2281:
1604:
20:
603:
509:
156:, added one point to the opponent's total; the shooter conceded two points if their own ball went into a pocket after striking the opponent's ball; and the player conceded three points if the cue ball was pocketed without even hitting the opponent's ball. These rules continued to exist in English billiards until 1983, when a standard of two points for all fouls was introduced.
709:
non-striker’s last turn. If the striker then makes 15 consecutive hazards, the non-striker's ball is spotted, after the fifteenth hazard, in the Middle of the Baulk-line or, if that spot is occupied, on the right-hand corner of the “D”, as viewed from baulk. It becomes a "line ball" and may not be played directly from baulk.
1812:
241:
through the popularity of French tables in
English coffee houses; London alone had over two thousand such establishments in the early 18th century. One period advertisement read: "A very good French Billiard Table, little the worse for wearing, full size, with all the materials fit for French or English play".
240:
to the two white cue balls, and dispensed with the pockets. This ball was adopted into the
English game, which retained the pockets, and the goal was to cannon off both the red and the opponent's ball on a single shot, earning 2 points. This influence on the English game appears to have come about
477:
used has the same dimensions as in snooker, and in many venues, both games are played on the same equipment. The playing area of a standard tournament table measures 11 feet 8 inches by 5 ft 10 in (3.569 m by 1.778 m) with a tolerance of
708:
If an opponent's cue ball is potted, it remains off the table until it is that opponent's turn to play, when it is returned to that player, who may play it in-hand from the "D". There is one exception to this rule: if the non-striker's ball is off the table as a result of the final stroke of the
662:
Combinations of the above may all be scored on the same shot. The most that can be scored in a single shot is therefore 10 – the red and the other cue ball are both potted via a cannon (the red must be struck first), and the cue ball is also potted, making a losing hazard off the red.
128:
contest. To start, the player who could strike a ball at one end of the table and get the ball to come to rest nearest the opposite cushion without lying against it earned the right to shoot for points first. This is the origin of the modern custom of
715:
Matches held under professional regulations include a rule forcing the player to execute a shot in a way to have his cue ball cross the baulk line, heading towards the baulk cushion, once between 80 and 99 points in every 100 in a running break.
657:
in snooker terms) – striking one's cue ball so that it hits another ball and then enters a pocket: 3 points if the red ball was hit first; 2 points if the other cue ball was hit first; 2 points if the red and the other cue ball are hit
1060:
244:
The three ancestral games had their
British heyday in the 1770s, but had combined into English billiards, with a 16-point score total, by approximately 1800. The skill required in playing these games helped retire the
327:
after
Kentfield refused his challenge. Roberts's 21-year reign lasted until he lost to William Cook in 1870. That year was also the first in which an English billiards challenge match was held in the United States.
639:, in snooker terms) – striking another ball with one's cue ball so that the red enters a pocket: 3 points; or striking another ball with one's cue ball so that the other cue ball enters a pocket: 2 points.
260:
There are a number of pocket billiard games directly descended from
English billiards, including bull dog, scratch pool, thirty-one pool and thirty-eight. The last of these gave rise to the more well-known game
704:
If playing in-hand and all balls on the table are in baulk, and contact is not made with any ball, this is a miss; 2 points are awarded to the opponent, who must play from where the balls have come to rest.
532:(the first quarter-length of the table). The player who gets their ball closer to the baulk cushion can now choose which cue ball they want to use during the game and to break or let the opponent break.
269:. By 1915 the game had become rather popular, prompting American billiard hall proprietors of the period to increase the number of English-style tables in their establishments. It also became favored in
698:(the pink spot in snooker). If both the middle and pyramid spots are occupied, it goes back on the spot. When potted from the middle or pyramid spot, it returns to the spot at the top of the table.
301:, was formed in the UK in 1885, a period that saw a number of sporting bodies founded across the British sporting world. By the mid-20th century, the principal sanctioning body was the
1408:
682:
on the spot at the top of the table (the black spot). After the red has been potted twice off the spot in a row (i.e. without a cannon or losing hazard), it is respotted on the
1549:
712:
If the cue ball is touching an object ball, then the balls must be respotted: red on its spot and opponent's ball in the centre spot, with the striker to play from in-hand.
701:
After a losing hazard, play continues in-hand from the "D". When playing from in-hand, a striker must touch a ball or cushion out of baulk before striking a ball in baulk.
305:(later the Billiards and Snooker Control Council), formed in 1919 by an amalgamation of the Billiards Association and the Billiards Control Club (founded in 1908).
666:
The winner is determined by a player reaching a fixed number of points set at the start of the game, or by which player is leading at the end of a timed game.
2235:
1484:
776:
401:. The game does retain some popularity amongst snooker players, who can use the same equipment for both games and play the game to practise ball control.
148:
A player who pocketed the opponent's ball scored two points, as is still the case in modern billiards. A player missing the opponent's ball, considered a
320:
money held by a third party. Up until the first organised professional tournament in 1870, all
English billiards champions were decided by challenge.
1438:
278:
724:
If a foul occurs, two points are awarded to the opposing player who has the choice of playing from where the balls lie or they can be respotted.
2228:
1532:
1498:
1448:
764:
1468:
1542:
265:. English Billiards was virtually unknown in the United States until 1913, when Melbourn Inman visited the US and played the game against
2098:
1415:
2076:
1463:
567:
behind the baulk line. The other cue ball remains off the table until the opponent's first turn, when they play in hand from the "D".
302:
2213:
1554:
1453:
393:
Over the course of the 20th century, English billiards was largely superseded as the favoured cue sport in the United
Kingdom by
2316:
1458:
759:
2103:
2088:
2061:
1537:
1510:
1162:
1076:
561:
621:– striking the cue ball so that it hits, in any order, the other cue ball and the red ball on the same shot: 2 points.
2185:
2180:
2066:
1640:
1112:
24:
625:
169:
1674:
643:
177:
692:
2125:
684:
455:
234:
71:
553:
131:
2261:
2120:
1443:
1339:
1323:
1293:
1277:
1249:
1221:
1197:
1143:
1041:
1022:
769:
344:
340:
447:
63:
2266:
2115:
2093:
1504:
464:
Yellow – the cue ball for player 2, and an object ball for player 1 (historically a white ball with spots was used)
676:
651:
615:
588:
209:
193:
87:
2223:
2110:
580:
526:
356:
332:
314:
218:
161:
122:
572:
537:
308:
In the 19th century and up through the mid-1950s, a common way for championship titles to change hands was by a
247:
150:
2195:
2190:
1383:
633:
545:
524:, where both simultaneously hit a cue ball up the table, bouncing it off the top cushion so that it returns to
518:
185:
139:
2168:
2147:
360:
281:
from 1933 until his retirement in 1950. The game remains popular in the UK, although it has been eclipsed by
940:
2006:
1589:
336:
232:, especially France, and in many parts of Asia and South America. In the 1700s, the carom game added a red
2256:
2175:
1241:
380:
159:
By contrast, in the losing game a player could only score two points by pocketing the cue ball through a
1087:
2311:
2083:
2071:
1401:
1051:
1302:
1235:
1208:
578:
by creating either a double baulk (both object balls in baulk), or the red in baulk with the cue-ball
2218:
1716:
2041:
1633:
1527:
737:
Failing to make contact between one's cue ball and at least one object ball (unless double baulked)
488:
inch (1.26 cm) in both directions, though smaller ones, down to half size, are often found in
432: in with a tolerance of 0.05 mm) and they must weigh the same to a tolerance of 0.5
183:" are terms still mentioned in the official rules for these two fundamental shot types, although "
1829:
387:
270:
46:
749:
When in-hand, not hitting an object ball or cushion out of baulk before hitting a ball in baulk.
970:
323:
The first champion was
Jonathan Kentfield, who held the title from 1820 to 1849, losing it to
2011:
1836:
1231:
1068:
298:
294:
1955:
1014:
1928:
8:
2251:
1868:
1626:
1189:
390:
who had been a leading suffragette and was then married to a billiard ball manufacturer.
386:
A "Women's
Billiard Association" was formed in Britain in 1931. One of the founders was
2142:
1862:
1855:
1333:
1287:
1131:
229:
562:
2285:
2132:
1990:
1950:
1918:
1913:
1751:
1657:
1608:
1319:
1315:
1273:
1245:
1217:
1193:
1158:
1139:
1072:
1037:
1018:
58:
2036:
1985:
1908:
1756:
1746:
1574:
626:
398:
324:
170:
19:
644:
178:
1944:
1897:
1820:
1786:
1761:
1741:
1490:
1361:
1260:
1180:
693:
372:
352:
348:
225:
200:
114:
78:
54:
685:
456:
235:
72:
2016:
1731:
1559:
1010:
554:
474:
368:
274:
132:
42:
2305:
2026:
2021:
1975:
1849:
1771:
1690:
1584:
1579:
1564:
998:
497:
448:
64:
28:
1903:
1781:
677:
652:
616:
589:
493:
489:
415:
376:
266:
210:
194:
88:
77:
are used. Each player or team uses a different cue ball. It is played on a
1262:
The Sport of Pool
Billiards 1: Techniques and Training Based on PAT Part 1
1210:
The Sport of Pool Billiards 1: Techniques and Training Based on PAT Part 1
581:
527:
315:
219:
162:
123:
2137:
1960:
1736:
1721:
1311:
573:
538:
262:
248:
151:
1113:"English Billiards Grows. Recently Imported Game Now Quite Popular Here"
634:
546:
519:
186:
140:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1776:
1766:
1726:
1703:
1667:
1649:
312:. A challenge was issued to a championship title holder accompanied by
101:
English billiards originated in England, and was originally called the
50:
602:
2163:
2031:
1965:
1873:
1811:
1711:
1683:
1569:
364:
254:
1393:
1970:
1843:
1697:
1355:
796:
1890:
1367:
508:
394:
282:
82:
865:
863:
850:
848:
559:
in snooker) and the first player begins by playing in-hand from
1980:
120:
The winning game was played with two white balls, and was a 12-
16:
Cue sport combining the disciples of carom and pocket billiards
1618:
1387:
1269:
1054:
reuses information from other sources but does not name them.
860:
845:
1384:
Official Rules of the Games of Snooker and English Billiards
746:
Playing a 16th consecutive hazard or 76th consecutive cannon
731:
Playing/Striking the opponent's cue ball or Red object ball
433:
516:
To see who will be the starting player, players perform a
273:; the game's longest-running champion was an Australian,
1376:
975:
875:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
2294:
are standardized by international sanctioning bodies.
1065:
Parish to Planet: How Football Came to Rule the World
727:
There are a few different ways a foul can occur, by:
2236:
World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association
1550:
Coaches, managers and promoters in English billiards
1485:
World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association
921:
833:
777:
World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association
810:
105:, folding in the names of three predecessor games,
1107:, which published the article on 18 January 1885.
690:. If the middle spot is occupied, it goes on the
414:There are three balls. They are the same size as
228:, a game popular in various countries of western
2303:
1182:The Illustrated Principles of Pool and Billiards
512:A game in progress, red ball about to be potted.
1237:Byrne's New Standard Book of Pool and Billiards
1157:(3rd ed.). New York City: Balkline Press.
1034:International encyclopaedia of sports and games
2229:International Billiards and Snooker Federation
1533:List of UK Open Billiards Championship winners
1499:International Billiards and Snooker Federation
1377:International Billiards and Snooker Federation
765:International Billiards and Snooker Federation
1634:
1469:British Junior English Billiards Championship
1409:
1136:The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Billiards
962:
960:
1449:Women's Professional Billiards Championship
1152:
869:
854:
1641:
1627:
1464:ACBS English Billiards Asian Championships
1416:
1402:
743:Jumping one's cue ball over an object ball
199:" have become the usual terms for them in
1206:
1178:
1110:
1085:
1058:
957:
915:
904:
893:
303:Billiards Association and Control Council
279:World Professional Billiards Championship
81:with the same dimensions as one used for
601:
507:
23:A late nineteenth century match between
18:
2214:World Confederation of Billiards Sports
1555:World Confederation of Billiards Sports
997:
2304:
1459:English Amateur Billiards Championship
1301:Leider, Nicholas (February 12, 2010).
1300:
1258:
1130:
927:
881:
839:
827:
760:English Amateur Billiards Championship
331:From 1870 to 1983 the champions were:
2062:Artistic Billiards World Championship
1622:
1511:Billiards and Snooker Control Council
1423:
1397:
1230:
1153:Stein, Victor; Rubino, Paul (2008) .
1031:
981:
966:
503:
467:Red – an object ball for both players
69:(one white and one yellow) and a red
2067:UMB World Three-cushion Championship
1454:World Women's Billiards Championship
1071:: Know the Score Books. p. 59.
1036:. Vol. 1. Mittal Publications.
1003:The History of Snooker and Billiards
1543:Female players of English billiards
13:
2089:World Women's Snooker Championship
1172:
1007:The Story of Billiards and Snooker
797:"Welcome to englishBilliards.org!"
734:Making any ball jump off the table
409:
14:
2328:
2121:WPA World Eight-ball Championship
1444:IBSF World Billiards Championship
1347:
770:IBSF World Billiards Championship
103:winning and losing carambole game
2279:
2116:World Straight Pool Championship
2094:WPA World Nine-ball Championship
1810:
1602:
1207:Alciatore, David G. (May 2017).
2224:World Pool-Billiard Association
2111:WPA World Ten-ball Championship
933:
610:Points are awarded as follows:
570:The idea is to leave the balls
339:, (1870, 1871, 1875–77, 1885);
1648:
1304:Pool and Billiards For Dummies
1216:. Union Square & Company.
1138:. New York City: Lyons Press.
1111:NYT staff (21 November 1915).
909:
898:
887:
789:
669:
535:The red ball is placed on the
1:
2317:Sports originating in England
2148:Cue sports at the World Games
1505:Women's Billiards Association
1338:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1292:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1259:Eckert, Ralph (May 8, 2015).
1086:NYT staff (21 January 1885).
991:
439:The balls are designated as:
399:English-style eight-ball pool
288:
53:that combines the aspects of
1590:Glossary of cue sports terms
1538:Players of English billiards
1439:World Billiards Championship
1242:Harcourt Brace & Company
1179:Alciatore, David G. (2017).
7:
2176:European Pool Championships
753:
674:If the red is potted it is
606:Playing for a losing hazard
594:) to the top-side cushion.
347:, (1899–1900, 1901, 1903);
10:
2333:
2084:Six-red World Championship
2072:World Snooker Championship
1368:Event results and Rankings
1190:Union Square & Company
1061:"The Football Association"
597:
551:of the table (same as the
379:, (1968–76, 1982–83); and
206:The final element was the
167:off the opponent's ball. "
117:that combined to form it.
96:
85:and points are scored for
2275:
2244:
2219:Union Mondiale de Billard
2206:
2156:
2050:
1999:
1927:
1882:
1819:
1808:
1656:
1598:
1520:
1477:
1431:
1155:The Billiard Encyclopedia
941:"Teresa Billington-Greig"
740:A double-hit or push shot
93:and pocketing the balls.
2042:Comparison of cue sports
1528:Billiards world rankings
1059:Midwinter, Eric (2007).
782:
719:
404:
224:) shot, which came from
1088:"The Thirty-eight Game"
870:Stein & Rubino 2008
855:Stein & Rubino 2008
388:Teresa Billington-Greig
113:, and an early form of
47:former British colonies
2290:The rules of games in
607:
513:
363:, (1921–22, 1924–27);
355:, (1908–09, 1912–19);
31:
2286:Cue sports portal
1609:Cue sports portal
1032:Kumar, Ashok (2000).
605:
511:
453:for player 1, and an
299:Billiards Association
22:
1956:Danish pin billiards
691:
683:
675:
650:
642:
632:
624:
614:
587:
579:
571:
560:
552:
544:
536:
525:
517:
454:
446:
313:
246:
233:
217:
208:
192:
184:
176:
168:
160:
149:
138:
130:
121:
86:
70:
62:
984:, pp. 101–104.
351:, (1901, 1909–11);
343:, (1870, 1880–81);
335:, (1870, 1871–74);
2143:World Pool Masters
1863:Artistic billiards
1675:British eight-ball
1390:, revised May 2022
1364:Official website)
1117:The New York Times
1105:Rochester Democrat
1011:Haywards Heath, UK
1009:, 1979 ed.).
608:
514:
504:Beginning the game
230:Continental Europe
32:
2312:English billiards
2299:
2298:
2133:World Cup of Pool
1938:English billiards
1914:Brazilian snooker
1616:
1615:
1425:English billiards
1164:978-0-615-17092-3
1078:978-1-905449-30-9
1055:
884:, pp. 61–62.
418:(52.5 mm or
297:of the game, the
253:in favour of the
35:English billiards
2324:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2207:Governing bodies
1986:Ground billiards
1909:American snooker
1814:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1575:Rack (billiards)
1521:Related articles
1478:Governing bodies
1418:
1411:
1404:
1395:
1394:
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1291:
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1267:
1255:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1187:
1168:
1149:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1103:Copied from the
1102:
1100:
1098:
1082:
1049:
1047:
1028:
985:
979:
973:
964:
955:
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919:
913:
907:
902:
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885:
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873:
867:
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837:
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618:
591:
583:
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564:
556:
548:
540:
529:
521:
487:
486:
482:
458:
450:
431:
430:
426:
423:
397:and the rise of
359:, (1920, 1923);
337:John Roberts Jr.
325:John Roberts Sr.
317:
271:British colonies
250:
237:
221:
212:
196:
188:
180:
172:
164:
153:
142:
134:
125:
107:the winning game
90:
74:
66:
37:, called simply
25:John Roberts, Jr
2332:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2321:
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2301:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2280:
2278:
2271:
2240:
2202:
2152:
2054:
2052:
2046:
1995:
1945:Russian pyramid
1923:
1898:Six-red snooker
1878:
1821:Carom billiards
1815:
1806:
1707:and trick shots
1652:
1647:
1617:
1612:
1603:
1601:
1594:
1516:
1491:World Billiards
1473:
1427:
1422:
1375:
1374:
1362:World Billiards
1356:World Billiards
1354:
1353:
1350:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1307:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1265:
1252:
1224:
1213:
1200:
1185:
1175:
1173:Further reading
1165:
1146:
1121:
1119:
1096:
1094:
1079:
1052:tertiary source
1044:
1025:
994:
989:
988:
980:
976:
965:
958:
949:
947:
939:
938:
934:
926:
922:
914:
910:
903:
899:
892:
888:
880:
876:
868:
861:
853:
846:
838:
834:
826:
811:
801:
799:
795:
794:
790:
785:
756:
722:
697:
689:
681:
672:
658:simultaneously.
656:
648:
638:
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620:
600:
593:
585:
577:
566:
558:
550:
542:
531:
523:
506:
484:
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479:
460:
452:
428:
424:
421:
419:
412:
410:Balls and table
407:
373:Clark McConachy
353:Melbourne Inman
349:H. W. Stevenson
319:
310:challenge match
291:
277:, who held the
252:
239:
226:carom billiards
223:
214:
201:British English
198:
190:
182:
174:
166:
155:
144:
136:
127:
115:carom billiards
111:the losing game
99:
92:
79:billiards table
76:
68:
55:carom billiards
17:
12:
11:
5:
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475:billiard table
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436:within a set.
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369:Walter Lindrum
345:Charles Dawson
341:Joseph Bennett
295:governing body
290:
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275:Walter Lindrum
171:Winning hazard
98:
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43:United Kingdom
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29:Edward Diggle
26:
21:
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2267:Competitions
2157:Other events
1943:
1937:
1936:
1904:Snooker plus
1896:
1889:
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1782:Pyramid pool
1752:Fifteen-ball
1704:
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1487:(1946-date)
1432:Competitions
1424:
1303:
1261:
1236:
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1181:
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1135:
1132:Shamos, Mike
1120:. Retrieved
1116:
1104:
1095:. Retrieved
1091:
1064:
1033:
1015:Partridge Pr
1006:
1002:
977:
948:. Retrieved
944:
935:
923:
918:, p. 59
911:
900:
889:
877:
872:, p. 80
857:, p. 81
835:
800:. Retrieved
791:
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707:
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694:pyramid spot
673:
665:
661:
609:
569:
534:
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472:
461:for player 2
445:White – the
438:
413:
392:
385:
377:Rex Williams
357:Willie Smith
333:William Cook
330:
322:
309:
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292:
267:Willie Hoppe
259:
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205:
158:
147:
119:
110:
106:
102:
100:
45:and in many
38:
34:
33:
2138:Mosconi Cup
2055:tournaments
1961:Bumper pool
1929:Other games
1837:One-cushion
1737:Cowboy pool
1722:Bottle pool
1513:(1919-1992)
1507:(1931-1976)
1501:(1971-date)
1493:(2011-date)
1312:For Dummies
1097:13 December
1069:Studley, UK
928:Shamos 1999
882:Shamos 1999
840:Shamos 1999
828:Shamos 1999
686:middle spot
670:Other rules
457:object ball
263:cowboy pool
236:object ball
73:object ball
2306:Categories
2252:Cue sports
2245:Categories
2012:Techniques
1802:Three-ball
1797:Speed pool
1792:Seven-ball
1777:One-pocket
1767:Kelly pool
1727:Bowlliards
1668:Eight-ball
1650:Cue sports
1122:2 February
992:References
982:Kumar 2000
969:, p.
967:Kumar 2000
950:2018-10-16
802:2 February
555:black spot
383:, (1980).
381:Fred Davis
361:Tom Newman
293:The first
289:As a sport
2181:U.S. Open
2164:Euro Tour
2126:champions
2104:champions
2077:champions
2032:Cue stick
2000:Resources
1966:Bagatelle
1919:Shoot Out
1874:Goriziana
1869:Four-ball
1856:Five-pins
1747:Cutthroat
1712:Bank pool
1684:Nine-ball
1334:cite book
1288:cite book
678:respotted
496:and home
365:Joe Davis
255:cue stick
133:stringing
65:cue balls
51:cue sport
39:billiards
2007:Glossary
1971:Boccette
1844:Balkline
1787:Rotation
1762:Honolulu
1742:Cribbage
1717:Baseball
1698:Ten-ball
1234:(1998).
1134:(1999).
1001:(1986).
754:See also
449:cue ball
2292:italics
2257:Players
2099:Women's
1891:Snooker
1883:Snooker
1732:Chicago
1308:(ebook)
1266:(ebook)
1214:(ebook)
1186:(ebook)
635:potting
598:Scoring
563:the "D"
543:at the
483:⁄
427:⁄
395:snooker
283:snooker
191:" and "
175:" and "
141:lagging
137:" (or "
97:History
89:cannons
83:snooker
49:, is a
41:in the
2196:9-Ball
2191:8-Ball
2169:events
1981:Novuss
1772:Killer
1322:
1276:
1248:
1220:
1196:
1161:
1142:
1075:
1048:
1040:
1021:
653:in-off
617:Cannon
590:frozen
211:cannon
195:in-off
61:. Two
2051:Major
1991:Slosh
1951:Kaisa
1660:games
1388:WPBSA
1316:Wiley
1270:Litho
1050:This
783:Notes
720:Fouls
582:tight
528:baulk
405:Rules
316:stake
220:carom
163:carom
145:").
124:point
2037:Rack
1757:Golf
1658:Pool
1340:link
1320:ISBN
1294:link
1274:ISBN
1246:ISBN
1218:ISBN
1194:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1140:ISBN
1124:2017
1099:2006
1073:ISBN
1038:ISBN
1019:ISBN
945:WCML
804:2017
631:(or
574:safe
539:spot
494:pubs
473:The
216:(or
152:foul
59:pool
57:and
27:and
971:101
547:top
520:lag
187:pot
2308::
1336:}}
1332:{{
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649:(
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