1153:
2118:
297:
1064:
561:
325:
799:
613:
968:
144:
32:
807:
1876:, which provided that "in every act passed on or after 1 April 1974, and in every instrument made on or after that date under any enactment (whether before, on or after that date) "Wales", subject to any alterations of boundaries..." included "the administrative county of Monmouthshire and the county borough of Newport". The legal boundary between England and Wales therefore passes along Monmouthshire's eastern boundaries with
1544:
176:
165:
1490:
1912:
1311:
1856:
Ancient and
Historical Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire" in 1908, referred to "Wales and Monmouthshire", so that it was treated as one with Wales rather than as a legal part of Wales. The county's status continued to be a matter of debate in Parliament, especially as Welsh nationalism and devolution climbed the political agenda in the 20th century. In 1921 the area was included within the
317:
1140:. However, after his most powerful ally – Earl Elfgar of Mercia and East Anglia – died, Harold and Tostig Godwinson took advantage of the situation – Gruffudd being besieged in Snowdonia – and invaded Wales. In 1063, Gruffudd was killed by his own men. Harold returned many of the Welsh princes their lands, so that after Harold's death at the
2157:. Most of these areas were not incorporated fully into England until the 16th century, and native Welsh speakers still lived there until at least the 19th century. Equally, placenames of English origin can be found on the Welsh side of the border where there was Mercian and Norman settlement, particularly in the north east, such as
1611:
briefly retuning from 1563 to 1588. At this point, the boundary between
England and Wales, which has existed ever since, was effectively fixed. In the border areas, five new counties were created: Denbighshire, Montgomeryshire, Radnorshire, Brecknockshire and Monmouthshire; and Flintshire gained some
1855:
The 1911 Encyclopædia
Britannica unambiguously described the county as part of England, but noted that "whenever an act is intended to apply to alone, then Wales is always coupled with Monmouthshire". Some legislation and UK government decisions, such as the establishment of a "Royal Commission on
1636:
Thus was created the border between Wales and
England, a border which has survived until today. It did not follow the old line of Offa's Dyke nor the eastern boundary of the Welsh dioceses; it excluded districts such as Oswestry and Ewias, where the Welsh language would continue to be spoken for
1079:
which was later to form the basis of local administration throughout
England and eventually Wales originated in Wessex, where it became established during the 8th century. Wessex and Mercia gradually established an occasionally unstable alliance, with Wessex gaining the upper hand. According to
1039:
completed a major survey of the Dyke and stated that it ran from the Dee to the Severn, as Asser suggested, but with gaps, especially in the
Herefordshire area, where natural barriers of strong rivers or dense forests provided sufficient defence. More recent research by David Hill and Margaret
1026:
is a massive linear earthwork, up to 65 feet (20 m) wide (including its surrounding ditch) and 8 feet (2.4 m) high. It is much larger and longer than Wat's Dyke, and runs roughly parallel to it. The earthwork was generally dug with the displaced soil piled into a bank on the
Mercian
1096:
were still culturally Welsh. It stated that the
English should only cross into the Welsh side, and vice versa, in the presence of an appointed man who had the responsibility of making sure that the foreigner was safely escorted back to the crossing point. In 926, Edward's successor
1811:
Although
Monmouthshire was included in the 16th century legislation, it was treated anomalously, with the result that its legal status as a Welsh county fell into some ambiguity and doubt until the 20th century. It was omitted from the second Act of Union, which established the
1289:
Over the next four centuries, Norman lords established mostly small lordships, at times numbering over 150, between the Dee and Severn and further west. The precise dates and means of formation of the lordships varied, as did their size. Hundreds of small castles, mostly of the
2011:, Cheshire, 9 miles (14 km) from the border, "voted" to become part of Wales in what was originally a joke ballot. Some residents sought to make a case for securing Welsh benefits such as free hospital parking and prescriptions. The modern border lies between the town of
1952:
included parts of north-west
Shropshire. The parishes transferred to the Diocese of Lichfield were: Criftins, Hengoed, Kinnerley, Knockin, Llanyblodwell, Llanymynech, Melverley, Morton, Oswestry, St Martins, Selattyn, Trefonen, Weston Rhyn and Whittington.
1294:
type, were built in the border area in the 12th and 13th centuries, predominantly by Norman lords as assertions of power as well as defences against Welsh raiders and rebels. Many new towns were established across the area, some such as Chepstow,
1425:. Encompassing two-thirds of modern Wales, the principality operated as an effectively independent entity from the reign of Llywelyn until 1283 (though it underwent a period of contraction during the early part of the reign of
1591:. Henry had not seen the need to reform the government of Wales at the beginning of his reign, but gradually he perceived a threat from some of the remaining Marcher lords and therefore instructed his chief minister,
3409:
2359:
2072:", to be placed at the borders of Wales. This became known as the "Landmark Wales" project, and a shortlist of 15 proposals was unveiled in 2007. However, the proposal was shelved after it failed to receive
3431:
1071:
Offa's Dyke largely remained the frontier between the Welsh and English in later centuries. By the 9th century, the expanding power of Mercia led to it gaining control over Ergyng and nearby
2061:
straddles the border, with the car park and some of the offices in England but the pitch in Wales. In the 2021–22 season, the club was threatened with legal action for failing to apply the
1307:
becoming successful trading centres, and these tended to be a focus of English settlement. However, the Welsh continued to attack English soil and supported rebellions against the Normans.
600:. The topographical contrast between the mountainous western areas and the generally lower-lying areas to the east is reflected in the nature of ancient settlements, with the majority of
1262:
no doubt records the extent of English penetration into Wales. This suggests that Offa's Dyke still approximately represented the boundary between England and Wales. However, during the
352:. It then loops south to include within England an area southwest of Chester, before rejoining the Dee, and then loops east of the river to include within Wales a large area known as
3903:
822:
between the British, the victors, and Anglo-Saxons attempting to reach the Severn estuary, but its date and location are very uncertain and it may equally well have taken place in
3934:
3586:
1040:
Worthington concluded that there is little evidence for the Dyke stretching "from sea to sea", but that the earthwork built by Offa stretched some 64 miles (103 km) between
3908:
3470:
1020:. As king, he rebuilt Mercia's hegemony over the southern English through military campaigns, and also caused the construction of Offa's Dyke, around the years 770 and 780.
2133:
are found to the west of the border, and those of English origin to the east. However, many historically Welsh names are also found east of the border, particularly around
1113:
laid down the boundary between England and Wales, particularly the disputed southern stretch where he specified that the eastern bank of the Wye should form the boundary.
3913:
3720:
2578:
1027:(eastern) side, providing an open view into Wales and suggesting that it was built by Mercia to guard against attacks or raids from Powys. The late 9th-century writer
3401:
2779:
3918:
3786:
2959:
2222:
3091:
2329:
1612:
additional territory. However, several of the marcher lordships were incorporated in whole or in part into English counties. The lordships of Ludlow, Clun,
1641:. Yet, as the purpose of the statute was to incorporate Wales into England, the location of the Welsh border was irrelevant to the purposes of its framers.
1016:, perhaps to protect recently acquired lands. After Æthelbald was killed in 757, a brief civil war in Mercia then ended in victory for his distant cousin,
2753:
3978:
3439:
288:
was part of Wales, or an English county treated for most purposes as though it were Welsh, was also settled by the 1972 Act, which included it in Wales.
1941:
since the 16th century was passed in 1881. Subsequently, the border between England and Wales has taken on increasing legal and political significance.
636:) were noted by Roman authors as fiercely resisting any occupation. As such the border area became a centre of military activity, with legions based at
404:, the boundary again follows the line of Offa's Dyke for about 2 miles (3 km), before looping eastwards to include within Wales a large area near
2828:
2351:
1394:
in the south, collectively defined an area which included both the Principality and the March, and coincided closely with later definitions of Wales.
1210:, the first castle in Britain built of stone, near the mouth of the Wye. It served as a base from which the Normans continued to expand westward into
941:, which became known to Welsh poets as "The Paradise of Powys". The areas were occupied by Anglo-Saxon groups who became sub-kingdoms of Mercia, the
850:
in the southern Cotswolds was won by the Anglo-Saxons, and led to Wessex extending its control to the Severn estuary and the cities of Gloucester,
2600:
3616:
3642:
3272:
1338:, which remained based in Gwynedd in the north west of the country. By the early 12th century, they covered the areas which would later become
3815:
3379:
3327:
3301:
2262:
1840:, it gradually "came to be regarded as an English county". Under that interpretation, the boundary between England and Wales passed down the
905:
or "the Old North". Within a few decades, the Welsh became engaged in further defensive warfare against the increasingly powerful kingdom of
584:, all the native inhabitants of the island (other than the Pictish/Caledonian tribes of what is now northern Scotland—and also excepting the
1607:. The powers of the marcher lordships were abolished, and their areas formed into new counties, or amalgamated into existing ones, with the
1583:
However, the Marches remained outside the shire system, and at least nominally outside the control of the English monarchy, until the first
616:
Distribution of the legions across the Roman Empire in 80 AD, showing two legions stationed near what would become the England-Wales border.
376:, the boundary then loops to the west, following Offa's Dyke itself for about 2 miles (3 km), and including within England the town of
2212:
96:
3779:
3070:
2854:
2723:
68:
3578:
3124:
1033:"terrified all the neighbouring kings and provinces around him, and ... had a great dyke built between Wales and Mercia from sea to sea"
3139:
1960:, was established for Wales, and it assumed an increasing range of administrative responsibilities. By 1992, the Welsh Office oversaw
49:
866:, who may have arisen from intermarriage between Anglo-Saxon and British leading families, possibly the successors to the pre-Roman
75:
2300:
a power in England which was akin to a separate country, with its own legal system and courts, and an almost independent government
1060:, may in their view have been built for different purposes at different times, although their conclusions are themselves disputed.
3496:
3462:
3249:
3222:
3963:
3353:
2381:
669:
In most of Wales, the militaristic nature of the occupation was in stark contrast to that of southeast Britain. As such, by the
3772:
2927:
1088:
also secured homage from the Welsh, although sporadic border unrest continued. In the early 10th century, a document known as
82:
3968:
3755:
3675:
2838:
1865:
1433:'s rule in 1246). Its independence was characterised by a separate legal jurisprudence based on the well established laws of
3712:
2674:
1787:
were an administrative division being the lowest level since the 1500's some crossed the border all the way up until 1894:
3526:
2775:
1092:
records procedures for dealing with disputes between the English and the Welsh, and implies that areas west of the Wye in
3993:
717:. Gwynedd, at the height of its power, extended as far east as the Dee estuary. Gradually, from the 5th century onwards,
64:
1820:, rather than one as elsewhere in Wales. However, in ecclesiastical terms, almost all of the county remained within the
1374:
were Welsh principalities that passed by marriage into the hands of Norman barons. In ecclesiastical terms, the ancient
3689:
2949:
1128:
and the Kingdom of Gwent, together with substantial territories east of Offa's Dyke, and raided as far as Chester and
3998:
3958:
2531:
2480:
2448:
2105:
economy by around £100m a year. In September 2017, Cairns confirmed that tolls would be reduced in January 2018 when
2073:
1462:" as legally part of the lands of England, and established shire counties on the English model over those areas. The
115:
3087:
2548:
3884:
3056:
2325:
2106:
1969:
1906:
1813:
1479:
1463:
229:
2321:
3556:
2872:
2027:. The postal and ecclesiastical borders are in places slightly different – for example the Shropshire village of
1938:
1837:
4003:
3983:
2889:
2805:
2745:
2626:
2355:
929:
in 656 when he had become overlord of the Mercians. Powys then withdrew from the lowland areas now in southern
682:
277:
53:
2981:
2700:
Brown, P.; King, P.; Remfry, P. (2004). "'Whittington Castle: the marcher fortress of the Fitz Warin family".
2003:, set up in 1999, has led to a divergence between England and Wales on some government policies. For example,
766:, centred in present-day southern Herefordshire west of the Wye (and deriving its name from the Roman town of
3764:
3003:
2647:
670:
762:(Caerleon). Gwent generally allied with, and at various times was joined with, the smaller Welsh kingdom of
3988:
3873:
3796:
1869:
2579:"Map showing the relationship between the modern Anglo-Welsh border... | Download Scientific Diagram"
882:
89:
2242:
2068:
A competition was launched in 2005 to design one or more new iconic images, along the same lines as the "
1413:
directly, and was formally founded in 1216, and later recognised by the 1218 Treaty of Worcester between
1256:; and west of Offa's Dyke, especially in Powys where a new castle was named, after its lord, Montgomery.
1214:, establishing a castle at Caerleon and extinguishing the Welsh kingdom of Gwent. William also installed
1872:, proposed to fully incorporate Monmouthshire into Wales. The issue was finally clarified in law by the
3889:
2592:
2062:
1195:
677:
in the east, and the more independent and tribal kingdoms to the west. This western area was, however,
3608:
3638:
1965:
1873:
281:
219:
3746:
Quinault, Roland (2014). "Unofficial Frontiers: Welsh-English Borderlands in the Victorian Period".
810:
Post-Roman Welsh kingdoms or tribes. The modern border between England and Wales is shown in purple.
2252:
2237:
1806:
1387:
1339:
1161:
1132:. He claimed sovereignty over the whole of Wales, a claim recognised by the English, and historian
858:. By about 600, however, the area of modern Gloucestershire east of the Severn, as well as most of
815:
593:
285:
3375:
3323:
3297:
3016:
564:
The approximate limit of coin-minting tribes in south Britain, and the limits of the campaigns of
2659:
2101:, announced that tolls would be abolished at the end of 2018, claiming that this would boost the
1625:
1267:
1231:
1133:
910:
452:
42:
2083:
2023:
straddles the line. Knighton is the only town that can claim to be on the border as well as on
1924:
1617:
1367:
1080:
Asser, the southern Welsh kings, including Hywel ap Rhys of Glywysing, commended themselves to
1045:
914:
520:
440:
369:
2719:
2322:"Crossing the border: road and rail links between England and Wales - Welsh Affairs Committee"
1067:
Map Showing Offa's dyke alongside other Medieval dykes and native Welsh Defensive architecture
993:
3853:
3118:
2202:
2050:
1945:
1833:
1829:
1588:
1501:
1398:
1335:
1110:
1013:
678:
393:
3057:"Map of the township of castlewright in the parish of Mainstone in the County of Montgomery"
439:, on the Welsh side of the border. It continues southwards and rises through and across the
3973:
3820:
3143:
2004:
1973:
1817:
1595:, to seek a solution. This, and a further Act in 1542, had the effect of annexing Wales to
1430:
1414:
1315:
1215:
1199:
1152:
1125:
1121:
1098:
926:
601:
460:
955:
in the southern part. Further south, the area north west of the Severn later known as the
8:
2257:
2044:
1977:
1949:
1821:
1621:
1608:
1455:
1451:
1391:
1383:
1279:
1219:
1052:
in Flintshire. Earthworks in the far north and south, including sections overlooking the
706:
589:
3492:
1844:, along Monmouthshire's western borders with Brecknockshire and Glamorgan, so including
1775:
There was a serious proposal to transfer English Maelor to England in the 19th century.
3681:
3245:
3218:
2217:
2207:
2069:
1985:
1596:
1426:
1418:
1359:
1271:
1203:
1141:
686:
475:, looping eastwards to include the town itself and a surrounding area within Wales. At
1334:, were to a greater or lesser extent independent of both the English monarchy and the
3751:
3671:
3349:
2997:
2950:"Territorial Waters: Question for Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs"
2834:
2527:
2501:
2476:
2444:
2158:
2032:
1604:
1584:
1519:
877:
in 616, the forces of Powys and other allied Brythonic kingdoms were defeated by the
874:
847:
401:
305:
296:
3028:
2910:
2117:
3863:
3200:
2923:
2267:
2232:
2130:
1473:
1379:
1291:
1085:
1081:
894:
886:
733:
702:
698:
690:
341:
337:
301:
280:
boundaries were created. The administrative boundary of Wales was confirmed in the
1286:, and so part of Wales. This involved a loss of direct rule by the English crown.
1063:
3824:
3522:
2227:
2182:
2094:
2012:
1920:
1881:
1857:
1848:, and other industrialised parts of what would now generally be considered to be
1592:
1510:
1459:
1422:
1410:
1371:
1207:
1181:
1165:
560:
544:
496:
444:
417:
268:
It has followed broadly the same line since the 8th century, and in part that of
2678:
2409:
Hillforts of the Iron Age in England and Wales: A Survey of the Surface Evidence
3804:
3518:
3071:"Presteigne Radnorshire & Herefordshire Family History Guide - Parishmouse"
2178:
2174:
2170:
2122:
2024:
2000:
1961:
1845:
1825:
1402:
1304:
1239:
1116:
By the mid-eleventh century, most of Wales had become united under the king of
1023:
1017:
983:
971:
956:
859:
819:
722:
674:
569:
492:
324:
269:
254:
207:
3794:
2873:
https://www.clwydfhs.org.uk/en/churches/threapwood-2022-08-30%7Caccess-date=19
612:
3952:
3926:
3113:
2954:
2272:
2090:
1989:
1930:
1877:
1841:
1697:
1467:
1355:
1327:
1259:
1227:
1189:
1173:
1001:
989:
938:
780:. The name Glywysing may indicate that it was founded by a British native of
750:
685:
attempted to continue Roman practices. The most successful of these were the
581:
577:
540:
528:
488:
479:, the boundary again reaches the Wye, and follows the river southwards, past
365:
20:
3204:
2660:"The Gatehouse website list of the castles and palaces of the Welsh Princes"
1988:, although the extent to which it was able to be autonomous from England in
1864:, established in 1965, included Monmouthshire within its remit, and in 1969
798:
3685:
2087:
2058:
2054:
1957:
1885:
1861:
1600:
1283:
1235:
1223:
1041:
1005:
658:
638:
456:
409:
389:
381:
273:
3665:
2648:
https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/54569299/FULL_TEXT.PDF
1637:
centuries, districts which it would not be wholly fanciful to consider as
1278:, hitherto in England. These lands were brought under English lordship by
967:
959:
seems to have remained in British (that is, Welsh) hands until about 760.
951:
148:
Map showing the England–Wales border, and local authorities on either side
2556:
2190:
2102:
2098:
2080:
2016:
1849:
1613:
1440:
1347:
1263:
1252:
1247:
1211:
1093:
878:
851:
405:
385:
309:
250:
3128:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 729.
854:, and Bath. This severed the land link between the Britons of Wales and
673:, there would have been a cultural border, between the highly Romanised
2505:
2040:
1996:
1573:
1458:. It assumed the lands held by the Princes of Gwynedd under the title "
1370:
had been part of England at the time of Domesday, while others such as
1343:
1319:
1129:
1106:
1053:
1009:
934:
922:
900:
890:
787:
648:
536:
516:
504:
436:
425:
421:
413:
361:
333:
143:
3548:
3042:
2007:
were abolished in Wales in 2007. In 2008, residents of the village of
1138:"the only Welsh king ever to rule over the entire territory of Wales."
1124:. In 1055, he marched on Hereford and sacked the city. He also seized
729:, conquered eastern and southern Britain, which later became England.
705:
in the east. Powys roughly coincided with the territory of the Celtic
3273:"English football club Chester warned for breaking Welsh Covid rules"
2166:
2154:
2036:
1981:
1916:
1889:
1444:
1435:
1351:
1266:
various Welsh princes were able to occupy lands beyond it, including
1157:
1102:
1036:
946:
843:
839:
777:
773:
768:
745:
741:
694:
625:
621:
500:
468:
464:
448:
432:
397:
3639:"Laws in Wales Acts (1535-42) | Exploring Celtic Civilizations"
3117:
2885:
2801:
2622:
1000:. However, campaigns by Powys against Mercia led to the building of
31:
2186:
2142:
2134:
2028:
1784:
1296:
1230:
of 1086, Norman lands are recorded west of the Wye at Chepstow and
1169:
1072:
1057:
1049:
930:
918:
855:
823:
806:
755:
718:
663:
653:
597:
565:
532:
503:
being administered as part of Wales and the neighbouring island of
484:
476:
472:
377:
1713:
Threapwood incorporated partly into England and partly into Wales
1144:, Wales was again divided without a leader to resist the Normans.
2247:
2162:
2150:
2138:
1564:
1543:
1534:
1375:
1117:
996:
established Mercia's hegemony over the Anglo-Saxons south of the
867:
737:
643:
633:
629:
585:
480:
357:
349:
345:
258:
170:
3432:"Drivers fear "hammer blow" rise in toll fees at Severn bridges"
1911:
1429:
in the 1240s, and again for several years from the beginning of
1322:. shown as it was in the year 1217 one year after its founding.
3017:
https://www.familysearch.org/en/Ellesmere,_Shropshire_Genealogy
2291:
Flint, Maelor Saesneg and Hawarden are administered by Cheshire
2008:
1684:
1489:
1470:, was also established in the 15th century to govern the area.
1310:
1300:
1275:
997:
906:
863:
835:
831:
827:
782:
763:
726:
353:
1616:
and part of Montgomery were incorporated into Shropshire; and
1206:, as Earl of Hereford. By 1071 he had started the building of
830:. However, it is more certain that the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of
3713:"The unique origins of our most well-known Welsh place names"
3191:
Griffiths, D. (1999). "The Welsh Office and Welsh Autonomy".
1629:
1555:
1177:
1076:
1028:
748:
and the Severn estuary. It was centred at different times on
524:
373:
262:
181:
1101:, "King of the English", summoned the Welsh kings including
487:
on the Welsh side, to its confluence with the Severn at the
332:
The modern boundary between Wales and England runs from the
2916:
2146:
1363:
1318:
as well as his vassals and areas occupied during the first
975:
1632:
were included in Herefordshire. According to John Davies:
2768:
2385:
2079:
The main road links over the border in the south are the
2020:
1246:); over the whole of north east Wales as far west as the
435:, and follows the river upstream for a short distance to
316:
272:; the modern boundary was fixed in 1536, when the former
3164:
Local Government Act 1972 (c.70), sections 1, 20 and 269
2878:
949:
in the northern part of what became Shropshire, and the
713:
or administrative centre during the Roman period was at
2830:
Leicester and the Court: Essays on Elizabethan Politics
2675:"The end of the Romans and the beginning of the Saxons"
2382:"'Urgent clarification' over Wales stamp duty tax call"
2223:
Cultural relationship between the Welsh and the English
870:. The Hwicce came increasingly under Mercian hegemony.
1474:
Formation of "England and Wales" and county boundaries
431:
The boundary continues southwards across hills to the
276:
which occupied the border area were abolished and new
2473:
The Welsh Border – archaeology, history and landscape
2065:
and allowing crowds to attend matches at the ground.
1923:
with England on the left and Wales on the right. The
1753:
Part of Threapwood transferred to England from Wales
1675:
Parts of Threapwood transferred to Wales and England
1454:
in 1284 followed the conquest of the Principality by
2015:
and its railway station, and divides the village of
3493:"Severn Bridge tolls to be reduced in January 2018"
2109:was removed. All tolls ceased on 17 December 2018.
1645:
388:. It follows the Vyrnwy to its confluence with the
372:(in England). Returning to the River Dee as far as
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2856:The_Journal_Life in Montgomeryshire_Murray Chapman
2555:. Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust. Archived from
885:. This divided the Britons of Wales from those in
834:emerged in the 6th and 7th centuries in the upper
620:During the Roman occupation, the tribes of Wales (
19:For the area loosely based around the border, see
3549:"Census Maps - Census 2021 data interactive, ONS"
3463:"Severn crossings tolls to be scrapped next year"
3402:"Councillor's campaign to end Severn Bridge toll"
2911:http://www.threapwoodhistory.org%7Caccess-date=19
1769:Territorial waters extended to 12 nautical miles
1705:Crooked Billet transferred to Wales from England
3950:
2984:. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024
1745:Llanrothal CP transferred to England from Wales
1729:Stanford farm transferred to England from Wales
1721:Territorial waters extended to 3 nautical miles
3172:
3170:
2982:""Wrexham History" – Yesterday, today, forever"
2699:
2521:
2185:; and in southeastern Monmouthshire, including
1956:In 1965, a separate government department, the
1900:
1692:Bwlch Trewyn transferred to Wales from England
1314:Map showing the Principality of Wales ruled by
736:broadly covered the same area as the pre-Roman
416:, and follows the river southeastwards through
2712:
2406:
2125:speakers in Wales according to the 2021 census
1824:, and most of its residents at the time spoke
1202:installed one of his most trusted confidants,
3780:
3663:
392:, and then continues southwards, rising over
3167:
740:, traditionally the area between the rivers
463:. It then generally follows the river, past
249:, runs for 160 miles (260 km) from the
3813:International land and maritime boundaries:
3750:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 279–292.
3180:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 2008.
2522:Hill, David; Worthington, Margaret (2003).
1816:, and like English shires it was given two
1358:. Some of the lordships, such as Oswestry,
1109:to a meeting at Hereford, and according to
1004:, an earthwork boundary extending from the
16:National boundary between England and Wales
3979:Historical geography of the United Kingdom
3787:
3773:
2926:. A vision of Britain through time. 2009.
2794:
2549:"The Final Word on Offa's Dyke? Review of
1832:it was added to the Oxford circuit of the
1737:Ffwddog transferred to Wales from England
510:
3190:
2553:, by David Hill and Margaret Worthington"
2495:
2263:Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border
2149:; and in southern Herefordshire, such as
1778:
818:, circa 500, could have been fought near
802:Peoples of southern Britain, circa 600 AD
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
3745:
3609:"FreeCEN Lancashire - Welsh place names"
3270:
3243:
3112:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2411:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
2213:Church of England border polls 1915–1916
2116:
1910:
1439:, and by the increasingly sophisticated
1309:
1222:at Chester, creating a new expansionist
1151:
1062:
966:
805:
797:
611:
559:
323:
315:
295:
3748:Borderlands in World History, 1700–1914
3460:
3178:The Welsh Academy Encyclopedia of Wales
2778:. The National library of wales. 2024.
2677:. Herefordshire Council. Archived from
2623:"History – Offa's Dyke Association"
1172:. The river forms the boundary between
862:, was controlled by another group, the
758:), from which it derived its name, and
491:. The boundary then continues down the
3951:
3795:Borders of the United Kingdom and its
3106:
3082:
3080:
3029:"Genuki: Llanymynech, Montgomeryshire"
2672:
2517:
2515:
2470:
2438:
2344:
2063:COVID-19 regulations applying in Wales
1761:Monmouthshire incorporated into Wales
1599:and creating a single state and legal
3768:
3710:
3473:from the original on 19 February 2018
3252:from the original on 3 September 2014
2888:. The Historic Counties Trust. 2018.
2826:
2457:
2415:
1090:The Ordinance Concerning the Dunsaete
1084:of Wessex in about 885. Alfred's son
588:of greater south-east Britain) spoke
3589:from the original on 16 January 2024
3499:from the original on 22 October 2017
1939:legislation applying solely to Wales
1836:, following which, according to the
1250:, an area known to the Welsh as the
721:tribes from the east, including the
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
3529:from the original on 2 October 2018
3324:"Gateway sculptures artists chosen"
3246:"English village votes to be Welsh"
3244:Williams, Brendon (25 April 2008).
3219:"Prescription charges end in Wales"
3142:. National Archives. Archived from
3077:
2512:
2362:from the original on 5 January 2016
1895:
1008:valley near Oswestry to the Dee at
328:Bilingual "Welcome to England" sign
13:
3739:
3723:from the original on 19 April 2024
3692:from the original on 19 April 2024
3645:from the original on 19 April 2024
3619:from the original on 19 April 2024
3559:from the original on 19 April 2024
3412:from the original on 14 March 2012
3298:"Gateway sculpture plan for Wales"
3225:from the original on 13 April 2012
3094:from the original on 26 March 2012
2962:from the original on 18 April 2024
2930:from the original on 18 March 2024
2892:from the original on 21 March 2024
2808:from the original on 21 March 2024
2804:. Threapwood history group. 2010.
2782:from the original on 21 March 2024
2756:from the original on 18 April 2024
2726:from the original on 21 March 2024
2702:Shropshire Archaeology and History
2629:from the original on 18 April 2024
2332:from the original on 25 March 2017
2145:; in southern Shropshire, such as
1700:transferred to England from Wales
1687:transferred to England from Wales
917:of England. The capital of Powys,
555:
455:on the English side, to reach the
14:
4015:
3711:Jones, Branwen (18 August 2022).
3438:. 15 October 2008. Archived from
3382:from the original on 6 March 2016
3376:"Giant postcard misses shortlist"
3356:from the original on 11 June 2011
3330:from the original on 6 March 2016
3304:from the original on 6 March 2016
3271:MacInnes, Paul (7 January 2022).
3140:"National Archives: Welsh Office"
2720:"The Story of Llywelyn the Great"
2603:from the original on 22 July 2023
2546:
1828:. In the late 17th century under
1409:) covered the lands ruled by the
1147:
856:those of the south west peninsula
420:before turning south towards the
336:of the Dee estuary adjoining the
320:Bilingual "Welcome to Wales" sign
3461:Slawson, Nicola (21 July 2017).
2746:"Earls of Chester - Chesterwiki"
2500:. The Forest of Dean Newspaper.
2326:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2137:in northern Shropshire, such as
1800:
1646:Changes to the border after 1536
1542:
1488:
897:, an area which became known as
412:. It then runs westwards to the
230:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542
174:
163:
142:
30:
3704:
3657:
3631:
3601:
3571:
3541:
3511:
3495:. BBC News. 15 September 2017.
3485:
3454:
3424:
3394:
3368:
3342:
3316:
3290:
3264:
3237:
3211:
3184:
3158:
3132:
3063:
3049:
3035:
3021:
3010:
2974:
2942:
2904:
2866:
2847:
2833:. Manchester University Press.
2820:
2738:
2693:
2666:
2652:
2641:
2615:
2585:
2571:
2524:Offa's Dyke – history and guide
2294:
2285:
1783:Townships unlike the "Ancient"
1035:. In the mid-20th century, Sir
793:
340:, across reclaimed land to the
241:, sometimes referred to as the
41:needs additional citations for
3964:1536 establishments in England
2551:Offa's Dyke: History and Guide
2540:
2489:
2400:
2374:
2356:Office for National Statistics
2314:
2112:
962:
1:
3882:Land and maritime boundaries:
3670:. University of Wales Press.
3378:. BBC News. 23 October 2007.
3326:. BBC News. 8 February 2007.
2307:
1968:, roads, historic buildings,
1587:was introduced in 1535 under
772:); and the larger kingdom of
3969:1536 establishments in Wales
3874:British Overseas Territories
2177:; in central Powys, such as
1907:Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542
1901:English and Welsh boundaries
1870:Secretary of State for Wales
1838:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
1667:Clun transferred to England
1480:Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542
607:
604:found in this western area.
515:The boundary passes between
291:
7:
3579:"Place-Names of Shropshire"
3352:. BBC News. 13 April 2007.
2407:Forde-Johnston, J. (1976).
2243:Little England beyond Wales
2196:
499:, with the small island of
308:, England, to the left and
304:marking the border between
10:
4020:
3994:History of Gloucestershire
3221:. BBC News. 1 April 2007.
2131:placenames of Welsh origin
2121:Map to show proportion of
1904:
1804:
1603:, commonly referred to as
1477:
1196:Norman conquest of England
1187:
981:
550:
18:
3872:
3803:
3043:"Churchstoke - Wikishire"
3002:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2496:Mansfield, R. J. (1964).
2352:"The Countries of the UK"
1874:Local Government Act 1972
1679:
1136:states that Gruffudd was
701:in the southwest and the
428:, which is within Wales.
282:Local Government Act 1972
257:in the south, separating
225:
220:Local Government Act 1972
213:
200:
195:
187:
158:
153:
141:
132:
3999:History of Herefordshire
3300:. BBC News. 5 May 2005.
2722:. celticlifeintl. 2021.
2673:Greene, Miranda (2005).
2593:"History of Offa's Dyke"
2278:
2253:Monmouthshire (historic)
2238:List of Anglo-Welsh Wars
2039:, and the Welsh town of
1884:, essentially along the
1807:Monmouthshire (historic)
816:Battle of Mons Badonicus
732:In the south, the Welsh
594:Insular Celtic languages
3350:"Iconic Welsh gateways"
3205:10.1111/1467-9299.00180
3125:Encyclopædia Britannica
2471:Rowley, Trevor (1986).
1992:is a matter of debate.
1814:Court of Great Sessions
1268:Whittington, Shropshire
1056:and east of the Wye at
596:, and were regarded as
511:Administrative boundary
453:Longtown, Herefordshire
253:, in the north, to the
3664:Davies, Janet (2014).
2126:
2084:Second Severn Crossing
1946:Welsh Disestablishment
1934:
1925:Second Severn Crossing
1779:Cross border townships
1643:
1406:
1354:, Carmarthenshire and
1323:
1243:
1194:Immediately after the
1185:
1068:
1048:in Herefordshire, and
979:
811:
803:
697:in the southeast, the
689:in the northwest, the
617:
592:, a sub-family of the
576:Before and during the
573:
521:Wrexham County Borough
451:on the Welsh side and
380:, before reaching the
370:Whitchurch, Shropshire
329:
321:
313:
65:"England–Wales border"
4004:Territorial evolution
3984:History of Shropshire
3931:Caribbean Netherlands
3193:Public Administration
3119:"Monmouthshire"
2886:"Historic boundaries"
2827:Adams, Simon (2002).
2750:chester.shoutwiki.com
2526:. Tempus Publishing.
2475:. Tempus Publishing.
2439:Davies, John (1993).
2203:Anglo-Scottish border
2120:
2093:. In July 2017, the
2051:National League North
1999:in Wales through the
1995:The establishment of
1933:is in the foreground.
1914:
1634:
1527: other lordships
1502:Principality of Wales
1399:Principality of Wales
1372:the Lordship of Powys
1336:Principality of Wales
1313:
1226:in each case. In the
1155:
1111:William of Malmesbury
1066:
970:
809:
801:
632:, and especially the
615:
563:
327:
319:
312:, Wales, to the right
299:
3959:England–Wales border
3895:Maritime boundaries:
3851:Internal boundaries:
3831:Maritime boundaries:
3797:Overseas Territories
3090:. BBC. August 2009.
3073:. 25 September 2020.
2776:"Laws in Wales Acts"
2005:prescription charges
1974:economic development
1818:Knights of the Shire
1431:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
1415:Llywelyn ab Iorwerth
1316:Llywelyn ab Iorwerth
1216:Roger de Montgomerie
1122:Gruffudd ap Llywelyn
927:Oswiu of Northumbria
921:, at or near modern
602:hillforts in Britain
507:as part of England.
471:(in Wales), towards
243:Wales–England border
239:England–Wales border
133:England–Wales border
50:improve this article
3989:History of Cheshire
3821:Metropolitan France
3583:University of Wales
3519:"Severn tolls axed"
3408:. 6 November 2008.
3146:on 19 November 2007
2045:Diocese of Hereford
1997:devolved government
1950:Diocese of St Asaph
1927:is in the distance.
1822:Diocese of Llandaff
1652:
1651:Changes after 1536
1609:Lordship of Denbigh
1456:Edward I of England
1452:Statute of Rhuddlan
1346:, Montgomeryshire,
1280:Henry II of England
1218:at Shrewsbury, and
994:Æthelbald of Mercia
925:, was conquered by
913:in what became the
895:south west Scotland
846:areas. In 577, the
590:Brythonic languages
136:Ffin Cymru a Lloegr
3904:Dominican Republic
3700:– via JSTOR.
3613:sites.rootsweb.com
3525:. 2 October 2018.
2681:on 3 November 2011
2441:A History of Wales
2218:Cross-border derby
2208:Berwick upon Tweed
2127:
2070:Angel of the North
2043:is in the English
1986:urban regeneration
1935:
1852:, within England.
1650:
1511:Earldom of Chester
1427:Dafydd ap Llywelyn
1386:in the north, and
1350:, Brecknockshire,
1324:
1272:Whittington Castle
1264:anarchy of Stephen
1204:William FitzOsbern
1186:
1142:Battle of Hastings
1069:
992:abdicated in 726,
980:
812:
804:
687:Kingdom of Gwynedd
681:, and a number of
618:
574:
330:
322:
314:
247:Anglo-Welsh border
214:Current shape
191:160 miles (260 km)
3946:
3945:
3757:978-1-137-32058-2
3677:978-1-78316-019-8
2924:"LlanrothalAP/CP"
2840:978-0-7190-5325-2
2388:. 21 January 2017
1773:
1772:
1639:Cambria irredenta
1605:England and Wales
1585:Laws in Wales Act
1520:marcher lordships
1419:Prince of Gwynedd
1407:Tywysogaeth Cymru
1284:Marcher lordships
1184:, England (right)
875:Battle of Chester
848:Battle of Deorham
679:largely Christian
671:end of Roman rule
467:(in England) and
274:marcher lordships
235:
234:
126:
125:
118:
100:
4011:
3909:Caribbean France
3864:Irish Sea border
3854:England–Scotland
3789:
3782:
3775:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3442:on 15 April 2012
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3174:
3165:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3121:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3019:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3001:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2656:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2597:English Heritage
2589:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2468:
2455:
2454:
2436:
2413:
2412:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2358:. 6 April 2010.
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2328:. 6 March 2013.
2318:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2268:Severnside derby
2258:Offa's Dyke Path
2233:History of Wales
1966:local government
1896:The border today
1653:
1649:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1546:
1532:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1492:
1464:Council of Wales
1292:motte and bailey
1220:Hugh d'Avranches
1162:1816 road bridge
1086:Edward the Elder
1082:Alfred the Great
1075:. The system of
1031:wrote that Offa
887:Northern England
734:kingdom of Gwent
703:Kingdom of Powys
699:Kingdom of Dyfed
691:Kingdom of Gwent
683:successor states
443:, following the
338:Wirral Peninsula
206:Construction of
180:
178:
177:
169:
167:
166:
146:
130:
129:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4008:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3868:
3825:English Channel
3799:
3793:
3758:
3742:
3740:Further reading
3737:
3736:
3726:
3724:
3709:
3705:
3695:
3693:
3678:
3662:
3658:
3648:
3646:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3622:
3620:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3592:
3590:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3562:
3560:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3523:BBC News Online
3517:
3516:
3512:
3502:
3500:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3474:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3443:
3436:This is Bristol
3430:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3359:
3357:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3333:
3331:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3307:
3305:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3279:
3269:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3242:
3238:
3228:
3226:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3189:
3185:
3176:
3175:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3088:"Monmouthshire"
3086:
3085:
3078:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3011:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2963:
2958:. 3 July 2017.
2948:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2895:
2893:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2671:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2559:on 3 March 2016
2545:
2541:
2534:
2520:
2513:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2469:
2458:
2451:
2437:
2416:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2228:Debatable lands
2199:
2115:
2095:Welsh Secretary
1928:
1921:Bristol Channel
1909:
1903:
1898:
1882:Gloucestershire
1858:Church in Wales
1834:English Assizes
1809:
1803:
1781:
1648:
1593:Thomas Cromwell
1581:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1567:
1560:
1558:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1515:
1513:
1506:
1504:
1497:
1493:
1482:
1476:
1460:Prince of Wales
1423:John of England
1411:Prince of Wales
1208:Chepstow Castle
1192:
1182:Gloucestershire
1150:
1012:in what became
986:
965:
893:, Cumbria, and
796:
610:
558:
556:Ancient Britain
553:
545:Gloucestershire
513:
497:Bristol Channel
445:Hatterall Ridge
441:Black Mountains
368:(in Wales) and
294:
218:
205:
175:
173:
164:
162:
154:Characteristics
149:
134:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4017:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3932:
3929:
3924:
3921:
3916:
3914:Pacific France
3911:
3906:
3901:
3898:
3892:
3887:
3878:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3828:
3818:
3809:
3807:
3805:United Kingdom
3801:
3800:
3792:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3756:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3703:
3676:
3656:
3630:
3600:
3570:
3553:www.ons.gov.uk
3540:
3510:
3484:
3453:
3423:
3393:
3367:
3341:
3315:
3289:
3263:
3236:
3210:
3199:(4): 793–807.
3183:
3166:
3157:
3131:
3116:, ed. (1911).
3114:Chisholm, Hugh
3105:
3076:
3062:
3048:
3034:
3020:
3009:
2973:
2941:
2915:
2903:
2877:
2865:
2846:
2839:
2819:
2793:
2767:
2737:
2711:
2692:
2665:
2651:
2640:
2614:
2584:
2570:
2539:
2532:
2511:
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2481:
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2303:
2302:
2293:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2277:
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2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2171:English Maelor
2114:
2111:
2053:football club
2001:Welsh Assembly
1905:Main article:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1842:Rhymney valley
1805:Main article:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1755:
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1746:
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1735:
1731:
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1715:
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1707:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1688:
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1677:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1647:
1644:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1548:
1541:
1540:
1529:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1494:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1478:Main article:
1475:
1472:
1436:Cyfraith Hywel
1332:Marchia Wallia
1276:Maelor Saesneg
1188:Main article:
1149:
1148:March of Wales
1146:
982:Main article:
964:
961:
957:Forest of Dean
860:Worcestershire
795:
792:
675:Romano-British
609:
606:
580:occupation of
570:Aulus Plautius
557:
554:
552:
549:
512:
509:
493:Severn estuary
356:, formerly an
293:
290:
255:Severn estuary
233:
232:
227:
223:
222:
215:
211:
210:
202:
198:
197:
193:
192:
189:
185:
184:
160:
156:
155:
151:
150:
147:
139:
138:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4016:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3938:
3936:
3935:United States
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3859:England–Wales
3857:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3790:
3785:
3783:
3778:
3776:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3759:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3743:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3660:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3161:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3072:
3066:
3058:
3052:
3044:
3038:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3013:
3005:
2999:
2983:
2977:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2955:UK Parliament
2951:
2945:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2912:
2907:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2874:
2869:
2862:. p. 17.
2858:
2857:
2850:
2842:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2823:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2644:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2580:
2574:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2543:
2535:
2533:0-7524-1958-7
2529:
2525:
2518:
2516:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2484:
2482:0-7524-1917-X
2478:
2474:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2452:
2450:0-14-028475-3
2446:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2410:
2403:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2297:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2273:Welsh Marches
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2119:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2091:Severn Bridge
2089:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2057:'s ground at
2056:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1990:public policy
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1972:, education,
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1948:in 1920, the
1947:
1942:
1940:
1932:
1931:Severn Bridge
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:Herefordshire
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:George Thomas
1863:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1801:Monmouthshire
1798:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1776:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1698:Welsh Bicknor
1696:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1642:
1640:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1545:
1536:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1491:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1468:Ludlow Castle
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:Pembrokeshire
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1340:Monmouthshire
1337:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1282:, but became
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1260:Domesday Book
1257:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1244:Gwent Is-coed
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:Domesday Book
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1190:Welsh Marches
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:Monmouthshire
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:Ine of Wessex
985:
978:in Shropshire
977:
973:
969:
960:
958:
954:
953:
948:
944:
940:
939:Herefordshire
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
915:West Midlands
912:
908:
904:
902:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:Northumbrians
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
808:
800:
791:
789:
785:
784:
779:
775:
771:
770:
765:
761:
757:
753:
752:
747:
743:
739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
660:
655:
651:
650:
645:
641:
640:
635:
631:
627:
623:
614:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
571:
567:
562:
548:
546:
542:
541:Herefordshire
538:
534:
531:in Wales and
530:
529:Monmouthshire
526:
522:
518:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:Severn Bridge
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:Long Mountain
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:Bangor-on-Dee
363:
359:
355:
351:
348:just west of
347:
343:
339:
335:
326:
318:
311:
307:
303:
298:
289:
287:
286:Monmouthshire
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
231:
228:
224:
221:
216:
212:
209:
203:
199:
194:
190:
186:
183:
172:
161:
157:
152:
145:
140:
137:
131:
128:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
21:Welsh Marches
3894:
3881:
3858:
3850:
3830:
3812:
3747:
3725:. Retrieved
3717:Wales Online
3716:
3706:
3694:. Retrieved
3666:
3659:
3647:. Retrieved
3633:
3621:. Retrieved
3612:
3603:
3591:. Retrieved
3582:
3573:
3561:. Retrieved
3552:
3543:
3531:. Retrieved
3513:
3501:. Retrieved
3487:
3475:. Retrieved
3467:The Guardian
3466:
3456:
3444:. Retrieved
3440:the original
3435:
3426:
3414:. Retrieved
3406:Wales Online
3405:
3396:
3384:. Retrieved
3370:
3358:. Retrieved
3344:
3332:. Retrieved
3318:
3306:. Retrieved
3292:
3280:. Retrieved
3277:The Guardian
3276:
3266:
3254:. Retrieved
3248:. BBC News.
3239:
3227:. Retrieved
3213:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3177:
3160:
3148:. Retrieved
3144:the original
3134:
3123:
3108:
3096:. Retrieved
3065:
3051:
3037:
3023:
3012:
2986:. Retrieved
2976:
2964:. Retrieved
2953:
2944:
2932:. Retrieved
2918:
2906:
2894:. Retrieved
2880:
2868:
2855:
2849:
2829:
2822:
2810:. Retrieved
2802:"Threapwood"
2796:
2784:. Retrieved
2770:
2758:. Retrieved
2749:
2740:
2728:. Retrieved
2714:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2683:. Retrieved
2679:the original
2668:
2654:
2643:
2631:. Retrieved
2617:
2605:. Retrieved
2596:
2587:
2573:
2561:. Retrieved
2557:the original
2550:
2547:Bapty, Ian.
2542:
2523:
2498:Forest Story
2497:
2491:
2472:
2440:
2408:
2402:
2390:. Retrieved
2376:
2364:. Retrieved
2346:
2334:. Retrieved
2316:
2296:
2287:
2129:In general,
2128:
2078:
2067:
2059:Deva Stadium
2055:Chester F.C.
2049:
1994:
1958:Welsh Office
1955:
1943:
1936:
1919:towards the
1886:River Monnow
1862:Welsh Office
1854:
1810:
1797:
1782:
1774:
1638:
1635:
1628:and most of
1601:jurisdiction
1582:
1518: Tudor
1495:Wales 1535
1449:
1434:
1396:
1342:and much of
1331:
1325:
1288:
1258:
1251:
1236:Gwent Levels
1193:
1137:
1115:
1089:
1070:
1042:Rushock Hill
1032:
1022:
987:
950:
942:
898:
889:, including
872:
813:
794:Medieval era
781:
767:
760:Isca Augusta
759:
749:
731:
714:
710:
709:tribe whose
668:
659:Isca Augusta
657:
647:
637:
619:
575:
547:in England.
514:
495:towards the
457:River Monnow
430:
410:Corndon Hill
390:River Severn
382:River Vyrnwy
334:salt marshes
331:
267:
246:
242:
238:
236:
135:
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
3974:English law
3838:Netherlands
3686:j.ctt9qhg9t
3477:16 December
2443:. Penguin.
2191:Shirenewton
2113:Place names
2103:South Wales
2099:Alun Cairns
2025:Offa's Dyke
2017:Llanymynech
1978:agriculture
1850:South Wales
1683:Litton and
1549:Wales 1536
1466:, based at
1421:, and King
1388:St. David's
1360:Whittington
1348:Radnorshire
1253:Perfeddwlad
1248:River Clwyd
1212:south Wales
1180:(left) and
1134:John Davies
1094:Archenfield
1024:Offa's Dyke
984:Offa's Dyke
972:Offa's Dyke
963:Offa's Dyke
943:Wreocensǣte
909:, based at
852:Cirencester
406:Churchstoke
386:Llanymynech
270:Offa's Dyke
251:Dee estuary
208:Offa's Dyke
201:Established
3953:Categories
3503:27 January
2913:April 2024
2875:April 2024
2506:B0006F5DCE
2308:References
2173:, such as
2041:Presteigne
2033:Montgomery
1944:Until the
1937:The first
1830:Charles II
1622:Huntington
1589:Henry VIII
1574:Threapwood
1344:Flintshire
1320:barons war
1130:Leominster
1107:Deheubarth
1054:Wye valley
1014:Flintshire
1010:Basingwerk
1002:Wat's Dyke
935:Shropshire
923:Shrewsbury
901:Hen Ogledd
891:Lancashire
883:Æthelfrith
788:Gloucester
776:in modern
715:Viroconium
649:Viroconium
537:Shropshire
517:Flintshire
505:Steep Holm
437:Hay-on-Wye
426:Presteigne
422:River Lugg
414:River Teme
408:including
402:Montgomery
400:. East of
364:, between
362:Flintshire
284:. Whether
106:March 2024
76:newspapers
3939:Venezuela
3667:A History
3533:2 October
3282:7 January
2167:Prestatyn
2155:Pontrilas
2076:funding.
2037:post town
2035:, as its
1982:fisheries
1917:southwest
1890:River Wye
1791:Kinnerton
1672:1753–1760
1447:dynasty.
1445:Aberffraw
1384:St. Asaph
1352:Glamorgan
1158:River Wye
1126:Morgannwg
1103:Hywel Dda
1099:Athelstan
1037:Cyril Fox
952:Magonsæte
947:Wrekinset
844:Hampshire
840:Cotswolds
778:Glamorgan
774:Glywysing
769:Ariconium
695:Glywysing
626:Deceangli
622:Ordovices
608:Roman era
501:Flat Holm
469:Skenfrith
465:Pontrilas
449:Llanthony
433:River Wye
398:Welshpool
342:River Dee
302:River Dee
292:Geography
3919:Honduras
3727:19 April
3721:Archived
3696:19 April
3690:Archived
3649:19 April
3643:Archived
3623:19 April
3617:Archived
3593:19 April
3587:Archived
3563:19 April
3557:Archived
3527:Archived
3497:Archived
3471:Archived
3410:Archived
3380:Archived
3354:Archived
3328:Archived
3302:Archived
3250:Archived
3223:Archived
3092:Archived
2998:cite web
2988:18 April
2966:18 April
2960:Archived
2934:21 March
2928:Archived
2896:21 March
2890:Archived
2812:21 March
2806:Archived
2786:21 March
2780:Archived
2760:18 April
2754:Archived
2730:21 March
2724:Archived
2708:: 106–8.
2633:18 April
2627:Archived
2607:18 April
2601:Archived
2366:31 March
2360:Archived
2336:25 March
2330:Archived
2197:See also
2187:Chepstow
2183:Knighton
2143:Trefonen
2135:Oswestry
2086:and the
2029:Chirbury
2019:where a
2013:Knighton
1915:Looking
1785:parishes
1659:Details
1626:Clifford
1392:Llandaff
1376:dioceses
1297:Monmouth
1232:Caldicot
1170:Chepstow
1073:Hereford
1058:Beachley
1050:Treuddyn
931:Cheshire
919:Pengwern
911:Tamworth
838:valley,
824:Somerset
756:Caerwent
707:Cornovii
664:Caerleon
654:Wroxeter
566:Claudius
533:Cheshire
485:Chepstow
477:Redbrook
473:Monmouth
418:Knighton
396:east of
378:Oswestry
226:Treaties
159:Entities
3927:Jamaica
3897:Bahamas
3844:Germany
3841:Belgium
3835:Denmark
3816:Ireland
2248:Lloegyr
2179:Newtown
2175:Overton
2163:Wrexham
2151:Kilpeck
2139:Gobowen
2074:Lottery
1962:housing
1846:Newport
1618:Wigmore
1597:England
1565:England
1535:England
1443:of the
1368:Wigmore
1328:Marches
1305:Newtown
1234:in the
1224:earldom
1200:William
1198:, King
1118:Gwynedd
1046:Kington
873:At the
868:Dobunni
738:Silures
711:civitas
656:), and
644:Chester
634:Silures
630:Demetae
598:Britons
586:Lloegyr
582:Britain
551:History
481:Tintern
358:exclave
350:Chester
346:Saltney
306:Farndon
259:England
245:or the
196:History
171:England
90:scholar
3885:Cyprus
3847:Norway
3754:
3684:
3674:
3446:18 May
3416:18 May
3386:18 May
3360:18 May
3334:18 May
3308:18 May
3256:18 May
3229:17 May
3150:18 May
3098:18 May
2837:
2685:18 May
2563:18 May
2530:
2504:
2479:
2447:
2392:12 May
2009:Audlem
1970:health
1860:. The
1685:Cascob
1572:
1570:
1563:
1561:
1554:
1552:
1533:
1531:
1525:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1500:
1498:
1380:Bangor
1366:, and
1301:Ludlow
1274:) and
1166:castle
1077:shires
1006:Severn
998:Humber
988:After
907:Mercia
881:under
864:Hwicce
836:Thames
832:Wessex
828:Dorset
783:Glevum
764:Ergyng
727:Saxons
723:Angles
527:, and
354:Maelor
278:county
188:Length
179:
168:
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
3923:Haiti
3890:Spain
3682:JSTOR
2860:(PDF)
2706:LXXIX
2279:Notes
2169:; in
2159:Flint
2123:Welsh
1826:Welsh
1794:Snead
1680:1844
1630:Ewyas
1556:Wales
1441:court
1403:Welsh
1330:, or
1270:(see
1240:Welsh
1178:Wales
1044:near
1029:Asser
974:near
751:Venta
719:pagan
578:Roman
525:Powys
461:Pandy
459:near
447:past
374:Chirk
263:Wales
182:Wales
97:JSTOR
83:books
3900:Cuba
3752:ISBN
3729:2024
3698:2024
3672:ISBN
3651:2024
3625:2024
3595:2024
3565:2024
3535:2018
3505:2019
3479:2018
3448:2012
3418:2012
3388:2012
3362:2012
3336:2012
3310:2012
3284:2022
3258:2012
3231:2012
3152:2012
3100:2012
3004:link
2990:2024
2968:2024
2936:2024
2898:2024
2835:ISBN
2814:2024
2788:2024
2762:2024
2732:2024
2687:2012
2635:2024
2609:2024
2565:2012
2528:ISBN
2502:ASIN
2477:ISBN
2445:ISBN
2394:2017
2368:2013
2338:2017
2189:and
2181:and
2165:and
2153:and
2147:Clun
2141:and
2031:has
1984:and
1929:The
1888:and
1880:and
1766:1987
1758:1972
1750:1896
1742:1893
1734:1891
1726:1887
1718:1865
1710:1857
1664:1546
1656:Date
1614:Caus
1450:The
1397:The
1390:and
1382:and
1364:Clun
1326:The
1303:and
1164:and
1156:The
1018:Offa
976:Clun
937:and
899:"Yr
842:and
820:Bath
814:The
725:and
693:and
639:Deva
568:and
543:and
483:and
310:Holt
300:The
261:and
237:The
217:1972
69:news
3201:doi
2386:BBC
2107:VAT
2088:M48
2021:pub
1378:of
1168:at
1105:of
945:or
826:or
790:).
746:Wye
742:Usk
666:).
646:),
424:at
384:at
360:of
344:at
204:784
52:by
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3688:.
3680:.
3641:.
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3275:.
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3195:.
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2081:M4
2047:.
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1976:,
1964:,
1892:.
1868:,
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1620:,
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1362:,
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1242::
1176:,
1160:,
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744:,
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