195:
6831:
1871:
1817:(6th ed.), also specifies that em dashes inserted between words, a word and numeral, or two numerals, should be set closed. A section on the 2-em rule (⸺) also explains that the 2-em can be used to mark an abrupt break in direct or reported speech, but a space is used before the 2-em if a complete word is missing, while no space is used if part of a word exists before the sudden break. Two examples of this are as follows:
703:) recommend that, when a number range might be misconstrued as subtraction, the word "to" should be used instead of an en dash. For example, "a voltage of 50 V to 100 V" is preferable to using "a voltage of 50–100 V". Relatedly, in ranges that include negative numbers, "to" is used to avoid ambiguity or awkwardness (for example, "temperatures ranged from −18
1431:"At that age I once stabbed my best friend, Fred, with a pair of pinking shears in the base of the neck, enraged because he had been given the comprehensive sixty-four-crayon Crayola box—including the gold and silver crayons—and would not let me look closely at the box to see how Crayola had stabilized the built-in crayon sharpener under the tiers of crayons."
3974:
White-hall, vppon S. Stephens night, in
Christmas hollidaies, by his Maiesties seruants, playing vsually at the Globe on the banck-side.; True chronicle history of the life and death of King Lear and his three daughters; History of King Lear; Mr. William Shakespeare, his true chronicle history of the life and death of King Lear, and his three daughters
752:; such ambiguity is assuaged when used mid-sentence, though, because of the capital N in "New" indicating it is a special noun). If dash–hyphen use becomes too unwieldy or difficult to understand, the sentence can be rephrased for clarity and readability; for example, "The flight from New York to London was a pleasant experience".
562:. In modern fonts, the length of the en dash is not standardized, and the en dash is often more than half the width of the em dash. The widths of en and em dashes have also been specified as being equal to those of the upper-case letters N and M, respectively, and at other times to the widths of the lower-case letters.
1969:
further exaggerated. En dashes may also be preferred to em dashes when text is set in narrow columns, such as in newspapers and similar publications, since the en dash is smaller. In such cases, its use is based purely on space considerations and is not necessarily related to other typographical concerns.
3973:
M. VVilliam Shake-speare, his true chronicle history of the life and death of King Lear, and his three daughters : with the unfortunate life of Edgar, sonne and heire to the Earle of
Glocester, and his sullen and assumed humour of Tom of Bedlam : as it was plaid before the Kings Majesty at
1951:
The en dash – always with spaces in running text when, as discussed in this section, indicating a parenthesis or pause – and the spaced em dash both have a certain technical advantage over the unspaced em dash. Most typesetting and word processing expects word spacing to
1853:
as of the 16th edition, although the manual conveys that typewritten manuscript and copyediting on paper are now dated practices.) The three-hyphen em dash proxy was popular with various publishers because the sequence of one, two, or three hyphens could then correspond to the hyphen, en dash, and em
2323:
Similar to an en dash, but with exactly the width of a digit in the chosen typeface. The vertical position may also be centered on the zero digit, and thus higher than the en dash and em dash, which are appropriate for use with lowercase text in a vertical position similar to the hyphen. The figure
589:
The en dash is commonly used to indicate a closed range of values – a range with clearly defined and finite upper and lower boundaries – roughly signifying what might otherwise be communicated by the word "through" in
American English, or "to" in International English.
1531:
by which a sentence is stopped short not because of interruption, but because the speaker is too emotional or pensive to continue. Because the ellipsis is the more common choice, an em dash for this purpose may be ambiguous in expository text, as many readers would assume interruption, although it
1902:
is defined as the point size of the currently used font, since the M character is not always the width of the point size. In running text, various dash conventions are employed: an em dash—like so—or a spaced em dash — like so — or a spaced en dash – like so – can be
1927:
recommends the spaced en dash – like so – and argues that the length and visual magnitude of an em dash "belongs to the padded and corseted aesthetic of
Victorian typography". In the United Kingdom, the spaced en dash is the house style for certain major publishers,
1968:
on the sides of the em dash. This provides the appearance of an unspaced em dash, but allows the words and dashes to break between lines. The spaced em dash risks introducing excessive separation of words. In full justification, the adjacent spaces may be stretched, and the separation of words
1906:
Various style guides and national varieties of languages prescribe different guidance on dashes. Dashes have been cited as being treated differently in the US and the UK, with the former preferring the use of an em dash with no additional spacing and the latter preferring a spaced en dash. As
826:
Preference for an en dash instead of a hyphen in these coordinate/relationship/connection types of terms is a matter of style, not inherent orthographic "correctness"; both are equally "correct", and each is the preferred style in some style guides. For example,
1181:
war" or "the Dover–Calais crossing". It is only when en dashes are used in setting off parenthetical expressions – such as this one – that they take spaces around them. For more on the choice of em versus en in this context, see
1142:
En dashes can be used instead of pairs of commas that mark off a nested clause or phrase. They can also be used around parenthetical expressions – such as this one – rather than the em dashes preferred by some publishers.
1227:
had an en dash, useful for the minus sign, years before
Unicode with a dedicated minus sign was available. The hyphen-minus is usually too narrow to make a typographically acceptable minus sign. However, the en dash cannot be used for a minus sign in
766:
A distinction is often made between "simple" attributive compounds (written with a hyphen) and other subtypes (written with an en dash); at least one authority considers name pairs, where the paired elements carry equal weight, as in the
1861:
were not aware of the typographic convention of replacing a typewritten double hyphen with an em dash, the double hyphen became traditional in
American comics. This practice has continued despite the development of computer lettering.
3828:, em dashes can be used to mark off parenthetical phrases. Unlike in English, the em dashes are spaced like brackets, i.e., there is a space between main sentence and dash, but not between parenthetical phrase and dash. For example: "
3821:(brackets), but the use of a second dash as a closing parenthesis is optional. When a closing dash is not used, the sentence is ended with a period (full-stop) as usual. Dashes are, however, much less common than parentheses.
1956:. Alone among punctuation that marks pauses or logical relations in text, the unspaced em dash disables this for the words it falls between. This can cause uneven spacing in the text, but can be mitigated by the use of
1730:
Three em dashes one after another can be used in a footnote, endnote, or another form of bibliographic entry to indicate repetition of the same author's name as that of the previous work, which is similar to the use of
369:
Seven social sins: politics without principles, wealth without work, pleasure without conscience, knowledge without character, commerce without morality, science without humanity, and worship without sacrifice.
5169:
5456:
Three adjacent em dashes (a 3-em dash) are used to substitute for the author's name when a repeated series of works are presented in a bibliography, as well as to indicate an entire missing word in the
4658:
The en-dash ... may stand for the word "and" or "to" in such phrases as "the
Radical–Unionist Coalition", "the Boston–Hartford Air Line"; "the period of Republican supremacy, 1860–84"; "pp. 224–30".
791:
rather than an en dash between "Dodd" and "Frank". However, there is a difference between something named for a parallel/coordinate relationship between two people – for example,
2935:
in programming languages, where a space-like separation between parts is desired but a real space is not appropriate. As usual for ASCII characters, this character shows a considerable range of
1097:
Second, use it in place of a hyphen in a compound adjective when one of the elements of the adjective is an open compound, or when two or more of its elements are compounds, open or hyphenated.
594:
restrict this range indication style to only parenthetical or tabular matter, requiring "to" or "through" in running text. Preference for hyphen vs. en dash in ranges varies. For example, the
1763:), an em dash should always be set closed, meaning it should not be surrounded by spaces. But the practice in some parts of the English-speaking world, including the style recommended by
4777:
1112:
In these two uses, en dashes normally do not have spaces around them. Some make an exception when they believe avoiding spaces may cause confusion or look odd. For example, compare
2686:), and follow the direction of the text, being horizontal for horizontal text, and vertical for columnar. They are used as dashes, and occasionally as emphatic variants of the
4278:
1466:
He was Cain, Ulysses, the Flying
Dutchman; he was Lot in Sodom, Deirdre of the Sorrows, Sweeney in the nightingales among trees. He was the miracle ingredient Z-147. He was—
784:
521:, the standard fonts have no figure dash; however, the digits normally all have the same width as the en dash, so an en dash can be a substitution for the figure dash. In
1783:
rejects the use of the open em dash to set off introductory items in lists. However, the "space, en dash, space" sequence is the predominant style in German and French
1120:. However, other authorities disagree and state there should be no space between an en dash and adjacent text. These authorities would not use a space in, for example,
183:
Typical uses of dashes are to mark a break in a sentence, or to set off an explanatory remark (similar to parenthesis), or to show spans of time or ranges of values.
1886:, in various 12-point fonts, illustrate the typical relationship between lengths ("- n – m —"). In some fonts, the en dash is not much longer than the hyphen, and in
1609:). It may be used to indicate turns in a dialogue, in which case each dash starts a paragraph. It replaces other quotation marks and was preferred by authors such as
1327:
is too weak (similar to that of a semicolon). Em dashes are also used to set off summaries or definitions. Common uses and definitions are cited below with examples.
446:
have digits of equal width.) It is used within numbers such as the phone number 555‒0199, especially in columns so as to maintain alignment. In contrast, the en dash
4216:
1972:
On the other hand, a spaced en dash may be ambiguous when it is also used for ranges, for example, in dates or between geographical locations with internal spaces.
5303:
1219:, when the minus sign character is not available since the en dash is usually the same width as a plus sign and is often available when the minus sign is not; see
829:
5161:
4274:
Typesetting: A Primer of
Information About Working at the Case, Justifying, Spacing, Correcting, Making-up, and Other Operations Employed in Setting Type by Hand
4530:
1105:
favors hyphens in instances where some other guides suggest en dashes, with the 16th edition explaining that "Chicago's sense of the en dash does not extend to
1845:
as consecutive double (--) or triple (---) hyphen-minuses. The two-hyphen em dash proxy is perhaps more common, being a widespread convention in the
5494:
1177:
In most uses of en dashes, such as when used in indicating ranges, they are typeset closed up to the adjacent words or numbers. Examples include "the 1914–18
8013:
6416:
4809:
744:
is more appropriate because New York is a single name composed of two valid words; with a single en dash, the phrase is ambiguous and could mean either
4277:. Typographic Technical Series for Apprentices. Vol. Part II, No. 16. Chicago: Committee on Education, United Typothetae of America. p. 91.
5786:
313:
Usage varies both within
English and within other languages, but the usual conventions for the most common dashes in printed English text are these:
779:. When an act of the U.S. Congress is named using the surnames of the senator and representative who sponsored it, the hyphen-minus is used in the
3995:
The tragœdy of Othello, the Moore of Venice. As it hath beene diuerse times acted at the Globe, and at the Black-Friers, by his Maiesties Seruants
1285:). So in 9-point type, an em dash is nine points wide, while in 24-point type the em dash is 24 points wide. By comparison, the en dash, with its
228:, dashes are attested that indicate a thinking pause, interruption, mid-speech realization, or change of subject. The dashes are variously longer
1452:
In a related use, it may visually indicate the shift between speakers when they overlap in speech. For example, the em dash is used this way in
5598:
3800:. There is no matching closing quotation mark; typically a new paragraph will be started, introduced by a dash, for each turn in the dialogue.
5823:
4761:
711:°C"). It is also considered poor style (best avoided) to use the en dash in place of the words "to" or "and" in phrases that follow the forms
6790:
6867:
1765:
4272:
4246:
771:
to be "simple", while others consider an en dash appropriate in instances such as these to represent the parallel relationship, as in the
5341:
5197:
4883:
4508:
4426:
4387:
5110:
4465:
5694:
5519:
5069:
4341:
3895:
and many other typefaces, the length of the horizontal bar is equal to three quarters of an em dash or one and a half times an en dash.
2014:
in some languages. The em dash is equally suitable if the quotation dash is unavailable or is contrary to the house style being used.
1281:
wide, a length that varies depending on the font size. One em is the same length as the font's height (which is typically measured in
5656:
4748:(as when showing a span of pages), to express tension or difference, or to denote a pairing in which the elements carry equal weight.
5375:
3806:
studies indicate that em dashes are more commonly used in Russian than in English. In Russian, the em dash is used for the present
2510:. Its glyph is consistent with the glyph of the plus sign, and it is centred on the zero digit, unlike the ASCII hyphen-minus and
7328:
3398:
3372:
344:
An en dash, but not an em dash, indicates spans or differentiation, where it may replace "and", "to", or "through". For example:
5248:
The en rule is, as its name indicates, an en in length, which makes it longer than a hyphen and half the length of an em rule.
5049:
5741:
5640:
5335:
5277:
5211:
5144:
4956:
4925:
4877:
4850:
4771:
4725:
4694:
4502:
4459:
4420:
4381:
4335:
4151:
4028:
3954:
1693:
1094:
First, use it to indicate ranges of time, money, or other amounts, or in certain other cases where it replaces the word "to".
5794:
5468:
4731:
1319:
might otherwise be used, and it can also show an abrupt change in thought (or an interruption in speech) or be used where a
5860:
4210:
840:
5294:
5192:
727:
The en dash is used to contrast values or illustrate a relationship between two things. Examples of this usage include:
2523:, that (especially the latter) are designed to match lowercase letters and are inconsistent with arithmetic operators.
1944:(2002, section 5.10.10) acknowledges that the spaced en dash is used by "other British publishers" but states that the
5241:
5104:
5030:
4985:
4621:
4587:
4555:
2063:, it is frequently used to stand in for the term being defined. A dictionary entry providing an example for the term
1919:
1899:
3993:
7744:
6860:
4912:
The Copyeditor's Handbook: A Guide for Book Publishing and Corporate Communications, with Exercises and Answer Keys
1617:―O saints above! miss Douce said, sighed above her jumping rose. I wished I hadn't laughed so much. I feel all wet.
1505:
5572:
5541:
5486:
5733:
Testing and assessment in translation and interpreting studies: A call for dialogue between research and practice
5443:
1299:
The em dash is encoded in Unicode as U+2014 (decimal 8212) and represented in HTML by the named character entity
4108:
349:
The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was fought in western Pennsylvania and along the present US–Canada border
3971:
1810:
all specify that an em dash should be set closed when used between words, a word and numeral, or two numerals.
961:
772:
4802:
4073:
6785:
5203:
3649:
2932:
2828:
852:
1692:
a word, by leaving the start and end letters whilst replacing the middle letters with a dash or dashes (for
8036:
6670:
6632:
4948:
4790:
use en dashes when you have an equal-weighted pair serving as an adjective, such as love–hate relationship.
1688:
An em dash may be used to indicate omitted letters in a word redacted to an initial or single letter or to
1651:
1202:
character set—there are some conventional substitutions. Often two consecutive hyphens are the substitute.
1023:
776:
5798:
1039:
An en dash can be retained to avoid ambiguity, but whether any ambiguity is plausible is a judgment call.
7759:
6853:
6816:
5885:
4971:
4717:
3999:
3108:
1953:
1753:
1082:
998:
248:
printed 1622); moreover, the dashes are often, but not always, prefixed by a comma, colon, or semicolon.
209:
3375:. "Used for extension of arrows". Can be used in sequences to generate long connected horizontal lines.
2992:
varies, therefore for punctuation in running text the use of more specific characters is preferred, see
2182:
1470:"—immense. I'm a real, slam-bang, honest-to-goodness, three-fisted humdinger. I'm a bona fide supraman."
1417:
It may indicate an interpolation stronger than that demarcated by parentheses, as in the following from
6396:
5264:
Graphic Design, Referenced: A Visual Guide to the Language, Applications, and History of Graphic Design
1933:
1074:
920:
856:
1548:
texts and afterward, em dashes have been used to add long pauses (as noted in Joseph Robertson's 1785
413:
facility of word-processing software often corrects these to the typographically correct form of dash.
6845:
6042:
5594:
5227:
4842:
2463:
2436:
1842:
803:, which may be written with a hyphen or a space but not an en dash – for example, the
5772:
6800:
6617:
6288:
6225:
5930:
5853:
2985:
2589:
1072:
where neither part of the adjective modifies the other—that is, when each modifies the noun, as in
4653:
4141:
1800:
The Oxford Canadian A to Z of Grammar, Spelling & Punctuation: Guide to Canadian English Usage
1010:
4682:
4310:
2495:
1945:
1224:
982:
The disambiguating value of the en dash in these patterns was illustrated by Strunk and White in
844:
819:. Copyeditors use dictionaries (general, medical, biographical, and geographical) to confirm the
804:
17:
5621:
5022:
5016:
4977:
337:
Glitter, felt, yarn, and buttons – his kitchen looked as if a clown had exploded.
6245:
5968:
5632:
5269:
5233:
5096:
4649:
4238:
3946:
3942:
3022:
2279:
1497:
875:
in which one or both elements is itself a compound, especially when the compound element is an
816:
339:
A flock of sparrows – some of them juveniles – alighted and sang.
322:
5731:
5325:
5162:"Who is to blame for the sweltering weather? My kids say it's boomers – and me"
4917:
4867:
4686:
4488:
4410:
4367:
4200:
4020:
3797:
1981:
1002:(using a hyphen), which could be interpreted as meaning that their newspapers were news-free.
574:
to connect symmetric items, such as the two ends of a range or two competitors or alternatives
186:
The em dash is sometimes used as a leading character to identify the source of a quoted text.
8031:
7145:
6720:
6220:
6215:
6128:
6115:
5948:
5090:
4449:
3871:
3428:
3162:
2924:
2566:
984:
128:
53:
5687:
5516:
5066:
4835:
4325:
4051:
2866:
1391:
Compare commas, em dashes and parentheses (respectively) when no internal commas intervene:
1160:
Who is to blame for the sweltering weather? My kids say it's boomers – and me
360:
An em dash or horizontal bar, but not an en dash, is used to set off the source of a direct
8084:
8058:
8041:
7927:
7502:
6512:
6153:
6007:
5363:
3807:
3602:
2141:
1545:
1229:
1013:; an en dash is generally avoided as a distraction in this case. Examples of this include:
926:
768:
5664:
1917:
recommend unspaced em dashes. Style guides outside the US are more variable. For example,
1205:
The en dash is encoded in Unicode as U+2013 (decimal 8211) and represented in HTML by the
879:, meaning it is not itself hyphenated. This manner of usage may include such examples as:
8:
8089:
8048:
7774:
7672:
7562:
7517:
7085:
6930:
6900:
6834:
6795:
6708:
6602:
6457:
6435:
6425:
6293:
5900:
5890:
5846:
4942:
4494:
3311:
1719:
1574:
1370:
1324:
1316:
1241:
1069:
1040:
835:
812:
792:
699:
619:
599:
225:
4716:. Chicago Guides to Writing, Editing, and Publishing (illustrated, reprinted ed.).
4643:
4304:
2324:
dash may therefore be preferred to the en dash for indicating a closed range of values.
1722:
at the start of each item in a bulleted list, but a plain hyphen is more commonly used.
823:(and thus the styling) for specific terms, given that no one can know them all offhand.
598:(named after the American Psychological Association) uses an en dash in ranges, but the
8063:
8053:
6758:
6685:
6665:
6655:
6627:
6597:
6557:
6184:
6047:
6032:
5973:
5963:
5833:
5262:
4014:
3936:
3892:
3859:
3803:
3100:
3066:
2201:
1834:
1697:
1689:
1683:
1448:"I'm aware of your mitigating circumstances, but your negative attitude was excessive."
1282:
1195:
808:
6680:
5718:
4045:
876:
514:), provided as standard on most keyboards, is often used instead of the figure dash.
7400:
7343:
6703:
6622:
6577:
6507:
5978:
5737:
5636:
5331:
5273:
5237:
5207:
5140:
5137:
The Complete Typographer: A Foundation Course for Graphic Designers Working With Type
5100:
5026:
4981:
4952:
4921:
4910:
4873:
4846:
4767:
4721:
4690:
4675:
4617:
4610:
4583:
4551:
4498:
4455:
4416:
4377:
4373:
4331:
4206:
4147:
4137:
4024:
3950:
3657:
3594:
2981:
2750:
2163:
1924:
1637:
1528:
872:
2267:
7789:
7710:
7634:
7294:
6589:
6542:
6381:
6328:
6189:
5999:
5046:
3978:
3865:
3825:
3431:. Several similar characters from one Unicode block used to draw horizontal lines.
1965:
1579:
1311:
The em dash is used in several ways. It is primarily used in places where a set of
1206:
800:
490:
is generally set a little higher, so as to be level with the horizontal bar of the
4072:(3rd ed.). London: Modern Humanities Research Association. 2020. § 5.2.
409:
dash, because the hyphen-minus symbol is readily available on most keyboards. The
8020:
7962:
7577:
6725:
6612:
6607:
6527:
6495:
6386:
6123:
5925:
5523:
5472:
5465:
5073:
5053:
4711:
4670:
3814:
3793:
3739:
3675:
3620:
3526:
3474:
3245:
2507:
2140:
hyphen. Sometimes this is used in groups to indicate different types of dash. In
1759:
1418:
1288:
1278:
796:
530:
177:
173:
1380:
Three alkali metals (sodium, potassium, and lithium) are the usual substituents.
1335:
1068:
As discussed above, the en dash is sometimes recommended instead of a hyphen in
590:
This may include ranges such as those between dates, times, or numbers. Various
7824:
7002:
6730:
6675:
6552:
6355:
6179:
6133:
6067:
6037:
5905:
5086:
4300:
2847:
2683:
2679:
1602:
1342:
Three alkali metals are the usual substituents: sodium, potassium, and lithium.
410:
374:
330:
Glitter, felt, yarn, and buttons—his kitchen looked as if a clown had exploded.
321:
can be used to mark a break in a sentence, and a pair can be used to set off a
252:
221:
1385:
Three alkali metals—sodium, potassium, and lithium—are the usual substituents.
1347:
Three alkali metals are the usual substituents—sodium, potassium, and lithium.
123:
mark consisting of a long horizontal line. It is similar in appearance to the
8078:
7912:
7532:
7460:
7279:
7256:
6522:
6490:
6480:
6360:
4327:
The joy of TEX: a gourmet guide to typesetting with the AMS-TEX macro package
3499:
3193:
2675:
2624:
2538:
2295:
2294:), or where specific orthographic rules prevent a line break (like in German
1929:
1887:
1670:
1453:
1423:
1312:
1147:
759:
580:
to compound attributes, where one of the connected items is itself a compound
217:
199:
2010:, is used to introduce quoted text. This is the standard method of printing
1775:, sets it open, separating it from its surrounding words by using spaces or
1700:). It may also censor the end letter. In this use, it is sometimes doubled.
7997:
7657:
7415:
7214:
6780:
6660:
6547:
6532:
6502:
6462:
6445:
6199:
6169:
6143:
6052:
5895:
5877:
5438:
4095:
3777:
3702:
3694:
3402:
2885:
2220:
2129:
2098:
1771:
1152:
788:
787:
is "The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act", with a
495:
390:
39:
7729:
7475:
5067:"Hyphens, En Dashes, and Em Dashes: When to Use Them and How to Type Them"
194:
7445:
7381:
7366:
7309:
6877:
6775:
6770:
6763:
6753:
6567:
6517:
6472:
6412:
6376:
6347:
6335:
6315:
6138:
6090:
5958:
5411:
3818:
3492:
3010:
2503:
2499:
2030:
1610:
1524:
780:
591:
120:
4070:
MHRA Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors, Editors, and Writers of Theses
2939:; therefore, whether sequences of this character connect depends on the
1849:
era. (It is still described for hard copy manuscript preparation in the
1468:"Crazy!" Clevinger interrupted, shrieking. "That's what you are! Crazy!"
7885:
7687:
7615:
6979:
6881:
6748:
6562:
6452:
6305:
6298:
6275:
6230:
6194:
6148:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6080:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5869:
5568:
5545:
3158:
3049:
2916:
2492:
2484:
2283:
2145:
2060:
1961:
1957:
1870:
1846:
1784:
1776:
1216:
467:
143:
35:
6875:
5433:
4102:
3868:– signature delimiter in emails (usage of "-- " in a single line)
3587:
3569:
3561:
1828:
1371:
Simple equivalence (or near-equivalence) of paired parenthetical marks
1164:
In these situations, en dashes must have a single space on each side.
8025:
7843:
7430:
7100:
7040:
7017:
6945:
6240:
6235:
6012:
5940:
4550:. Barron's Pocket Guides. Woodbury, NY: Barron's Educational Series.
3628:
2275:
1937:
1913:
1710:
Three em dashes might be used to indicate a completely missing word.
1533:
1320:
799: – and something named for a single person who had a
609:
595:
491:
361:
234:
3069:". A sequence of such characters is not expected to connect, unlike
2249:
The character that can be used to unambiguously represent a hyphen.
1480:
Simple revision of a statement as one's thoughts evolve on the fly:
7943:
7130:
7115:
6713:
6572:
6391:
6264:
6250:
6075:
6027:
4174:
4065:
3267:
2687:
2011:
1858:
1520:
1493:
1458:
1293:
1131:
939:
169:
577:
to contrast values or illustrate a relationship between two things
7981:
7870:
7055:
6537:
6323:
6174:
6085:
6017:
5953:
2289:
2042:
1993:
1146:
The en dash can also signify a rhetorical pause. For example, an
883:
The hospital–nursing home connection (the connection between the
522:
244:
204:
3810:(meaning 'am/is/are'), which is unpronounced in spoken Russian.
1914:
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
1090:), however, limits the use of the en dash to two main purposes:
7191:
6960:
6440:
6057:
4146:(third ed.). Hartley & Marks, Publishers. p. 80.
3758:
3720:
3522:
3337:
Used in mathematics. Ends not curved as much regular tilde. In
2242:
2017:
There is no support in the standard TeX fonts, but one can use
1895:
1029:
1006:
868:
848:
820:
615:
124:
46:
31:
5764:
4451:
InDesign type: professional typography with Adobe InDesign CS2
3345:, this character can be expressed using the math mode command
602:(named after the American Medical Association) uses a hyphen:
386:) or the em dash, but not the en dash, introduces quoted text.
7592:
7547:
7070:
6915:
6283:
6022:
5990:
5838:
5828:
4976:(15th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2003. pp.
3907:
Other style differences (e.g., APA "p.m." and "pp." vs. AMA "
3342:
3166:
2989:
2973:
2936:
2298:
of single-letter abbreviations and full nouns, as "E-Mail").
2137:
2056:
1838:
1336:
Simple equivalence (or near-equivalence) of colon and em dash
1199:
487:
332:
A flock of sparrows—some of them juveniles—alighted and sang.
3065:. It is a spacing character, related to the diacritic mark "
2274:
Also called "hard hyphen", denotes a hyphen after which no
157:, longer than either the en dash or the minus sign; and the
45:"Dashed" redirects here. For the food delivery service, see
6639:
6485:
5004:(16th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2010. §6.80.
4941:
Iverson, Cheryl; et al., eds. (2007), "8.3.1 Hyphen",
4837:
The American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style
4803:"Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act"
4369:
Type Rules: The Designer's Guide to Professional Typography
3911:" and "pp") are ignored for the purpose of this comparison.
2940:
1734:
443:
5202:(Second ed.), Oxford University Press, 2016, p.
4408:
3134:
A phonetic symbol (a line applied below the base letter).
2278:
may apply. This is the case where the hyphen is part of a
1824:
It was alleged that D⸺ had been threatened with blackmail.
1705:
It was alleged that D⸺ had been threatened with blackmail.
1005:
An exception to the use of en dashes is usually made when
948:), takes a hyphen, not an en dash. The difference is that
843:
use hyphens, not en dashes, in coordinate terms (such as "
5400:(16th ed.). Chicago University Press. §6.88, p. 335.
4766:(Revised ed.). Addison Wesley Longman. p. 221.
3598:
3338:
2928:
2059:
and is used to separate alternatives or approximates. In
1620:―O, miss Douce! miss Kennedy protested. You horrid thing!
1296:
either a half-em wide or the width of an upper-case "N".
518:
5434:"The Trouble With EM 'n EN (and Other Shady Characters)"
2927:(i.e. a spacing underscore). It is commonly used within
1948:, like "most US publishers", uses the unspaced em dash.
1605:. It may be distinct from an em dash in its coding (see
1503:"I sense something; a presence I've not felt since—" in
830:
the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
691:
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (
142:, generally longer than the hyphen but shorter than the
5327:
Webster's New World Punctuation: Simplified and Applied
5130:
5128:
4306:
Practical printing: a handbook of the art of typography
3941:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp.
2286:
denoting a specific sound (like in the Swiss placename
1358:
These are the colors of the flag: red, white, and blue.
1352:
740:
New York–London flight (however, it may be argued that
692:
5629:
The Unicode Standard Version 15.0 – Core Specification
5092:
Grammar Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing
4533:". Academic Writing Tutor. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
4175:"Alternate figures | Butterick's Practical Typography"
4019:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p.
3502:
textual symbol, usually displayed by a long low line.
3287:, but a sequence of such characters usually connects.
2923:
ASCII underscore, usually a horizontal line below the
1361:
Red, white, and blue—these are the colors of the flag.
1215:
The en dash is sometimes used as a substitute for the
5723:
4713:
Legal Writing in Plain English: A Text with Exercises
3862:– rules to indicate conditions in texts (usage of "")
2631:
Used in the transcription of old German manuscripts.
867:
In English, the en dash is usually used instead of a
5125:
4645:
Text, type and style: A compendium of Atlantic usage
1779:(U+200A) when it is being used parenthetically. The
1492:
Contemplative or emotional trailing off (usually in
1412:
1232:
because the syntax usually requires a hyphen-minus.
906:
A nursing home–home care policy (a policy about the
683:
President Jimmy Carter, in office from 1977 to 1981
5719:
https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2300.pdf#page=5
5286:
5184:
4808:. U.S. Government Publishing Office. 21 July 2010.
3842:" (In English: 'He took his loyalty to his teacher
1829:
Approximating the em dash with two or three hyphens
1718:Either the en dash or the em dash may be used as a
1564:Lord Cardinal! if thou think'st on heaven's bliss,
1405:
The food (which was delicious) reminded me of home.
1395:
The food, which was delicious, reminded me of home.
1240:Either the en dash or the em dash may be used as a
1109:", to rule out its use in "US–Canadian relations".
5730:Angelelli, Claudia V.; Jacobson, Holly E. (2009).
5293:
5261:
5191:
4909:
4834:
4674:
4609:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4050:. Printed at Dublin, reprinted at London. p.
1890:, the en dash is actually shorter than the hyphen.
1796:The Canadian Style: A Guide to Writing and Editing
1532:may be used to indicate great emotion in dramatic
5729:
4859:
4541:
4539:
4486:
2565:Used mostly in German dictionaries and indicates
1940:. However, this convention is not universal. The
1400:The food—which was delicious—reminded me of home.
1043:retains the en dashes in the following examples:
442:) has the same width as a numerical digit. (Many
8076:
5259:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4531:Hyphens, En Dashes, and Em Dashes: Correct Usage
3229:CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL SHORT HORIZONTAL STROKE
1821:I distinctly heard him say, "Go away or I'll ⸺".
1132:Parenthetic and other uses at the sentence level
722:
5824:Wiktionary list of English phrases with em dash
5771:(in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Madrid: Fundación
5688:"L2/21-036: Proposal to add the OBLIQUE HYPHEN"
5487:"Em Dashes and Ellipses: Closed or Spaced Out?"
4596:
4415:(2nd ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 128.
4309:(2nd ed.). J.M. Powell & Son. p.
1833:When an em dash is unavailable in a particular
1440:
1194:When an en dash is unavailable in a particular
5533:
5418:. London: The Bodley Head. p. 335, lines 7–11.
5085:
4903:
4901:
4536:
4412:Digital Multimedia: The Business of Technology
4266:
4264:
3903:
3901:
3165:or backed articulation. It may show small end-
2678:. Typographically, they have the width of one
1815:Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers
1624:
1244:at the start of each item in a bulleted list.
6861:
6791:Intellectual property protection of typefaces
5854:
5560:
4865:
4630:
4607:
4564:
3829:
3572:, used in Japanese to indicate a long vowel.
1566:Hold up thy hand, make signal of that hope.—
975:The pro-conscription–anti-conscription debate
6333:
5159:
4612:Webster's new world English grammar handbook
4608:Loberger, Gordon; Welsh, Kate Shoup (2001).
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
2980:Used in programming languages (e.g. for the
1766:The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage
1751:According to most American sources (such as
1435:
1189:
1063:
1017:non-English-speaking air traffic controllers
996:merged, the joint company was inaptly named
463:) is generally used for a range of values.
127:but is longer and sometimes higher from the
4934:
4916:. University of California Press. pp.
4898:
4841:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2005. p.
4827:
4361:
4359:
4261:
3991:
3969:
3898:
3247:BALINESE MUSICAL SYMBOL LEFT-HAND OPEN PANG
2074:(adv.) from this time forth; from now on; "
1788:
1746:
1732:
1183:
1137:
6868:
6854:
5861:
5847:
5736:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 174.
5427:
5425:
5330:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 114.
5260:Gomez-Palacio, Bryony; Vit, Armin (2009).
5018:Errors in English and Ways to Correct Them
5008:
4869:The Writer's Digest Grammar Desk Reference
4546:Griffith, Benjamin W; et al. (2004).
4409:Susan E. L. Lake & Karen Bean (2007).
4330:(2nd ed.). AMS Bookstore. p. 8.
4136:
3930:
3928:
2545:Used in ancient Near-Eastern linguistics.
1596:
1427:(the degree of difference is subjective).
1220:
286:To scratch your Head, and bite your Nails.
6817:Punctuation and other typographic symbols
4299:
4123:
2877:Related Unicode characters with property
1865:
397:) is often used as a substitute for an en
8014:Version of this table as a sortable list
5530:. 22 October 2012. Accessed 31 May 2016.
5300:New Hart's Rules: The Oxford Style Guide
5199:The Oxford Style Guide: New Hart's Rules
4545:
4365:
4356:
4107:. Unicode, Inc. 2000. p. 3 # 2015.
4016:The texts of King Lear and their origins
3977:. Printed for Nathaniel Butter. p.
3934:
3627:Looks like a sequence of a hyphen and a
3111:(a line applied above the base letter).
2067:might employ the swung dash as follows:
1869:
862:
570:The three main uses of the en dash are:
193:
5685:
5431:
5422:
4940:
4907:
4270:
4198:
4096:"General Punctuation, Range: 2000–206F"
4012:
3925:
3399:Miscellaneous Technical (Unicode block)
3373:Miscellaneous Technical (Unicode block)
3310:A short horizontal line used as a list
2651:Used in medieval European manuscripts.
1365:
931:The non–San Francisco part of the world
238:reprinted 1619) or composed of hyphens
14:
8077:
5225:
5021:. New York: Harper & Row. p.
4872:. Writer's Digest Books. p. 296.
4709:
4669:
4582:. Menlo Park, CA: Crisp Publications.
4447:
4323:
3874:– spaces of equivalent sizes to dashes
3563:KATAKANA-HIRAGANA PROLONGED SOUND MARK
2769:PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL EN DASH
2745:PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL EM DASH
1741:
978:Public-school–private-school rivalries
558:is traditionally half the width of an
401:dash, as is a pair of hyphen-minuses (
6849:
5842:
5569:"Punctuating Comics: Dots and Dashes"
5566:
5410:
5323:
5306:from the original on 21 February 2015
5113:from the original on 21 December 2019
4866:Lutz, Gary; Stevenson, Diane (2005).
4759:
4429:from the original on 25 February 2021
4249:from the original on 21 February 2014
4043:
3787:
1713:
533:font also has the figure dash glyph.
172:but tends to be between those of the
7866: ⟨ ⟩
5700:from the original on 20 January 2022
5686:Everson, Michael (12 January 2021).
5601:from the original on 30 October 2007
5575:from the original on 19 January 2013
5542:"Comic Book Grammar & Tradition"
5432:Sheerin, Peter K (19 October 2001).
5134:
5014:
4886:from the original on 16 January 2017
4641:
4577:
4219:from the original on 8 November 2023
3878:
3796:, the em dash is used as an opening
2674:Wavy lines found in some East Asian
2569:of the stem vowel of a plural form.
1982:Quotation mark § Quotation dash
1757:) and some British sources (such as
1474:
1446:"But I'm trying to explain that I—"
1376:Compare parentheses with em dashes:
1353:Inversion of the function of a colon
5484:
5232:. Oxford University Press. p.
5139:(3rd ed.). Thames and Hudson.
4744:Use an en-dash as an equivalent of
4245:. Google Blog spot. 9 August 2011.
2386:
1903:seen in contemporary publications.
1898:but not as wide as the em dash. An
1606:
1235:
731:Australia beat American Samoa 31–0.
584:
293:In modern Wit all printed Trash, is
131:. The most common versions are the
24:
5795:Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana
5539:
5378:from the original on 24 March 2021
4815:from the original on 24 March 2021
4780:from the original on 24 March 2021
4734:from the original on 1 August 2020
4281:from the original on 24 March 2021
4104:Unicode 13.0 Character Code Charts
3998:. London: Nicholas Okes. pp.
3831:Llevaba la fidelidad a su maestro
3052:usually having the same length as
1841:character set—it has usually been
1223:. For example, the original 8-bit
944:, which, if not fully compounded (
291:Is needful, to transcribe it fair.
289:Your poem finish'd, next your Care
280:Blot out, correct, insert, refine,
25:
8101:
5817:
5769:Diccionario panhispánico de dudas
5622:"Writing Systems and Punctuation"
5595:"A glossary of typographic terms"
5567:Klein, Todd (23 September 2008).
5344:from the original on 13 July 2020
5172:from the original on 22 July 2021
4511:from the original on 31 July 2020
4468:from the original on 31 July 2020
4390:from the original on 29 July 2020
4344:from the original on 31 July 2020
4143:The elements of typographic style
4111:from the original on 3 April 2021
4076:from the original on 2 April 2021
3817:, em or en dashes can be used as
2749:Compatibility characters used in
2090:Unicode characters with property
1975:
1920:The Elements of Typographic Style
1661:"If this were only cleared away,"
1413:Subtle differences in punctuation
1330:
1035:non-government-owned corporations
988:with the following example: When
952:is not an open compound, whereas
841:Dorland's medical reference works
762:voted 5–4 to uphold the decision.
689:Some style guides (including the
284:Be mindful, when Invention fails;
6830:
6829:
5787:"Uso de la raya (o guión largo)"
5497:from the original on 7 July 2014
5464:website has an updated version:
5446:from the original on 7 June 2018
3656:Compatibility character used in
3048:A horizontal line positioned at
2316:
2080:she will be known as Mrs. Wales"
1663:They said, "it would be grand!"
1634:A penny saved is a penny earned.
1506:Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope
1056:non–Q-wave myocardial infarction
680:President Jimmy Carter (1977-81)
677:President Jimmy Carter (1977–81)
308:
5779:
5757:
5712:
5679:
5649:
5635:. September 2022. p. 269.
5613:
5587:
5509:
5478:
5404:
5390:
5356:
5317:
5253:
5219:
5153:
5079:
5059:
5039:
4994:
4964:
4795:
4753:
4703:
4663:
4548:Pocket Guide to Correct Grammar
4523:
4480:
4441:
4402:
4317:
4293:
4231:
4205:. O'Reilly Media. p. 433.
4192:
4167:
2993:
2727:KATAKANA-HIRAGANA DOUBLE HYPHEN
2408:
1769:for printed newspapers and the
1020:semi-labor-intensive industries
873:compound (phrasal) attributives
318:
77:
5868:
5370:IV – A New Hope
4677:Garner's Modern American Usage
4616:. New York, NY: Hungry Minds.
4580:Copyediting: A Practical Guide
4088:
4058:
4037:
4006:
3985:
3963:
3885:
3017:Used to indicate where a line
2462:Usually is used together with
2435:Usually is used together with
1894:The en dash is wider than the
1657:They wept like anything to see
750:New flight from York to London
746:Flight from New York to London
417:
382:A horizontal bar (also called
216:In the early 17th century, in
13:
1:
6786:History of Western typography
5282:– via Internet Archive.
5160:Zoe Williams (20 July 2021).
5076:, Get It Write, 26 June 2019.
4642:Ives, George Burnham (1921).
4013:Blayney, Peter W. M. (1982).
3992:Shakespeare, William (1622).
3970:Shakespeare, William (1619).
3935:McMillin, Scott, ed. (2001).
3918:
3839:hasta extremos insospechados.
3450:BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY HORIZONTAL
3424:BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT HORIZONTAL
2024:
1725:
1323:(period) is too strong and a
1273:. The character is called an
1167:
1138:§ En dash versus em dash
1050:non–English-language journals
723:Relationships and connections
282:Enlarge, diminish, interline;
168:, whose length varies across
6633:traditional point-size names
5834:Commonly confused characters
4949:American Medical Association
4490:The handbook of good English
3161:used in phonetics to mark a
2364:
2342:
1813:The Australian government's
1677:
1652:The Walrus and the Carpenter
1591:
1441:Interruption by someone else
1270:
1024:Proto-Indo-European language
755:Mother–daughter relationship
559:
7:
5886:Canons of page construction
5793:(in Spanish). Mexico City:
5398:The Chicago Manual of Style
5302:, Oxford University Press,
5002:The Chicago Manual of Style
4973:The Chicago Manual of Style
4951:/ Oxford University Press,
4718:University of Chicago Press
4454:. Adobe Press. p. 72.
3938:The First Quarto of Othello
3853:
3850:to unsuspected extremes.')
3792:In many languages, such as
3779:COUNTING ROD UNIT DIGIT ONE
1909:The Chicago Manual of Style
1754:The Chicago Manual of Style
1655:Were walking close at hand;
1625:Attribution of quote source
1568:He dies, and makes no sign!
1523:or an em dash can indicate
1083:The Chicago Manual of Style
999:Chattanooga News-Free Press
807:is named after one person (
783:; thus, the short title of
608:En dash range style (e.g.,
317:An (unspaced) em dash or a
10:
8106:
7329:inverted ! and ?
5485:Yin, Karen (31 May 2016).
5226:Ritter, Robert M. (2002).
4788:– via Google Books.
4742:– via Google Books.
4487:Edward D. Johnson (1991).
3589:CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E00
3153:MODIFIER LETTER MINUS SIGN
3130:MODIFIER LETTER LOW MACRON
2222:MONGOLIAN TODO SOFT HYPHEN
2084:
2028:
1979:
1934:Cambridge University Press
1907:examples of the US style,
1808:Canadian Oxford Dictionary
1681:
1306:
1247:
1172:
1135:
1059:non–brain-injured subjects
969:a long–focal length camera
962:Trans–New Guinea languages
934:The post–World War II era
817:Hughlings Jackson syndrome
734:Radical–Unionist coalition
536:
189:
51:
44:
29:
8009:
7897:
7801:
7745:sound recording copyright
7699:
7604:
7487:
7355:
7268:
7203:
7029:
6889:
6825:
6809:
6741:
6694:
6648:
6588:
6471:
6411:
6369:
6346:
6314:
6274:
6263:
6208:
6162:
6114:
6066:
6043:Subscript and superscript
5998:
5989:
5939:
5876:
5352:– via Google Books.
5324:Woods, Geraldine (2005).
5229:The Oxford Guide to Style
4894:– via Google Books.
4710:Garner, Bryan A. (2001).
3771:
3752:
3733:
3714:
3688:
3669:
3614:
3581:
3555:
3538:
3521:
3511:
3486:
3427:
3368:HORIZONTAL LINE EXTENSION
3239:
3222:
3205:
2860:
2841:
2762:
2748:
2738:
2719:
2673:
2640:
2618:
2601:
2588:
2578:
2554:
2532:
2214:
2203:CANADIAN SYLLABICS HYPHEN
2195:
2176:
2157:
2055:) resembles a lengthened
1874:These comparisons of the
1857:Because early comic book
1760:The Oxford Guide to Style
1436:Interruption of a speaker
1190:Encoding and substitution
1064:Differing recommendations
853:Cheyne-Stokes respiration
742:New York–to-London flight
717:between X and Y
672:pages 38 through 55
494:. In informal usage, the
75:
68:
63:
6801:Vox-ATypI classification
5931:Intentionally blank page
5619:"Dashes and Hyphens" in
5466:Version 2.0—May 27, 2002
4366:Strizver, Ilene (2010).
4324:Spivak, Michael (1980).
4239:"Figure dash in XeLaTeX"
4044:Swift, Jonathan (1733).
2590:Supplemental Punctuation
2184:HEBREW PUNCTUATION MAQAF
2031:Tilde § Punctuation
1923:by Canadian typographer
1804:Editing Canadian English
1747:Spacing and substitution
1659:Such quantities of sand:
1122:"11:00 a.m.–1:00 p.m."
1053:non–group-specific blood
777:Bose–Einstein statistics
565:
389:In informal contexts, a
30:Not to be confused with
5522:15 January 2013 at the
5045:The Punctuation Guide,
4683:Oxford University Press
4271:Stewart, A. A. (1919).
4199:Korpela, Jukka (2006).
4179:practicaltypography.com
3722:BRAHMI PUNCTUATION LINE
3274:A character similar to
2868:YEZIDI HYPHENATION MARK
2019:\hbox{---}\kern-.5em---
1946:Oxford University Press
1851:Chicago Manual of Style
1597:Quotation mark–like use
1550:An Essay on Punctuation
1225:Macintosh Character Set
972:water ice–based bedrock
805:Lennard-Jones potential
650:1:15 to 2:15 p.m.
625:Running text spell-out
7862: { }
7854: ( )
7839: « »
7835: ‹ ›
7820: " "
7816: ' '
7812: “ ”
7808: ‘ ’
6334:
5797:. 2007. Archived from
5773:Real Academia Española
5633:The Unicode Consortium
5471:19 August 2018 at the
4650:Atlantic Monthly Press
4448:French, Nigel (2006).
3830:
3622:LISU PUNCTUATION COMMA
3529:to denote the sound .
3429:Box-drawing characters
3405:in technical context.
3102:MODIFIER LETTER MACRON
3025:or between syllables.
2990:glyphic representation
2830:FULLWIDTH HYPHEN-MINUS
1891:
1866:En dash versus em dash
1837:environment—as in the
1789:En dash versus em dash
1733:
1675:
1585:
1498:first person narrative
1487:, I'm going to do it."
1207:named character entity
1198:environment—as in the
1184:En dash versus em dash
1162:
1075:love–hate relationship
994:Chattanooga Free Press
379:
357:
341:
334:
306:
295:Set off with num'rous
213:
4908:Einsohn, Amy (2000).
4374:John Wiley & Sons
3872:Whitespace characters
3658:East Asian typography
2751:East Asian typography
2690:vowel extender mark.
2561:HYPHEN WITH DIAERESIS
2540:DOUBLE OBLIQUE HYPHEN
2142:programming languages
1942:Oxford Guide to Style
1873:
1647:
1561:
1230:programming languages
1158:
985:The Elements of Style
966:The ex–prime minister
863:Attributive compounds
737:Boston–Hartford route
713:from X to Y
661:For ages 3 through 5
367:
347:
335:
328:
277:
212:. Note use of dashes.
197:
54:Dash (disambiguation)
8059:Japanese punctuation
7760:registered trademark
7645: |
7503:plus and minus signs
6896:
6671:Typographic features
5268:. Rockport. p.
5072:30 July 2019 at the
5052:21 July 2019 at the
5015:Shaw, Harry (1986).
4760:Dupré, Lynn (1998).
4578:Judd, Karen (2001).
4495:Simon & Schuster
4047:On Poetry; a rapsody
3603:East Asian languages
3194:tilde diacritic mark
1854:dash, respectively.
1546:Early Modern English
1366:Parenthesis-like use
927:New York–style pizza
813:Bence Jones proteins
773:McCain–Feingold bill
354:Edwards, pp. 81–101.
323:parenthetical phrase
52:For other uses, see
8049:Chinese punctuation
7775:service mark symbol
7518:multiplication sign
7036: &
6796:Technical lettering
6695:Typography in other
6436:Hanging punctuation
5548:on 21 December 2012
5135:Will, Hill (2010).
4944:AMA Manual of Style
3760:KAITHI SECTION MARK
3601:", used in various
3545:HANGUL JUNGSEONG EU
3192:A spacing clone of
2881:
2269:NON-BREAKING HYPHEN
2094:
2006:), also known as a
1742:Typographic details
1483:"I believe I shall—
1070:compound adjectives
1011:hyphenated compound
857:Kaplan-Meier method
845:blood-brain barrier
836:AMA Manual of Style
793:Satyendra Nath Bose
700:AMA Manual of Style
641:1:15–2:15 p.m.
636:June and July 1967
618:range style (e.g.,
226:William Shakespeare
8064:Korean punctuation
8054:Hebrew punctuation
6759:Handwriting script
6686:Desktop publishing
6656:Character encoding
6649:Digital typography
6163:Horizontal aspects
6116:Visual distinction
5974:Widows and orphans
5829:Dashes and Hyphens
5801:on 25 October 2018
5667:on 21 January 2018
5528:The New York Times
5366:Star Wars: Episode
4138:Bringhurst, Robert
3860:Leiden Conventions
3788:In other languages
3401:. Represents line
2954:FULLWIDTH LOW LINE
2876:
2809:SMALL HYPHEN-MINUS
2144:it is used as the
2089:
1954:full justification
1892:
1835:character encoding
1698:data anonymization
1684:Fillet (redaction)
1512:"Get out or else—"
1292:width, is in most
1277:because it is one
1269:is longer than an
1196:character encoding
1126:"July 9–August 17"
1114:"12 June – 3 July"
1047:non–self-governing
809:John Lennard-Jones
785:Public Law 111–203
214:
8072:
8071:
7401:ordinal indicator
7344:irony punctuation
6843:
6842:
6590:Typographic units
6508:For position only
6407:
6406:
6259:
6258:
5743:978-90-272-3190-1
5642:978-1-936213-32-0
5337:978-0-7645-9916-3
5279:978-1-59253-447-0
5213:978-0-19-876725-1
5146:978-0-500-28894-8
4958:978-0-19-517633-9
4947:(10th ed.),
4927:978-0-520-21834-5
4879:978-1-58297-335-7
4852:978-0-618-60499-9
4773:978-0-201-37921-1
4727:978-0-226-28418-7
4696:978-0-19-516191-5
4504:978-0-671-70797-2
4461:978-0-321-38544-4
4422:978-0-538-44527-6
4383:978-0-470-54251-4
4337:978-0-8218-2997-4
4202:Unicode Explained
4153:978-0-88179-206-5
4030:978-0-521-22634-9
3956:978-0-521-56257-7
3910:
3879:Explanatory notes
3785:
3784:
3741:BRAHMI NUMBER ONE
3677:AEGEAN NUMBER TEN
3595:Chinese character
3157:A variant of the
2937:glyphic variation
2874:
2873:
2431:SUPERSCRIPT MINUS
1966:zero-width spaces
1925:Robert Bringhurst
1638:Benjamin Franklin
1529:rhetorical device
1475:Self-interruption
917:Pre–Civil War era
687:
686:
647:
267:are attested for
113:
112:
108:
107:
16:(Redirected from
8097:
8021:Currency symbols
8001:
8000:
7994:
7986:
7985:
7984:(paragraph mark)
7978:
7974:
7966:
7965:
7959:
7955:
7947:
7946:
7940:
7932:
7931:
7924:
7916:
7915:
7909:
7905:
7889:
7888:
7882:
7874:
7873:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7847:
7846:
7840:
7836:
7828:
7827:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7793:
7792:
7790:trademark symbol
7786:
7778:
7777:
7771:
7763:
7762:
7756:
7748:
7747:
7741:
7733:
7732:
7726:
7724:
7714:
7713:
7711:copyright symbol
7707:
7691:
7690:
7684:
7676:
7675:
7669:
7661:
7660:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7638:
7637:
7631:
7629:
7619:
7618:
7612:
7596:
7595:
7589:
7581:
7580:
7574:
7566:
7565:
7559:
7551:
7550:
7544:
7536:
7535:
7529:
7521:
7520:
7514:
7506:
7505:
7499:
7495:
7479:
7478:
7472:
7464:
7463:
7457:
7449:
7448:
7442:
7434:
7433:
7427:
7419:
7418:
7412:
7404:
7403:
7397:
7393:
7385:
7384:
7378:
7370:
7369:
7363:
7347:
7346:
7340:
7332:
7331:
7325:
7321:
7313:
7312:
7306:
7298:
7297:
7295:exclamation mark
7291:
7283:
7282:
7276:
7260:
7259:
7253:
7249:
7241:
7240:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7218:
7217:
7211:
7195:
7194:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7180:
7176:
7173:
7169:
7166:
7162:
7159:
7149:
7148:
7142:
7134:
7133:
7127:
7119:
7118:
7112:
7104:
7103:
7097:
7089:
7088:
7082:
7074:
7073:
7067:
7059:
7058:
7052:
7044:
7043:
7037:
7021:
7020:
7014:
7006:
7005:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6983:
6982:
6976:
6972:
6964:
6963:
6957:
6949:
6948:
6942:
6934:
6933:
6927:
6919:
6918:
6912:
6904:
6903:
6897:
6870:
6863:
6856:
6847:
6846:
6833:
6832:
6810:Related template
6742:Related articles
6543:Phototypesetting
6397:reverse-contrast
6382:Display typeface
6339:
6316:Blackletter type
6272:
6271:
6209:Vertical aspects
6190:Sentence spacing
6000:Typeface anatomy
5996:
5995:
5863:
5856:
5849:
5840:
5839:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5727:
5721:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5699:
5692:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5663:. Archived from
5653:
5647:
5646:
5626:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5606:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5544:. Archived from
5537:
5531:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5482:
5476:
5459:
5453:
5451:
5429:
5420:
5419:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5369:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5297:
5295:"4.11.2 Em rule"
5290:
5284:
5283:
5267:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5223:
5217:
5216:
5195:
5193:"4.11.1 En rule"
5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5132:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5083:
5077:
5063:
5057:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5012:
5006:
5005:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4915:
4905:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4840:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4814:
4807:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4785:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4741:
4739:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4681:(2nd ed.).
4680:
4671:Garner, Bryan A.
4667:
4661:
4660:
4639:
4628:
4627:
4615:
4605:
4594:
4593:
4575:
4562:
4561:
4543:
4534:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4372:(3rd ed.).
4363:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4268:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4212:978-0-59610121-3
4196:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4134:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4100:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4010:
4004:
4003:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3932:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3896:
3889:
3866:Signature dashes
3849:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3780:
3774:
3769:
3761:
3755:
3750:
3742:
3736:
3731:
3723:
3717:
3712:
3705:unit of length.
3701:A symbol for an
3697:
3696:ROMAN UNCIA SIGN
3691:
3686:
3678:
3672:
3667:
3652:
3643:
3638:
3623:
3617:
3612:
3590:
3584:
3579:
3564:
3558:
3553:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3525:letters used in
3519:
3518:HANGUL LETTER EU
3514:
3509:
3495:
3489:
3484:
3471:
3470:HEAVY MINUS SIGN
3463:
3458:
3451:
3443:
3438:
3425:
3417:
3412:
3395:
3387:
3382:
3369:
3361:
3356:
3348:
3334:
3326:
3321:
3307:
3299:
3294:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3270:
3261:
3256:
3248:
3242:
3237:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3213:
3212:ARABIC FULL STOP
3208:
3203:
3189:
3181:
3176:
3154:
3146:
3141:
3131:
3123:
3118:
3103:
3094:
3089:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3045:
3037:
3032:
3013:
3003:
2976:
2967:
2962:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2919:
2910:
2905:
2882:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2858:
2850:
2844:
2839:
2831:
2822:
2817:
2810:
2802:
2797:
2790:
2782:
2777:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2729:
2728:
2722:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2697:
2682:character cell (
2671:
2663:
2658:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2627:
2621:
2616:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2541:
2535:
2530:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2508:negative numbers
2487:
2478:
2473:
2459:
2451:
2446:
2432:
2424:
2419:
2411:
2402:
2397:
2389:
2380:
2375:
2367:
2358:
2353:
2345:
2336:
2331:
2319:
2310:
2305:
2293:
2270:
2261:
2256:
2245:
2236:
2231:
2223:
2217:
2212:
2204:
2198:
2193:
2185:
2179:
2174:
2166:
2160:
2155:
2132:
2123:
2118:
2095:
2093:
2088:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2020:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1952:vary to support
1885:
1881:
1877:
1738:
1714:Itemization mark
1673:
1583:
1580:Henry VI, Part 2
1302:
1291:
1267:
1236:Itemization mark
1211:
1180:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:"12 June–3 July"
1115:
990:Chattanooga News
801:compound surname
769:Taft–Hartley Act
710:
706:
645:
605:
604:
585:Ranges of values
556:
528:
513:
510:
507:
505:
500:
485:
482:
479:
477:
472:
462:
459:
456:
454:
449:
441:
438:
435:
433:
428:
408:
404:
400:
396:
377:
355:
274:
270:
241:
231:
167:
162:
156:
151:
141:
136:
78:
61:
60:
27:Punctuation mark
21:
8105:
8104:
8100:
8099:
8098:
8096:
8095:
8094:
8075:
8074:
8073:
8068:
8005:
7996:
7993: §
7992:
7990:
7980:
7977: ⸿
7976:
7973: ¶
7972:
7970:
7961:
7958: ⌑
7957:
7954: ◊
7953:
7951:
7942:
7939: ☞
7938:
7936:
7930:(hedera, aldus)
7926:
7923: ❧
7922:
7920:
7911:
7908: ‡
7907:
7904: †
7903:
7901:
7893:
7884:
7881: ”
7880:
7878:
7869:
7865:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7851:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7832:
7823:
7819:
7815:
7811:
7807:
7805:
7797:
7788:
7784:
7782:
7773:
7769:
7767:
7758:
7755: ®
7754:
7752:
7743:
7740: ℗
7739:
7737:
7728:
7722:
7720:
7718:
7709:
7706: ©
7705:
7703:
7695:
7686:
7683: ·
7682:
7680:
7671:
7668: •
7667:
7665:
7656:
7653: ‖
7652:
7649: ¦
7648:
7644:
7642:
7633:
7627:
7625:
7623:
7614:
7611: _
7610:
7608:
7600:
7591:
7588: ^
7587:
7585:
7578:minus-plus sign
7576:
7573: ∓
7572:
7570:
7563:plus–minus sign
7561:
7558: ±
7557:
7555:
7546:
7543: ~
7542:
7540:
7531:
7528: ÷
7527:
7525:
7516:
7513: ×
7512:
7510:
7501:
7498: −
7497:
7494: +
7493:
7491:
7483:
7474:
7471: ⌀
7470:
7468:
7459:
7456: °
7455:
7453:
7444:
7441: ‱
7440:
7438:
7429:
7426: ‰
7425:
7423:
7414:
7411: %
7410:
7408:
7399:
7396: ª
7395:
7392: º
7391:
7389:
7380:
7377: №
7376:
7374:
7365:
7362: #
7361:
7359:
7351:
7342:
7339: ⸮
7338:
7336:
7327:
7324: ¿
7323:
7320: ¡
7319:
7317:
7308:
7305: ‽
7304:
7302:
7293:
7290: !
7289:
7287:
7278:
7275: ?
7274:
7272:
7264:
7255:
7252: ⸗
7251:
7248: ⹀
7247:
7245:
7236:
7233: —
7232:
7229: –
7228:
7225: ‒
7224:
7222:
7213:
7210: -
7209:
7207:
7199:
7190:
7184:
7181:
7178:
7174:
7171:
7167:
7164:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7153:
7144:
7141: ⁂
7140:
7138:
7129:
7126: *
7125:
7123:
7114:
7111: …
7110:
7108:
7099:
7096: \
7095:
7093:
7084:
7081: /
7080:
7078:
7069:
7066: ^
7065:
7063:
7054:
7051: @
7050:
7048:
7039:
7035:
7033:
7025:
7016:
7013: .
7012:
7010:
7001:
6998: ‴
6997:
6994: ″
6993:
6990: ′
6989:
6987:
6978:
6975: '
6974:
6971: ’
6970:
6968:
6959:
6956: ‐
6955:
6953:
6944:
6941: ;
6940:
6938:
6929:
6926: :
6925:
6923:
6914:
6911: ,
6910:
6908:
6899:
6895:
6893:
6885:
6874:
6844:
6839:
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6805:
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6697:writing systems
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6528:Microtypography
6467:
6403:
6365:
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6267:classifications
6266:
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5661:TechWriter Wiki
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5514:
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5473:Wayback Machine
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5074:Wayback Machine
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4763:Bugs in Writing
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4720:. p. 155.
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4497:. p. 335.
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4376:. p. 200.
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2018:
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859:"), and so on.
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6111:
6109:
6108:
6103:
6098:
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5586:
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5540:Piekos, Nate.
5532:
5515:Yagoda, Ben. "
5508:
5491:AP vs. Chicago
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5099:. p. 97.
5087:Mignon Fogarty
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4529:Lamb, David. "
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3333:TILDE OPERATOR
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2684:fullwidth form
2676:character sets
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2647:OBLIQUE HYPHEN
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2029:Main article:
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2008:quotation dash
2004:HORIZONTAL BAR
1988:horizontal bar
1980:Main article:
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1369:
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1364:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1331:Colon-like use
1329:
1308:
1305:
1249:
1246:
1237:
1234:
1191:
1188:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1156:is entitled:
1133:
1130:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1026:
1021:
1018:
980:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
959:
958:
957:
932:
929:
924:
923:–winning novel
921:Pulitzer Prize
918:
915:
904:
864:
861:
764:
763:
756:
753:
738:
735:
732:
724:
721:
685:
684:
681:
678:
674:
673:
670:
667:
666:pp. 38–55
663:
662:
659:
656:
652:
651:
648:
642:
638:
637:
634:
633:June-July 1967
631:
630:June–July 1967
627:
626:
623:
613:
586:
583:
582:
581:
578:
575:
567:
564:
538:
535:
525:, one can use
419:
416:
415:
414:
411:autocorrection
387:
384:quotation dash
375:Mahatma Gandhi
371:
366:
365:
364:. For example:
351:
346:
345:
327:
326:
325:. For example:
319:spaced en dash
310:
307:
278:
253:Jonathan Swift
191:
188:
111:
110:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
65:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8102:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8082:
8080:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8046:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8032:Logic symbols
8030:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8018:
8015:
8012:
8011:
8008:
7999:
7995:
7989:
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7877:
7872:
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7831:
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7590:
7584:
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7554:
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7533:division sign
7530:
7524:
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7509:
7504:
7500:
7490:
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7486:
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7476:diameter sign
7473:
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7461:degree symbol
7458:
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7437:
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7407:
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7364:
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7335:
7330:
7326:
7316:
7311:
7307:
7301:
7296:
7292:
7286:
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7280:question mark
7277:
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7267:
7258:
7257:double hyphen
7254:
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7239:
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7221:
7216:
7212:
7206:
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7202:
7193:
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7152:
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7098:
7092:
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7068:
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7057:
7053:
7047:
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7019:
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6986:
6981:
6977:
6967:
6962:
6958:
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6932:
6928:
6922:
6917:
6913:
6907:
6902:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6888:
6883:
6882:typographical
6879:
6871:
6866:
6864:
6859:
6857:
6852:
6851:
6848:
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6828:
6827:
6824:
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6808:
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6789:
6787:
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6757:
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6712:
6711:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6693:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6681:Bézier curves
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6666:Rasterization
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6647:
6641:
6638:
6634:
6631:
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6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
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6549:
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6544:
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6526:
6524:
6523:Microprinting
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6481:Etaoin shrdlu
6479:
6478:
6476:
6474:
6470:
6464:
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6459:
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6380:
6378:
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6372:
6368:
6362:
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6354:
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6338:
6337:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6313:
6307:
6304:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6262:
6252:
6249:
6247:
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6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6207:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
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6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6161:
6155:
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6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6069:
6065:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5988:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5942:
5938:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
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5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
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5879:
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5871:
5864:
5859:
5857:
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5841:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
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5796:
5792:
5788:
5782:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5760:
5745:
5739:
5735:
5734:
5726:
5720:
5715:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5657:"Figure dash"
5652:
5644:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5600:
5596:
5590:
5574:
5570:
5563:
5547:
5543:
5536:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5512:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5481:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5463:
5458:
5445:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5428:
5426:
5417:
5413:
5407:
5399:
5393:
5377:
5373:
5371:
5359:
5343:
5339:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5320:
5305:
5301:
5296:
5289:
5281:
5275:
5271:
5266:
5265:
5256:
5249:
5245:
5243:0-19-869175-0
5239:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5222:
5215:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5200:
5194:
5187:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5156:
5148:
5142:
5138:
5131:
5129:
5112:
5108:
5106:9781429977494
5102:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5082:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5065:Nancy Tuten,
5062:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5042:
5034:
5032:0-06-097047-2
5028:
5024:
5020:
5019:
5011:
5003:
4997:
4989:
4987:0-226-10403-6
4983:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4945:
4937:
4929:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4913:
4904:
4902:
4885:
4881:
4875:
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4862:
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4830:
4811:
4804:
4798:
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4779:
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4769:
4765:
4764:
4756:
4749:
4747:
4733:
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4723:
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4715:
4714:
4706:
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4692:
4688:
4684:
4679:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4659:
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4647:
4646:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4625:
4623:0-7645-6488-9
4619:
4614:
4613:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4591:
4589:1-56052-608-4
4585:
4581:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4559:
4557:0-7641-2690-3
4553:
4549:
4542:
4540:
4532:
4526:
4510:
4506:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4483:
4467:
4463:
4457:
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4444:
4428:
4424:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4405:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4362:
4360:
4343:
4339:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4320:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4296:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4267:
4265:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4195:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4155:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4097:
4091:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4040:
4032:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4009:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3988:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3966:
3958:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3931:
3929:
3924:
3904:
3902:
3894:
3888:
3884:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3851:
3840:
3827:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3781:
3776:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3757:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3738:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3703:ancient Roman
3700:
3698:
3693:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3674:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3648:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3624:
3619:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3586:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3567:
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3560:
3550:
3549:
3543:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3516:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3500:Ancient Greek
3498:
3496:
3491:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3366:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3306:HYPHEN BULLET
3304:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3273:
3271:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3234:
3233:
3227:
3217:
3216:
3210:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3099:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3068:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3023:compound word
3020:
3016:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2915:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2870:
2865:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2789:SMALL EM DASH
2787:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2767:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2743:
2733:
2732:
2724:
2714:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2626:DOUBLE HYPHEN
2623:
2613:
2612:
2608:THREE-EM DASH
2606:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2537:
2527:
2526:
2509:
2505:
2502:to represent
2501:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2437:superscripted
2434:
2429:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2382:
2377:
2372:
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2368:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2276:word wrapping
2273:
2271:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2022:
2015:
2013:
2009:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1930:Penguin Group
1926:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1888:Lucida Grande
1872:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1761:
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1691:
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1672:
1671:Lewis Carroll
1666:
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1644:Block quotes:
1643:
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1455:
1454:Joseph Heller
1445:
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1424:The Mezzanine
1420:
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1149:
1148:opinion piece
1144:
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1129:
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1101:That is, the
1096:
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877:open compound
874:
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760:Supreme Court
757:
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669:pp 38-55
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309:Types of dash
304:
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48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
8037:Math symbols
7998:section mark
7658:vertical bar
7416:percent sign
7237:
7215:hyphen-minus
6781:Type foundry
6618:Metric units
6548:Punchcutting
6533:Movable type
6503:Font catalog
6463:Vertical bar
6430:
6200:Word spacing
6170:Figure space
6053:Text figures
5896:Even working
5803:. Retrieved
5799:the original
5791:UAM en linea
5790:
5781:
5768:
5759:
5747:. Retrieved
5732:
5725:
5714:
5704:21 September
5702:. Retrieved
5681:
5669:. Retrieved
5665:the original
5660:
5651:
5628:
5615:
5603:. Retrieved
5589:
5577:. Retrieved
5562:
5550:. Retrieved
5546:the original
5535:
5527:
5511:
5499:. Retrieved
5490:
5480:
5462:Pete's Guide
5461:
5455:
5448:. Retrieved
5439:A List Apart
5437:
5415:
5412:Joyce, James
5406:
5397:
5392:
5380:. Retrieved
5365:
5358:
5346:. Retrieved
5326:
5319:
5308:, retrieved
5299:
5288:
5263:
5255:
5247:
5228:
5221:
5198:
5186:
5174:. Retrieved
5166:The Guardian
5165:
5155:
5136:
5115:. Retrieved
5091:
5081:
5061:
5041:
5017:
5010:
5001:
4996:
4972:
4966:
4943:
4936:
4911:
4888:. Retrieved
4868:
4861:
4836:
4829:
4817:. Retrieved
4797:
4789:
4782:. Retrieved
4762:
4755:
4745:
4743:
4736:. Retrieved
4712:
4705:
4676:
4665:
4657:
4644:
4611:
4579:
4547:
4525:
4513:. Retrieved
4489:
4482:
4470:. Retrieved
4450:
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4431:. Retrieved
4411:
4404:
4392:. Retrieved
4368:
4346:. Retrieved
4326:
4319:
4305:
4295:
4283:. Retrieved
4273:
4251:. Retrieved
4242:
4233:
4221:. Retrieved
4201:
4194:
4182:. Retrieved
4178:
4169:
4157:. Retrieved
4142:
4113:. Retrieved
4103:
4090:
4078:. Retrieved
4069:
4060:
4046:
4039:
4015:
4008:
3994:
3987:
3972:
3965:
3937:
3887:
3823:
3812:
3802:
3791:
3403:straightness
3394:STRAIGHTNESS
3018:
2984:operator in
2849:GARAY HYPHEN
2131:HYPHEN-MINUS
2071:
2064:
2061:dictionaries
2036:
2034:
2016:
2007:
1987:
1985:
1971:
1950:
1941:
1918:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1893:
1856:
1850:
1843:approximated
1832:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1781:AP Stylebook
1780:
1772:AP Stylebook
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1729:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1687:
1650:
1648:
1633:
1600:
1578:
1563:
1562:
1549:
1541:Long pause:
1504:
1484:
1457:
1451:
1422:
1416:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1384:
1379:
1346:
1341:
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1274:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1239:
1214:
1204:
1193:
1176:
1163:
1159:
1153:The Guardian
1151:
1145:
1141:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1067:
1038:
1004:
997:
993:
989:
983:
981:
954:World War II
953:
949:
945:
938:
911:
908:nursing home
907:
900:
896:
895:between the
892:
889:nursing home
888:
884:
866:
834:
828:
825:
789:hyphen-minus
765:
749:
745:
741:
726:
716:
712:
698:
690:
688:
658:For ages 3-5
655:For ages 3–5
592:style guides
588:
569:
553:
550:
546:
542:
540:
516:
512:HYPHEN-MINUS
496:hyphen-minus
465:
423:
421:
391:hyphen-minus
383:
368:
348:
336:
329:
312:
300:
296:
279:
264:
260:
259:, the terms
256:
251:In 1733, in
250:
243:
233:
215:
203:
185:
182:
158:
147:
132:
116:
114:
104:Figure dash
58:
40:Hyphen-minus
8085:Punctuation
7446:basis point
7382:numero sign
7367:number sign
7310:interrobang
6878:punctuation
6776:Type design
6771:Style guide
6764:Calligraphy
6754:Handwriting
6568:Type design
6518:Lorem ipsum
6513:Letterpress
6473:Typesetting
6413:Punctuation
6377:Record type
6348:Gaelic type
6336:Schwabacher
6226:Body height
6091:Letter case
5959:Line length
5579:29 December
5552:29 December
5310:21 February
4285:10 November
4159:10 November
3819:parentheses
3494:PARAGRAPHOS
3188:SMALL TILDE
3012:SOFT HYPHEN
2982:bitwise NOT
2933:identifiers
2585:TWO-EM DASH
2504:subtraction
2500:mathematics
2464:subscripted
2318:FIGURE DASH
1962:hair spaces
1958:thin spaces
1884:em dash (—)
1880:en dash (–)
1847:typewriting
1802:(2nd ed.),
1794:In Canada,
1777:hair spaces
1611:James Joyce
1575:Shakespeare
1525:aposiopesis
1313:parentheses
1301:—
1262:mutton dash
1210:–
1009:an already-
781:short title
440:FIGURE DASH
424:figure dash
418:Figure dash
405:) for an em
121:punctuation
8090:Typography
8079:Categories
8042:Whitespace
8026:Diacritics
7886:ditto mark
7688:interpunct
7616:underscore
6980:apostrophe
6880:and other
6749:Penmanship
6721:East Asian
6563:Type color
6496:monospaced
6453:Interpunct
6446:minus sign
6370:Specialist
6306:Sans-serif
6299:slab serif
6276:Roman type
6231:Cap height
6195:Thin space
6154:Whitespace
6106:Title case
6101:Snake case
6096:Small caps
6081:Camel case
6013:Diacritics
5921:Pull quote
5916:Pagination
5911:Paper size
5870:Typography
5805:18 October
5671:28 January
5605:18 October
4685:. p.
4652:. p.
4223:19 October
3919:References
3631:(period).
3159:minus sign
3050:cap height
2493:arithmetic
2486:MINUS SIGN
2410:SWUNG DASH
2284:tetragraph
2146:minus sign
2072:henceforth
2065:henceforth
2053:SWUNG DASH
2037:swung dash
2025:Swung dash
1964:, or even
1876:hyphen (-)
1806:, and the
1785:typography
1726:Repetition
1696:or simply
1694:censorship
1682:See also:
1601:This is a
1519:Either an
1217:minus sign
1168:Typography
1136:See also:
851:(such as "
811:), as are
527:\char"2012
484:MINUS SIGN
468:minus sign
202:-print of
159:horizontal
144:minus sign
36:Minus sign
8028:(accents)
7844:guillemet
7431:per mille
7101:backslash
7041:ampersand
7018:full stop
6946:semicolon
6246:Overshoot
6241:Mean line
6236:Descender
6149:Underline
5991:Character
5969:Runaround
5949:Alignment
5941:Paragraph
5597:. Adobe.
5501:13 August
5382:10 August
5047:"En dash"
4819:12 August
3837:profesor—
3773:𝍠
3754:𑂾
3735:𑁒
3716:𑁋
3690:𐆑
3671:𐄐
3629:full stop
3568:Japanese
3163:retracted
2986:C and C++
2862:𐺭
2843:
2709:WAVY DASH
2670:WAVE DASH
2496:operation
2466:numbers.
2439:numbers.
2296:compounds
1938:Routledge
1882:, m, and
1859:letterers
1678:Redaction
1592:Quotation
1534:monologue
1321:full stop
1041:AMA style
1028:The post-
1007:prefixing
937:(Compare
912:home care
821:eponymity
707:°C to −34
600:AMA style
596:APA style
492:plus sign
362:quotation
257:On Poetry
235:King Lear
220:-printed
170:typefaces
7944:manicule
7730:copyleft
7146:asterism
7131:asterisk
7116:ellipsis
6835:Category
6714:PT Fonts
6709:Cyrillic
6573:Typeface
6491:computer
6392:fat face
6265:Typeface
6251:x-height
6221:Baseline
6216:Ascender
6076:All caps
6038:Rotation
6033:Ligature
6028:Ink trap
5695:Archived
5599:Archived
5573:Archived
5520:Archived
5517:Mad Dash
5495:Archived
5469:Archived
5444:Archived
5414:(1922).
5376:Archived
5374:. IMDb.
5342:Archived
5304:archived
5170:Archived
5111:Archived
5089:(2008).
5070:Archived
5050:Archived
4884:Archived
4810:Archived
4778:Archived
4732:Archived
4673:(2003).
4509:Archived
4466:Archived
4427:Archived
4388:Archived
4342:Archived
4303:(1884).
4279:Archived
4253:28 March
4247:Archived
4217:Archived
4140:(2004).
4109:Archived
4074:Archived
4066:"Dashes"
3854:See also
3848:teacher—
3642:~
3616:꓾
3583:一
3557:ー
3540:ᅳ
3513:ㅡ
3488:⸏
3347:$ \sim$
3269:OVERLINE
3241:᭸
3224:ᐨ
3080:OVERLINE
3077:‾
3063:LOW LINE
2951:_
2925:baseline
2918:LOW LINE
2892:M and 5×
2821:-
2801:﹣
2781:﹘
2764:︲
2740:︱
2721:゠
2701:〰
2688:katakana
2662:〜
2642:⹝
2620:⹀
2556:⸚
2534:⸗
2518:‐
2498:used in
2280:trigraph
2216:᠆
2197:᐀
2105:M and 5×
2092:Dash=yes
2050:⁓
2012:dialogue
2001:―
1900:em width
1791:below.)
1668:—
1572:—
1521:ellipsis
1494:dialogue
1459:Catch-22
940:post-war
897:hospital
891:, not a
887:and the
885:hospital
697:and the
551:nut dash
481:−
458:–
437:‒
372:—
352:—
180:dashes.
129:baseline
98:Em dash
95:En dash
7982:pilcrow
7963:lozenge
7928:fleuron
7871:bracket
7725:
7721:
7630:
7626:
7187:
7156:
7056:at sign
6884:symbols
6876:Common
6661:Hinting
6538:Pangram
6356:Insular
6329:Rotunda
6324:Fraktur
6289:Antiqua
6175:Kerning
6144:Oblique
6139:Italics
6086:Initial
6018:Dingbat
6008:Counter
5954:Leading
5775:. 2005.
5416:Ulysses
5176:21 July
5117:30 July
4978:261–265
4184:25 June
4115:2 April
4080:2 April
3893:Cambria
3826:Spanish
3768:U+1D360
3749:U+110BE
3730:U+11052
3711:U+1104B
3685:U+10191
3666:U+10110
3570:chōonpu
3466:M➖➖➖➖➖
3446:M━━━━━
3420:M─────
3390:M⏤⏤⏤⏤⏤
3364:M⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3329:M∼∼∼∼∼
3302:M⁃⁃⁃⁃⁃
3264:M‾‾‾‾‾
3207:۔
3184:M˜˜˜˜˜
3149:M˗˗˗˗˗
3126:Mˍˍˍˍˍ
3097:Mˉˉˉˉˉ
3040:M¯¯¯¯¯
2988:). Its
2970:M~~~~~
2913:M_____
2898:Remark
2879:Dash=no
2857:U+10EAD
2838:U+10D6E
2825:M-----
2805:M﹣﹣﹣﹣﹣
2785:M﹘﹘﹘﹘﹘
2705:M〰〰〰〰〰
2666:M〜〜〜〜〜
2481:M−−−−−
2454:M₋₋₋₋₋
2427:M⁻⁻⁻⁻⁻
2405:M⁓⁓⁓⁓⁓
2383:M―――――
2366:EM DASH
2361:M—————
2344:EN DASH
2339:M–––––
2313:M‒‒‒‒‒
2290:S-chanf
2264:M‑‑‑‑‑
2239:M‐‐‐‐‐
2178:־
2159:֊
2126:M-----
2111:Remark
2085:Unicode
1787:. (See
1275:em dash
1271:en dash
1258:em rule
1254:em dash
1248:Em dash
1173:Spacing
1107:between
946:postwar
901:nursing
849:eponyms
847:"), in
560:em dash
547:en rule
543:en dash
537:En dash
523:XeLaTeX
461:EN DASH
275:marks:
245:Othello
242:(as in
232:(as in
205:Othello
190:History
18:En dash
8002:
7991:
7987:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7956:
7952:
7948:
7937:
7933:
7921:
7917:
7913:dagger
7906:
7902:
7890:
7879:
7875:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7837:
7833:
7829:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7806:
7794:
7783:
7779:
7768:
7764:
7753:
7749:
7738:
7734:
7719:
7715:
7704:
7692:
7681:
7677:
7673:bullet
7666:
7662:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7624:
7620:
7609:
7597:
7586:
7582:
7571:
7567:
7556:
7552:
7541:
7537:
7526:
7522:
7511:
7507:
7496:
7492:
7480:
7469:
7465:
7454:
7450:
7439:
7435:
7424:
7420:
7409:
7405:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7375:
7371:
7360:
7348:
7337:
7333:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7303:
7299:
7288:
7284:
7273:
7261:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7208:
7196:
7192:dinkus
7185:
7182:
7179:
7175:
7172:
7168:
7165:
7161:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7139:
7135:
7124:
7120:
7109:
7105:
7094:
7090:
7079:
7075:
7064:
7060:
7049:
7045:
7034:
7022:
7011:
7007:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6961:hyphen
6954:
6950:
6939:
6935:
6924:
6920:
6909:
6905:
6894:
6704:Arabic
6603:Cicero
6441:Hyphen
6426:Bullet
6387:script
6361:Uncial
6294:Didone
6058:Tittle
5901:Margin
5891:Column
5765:"Raya"
5749:1 July
5740:
5639:
5450:4 June
5368:
5348:1 July
5334:
5276:
5240:
5210:
5143:
5103:
5029:
4984:
4955:
4924:
4920:–109.
4890:1 July
4876:
4849:
4784:1 July
4770:
4738:1 July
4724:
4693:
4620:
4586:
4554:
4515:1 July
4501:
4472:1 July
4458:
4433:1 July
4419:
4394:1 July
4380:
4348:1 July
4334:
4209:
4150:
4027:
3953:
3815:French
3808:copula
3804:Corpus
3794:Polish
3646:M~~~~~
3637:U+FF5E
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