38:
217:
pain relief from an infected or inflamed pulp is required. It is also done to prevent adverse signs and symptoms from the surrounding sequelae and promote the healing and repair of the surrounding periradicular tissues. An example of this is if there is trauma to a front tooth which has caused it to be avulsed from the bony socket; endodontic treatment is required following re-implantation to preserve the aesthetics and function of the tooth, even though there may be no adverse symptoms of the dental pulp, or pain present at the time.
444:, endodontics is recognized as one of the thirteen registered dental specialties. In addition to a dental degree, endodontists have an additional three years of postgraduate University training in the area of endodontics to be recognized and registered by the Dental Board of Australia. A general dentist is permitted to perform endodontic treatment, but must be competent in the skills required for the treatment and refer complex cases for specialist management.
242:
aesthetic complications. Extrusion of sodium hypochlorite irrigating solution during a root canal procedure can cause a severe inflammatory reaction and tissue damage. Treatment is provided based on the severity of the injury. Tooth discolouration as a result of root canal treatment can occur if the pulpal tissue remnants are not completely removed or if a root canal sealer material containing silver is used.
499:
216:
Root canal treatment is required when the dental pulp is irreversibly damaged and involves both coronal and apical pulp. Root canal treatment can also be carried out on teeth with doubtful pulpal state before placing post-retained crowns and overdentures. Root canal therapy is not only performed when
241:
Instrument fractures are common procedural mishaps in root canal treatment. It is essential to prevent instrument fractures. The success of removing a broken instrument depends on the location, direction and type of instrument. A sodium hypochlorite accident can result in long-term functional and
411:
Endodontists are specialist dentists with additional training, experience and formal qualifications in endodontic treatment, apicectomies, microsurgery, and dental emergency and trauma management. Endodontics is recognized as a specialty by many national dental organizations including the Dental
212:
Root canal treatment is a dental procedure used to treat infected tooth pulp which would be otherwise extracted. The pulp is the soft tissue core of the tooth which contains nerves, blood supply and connective tissue necessary for tooth health. This is usually caused when bacteria enter the pulp
220:
Prior to root canal treatment, clinical examination and radiographic examinations are carried out to diagnose and plan treatment. Local anaesthesia is delivered to make the procedure pain free. The tooth to be treated is then isolated using a rubber dam, which prevents saliva entering the tooth
786:
Andersson, Lars; Andreasen, Jens O.; Day, Peter; Heithersay, Geoffrey; Trope, Martin; Diangelis, Anthony J.; Kenny, David J.; Sigurdsson, Asgeir; Bourguignon, Cecilia; Flores, Marie
Therese; Hicks, Morris Lamar; Lenzi, Antonio R.; Malmgren, Barbro; Moule, Alex J.; Tsukiboshi, Mitsuhiro (2012).
285:
An apicoectomy can be carried out when a previous root canal treatment fails, and re-root canal treatment is not possible. This may be as a result of anatomical features, such as root dilaceration, which can compromise the completion of cleaning and obturating the root canal system. Procedural
165:
In clinical terms, endodontics involves either preserving part, or all of the dental pulp in health, or removing all of the pulp in irreversible disease. This includes teeth with irreversibly inflamed and infected pulpal tissue. Not only does endodontics involve treatment when a dental pulp is
392:. However, a Cochrane review in 2015 found no evidence to determine whether there is a difference in the outcome of a procedure done by magnification devices or a conventional procedure done with no magnification. The
221:
during treatment and protects the airway from the fine files and strong chemicals used. The root canal treatment procedure is often carried out over single or multiple appointments. Root canal treatment involves:
166:
present, but also includes preserving teeth which have failed to respond to non-surgical endodontic treatment, or for teeth that have developed new lesions, e.g., when root canal re-treatment is required, or
388:, the use of magnification devices such as microscopes, and dental loupes, has been widely accepted among endodontists and practitioners; its use is believed to increase accuracy and visualization in the
1142:
Siqueira JF, Rôças IN. Microbiology and treatment of endodontic infections. In: Hargreaves KM, Cohen S, Berman LH, editors. Cohen’s pathways of the pulp. 11th ed. St Louis: Mosby
Elsevier; 2016. p. 599.
309:. The root end resection is carried out, removing 3mm apically. The canal(s) is then obturated, and the flap is sutured. There are a number of root-end filling materials available, including
278:
An apicoectomy is a surgical procedure through which the apex of a root is resected, and a root-end filling is placed, preventing bacterial leakage into the root canal system from the
592:
Torabinejad, Mahmoud; Kutsenko, Diana; Machnick, Tanya K.; Ismail, Amid; Newton, Carl W. (1 September 2005). "Levels of
Evidence for the Outcome of Nonsurgical Endodontic Treatment".
377:, where a root and its overlying portion of the crown are separated from the rest of the tooth and optionally removed, is another (non-periradicular) endodontic surgery.
986:
464:(ADA) accredited programs are a minimum of two years in length. Following successful completion of this training, the dentist becomes eligible to sit for the
37:
887:
739:
789:"International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 2. Avulsion of permanent teeth"
429:
342:
serious infection is rare, but can be treated with antibiotics, which should be administered with caution to avoid bacterial resistance
471:
Although general dentists can perform endodontic treatment, there are several things which set endodontists apart. Endodontists use
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1555:
1996:
1976:
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examination. Successful completion of board certification results in
Diplomate status in the American Board of Endodontics.
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512:
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1013:
1792:
421:
264:, removal of broken fragments of the tooth or a filling material, and exploratory surgery to look for root fractures.
2001:
1986:
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strongly encourages its members to pursue the use of an oral microscope to ensure the highest level of excellence.
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tissues. A microsurgical technique is used to carry out apicectomy, which improves post-operative healing.
154:
Endodontics encompasses the study (practice) of the basic and clinical sciences of normal dental pulp, the
17:
1991:
1706:
1548:
461:
417:
158:, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases and injuries of the dental pulp along with associated
339:: usually transient as a result of inflammatory swelling, and sensation will return to normal in 4 weeks
1981:
1288:
Del Fabbro, Massimo; Taschieri, Silvio; Lodi, Giovanni; Banfi, Giuseppe; Weinstein, Roberto L. (2015).
314:
193:, and fibrous tissue) becomes diseased or injured, endodontic treatment is required to save the tooth.
327:
swelling: intermittent ice will aid in eradicating this. Swelling resolves usually within 24–48 hours.
297:
in the gum is designed, and then raised to allow for exposure of the periapical lesion. Bone removal (
2098:
2011:
487:(3D imaging) to assess case difficulty and for diagnosis and treatment planning of endodontic cases.
425:
385:
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Periradicular surgeries involve the root surface. These include apicoectomy (removal of a root end),
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1930:
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2016:
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460:, a dentist must undergo 2–3 additional years of postgraduate training to become an endodontist.
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Placing a direct restoration such as composite filling or indirect restoration such as a crown
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Farook, S. A.; Shah, V.; Lenouvel, D.; Sheikh, O.; Sadiq, Z.; Cascarini, L. (December 2014).
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1106:"A case of periradicular surgery: apicoectomy and obturation of the apex, a bold act"
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errors, including ledges or perforations, may also be indications for an apicectomy.
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Patel, S.; Brown, J.; Pimentel, T.; Kelly, R. D.; Abella, F.; Durack, C. (2019).
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260:(removal of an entire root), repair of an injured root due to perforation or
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2115:
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1395:"Cone beam computed tomography in Endodontics – a review of the literature"
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972:
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1652:
1204:
Arens, Donald E. (2003). "Introduction to magnification in endodontics".
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273:
174:
143:
1348:"Use of Microscopes and Other Magnification Techniques - Position Paper"
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Hargreaves, Kenneth M.; Berman, Louis H.; Rotstein, Ilan (2015-09-23).
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333:(discolouration): this will often occur distant from the surgical site
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939:"Guidelines for management of sodium hypochlorite extrusion injuries"
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Field of dentistry which studies the interior tissue (pulp) of teeth
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Endodontic treatment is one of the most common procedures. If the
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628:
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1533:
1249:"Magnification-enhanced contemporary dentistry: Getting started"
1152:
Hauman, C. H. J.; Chandler, N. P.; Tong, D. C. (February 2002).
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Local anaesthetic is utilised to achieve anaesthesia as well as
785:
330:
186:
178:
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1507:
Indian
Association of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics
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1046:"Apical surgery: A review of current techniques and outcome"
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pain: anti-inflammatory agents or analgesics should be taken
1511:
1154:"Endodontic implications of the maxillary sinus: a review"
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without taking away too much tooth structure, or causing
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Advanced operative dentistry : a practical approach
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1501:
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305:, and diseased tissue is removed at this point through
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Cleaning and disinfecting the entire root canal system
494:
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during treatment to better treat the small internal
1512:
International
Federation of Endodontic Associations
1151:
908:. New Delhi: Jaypee Briothers Medical Publishers.
903:
357:Other non-surgical endodontic procedures include
2128:
752:
1290:"Magnification devices for endodontic therapy"
1103:
142:concerned with the study and treatment of the
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1549:
1206:Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry
1104:Locurcio, Lino Lucio; Leeson, Rachel (2017).
430:Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons
753:Ricketts, David; Bartlett, David W. (2011).
1793:
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1542:
1247:Hegde, Rashmi; Hegde, Vivek (2016-05-01).
1246:
886:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
738:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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234:Filling and sealing the root canal system
213:through a deep cavity or failed filling.
2069:Index of oral health and dental articles
1838:Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics
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42:An endodontist operating on his patient.
1524:Journal of Endodontics Research (JofER)
1294:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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403:is also becoming the standard of care.
201:
14:
2129:
1253:Journal of Interdisciplinary Dentistry
706:Garg, Nisha; Amit, Garg (2013-12-30).
320:Complications that may arise include:
225:Removing the damaged and infected pulp
90:, Specialty certificate in endodontics
1997:Canadian Association of Orthodontists
1977:American Association of Orthodontists
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301:) is carried out to enable access to
2074:Outline of dentistry and oral health
1475:American Association of Endodontists
1373:American Association of Endodontists
1021:American Association of Endodontists
991:American Association of Endodontists
858:(Eleventh ed.). St. Louis, Mo.
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699:
657:
655:
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637:"Procedures an Endodontist Performs"
513:American Association of Endodontists
394:American Association of Endodontists
228:Shaping the entire root canal system
540:, an early developer of endodontics
422:Royal College of Dentists of Canada
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24:
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1110:Stomatological Disease and Science
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1502:European Society of Endodontology
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1369:"CBCT: The New Standard of Care?"
1014:"Endodontists' Guide to CDT 2017"
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662:Carrotte, Peter V. (March 2006).
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2002:Dental Technologists Association
1987:British Dental Health Foundation
1828:Oral and maxillofacial radiology
1823:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
1529:International Endodontic Journal
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1399:International Endodontic Journal
1171:10.1046/j.0143-2885.2001.00524.x
1158:International Endodontic Journal
1044:von Arx, Thomas (January 2011).
837:"Avulsion – Dental Trauma Guide"
806:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2012.01125.x
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483:damage. Also, endodontists use
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1306:10.1002/14651858.cd005969.pub3
987:"Endodontic Surgery Explained"
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533:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
293:for improved visualisation. A
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116:Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
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1480:American Board of Endodontics
1447:American Board of Endodontics
710:(Third ed.). New Delhi.
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2094:History of dental treatments
1062:10.1016/j.sdentj.2010.10.004
856:Cohen's pathways of the pulp
664:"Vital guide to Endodontics"
435:
412:Board of Australia, British
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1992:British Orthodontic Society
1707:Nickel titanium rotary file
569:"Definition of ENDODONTICS"
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462:American Dental Association
418:American Dental Association
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134: 'inside' and
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1982:British Dental Association
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904:Rao, R. Nageswar. (2009).
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1931:Scaling and root planing
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956:10.1038/sj.bdj.2014.1099
544:Regenerative endodontics
380:
2017:National Health Service
1695:Electronic apex locator
757:. Edinburgh: Elsevier.
708:Textbook of endodontics
573:www.merriam-webster.com
2106:Infant oral mutilation
2007:General Dental Council
1023:. 2017. pp. 11–14
943:British Dental Journal
594:Journal of Endodontics
538:Ralph Frederick Sommer
528:Journal of Endodontics
414:General Dental Council
138: 'tooth') is the
1878:Restorative dentistry
1648:Periradicular surgery
1443:"Get Board Certified"
841:dentaltraumaguide.org
252:Periradicular surgery
246:Periradicular surgery
168:periradicular surgery
1858:Dental public health
1714:Operating microscope
1607:Root canal treatment
906:Advanced endodontics
208:Root canal treatment
202:Root canal treatment
1956:Socket preservation
1888:Dental traumatology
1883:Forensic odontology
1873:Geriatric dentistry
1868:Dental implantology
1843:Pediatric dentistry
1760:Sodium hypochlorite
793:Dental Traumatology
371:pulpal regeneration
105:, Private Practices
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2084:Dental instruments
1921:Root canal therapy
1893:Holistic dentistry
1863:Cosmetic dentistry
1632:Internal bleaching
1579:Dental radiography
1485:2013-02-24 at the
523:Endodontic therapy
456:after finishing a
311:zinc oxide eugenol
83:Education required
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1911:Dental extraction
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1627:Pulp regeneration
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764:978-0-7020-3126-7
717:978-93-5090-952-2
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88:Dental Degree
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19:
2116:Oral hygiene
2099:Ancient Rome
1848:Periodontics
1817:
1750:Gutta-percha
1719:Silverpoints
1690:Apex locator
1612:Pulp capping
1600:Non-surgical
1564:
1518:Publications
1450:. Retrieved
1446:
1437:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1377:. Retrieved
1375:. 2018-04-03
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1127:. Retrieved
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1025:. Retrieved
1020:
994:. Retrieved
990:
981:
946:
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905:
855:
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840:
831:
799:(2): 88–96.
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671:
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640:. Retrieved
630:
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576:. Retrieved
572:
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359:pulp capping
356:
348:perforation
337:paraesthesia
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177:(containing
172:
164:
162:conditions.
153:
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123:
122:
111:Related jobs
18:Endodontists
2137:Endodontics
2079:Dental fear
2038:Philippines
1818:Endodontics
1810:Specialties
1653:Apicoectomy
1355:www.aae.org
1315:2434/434134
1056:(1): 9–15.
473:microscopes
375:Hemisection
291:haemostasis
274:Apicoectomy
268:Apicoectomy
175:dental pulp
144:dental pulp
124:Endodontics
77:Description
31:Endodontist
2026:By country
1745:Eucalyptol
1685:Dental dam
1593:Procedures
1452:2019-01-19
1379:2019-10-21
1129:2020-03-05
1027:2020-03-14
996:2019-12-14
578:2019-01-19
555:References
549:Root canal
481:iatrogenic
331:ecchymosis
262:resorption
197:Procedures
183:arterioles
126:(from
98:employment
48:Occupation
1802:Dentistry
1728:Materials
1617:Pulpotomy
1421:1365-2591
1259:(2): 91.
1226:1496-4155
1180:0143-2885
1070:1013-9052
965:1476-5373
924:720640774
882:cite book
874:931533556
815:1600-9657
773:745905736
734:cite book
726:881001658
690:1741-7511
614:0099-2399
442:Australia
436:Australia
363:pulpotomy
307:curettage
303:root apex
299:osteotomy
103:Hospitals
96:Fields of
71:Dentistry
59:Specialty
2131:Category
2062:See also
1641:Surgical
1483:Archived
1429:30868610
1334:26650099
1275:78692557
1234:15000913
1188:11843967
1088:24151412
973:25525012
823:22409417
622:16123698
491:See also
407:Training
156:etiology
150:Overview
1735:Amalgam
1357:. 2012.
1325:7389255
1079:3770245
452:In the
187:venules
2043:Israel
2033:Canada
1755:Saline
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620:
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428:, and
369:, and
179:nerves
136:odont-
1678:Tools
1572:Tests
1351:(PDF)
1271:S2CID
1116:(2).
1017:(PDF)
668:Vital
381:Tools
132:endo-
130:
128:Greek
1740:EDTA
1425:PMID
1417:ISSN
1330:PMID
1298:2016
1230:PMID
1222:ISSN
1184:PMID
1176:ISSN
1084:PMID
1066:ISSN
969:PMID
961:ISSN
920:OCLC
910:ISBN
888:link
870:OCLC
860:ISBN
819:PMID
811:ISSN
769:OCLC
759:ISBN
740:link
722:OCLC
712:ISBN
686:ISSN
644:2021
618:PMID
610:ISSN
485:CBCT
401:CBCT
295:flap
1407:doi
1320:PMC
1310:hdl
1302:doi
1261:doi
1214:doi
1166:doi
1118:doi
1074:PMC
1058:doi
951:doi
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