465:

while nouns cannot. Prototypical nouns head phrases that can function as subject, direct object, and indirect object while prototypical adjectives head phrases that can function as pre-head modifier of nouns and subject-related complement. Prototypical adjectives can be modified by

4123:), but unlike prototypical nouns, they cannot be made plural and do not head phrases contain determinatives. Bas Aarts notes that this argument does not actually assert any adverb-like properties but rather just a lack of certain properties of nouns, suggesting that words like 3058:. Other ordering constraints are labile, meaning that they reflect the general order of things but may be violated without producing an ungrammatical phrase. For example, pre-head internal modifiers that indicate age typically occur before those that indicate color (e.g. 2098:

These classes are not equally common. For instance, single-gender neuter nouns account for a large majority of common nouns while dual-gender masculine/neuter nouns account for only male animal species and certain kinship terms that can apply to both humans and animals.

3303:

Stefanie Wulff summarizes and evaluates a variety of other factors that predict the order of pre-head modifiers in English noun phrases. From a phonological perspective, shorter modifiers typically occur before longer ones, other things being equal. For example,

4012:

argue that the fact that gerunds tend to occur in the same places as noun phrases (as subject, direct object, and so on) is not enough to support that they occur within noun phrases and instead treat them as verbs that happen to be in non-canonical positions.

2122:

are called non-personal (or inanimate) nouns. Though there is substantial overlap between non-personal nouns and neuter nouns and between personal nouns and masculine and feminine nouns, the overlaps are not perfect. For instance, a ship can agree with either

888:

A defining property of English nouns is their ability to inflect for number (i.e., singular or plural). In addition to number, English pronouns can inflect for case, a feature shared by some NPs (see discussion of case below) but not common nouns themselves.

613:

Unlike some common nouns, proper nouns do not typically show number contrast in English. Most proper nouns in English are singular and lack a plural form, though some may instead be plural and lack a singular form. For example, we typically expect

1699:

English noun phrases can also refer to entities. A noun phrase is referential if it is used to pick out an entity that is distinguished by properties other those inherent in the meaning of the noun phrase itself. For instance, the noun phrase

1129:). Reflexives are typically objects when the subject and object are the same person or people. Genitives are used for possession, belonging, sources, ancestry, etc. The independent genitive typically forms a noun phrase all on its own (e.g., 941:= /əz/), respectively. Irregularly, English nouns are marked as plural in other ways, often inheriting the plural morphology of older forms of English or the languages that they are borrowed from. Plural forms from Old English resulted from 3733:

In English, nouns and verbs can typically be distinguished according to their grammatical features: Prototypical nouns can inflect for number while verbs cannot. Verbs take a variety of inflectional endings that nouns cannot, such as the

972:

Some varieties of English use different methods of marking the plural, many of which fall into one of three patterns. First, the plural morpheme may be absent when another word already indicates that the noun is plural. In the clause

2458:) along with any modifiers or complements. Roughly speaking, the nominal includes everything after the determinative (similar to the way a clause has a verb phrase that includes basically everything after the subject). The following 2692:

functions as a pre-head modifier. While determiners that occur before nouns tend to function as determinatives, noun phrases can contain only one determinative, so additional determiner phrases must have some other function. In

3424:

does not characterize this tendency as a rigid ordering constraint because the order is also affected by the weight of the constituent, with lighter dependents typically occurring before heavy dependents. In the noun phrase

2529:

Though the determinative function is typically realized by determiner phrases, they may also be realized by other phrases. Noun phrases that realize the determinative function are typically in the genitive case (e.g.,

2481: 3563:

is more like an adjective than a noun in that it functions as a pre-head modifier of a noun, which is a function prototypically filled by adjective phrases, and in that that it cannot be pluralized in this position

780:

In English conversation, pronouns are roughly as frequent as other nouns. In fiction, pronouns are about one third of all nouns, and in news and academic English, pronouns are a small minority of nouns (<10%).

3460:

Nouns and adjectives in English can generally be distinguished by their grammatical features: Prototypical nouns can inflect for number while adjectives cannot. Prototypical adjectives can inflect for degree of

2818:). External modifiers can only attach to the beginnings or ends of noun phrases. When positioned at the beginning, they occur before any predeterminative, determinative, or internal modifier. In the noun phrase 2625:. The adjective-like nature of these prepositional phrases is indicated by the tendency for them to be hyphenated in writing and the fact that they can typically be paraphrased with an adjective phrase (compare 4107:

Despite no overlap in the form and distribution of nouns and adverbs, some linguists suggest gradience between a certain class of nouns and adverbs. For example, Barbara M. H. Strang notes that words such as

1987:

argues that English has a "weakly grammaticalized" gender, which is based only on pronoun agreement. This gender system involves two subsystems: one involving the distinctions between the personal pronouns

1009:

among other varieties. Second, the plural morpheme may be absent specifically in noun phrases denoting weights and measures but not in other situations. Thus, some varieties may produce noun phrases like

1819:

Common nouns may be divided into count nouns and non-count nouns. English nouns typically have both count and non-count senses, though for a given noun one sense typically dominates. For example,

1715:

Not all noun phrases refer. In fact, some kinds of noun phrases are inherently non-referential. These include negative, interrogative, and bare role noun phrases as well as noun phrases with

3857:

illustrates the gradience from verbal nouns to verbs in their present participle forms, with the earlier examples behaving more like nouns and the later examples behaving more like verbs:

578:, "are expressions which have been conventionally adopted as the name of a particular entity." A prominent category of proper names are the ones assigned to particular people or animals ( 3078:

Much attention has been given to the order of pre-noun internal modifiers in both academic and popular writings on English grammar. Many proposed orders appeal to semantic categories.

4161:), a feature that, in Modern English, is typical of pronouns but not determiners. Because they resemble pronouns in this way, Evelyne Delorme and Ray C. Dougherty treat words like 657:

In English, the features that distinguish proper nouns from common nouns do not necessarily apply in the rare situations in which proper nouns lack unique denotation. For example,

3470:

while nouns cannot. Nouns can head phrases containing determinatives and predeterminatives while adjectives cannot. The following table summarizes some of these characteristics:

773:.) English pronouns are also more limited than common nouns in their ability to take dependents. For instance, while common nouns can often be preceded by a determinative (e.g., 3607:

Color terms also exhibit features of both nouns and adjectives. In many cases, the category of these terms can be clearly identified. For example, color terms used as subjects (

5458: 695:

English pronouns are a closed category of words that have a variety of features distinguishing them from common and proper nouns. Unlike common nouns, pronouns are mostly

2587:

Like the determinative function, the predeterminative function is typically realized by determiner phrases. However, they can also be realized by noun phrases (e.g.,

2735:

functions as a post-head modifier. Adjective phrases can also function as post-head modifiers. Some of these adjective phrases are reduced relative clauses, such as

1688:

entities. The denotation of an expression is its literal meaning, such as those meanings listed within monolingual dictionaries. For example, one of the things that

3420:

The category "post-head internal dependents" includes post-head modifiers and complements. Though modifiers tend not to occur between complements and their heads,

4179:

and Mariangela Spinillo also categorize these words as pronouns but do not assume an appositive relationship between the pronoun and the rest of the noun phrase.

3739:

phrases. Nouns can head phrases containing determinatives and predeterminatives while verbs cannot. The following table summarizes some of these characteristics:

1646:

English noun phrases typically inherit the denotation of the head noun. On top of this, they may have many other semantic characteristics including definiteness,

4200:), which suggests that they fill the same role. These characteristics have led linguists like Ray Jackendoff and Steven Paul Abney to categorize such uses of 630:. Proper nouns also differ from common nouns in that they typically lack either a determinative or determinative contrast. For instance, we typically expect 3388:

proposes two zones: early pre-head modifiers and residual pre-head modifiers. Early pre-head modifiers include cardinal and ordinal numbers numerals (e.g.,

3329:. From a pragmatic perspective, modifiers that "are remembered most easily upon the occurrence of the noun" tend to occur closer to the noun. For instance, 4171: 3703:). Aarts argues that phrases like these are best analyzed as noun phrases with an empty element functioning as the head, yielding an analysis like this: ∅ 1080:. Grammars informed by modern linguistics, however, analyze this ending as applying to entire noun phrases rather than the nouns themselves. In the phrase 897:

Common nouns in English have little inflectional morphology, inflecting only for number. In modern English writing, the plural is usually formed with the –

374: 4116:

have features of both nouns and adverbs. They are noun like in that they can occupy typical noun phrase positions and head possessive noun phrases (e.g.,

3631:) appear to be adjectives. However, James D. McCawley notes a case in which color terms appear to have features of nouns and adjectives at the same time: 480:. These phrases are the only English phrases whose structure includes determinatives and predeterminatives, which add abstract-specifying meaning such as 2727:

in the tree diagram above, are common as post-head modifiers. Prepositional phrases are another common variety of post-head modifier. In the noun phrase

2617:

in the tree diagram above. Adjective-like prepositional phrases can also function as pre-head modifiers of nouns. For example, the prepositional phrase

2510:. The determinative, if present, always precedes the nominal and is licensed by the head noun. That is, it must agree in number and countability (e.g., 761:). Though both common nouns and pronouns show number distinction in English, they do so differently: common nouns tend to take an inflectional ending (– 2580:) also recognize the function of predeterminative (or predeterminer). Other grammars offer different accounts of these constructions. For example, the 4026:

There is typically little confusion between nouns and adverbs in English because there is no overlap in the inflectional morphology that they take (

542:

English nouns are classified into three major subtypes as common nouns, proper nouns, and pronouns, each with its own typical syntactic behaviour.

3368:, for example, proposes four "premodification zones." The pre-central zone is filled by nongradable adjectives, particularly intensifiers such as 2923:

Nouns can also be complemented by noun phrases. Unusually, these noun phrase complements occur before the head noun. For example, the noun phrase

812:). These nouns tend to designate individually identifiable entities, whereas a non-count noun designates a continuum or an undifferentiated mass ( 789:

Common nouns are defined as those that are neither proper nouns nor pronouns. They are the most numerous and the most frequently used in English.

1946:, which denote a unit composed of multiple individuals, agreement can either be singular because the noun is morphologically singular (e.g., 831:). The count and non-count distinction also affects what other determiners can occur with the nouns: singular count nouns can occur with 2912:). As with prepositional phrase complements of nouns, certain clause complements of nouns can be compared to verb and complement pairs ( 3719:

in these cases "fused modifier-heads". In other words, they treat these words as adjectives that have fused with an unexpressed head.

3345:. Also from a pragmatic perspective, more frequently used modifiers tend to occur before less frequently used modifiers. For example, 437:, both in the number of different words and how often they are used in typical texts. The three main categories of English nouns are 3968:

in – are unambiguously verbs. Of these, all but take post-head noun phrase complements, a feature of verbs but not nouns. While the

413: 2860:

A nominal can occasionally include a complement, a dependent licensed by the head noun. Usually, these are prepositional phrases or

5465: 515:), and just about anything at all. Taken all together, these features separate English nouns from other lexical categories such as 2495: 2467: 2346: 1981:

nouns and biological traits in the referent." But whether this accurately characterizes the English gender system is disputed.

5109: 3268:

a type (or purpose/qualifier). However, Mark Liberman notes that these ordering constraints can lead to incorrect predictions:

2478:. (The triangles are a convention to simplify the representation of the inner structures of phrases when it is less relevant.) 4465: 4419: 4393: 1602:

There are also many prefixes that can be attached to English nouns to change their meaning. A small list of examples include

2800:

External modifiers exist inside the NP but outside the nominal. These modifiers are often adverb phrases, as exemplified by

792:

Common nouns can be further divided into count and non-count nouns. A count noun can take a number as its determiner (e.g.,

4182:

However, two other features make these words resemble determiners rather than nouns. First, their phrase-initial position (

661:

typically refers to a unique place, but someone trying to disambiguate between two places named London might pluralize it (

3050:

These ordering constraints are called rigid because violating them results in an ungrammatical noun phrase. For example,

2664:

is more clearly a modifier. Verb phrases can also function as pre-head modifiers of nouns. For instance, the verb phrase

2572:, but the determinative function has already been filled. To account for noun phrases like these, some grammars (such as 369: 3655:, which is an adjective. Bas Aarts notes that this apparent dual categorization can be avoided by treating phrases like 2641:

functions as a pre-head modifier. Like the adjective-like prepositions, these clauses tend to be hyphenated in writing.

240: 3312:. From a semantic perspective, the more inherent qualities of a thing tend to occur closer to the noun. For instance, 654:). Finally, proper nouns differ from common nouns in that they typically cannot be modified by restrictive modifiers. 4501: 718:

are deictic in that their meanings can only be understood in relation to the context of the utterance. In the clause

602:). While proper names may be realized by multi-word constituents, a proper noun is word-level unit in English. Thus, 3976:), a feature typical of verbs that is also present in and . The troublesome cases are the ones represented by the 4242: 3427:

the rumor in the city that Minakshi had decreed that no white woman could live for long within sight of her temple

5494: 318: 2838:). Some external modifiers can move freely between the beginning and the end of their noun phrase. For example, 2781:) can head determiner phrases that function as post-head modifiers of noun phrases, as in the determiner phrase 5519: 3988:

s in – are noun-like in that they are the heads of phrases functioning as either subject of direct object. The

3284:. Liberman also notes that these orders fail to account for strong preferences within categories. For example, 2931:. The noun phrase's status a complement can be made clearer by paraphrasing the noun phrase that contains it: 5509: 5489: 3070:). Pre-head internal modifiers and post-head internal dependents are subject to labile ordering constraints. 2609:

Inside the nominal, modifiers can be divided into pre-head (before the noun) and post-head (after the noun).

406: 306: 1708:

picks out a particular entity (a dog) that is distinguishable by properties not expressed in the meaning of

5504: 4220:

as "an extended, secondary use" in which words that began as pronouns have been reanalyzed as determiners.

170: 2471: 3580:) as adjectives typically can be and in that it cannot be separated from the head noun by an adjective (* 383: 131: 4145:

There is typically little confusion between nouns and determiners in English, but certain words, namely

2656:. The nominal's status a modifier can be made clearer by paraphrasing the noun phrase that contains it: 961:). English has also borrowed the plural forms of loanwords from various languages, such as Latin (e.g., 5600: 5524: 5499: 3062:), but this order can be violated for various reasons without producing an ungrammatical phrase (e.g., 274: 2898:

in the tree diagram above. Clauses that function as complements in noun phrases can be either finite (

1837:). When discussing different types of something, a count form is available for almost any noun (e.g., 4275: 4176: 3647:), which suggests that the color term is a noun. However, its function appears to be the same as the 2633:). Similarly, adjective-like clauses can function as pre-head modifiers of nouns. In the noun phrase 1856: 1651: 1136:), while the dependent genitive usually occurs together with a head noun on which it depends (e.g., 1058:). In the case of plurals marked by vowel mutation, some varieties may double mark the plural (e.g., 1023: 347: 2882:. In some of these cases, the complement and noun can be compared to a verb and direct object pair ( 5590: 4241:

Some theories suggest that determiners are actually types of pronouns or the other way around. See

2804:

in the tree diagram above. External modifiers can also be realized by prepositional phrases (e.g.,

2568:

has a specifying role rather than a modifying role in the noun phrase, much like the determinative

2475: 1063: 901:

morpheme, which can be realized phonetically as /s/, /z/, or /əz/. For example, the singular nouns

461: 399: 47: 5529: 5451: 2757:. Noun phrases themselves can function as post-head adjuncts in noun phrases. In the noun phrase 326: 258: 212: 3588:

is more like a noun in that it cannot occur alone as a subject-related predicative complement (*

2430:

Nominals (see §Internal structure, below), also appear as pre-head modifier in a nominal (e.g.,

2102:

In the relative pronoun subsystem, nouns can be classified according to whether they agree with

5595: 3660: 3321:

file but the smallness of a file can only be determined by comparison with another file. Thus,

3082:, for example, proposes the following order for residual pre-head modifiers: evaluative (e.g., 2747: 1938:

The semantic number and grammatical number of a particular NP may not match. For example, with

1659: 1022:). This method of plural marking for weights and measures occurs in certain rural varieties of 700: 477: 278: 4245:

for more on this point. Also, for the purposes of simplicity, this article will set aside the

2705:

must instead be analyzed as a pre-head modifier. Some grammars label these determiner phrases

5258:

Pullum, Geoffrey K. "English Nominal Gerund Phrases as Noun Phrases with Verb-Phrase Heads."

3364:

Some grammars have proposed multiple "zones" for pre-head modifiers in English noun phrases.

2404: 300: 266: 191: 145: 137: 3439:

that Minakshi had decreed that no white woman could live for long within sight of her temple

2709:. Rarely, an adverb phrase can function as a pre-head modifier of nouns. In the noun phrase 2560:

Inside the NP, but outside the nominal, there are also predeterminatives, as exemplified by

5092:, Institute for Research in Cognitive Science, U of Pennsylvania, 4 Sept. 2016, 8:08 a.m., 3462: 2502:

or a genitive NP) and a head nominal (e.g., ). In the diagram above, the determinative is

2463: 2379: 1723:

functioning as a determinative. The underlined NPs in the following examples do not refer:

310: 165: 114: 5443: 2942:

When there is a complement, usually there's only one, but up to three are possible (e.g.,

8: 4800:, edited by Greville G. Corbett, De Gruyter, 2013, pp. 3–38, doi:10.1515/9783110307337.3. 4140: 3604:

similarly classifies it as an "adjectival noun", a noun with some adjectival properties.

2499: 1962:). Conversely, the morphological plural does not always call for plural agreement, as in 1069: 977:, for instance, speakers of some varieties would not use the plural morpheme on the noun 531: 338: 262: 229: 126: 4796:

McConnell-Ginet, Sally. "Gender and Its Relation to Sex: The Myth of 'Natural' Gender."

3695:). Complicating matters further, they can take as pre-head modifiers either adjectives ( 2789:. Rarely, adverb phrases can function as post-head modifiers, such as the adverb phrase 2485:

A tree diagram for the NP "even all the preposterous ideas about exercise that Bill has"

5478: 5421: 4704:, edited by Evelyne Viegas, Springer, 1999, pp. 19–37, doi:10.1007/978-94-017-0952-1_2. 3455: 2280: 1977: 1852: 1667: 1663: 1655: 574:

is a proper name with no proper noun). The central cases of proper names, according to

516: 450: 235: 185: 161: 149: 95: 3948:

morpheme associated with nouns and also head phrases containing determinatives (i.e.,

5110:

owl.excelsior.edu/grammar-essentials/parts-of-speech/adjectives/order-of-adjectives/.

4507: 4497: 4471: 4461: 4425: 4415: 4389: 4246: 2374: 2305: 2201: 1158: 1006: 469: 248: 4258: 4000:

s in – are also verb-like in that they take a post-head noun phrase complement. The

1563: 1542: 37: 5120:

Wulff, Stefanie. “A Multifactorial Corpus Analysis of Adjective Order in English.”

4381: 3980:

s in –, which demonstrate features of both nouns and verbs. These are often called

3687:) and combine with morphemes that can typically attach only to adjectives, such as 3601: 3441:

because the complement is relatively heavy while the modifier is relatively light.

2861: 2610: 1109: 527: 473: 446: 434: 221: 216: 181: 176: 118: 110: 4153:, share features of both pronouns and determiners in certain constructions, as in 1555: 1550: 5544: 5093: 4021: 2720: 2252: 1939: 1153: 1148: 1002: 379: 244: 225: 99: 52: 29: 3972:

in does not take a noun phrase complement, it is modified by an adverb phrase (

5559: 5275:, edited by C. Orhan Orgun and Peter Sells, CSLI Publications, 2005, pp. 25–47. 4581: 1868: 942: 485: 430: 86: 61: 3412:). Residual pre-head modifiers include all other pre-head internal modifiers. 5584: 5569: 4475: 4429: 3992:

s in and are even more noun-like in that they occur with the determinative

3728: 2462:

shows the internal structure of an NP with all the main types of dependents:

2227: 1782: 1425: 1393: 1349: 1304: 1165: 520: 207: 195: 122: 72: 4700:

Gillon, Brendan S. "The Lexical Semantics of English Count and Mass Nouns".

4672: 4511: 3619:) appear to be typical adjectives. Similarly, color terms marked as plural ( 733:

Also unlike common nouns, English pronouns show distinctions in case (e.g.,

5554: 3145: 1879:

meaning roughly `potential'; nouns having to do with compensation, such as

1326: 1282: 1072:

suggest that English nouns can also take genitive case endings, as in the –

1062:). Regularization of plural marking occurs in several Englishes, including 481: 438: 343: 270: 4385: 2967:

and focusing modifiers). These elements are present in the example below:

726:

is anaphoric in that the pronoun derives its meaning from its antecedent (

5564: 5273:

Morphology and the Web of Grammar: Essays in Memory of Steven G. Lapointe

4780: 4577: 4271: 4157:. These words resemble pronouns in that they show case contrast (compare 1861: 1185: 1030:

morpheme. This may happen when the plural is not otherwise marked (e.g.,

442: 322: 157: 141: 104: 3615:) appear to be typical nouns while color terms occurring attributively ( 1050:), or when the plural is typically formed through vowel mutation (e.g., 863:). Many common nouns have both count and non-count senses. For example, 5394:, vol. 7, no. 2, Nov. 2003, pp. 195–210, doi:10.1017/S1360674302001004. 4166: 4004:

in is even more verb-like in that it is modified by the adverb phrase

3572:

is more like a noun than an adjective in that it cannot be modified by

2644:

Other pre-head modifiers of nouns include nominals. In the noun phrase

2459: 1814: 1685: 1679: 493: 314: 5343:

Delorme, Evelyne, and Ray C. Dougherty. “Appositive NP Constructions:

4039:

indirect objects while adverb phrases typically function as adjuncts.

2701:

fills the determinative function, so the additional determiner phrase

2544:). Determiners can also be realized by prepositional phrases, such as 1864:, including 0 and other quantities smaller than 1, except exactly ±1. 449:. A defining feature of English nouns is their ability to inflect for 4722: 2000:

and another involving the distinctions between the relative pronouns

1647: 5262:, vol. 29, no. 5, 1991, pp. 763-800, doi:10.1515/ling.1991.29.5.763. 2613:

are the prototypical pre-head modifiers of nouns, as exemplified by

2450:

has a head nominal, a phrase that excludes any determinative (here,

1579:. English nouns can also be formed by conversion (no change, e.g., 1084:, for example, the possessor is realized by the entire noun phrase 1038:), when the plural is typically marked with a morpheme other than – 703: 457: 4739: 4169:

with the noun phrases that follow them, which is an analysis that

3913:

Brown painting his daughter that day, I decided to go for a walk.

2115: 1344: 1018:) while still using the plural morpheme in other contexts (e.g., 91: 2765:

functions as a post-head modifier. Certain determiners (namely,

1871:), many of which are non-count. These include those formed from 1026:. Third, irregular plural nouns may be regularized and use the – 5368:, edited by E. Ward Gilman, Merriam-Webster, 1994, pp. 777–779. 5124:, vol. 8, no. 2, 2003, pp. 245–282, doi:10.1075/ijcl.8.2.04wul. 3981: 3908:

Painting his daughter, Brown noticed that his hand was shaking.

3845:

Certain words derived from nouns, specifically those ending in

3248:

These ordering constraints correctly predict noun phrases like

765:) to mark plurals, but pronouns typically do not. (The pronoun 696: 465: 355: 295: 290: 67: 56: 5316:

Syntactic Gradience: The Nature of Grammatical Indeterminacy.

5231:

Syntactic Gradience: The Nature of Grammatical Indeterminacy.

5172:

Syntactic Gradience: The Nature of Grammatical Indeterminacy.

3872:

The painting of Brown is as skillful as that of Gainsborough.

2927:

functions as a pre-head complement in the larger noun phrase

351: 5332:

Syntactic Gradience: The Nature of Grammatical Indeterminacy

3877:

Brown’s deft painting of his daughter is a delight to watch.

1851:

Modern English marks a division between singular and plural

5474: 5473: 3882:

Brown’s deftly painting his daughter is a delight to watch.

1371: 567: 489: 387: 254: 5424:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, PhD Dissertation. 3559:

do not fall neatly into the categories noun or adjective.

1092:. This analysis can be illustrated in bracketed notation: 570:, though not all proper names contain proper nouns (e.g., 3903:

Brown deftly painting his daughter is a delight to watch.

3415: 4196:). Second, they cannot combine with other determiners (* 3623:) appear to be nouns while those marked as comparative ( 3444: 460:. English nouns primarily function as the heads of noun 3073: 2668:

can function as a pre-head modifier in the noun phrase

2158: 1692:

denotes is "a common, round fruit produced by the tree

1207: 646:, the determinative cannot normally be varied (compare 4734:

e.g., Aarts, B., Sylvia Chalker, & Edumnd Weiner.

4376:

Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002-04-15).

4235: 3519:

pre-head modifier of noun, subject-related complement

2864:. The head of such prepositional phrases is typically 1641: 496:

physical objects, but they also denote actions (e.g.,

5284:

Hudson, Richard. “Gerunds without Phrase Structure.”

4628:

Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English

4444:

Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English

4131:

are nouns, albeit less prototypical than some nouns.

2680:) but cannot be modified by a degree adverb (such as 1587:) and compounding (putting two bases together, e.g., 1541:

The most common noun-forming suffixes in English are

4713:

Hicks, Christopher. The parameterisation of Number.

3964:), further suggesting that it is a noun. Meanwhile, 2958: 2621:

functions as a pre-head modifier in the noun phrase

2454:), and that nominal, in turn, has a head noun (here 1954:) or plural because it is semantically plural (e.g., 3333:tends to be more closely associated with hair than 993:, is often used without the plural morpheme, as in 1536: 5582: 5418:The English Noun Phrase in Its Sentential Aspect 5200:. Second ed., U of Chicago P, 1998. pp. 767–769. 4458:A dictionary of grammatical terms in linguistics 4375: 4287:The asterisk marks the sentence as ungrammatical 5247:A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language 5135:A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language 4987:A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language 4924:A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language 4840:A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language 4494:A Comprehensive grammar of the English language 4364:A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language 3855:A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language 3853:), can share features of both nouns and verbs. 3366:A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language 2658:Nirvana's classic album from the early nineties 2584:classifies them as a "predeterminer modifier". 2578:A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language 2508:preposterous ideas about exercise that Bill has 4101:do not head phrases containing determinatives 3839:do not head phrases containing determinatives 3711:offers a similar analysis, calling words like 3545:do not head phrases containing determinatives 610:, though a proper name, is not a proper noun. 566:that occur within noun phrases (NPs) that are 5459: 5435:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 5422:www.ai.mit.edu/projects/dm/theses/abney87.pdf 5366:Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage 5211:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 5185:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 5013:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 4950:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 4937:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 4885:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 4872:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 4856:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 4827:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 4811:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 4766:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 4753:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 4686:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 4657:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 4540:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 4527:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 4378:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 4348:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 4335:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 4210:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 4172:Merriam–Webster's Dictionary of English Usage 3960:in is also modified by an adjective phrase ( 3709:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 3594:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 3422:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 3386:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 3080:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 2964:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 1985:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 576:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 407: 5433:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 5209:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 5183:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 5072:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 5011:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 4948:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 4935:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 4883:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 4870:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 4854:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 4825:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 4809:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 4764:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 4751:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 4684:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 4655:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 4639:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 4538:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 4525:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 4346:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 4333:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 4307:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 2474:(labeled here as a kind of modifier), and a 2049:Dual-gender masculine/feminine nouns (e.g., 1830:), but it also has a non-count sense (e.g., 5122:International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 5074:A Student's Introduction to English Grammar 4641:A Student's Introduction to English Grammar 4309:A Student's Introduction to English Grammar 2676:can be and is modified by a manner adverb ( 2494:A basic English NP splits into an optional 2153:there is a dog which attacked his/her owner 1673: 1001:). This method of plural marking occurs in 5466: 5452: 5288:, vol. 21, no. 3, Aug. 2003, pp. 579–615. 5088:Liberman, Mark. "Big Bad Modifier Order." 2826:) must occur before the predeterminative ( 2060:Dual-gender masculine/neuter nouns (e.g., 1867:Some nouns are plural only (also known as 1808: 550:Proper nouns are a class of words such as 414: 400: 5405:X-Bar Syntax: A Study of Phrase Structure 2582:Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 2564:in the tree diagram above. In this case, 2071:Dual-gender feminine/neuter nouns (e.g., 985:already marks the noun phrase as plural. 5286:Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 5271:Blevins, James P. "Remarks on Gerunds." 4736:The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar 4281: 4085:subject, direct object, indirect object 3797:subject, direct object, indirect object 3516:subject, direct object, indirect object 3256:is evaluative (or opinion/observation), 2731:, for example, the prepositional phrase 1855:. (Old English pronouns also marked the 5094:languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=27890. 4785:Gender Shifts in the History of English 4223: 4098:head phrases containing determinatives 3984:(though the terminology can vary). The 3887:I dislike Brown’s painting his daughter 3836:head phrases containing determinatives 3542:head phrases containing determinatives 2822:, for instance, the external modifier ( 847:) while non-count nouns can occur with 464:, which prototypically function at the 5583: 5351:, vol. 8, no. 1, Jan. 1972, pp. 2–29. 5241: 5239: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5084: 5082: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 4850: 4848: 4821: 4819: 4702:Breadth and Depth of Semantic Lexicons 4651: 4649: 4487: 4485: 3898:I watched Brown painting his daughter. 3416:Order of post-head internal dependents 2646:Nirvana's classic early nineties album 1976:Modern English has lost the system of 1712:(such as breed, color, and the like). 526:In this article English nouns include 5447: 5326: 5324: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5156: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4866: 4864: 4776: 4774: 4696: 4694: 4622: 4620: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4491: 4455: 4409: 3892:I dislike Brown painting his daughter 3445:Nouns versus other lexical categories 3066:is a possible answer to the question 2441: 2181: 2012:Single-gender masculine nouns (e.g., 1971: 1935:, do not have any plural morphology. 1696:, cultivated in temperate climates." 957:), or making no change at all (e.g., 606:, for example, is a proper noun, but 586:). Others include particular places ( 4738:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 4358: 4356: 4264: 3674:also present challenges. Words like 3349:is a more frequently used word than 3074:Order of pre-head internal modifiers 2555: 2159:The syntax of nouns and noun phrases 2118:) nouns while nouns that agree with 2023:Single-gender feminine nouns (e.g., 5236: 5216: 5079: 5057: 4845: 4816: 4646: 4601:. Wiley-Blackwell, 2014. pp. 30–31. 4588:. Wiley-Blackwell, 2014. pp. 31–32. 4482: 4414:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4261:to indicate ungrammatical examples. 3923:The silently painting man is Brown. 3918:The man painting the girl is Brown. 3276:a size, but corpus data shows that 3250:a beautiful old Italian touring car 3056:the linguistics very happy students 3052:the very happy linguistics students 2890:). In other cases, the head is not 1642:Semantics of nouns and noun phrases 375:AmE and BrE grammatical differences 370:African-American Vernacular English 13: 5437:. Cambridge UP, 2002. pp. 421–422. 5345:We, the Men; We Men; I, a Man; Etc 5321: 5198:The Syntactic Phenomena of English 5187:. Cambridge UP, 2002. pp. 536–538. 5153: 5076:. Cambridge UP, 2005. pp. 452–455. 4955: 4952:. Cambridge UP, 2002. pp. 329–331. 4874:. Cambridge UP, 2002. pp. 326–328. 4861: 4858:. Cambridge UP, 2002. pp. 497–499. 4829:. Cambridge UP, 2002. pp. 489–491. 4771: 4723:https://doi.org/10.1111/stul.12074 4691: 4659:. Cambridge UP, 2002. pp. 399–400. 4617: 4597:Lobeck, Anne, and Kristin Denham. 4545: 4542:. Cambridge UP, 2002. pp. 334–340. 4350:. Cambridge UP, 2002. pp. 515–516. 4301: 3867:Brown’s paintings of his daughters 2914:they realized that it is important 2717:functions as a pre-head modifier. 2480: 2038:Single-gender neuter nouns (e.g., 679:), or add a restrictive modifier ( 14: 5612: 5390:Spinillo, Mariangela. “On Such.” 4755:. Cambridge UP, 2002. p. 343–345. 4353: 4212:similarly classifies this use of 3956:), a feature also observed in –. 3685:the very lucky don't need to diet 3404:), and primacy adjectives (e.g., 3396:), superlative adjectives (e.g., 2959:Order of elements in noun phrases 2744:balloons that were full of helium 2713:, for example, the adverb phrase 2489: 1891:expressions of feelings, such as 1115:usually used for subjects (e.g., 892: 279:Transitive and intransitive verbs 5392:English Language and Linguistics 5355:, www.jstor.org/stable/25000571. 4887:. Cambridge UP, 2002. Chapter 5. 4270:Along with singular and plural, 3940:) in – are unambiguously nouns. 3894:(when she ought to be at school) 3635:. In this case, the modifier of 2761:, for instance, the noun phrase 1903:; and various others, including 36: 5427: 5410: 5397: 5384: 5371: 5358: 5337: 5308: 5295: 5292:, www.jstor.org/stable/4048043. 5278: 5265: 5252: 5249:. Longman, 1985. pp. 1290–1292. 5203: 5190: 5177: 5140: 5137:. Longman, 1985. pp. 1337–1340. 5127: 5114: 5098: 5054:. Oxford UP, 2011. pp. 123–124. 5044: 5041:. Oxford UP, 2011. pp. 121–123. 5031: 5018: 5005: 5002:. Oxford UP, 2011. pp. 129–132. 4992: 4979: 4942: 4929: 4916: 4913:. Oxford UP, 2011. pp. 119–121. 4903: 4900:. Oxford UP, 2011. pp. 117–119. 4890: 4877: 4832: 4803: 4790: 4758: 4745: 4740:https://doi.org/10.2307/3723099 4728: 4707: 4678: 4662: 4633: 4604: 4591: 4571: 4532: 4519: 4449: 4436: 3928:Brown is painting his daughter. 3264:an origin (or provenance), and 3149:table summarizes these orders: 2918:somebody required them to do it 2623:the under-threat postal service 2537:) but do not need to be (e.g., 1537:Derivational (for common nouns) 883: 784: 720:Tell Anne I want to talk to her 545: 4976:. Oxford UP, 2011. p. 126–129. 4403: 4380:. Cambridge University Press. 4369: 4340: 4327: 4314: 4251: 4134: 4094:Occurrence with determinatives 3832:Occurrence with determinatives 3538:Occurrence with determinatives 2939:is more clearly a complement. 2855: 2143:can serve as an antecedent to 1122:) and accusative for objects ( 1: 5318:Oxford UP, 2007. pp. 155–156. 5305:. Oxford UP, 2011. pp. 80–81. 5303:Oxford Modern English Grammar 5233:Oxford UP, 2007. pp. 143–145. 5213:. Cambridge UP, 2002. p. 410. 5174:Oxford UP, 2007. pp. 129–136. 5150:. Oxford UP, 2011. pp. 63–64. 5148:Oxford Modern English Grammar 5052:Oxford Modern English Grammar 5039:Oxford Modern English Grammar 5026:Oxford Modern English Grammar 5015:. Cambridge UP, 2002. p. 436. 5000:Oxford Modern English Grammar 4989:. Longman, 1985. pp. 261–262. 4974:Oxford Modern English Grammar 4939:. Cambridge UP, 2002. p. 433. 4911:Oxford Modern English Grammar 4898:Oxford Modern English Grammar 4813:. Cambridge UP, 2002. p. 486. 4768:. Cambridge UP, 2002. p. 501. 4688:. Cambridge UP, 2002. p. 401. 4643:. Cambridge UP, 2005. p. 284. 4630:. Longman, 2011. pp. 320–322. 4614:. Routledge, 2020. pp. 30–32. 4568:. Oxford UP, 2011. pp. 42–44. 4566:Oxford Modern English Grammar 4529:. Cambridge UP, 2002. p. 343. 4412:Oxford modern English grammar 4366:. Longman, 1985. pp. 288–290. 4337:. Cambridge UP, 2002. p. 515. 4322:Oxford Modern English Grammar 4294: 4189:) is typical of determiners ( 3810:prepositional phrase, clause 3449: 2574:Oxford Modern English Grammar 2336:the amount of money he spends 1844:. = "many types of cheese"). 1684:English nouns prototypically 1103: 1082:the cat with brown fur's paws 878: 511:), relations in space (e.g., 5106:Excelsior Online Writing Lab 4311:. Cambridge UP, 2005. p. 84. 3944:in and feature the plural 3672:the lucky don't need to diet 3429:, for example, the modifier 3068:Which new tie will you wear? 3033:post-head internal dependent 2884:we reviewed your application 2604: 2594:) and adverb phrases (e.g., 2167: 592:the United States of America 7: 5108:, Excelsior College, 2022, 3325:is generally preferable to 3090:), general property (e.g., 2750:adjective phrases, such as 2670:a regularly dripping faucet 2648:, for example, the nominal 2637:, for instance, the clause 2086:Triple-gender nouns (e.g., 690: 642:includes the determinative 537: 10: 5617: 5407:. MIT Press, 1977. p. 106. 5334:. Oxford UP, 2007. p. 125. 5028:. Oxford UP, 2011. p. 133. 4599:Navigating English Grammar 4586:Navigating English Grammar 4155:we students know the truth 4138: 4019: 4015: 3726: 3621:the blues in his paintings 3453: 3316:is generally preferred to 3308:is generally preferred to 3296:is generally preferred to 3018:pre-head internal modifier 2834:), and internal modifier ( 2811:) and noun phrases (e.g., 2506:, and the head nominal is 2446:A simple noun phrase like 2177:Functions of noun phrases 1960:not yet come to a decision 1952:not yet come to a decision 1812: 1677: 1517:Interrogative only (e.g., 1366: 1107: 503:), characteristics (e.g., 492:, English nouns typically 5540: 5485: 4324:. Oxford UP, 2011. p. 57. 3862:some paintings of Brown’s 3819:Typical pre-head modifier 3643:) rather than an adverb ( 3613:my favorite color is blue 3525:Typical pre-head modifier 3310:the intelligent long book 3306:the long intelligent book 3164: 2888:you received the envelope 2820:even all their best songs 2403: 2378: 2373: 2345: 2329: 2276: 2223: 2200: 2197: 2184: 2164:predicative complements. 1497: 1473: 1442: 1416: 1410: 1389: 1367: 1275: 1270: 1250: 1230: 1225: 1203: 1181: 1176: 1145: 867:has a non-count sense in 453:, as through the plural – 5245:Quirk, Randolph, et al. 5133:Quirk, Randolph, et al. 4985:Quirk, Randolph, et al. 4926:. Longman, 1985. p. 257. 4922:Quirk, Randolph, et al. 4842:. Longman, 1985. p. 314. 4838:Quirk, Randolph, et al. 4798:The Expression of Gender 4675:. Accessed 29 Mar. 2021. 4612:American English Grammar 4492:Quirk, Randolph (1985). 4446:. Longman, 2011. p. 235. 4362:Quirk, Randolph, et al. 4228: 3722: 3551:In noun phrases such as 3280:is far more common than 2933:a student of kinesiology 2697:, the determiner phrase 2173:functions NPs can take: 2131:but can only agree with 2114:are called personal (or 2110:. Nouns that agree with 1674:Denotation and reference 1567:. For example, the verb 1064:African-American English 989:, which is derived from 669:), add a determinative ( 600:the United States Senate 5349:Foundations of Language 5104:"Order of Adjectives." 4673:en.wiktionary.org/apple 3659:as adjective-adjective 2662:from the early nineties 1967:a microcosm of society. 1839:This shop carries many 1809:Countability and number 981:because the determiner 769:is an exception, as in 681:Do you mean the London 478:predicative complements 3701:he completely innocent 3596:classifies words like 3582:the boy talented actor 3122:), manufacture (e.g., 2635:pay-as-you-go SIM card 2550:up to a dozen agencies 2526:) with the head noun. 2486: 1823:is usually countable ( 1525:is not possible (e.g., 1086:the cat with brown fur 959:this sheep/those sheep 873:she drank another beer 4787:. Cambridge UP, 2003. 4460:. London: Routledge. 4456:Trask, R. L. (1993). 4386:10.1017/9781316423530 3697:the ostentatious rich 3693:the unlucky must diet 3353:, so we would expect 3318:stainless solid steel 3314:solid stainless steel 3114:), provenance (e.g., 2929:a kinesiology student 2484: 1927:, etc. Some, such as 1390:Indefinite (Generic) 1024:Southern U.S. English 871:but a count sense in 869:she was drinking beer 777:), pronouns cannot. 722:, on the other hand, 667:are you referring to? 307:Conditional sentences 5416:Abney, Steven Paul. 5379:English Word Grammar 4224:References and notes 3813:noun phrase, clause 3609:blue represents hope 3437:from the complement 3341:is more likely than 3292:are both sizes, but 2902:that it is important 2894:, as exemplified by 2845:can also be written 2723:, as exemplified by 2190:Common & proper 1832:this pie is full of 1088:, not just the noun 1070:Traditional grammars 753:) and gender (e.g., 596:Cambridge University 594:) and institutions ( 5196:McCawley, James D. 4670:English Wiktionary, 4496:. London: Longman. 4410:Aarts, Bas (2011). 4243:English determiners 4141:English determiners 3806:Typical complements 3633:a deep blue necktie 3433:separates the head 3023:pre-head complement 3003:peripheral modifier 2952:that it wasn't true 2872:of your application 2862:subordinate clauses 2793:in the noun phrase 2688:in the noun phrase 2548:in the noun phrase 2330:Extraposed subject 2178: 1764:might win the game. 965:) and Greek (e.g., 532:English determiners 24:Part of a series on 5381:. Blackwell, 1990. 4715:Studia Linguistica 4257:This article uses 3627:) or superlative ( 3611:) or complements ( 3578:the very boy actor 3456:English adjectives 3272:is an opinion and 3038:emphatic reflexive 2991:at the university 2847:the greatest ally 2830:), determinative ( 2787:three dollars each 2729:an apple in a tree 2666:regularly dripping 2652:modifies the noun 2487: 2442:Internal structure 2176: 1978:grammatical gender 1972:Gender and animacy 1771:as determinative: 1759:as determinative: 975:two girl just left 967:criterion/criteria 913:are pluralized as 730:, in this case). 677:London in Ontario? 498:get up and have a 5601:Nouns by language 5578: 5577: 5479:world's languages 5403:Jackendoff, Ray. 5377:Hudson, Richard. 4467:978-1-134-88421-6 4421:978-0-19-953319-0 4395:978-0-521-43146-0 4105: 4104: 4081:Typical functions 3843: 3842: 3823:adjective phrase 3793:Typical functions 3639:is an adjective ( 3549: 3548: 3529:adjective phrase 3512:Typical functions 3357:lake rather than 3246: 3245: 3165:general property 3054:could not become 3048: 3047: 3043:focusing modifier 2909:for them to do it 2905:) or non-finite ( 2843:the greatest ally 2809:the greatest ally 2711:an almost victory 2611:Adjective phrases 2556:Predeterminatives 2500:determiner phrase 2428: 2427: 1706:Sam found his dog 1575:becomes the noun 1515: 1514: 1007:Caribbean English 771:I like those ones 745:), person (e.g., 429:form the largest 424: 423: 5608: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5445: 5444: 5438: 5431: 5425: 5414: 5408: 5401: 5395: 5388: 5382: 5375: 5369: 5362: 5356: 5341: 5335: 5328: 5319: 5312: 5306: 5299: 5293: 5282: 5276: 5269: 5263: 5256: 5250: 5243: 5234: 5227: 5214: 5207: 5201: 5194: 5188: 5181: 5175: 5168: 5151: 5144: 5138: 5131: 5125: 5118: 5112: 5102: 5096: 5086: 5077: 5070: 5055: 5048: 5042: 5035: 5029: 5022: 5016: 5009: 5003: 4996: 4990: 4983: 4977: 4970: 4953: 4946: 4940: 4933: 4927: 4920: 4914: 4907: 4901: 4894: 4888: 4881: 4875: 4868: 4859: 4852: 4843: 4836: 4830: 4823: 4814: 4807: 4801: 4794: 4788: 4778: 4769: 4762: 4756: 4749: 4743: 4732: 4726: 4711: 4705: 4698: 4689: 4682: 4676: 4666: 4660: 4653: 4644: 4637: 4631: 4624: 4615: 4608: 4602: 4595: 4589: 4575: 4569: 4562: 4543: 4536: 4530: 4523: 4517: 4515: 4489: 4480: 4479: 4453: 4447: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4407: 4401: 4399: 4373: 4367: 4360: 4351: 4344: 4338: 4331: 4325: 4318: 4312: 4305: 4288: 4285: 4279: 4268: 4262: 4255: 4249: 4239: 4208:as determiners. 4071:), superlative ( 4042: 4041: 3742: 3741: 3602:John Robert Ross 3590:the actor is boy 3502:), superlative ( 3473: 3472: 3343:blonde nice hair 3339:nice blonde hair 3327:a red small file 3323:a small red file 3152: 3151: 3106:), color (e.g., 3064:The blue new tie 3060:the new blue tie 3008:predeterminative 2970: 2969: 2721:Relative clauses 2695:these two images 2690:these two images 2672:. The fact that 2472:predeterminative 2419:I met the host, 2410:I met the host, 2179: 2175: 1940:collective nouns 1773:She interviewed 1748:She was elected 1742:likes ice cream? 1527:*This is Kim's, 1143: 1142: 1110:English pronouns 963:stimulus/stimuli 843:but not usually 710:, for instance, 706:. In the clause 572:General Electric 528:English pronouns 490:nouns in general 416: 409: 402: 384:Grammar disputes 380:Double negatives 377: 40: 21: 20: 5616: 5615: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5605: 5591:English grammar 5581: 5580: 5579: 5574: 5536: 5481: 5472: 5442: 5441: 5432: 5428: 5415: 5411: 5402: 5398: 5389: 5385: 5376: 5372: 5363: 5359: 5342: 5338: 5329: 5322: 5313: 5309: 5300: 5296: 5283: 5279: 5270: 5266: 5257: 5253: 5244: 5237: 5228: 5217: 5208: 5204: 5195: 5191: 5182: 5178: 5169: 5154: 5145: 5141: 5132: 5128: 5119: 5115: 5103: 5099: 5087: 5080: 5071: 5058: 5049: 5045: 5036: 5032: 5023: 5019: 5010: 5006: 4997: 4993: 4984: 4980: 4971: 4956: 4947: 4943: 4934: 4930: 4921: 4917: 4908: 4904: 4895: 4891: 4882: 4878: 4869: 4862: 4853: 4846: 4837: 4833: 4824: 4817: 4808: 4804: 4795: 4791: 4779: 4772: 4763: 4759: 4750: 4746: 4742:. 2014. p. 310. 4733: 4729: 4712: 4708: 4699: 4692: 4683: 4679: 4667: 4663: 4654: 4647: 4638: 4634: 4626:Douglas, Biber 4625: 4618: 4609: 4605: 4596: 4592: 4576: 4572: 4563: 4546: 4537: 4533: 4524: 4520: 4504: 4490: 4483: 4468: 4454: 4450: 4442:Douglas, Biber 4441: 4437: 4422: 4408: 4404: 4396: 4374: 4370: 4361: 4354: 4345: 4341: 4332: 4328: 4319: 4315: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4269: 4265: 4256: 4252: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4198:the we students 4165:as pronouns in 4143: 4137: 4060:number (plural 4024: 4022:English adverbs 4018: 3996:. However, the 3775:), participle ( 3760:number (plural 3731: 3725: 3706: 3699:) or adverbs (t 3491:number (plural 3458: 3452: 3447: 3418: 3359:a cold big lake 3130:), type (e.g., 3076: 2961: 2879:of the envelope 2858: 2759:shoes that size 2707:postdeterminers 2607: 2558: 2492: 2448:some good ideas 2444: 2281:Subject-related 2170: 2161: 1974: 1817: 1811: 1737:Interrogative: 1694:Malus domestica 1682: 1676: 1644: 1539: 1502: 1492: 1487: 1480: 1418: 1272: 1227: 1178: 1171: 1164: 1112: 1106: 895: 886: 881: 787: 693: 624:the Philippines 548: 540: 420: 391: 390: 386: 382: 378: 373: 372: 367: 359: 358: 354: 350: 346: 341: 331: 330: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 293: 283: 282: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 259:Irregular verbs 257: 253: 234: 215: 213:Auxiliary verbs 210: 200: 199: 198: 194: 190: 175: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 98: 94: 89: 79: 78: 77: 66: 55: 50: 30:English grammar 17: 12: 11: 5: 5614: 5604: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5497: 5492: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5471: 5470: 5463: 5456: 5448: 5440: 5439: 5426: 5409: 5396: 5383: 5370: 5357: 5336: 5320: 5307: 5294: 5277: 5264: 5251: 5235: 5215: 5202: 5189: 5176: 5152: 5139: 5126: 5113: 5097: 5078: 5056: 5043: 5030: 5017: 5004: 4991: 4978: 4954: 4941: 4928: 4915: 4902: 4889: 4876: 4860: 4844: 4831: 4815: 4802: 4789: 4770: 4757: 4744: 4727: 4706: 4690: 4677: 4661: 4645: 4632: 4616: 4610:Katz, Seth R. 4603: 4590: 4582:Kristin Denham 4570: 4544: 4531: 4518: 4502: 4481: 4466: 4448: 4435: 4420: 4402: 4394: 4368: 4352: 4339: 4326: 4313: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4280: 4263: 4250: 4247:DP hypothesis. 4233: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4177:Richard Hudson 4175:also follows. 4139:Main article: 4136: 4133: 4103: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4065: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4020:Main article: 4017: 4014: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3841: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3826:adverb phrase 3824: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3765: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3727:Main article: 3724: 3721: 3704: 3653:the blue light 3617:the blue light 3566:the boys actor 3547: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3532:adverb phrase 3530: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3496: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3454:Main article: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3417: 3414: 3384:), and nouns. 3244: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3098:), age (e.g., 3075: 3072: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2960: 2957: 2937:of kinesiology 2907:a requirement 2900:a realization 2896:about exercise 2857: 2854: 2746:). Others are 2739:full of helium 2650:early nineties 2631:postal service 2606: 2603: 2599:the population 2557: 2554: 2491: 2490:Determinatives 2488: 2443: 2440: 2426: 2425: 2416: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2391: 2382: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2360: 2350: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2331: 2327: 2326: 2317: 2311:They made her 2308: 2306:Object-related 2302: 2301: 2292: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2264: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2239: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2212: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2169: 2166: 2160: 2157: 2139:). Similarly, 2096: 2095: 2084: 2069: 2058: 2047: 2036: 2021: 1973: 1970: 1956:The committee 1948:The committee 1875:verbs such as 1813:Main article: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1792: 1780: 1766: 1754: 1744: 1735: 1678:Main article: 1675: 1672: 1660:quantification 1643: 1640: 1538: 1535: 1519:Whose is this? 1513: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1493:one another's 1489: 1488:one another's 1484: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1423: 1420: 1419:interrogative 1417:Relative & 1415: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1347: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1183: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1108:Main article: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1078:the cat's paws 943:vowel mutation 894: 891: 885: 882: 880: 877: 857:some furniture 822:lots of gravel 786: 783: 692: 689: 547: 544: 539: 536: 422: 421: 419: 418: 411: 404: 396: 393: 392: 368: 365: 364: 361: 360: 348:Capitalization 342: 337: 336: 333: 332: 294: 289: 288: 285: 284: 211: 206: 205: 202: 201: 150:Interrogatives 123:Demonstratives 90: 85: 84: 81: 80: 51: 46: 45: 42: 41: 33: 32: 26: 25: 16:Part of speech 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5613: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5596:English words 5594: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5539: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5495:Orthographies 5493: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5469: 5464: 5462: 5457: 5455: 5450: 5449: 5446: 5436: 5430: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5406: 5400: 5393: 5387: 5380: 5374: 5367: 5361: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5333: 5327: 5325: 5317: 5311: 5304: 5298: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5274: 5268: 5261: 5255: 5248: 5242: 5240: 5232: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5212: 5206: 5199: 5193: 5186: 5180: 5173: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5149: 5143: 5136: 5130: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5083: 5075: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5053: 5047: 5040: 5034: 5027: 5021: 5014: 5008: 5001: 4995: 4988: 4982: 4975: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4951: 4945: 4938: 4932: 4925: 4919: 4912: 4906: 4899: 4893: 4886: 4880: 4873: 4867: 4865: 4857: 4851: 4849: 4841: 4835: 4828: 4822: 4820: 4812: 4806: 4799: 4793: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4775: 4767: 4761: 4754: 4748: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4703: 4697: 4695: 4687: 4681: 4674: 4671: 4665: 4658: 4652: 4650: 4642: 4636: 4629: 4623: 4621: 4613: 4607: 4600: 4594: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4567: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4541: 4535: 4528: 4522: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4503:0-582-51734-6 4499: 4495: 4488: 4486: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4413: 4406: 4397: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4372: 4365: 4359: 4357: 4349: 4343: 4336: 4330: 4323: 4317: 4310: 4304: 4300: 4284: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4234: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4193: 4188: 4186: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4067:comparative ( 4066: 4063: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4013: 4009: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3763: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3730: 3729:English verbs 3720: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3666:Phrases like 3664: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3555:, words like 3554: 3553:the boy actor 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3498:comparative ( 3497: 3494: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3464: 3457: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3161: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3141: 3136: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3013:determinative 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2956: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2880: 2877:your receipt 2874: 2873: 2867: 2863: 2853: 2851: 2850: 2844: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2816:a philosopher 2815: 2810: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2796: 2795:some day soon 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2752:the attorney 2749: 2748:post-positive 2745: 2741: 2740: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2725:that Bill has 2722: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2639:pay as you go 2636: 2632: 2630: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2546:up to a dozen 2543: 2541: 2536: 2534: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2496:determinative 2483: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2468:determinative 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2424: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2348: 2347:Determinative 2344: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2334:It's amazing 2332: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2203: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2180: 2174: 2165: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1979: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1953: 1951: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1919:(on a coin), 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1869:plural tantum 1865: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1843: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1804: 1803:'s a problem. 1802: 1797: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1784: 1783:Dummy pronoun 1781: 1778: 1776: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1681: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1546: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1524: 1520: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1491:each other's/ 1490: 1486:each other's/ 1485: 1483: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1443:Non-personal 1441: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1269: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1224: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1175: 1169: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1133: 1128: 1127: 1121: 1119: 1111: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1014:(rather than 1013: 1008: 1004: 1000: 997:(rather than 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 970: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 890: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 798:zero calories 795: 790: 782: 778: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 731: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 702: 698: 688: 686: 684: 678: 675: 674: 668: 666: 663:Which of the 660: 655: 653: 652:*some Bahamas 649: 645: 641: 638:, and though 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 543: 535: 533: 529: 524: 522: 518: 514: 510: 508: 502: 501: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 427:English nouns 417: 412: 410: 405: 403: 398: 397: 395: 394: 389: 385: 381: 376: 371: 366:Variant usage 363: 362: 357: 353: 349: 345: 344:Abbreviations 340: 335: 334: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 303: 302: 297: 292: 287: 286: 280: 276: 272: 271:Phrasal verbs 268: 267:Passive voice 264: 260: 256: 251: 250: 246: 242: 237: 232: 231: 227: 223: 218: 214: 209: 204: 203: 197: 193: 192:Subordinators 188: 187: 183: 178: 173: 172: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 146:Interjections 143: 139: 134: 133: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 107: 106: 101: 97: 93: 88: 83: 82: 75: 74: 73:frequentative 69: 64: 63: 58: 54: 49: 44: 43: 39: 35: 34: 31: 28: 27: 23: 22: 19: 5549: 5520:Prepositions 5514: 5434: 5429: 5417: 5412: 5404: 5399: 5391: 5386: 5378: 5373: 5365: 5364:"Pronouns." 5360: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5339: 5331: 5330:Aarts, Bas. 5315: 5314:Aarts, Bas. 5310: 5302: 5301:Aarts, Bas. 5297: 5289: 5285: 5280: 5272: 5267: 5259: 5254: 5246: 5230: 5229:Aarts, Bas. 5210: 5205: 5197: 5192: 5184: 5179: 5171: 5170:Aarts, Bas. 5147: 5146:Aarts, Bas. 5142: 5134: 5129: 5121: 5116: 5105: 5100: 5090:Language Log 5089: 5073: 5051: 5050:Aarts, Bas. 5046: 5038: 5037:Aarts, Bas. 5033: 5025: 5024:Aarts, Bas. 5020: 5012: 5007: 4999: 4998:Aarts, Bas. 4994: 4986: 4981: 4973: 4972:Aarts, Bas. 4949: 4944: 4936: 4931: 4923: 4918: 4910: 4909:Aarts, Bas. 4905: 4897: 4896:Aarts, Bas. 4892: 4884: 4879: 4871: 4855: 4839: 4834: 4826: 4810: 4805: 4797: 4792: 4784: 4781:Curzan, Anne 4765: 4760: 4752: 4747: 4735: 4730: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4701: 4685: 4680: 4669: 4664: 4656: 4640: 4635: 4627: 4611: 4606: 4598: 4593: 4585: 4578:Lobeck, Anne 4573: 4565: 4564:Aarts, Bas. 4539: 4534: 4526: 4521: 4493: 4457: 4451: 4443: 4438: 4411: 4405: 4377: 4371: 4363: 4347: 4342: 4334: 4329: 4321: 4320:Aarts, Bas. 4316: 4308: 4303: 4283: 4266: 4253: 4237: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4144: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4106: 4093: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4055: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4025: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3844: 3831: 3818: 3805: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3755: 3735: 3732: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3665: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3606: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3584:). 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