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569:: Goryeo's royal system was also used at home, and its imperial system was also used abroad. They were used almost indiscriminately. Goryeo's identity was not defined by its monarchs being kings or emperors but, instead, by them being Sons of Heaven. According to Remco E. Breuker: "The ruler has been king, he has been emperor, and at times he was both. His correct appellation is not important, however, compared to the fact that he was considered to rule his own domain ; his own, not just politically and practically, but also ideologically and ontologically." Goryeo was an independent
754:
554:
821:
According to Ming-te Lin: "This was indeed the most aggressive and visible behavior of China's intervention in Korean politics since the Yuan dynasty (Ming China assisted Korea once, but did not interfere with her politics), and it was the turning point in China's policy toward Korea." The late 19th century was a turbulent period in Korean history: Korea experienced interventions by not only China but also Japan and the West. Japan brought Korea into its sphere of influence with a
63:
545:), the Song dynasty, the Liao dynasty, and the Jin dynasty. However, Goryeo's tributary relations with them were nominal. Goryeo had no political, economic, or military obligations to China. According to Peter Yun: "While Goryeo may have admired and adopted many of China's culture and institutions, there is little evidence that it accepted the notion of Chinese political superiority as the natural order of things." Goryeo monarchs possessed full
403:
363:, and Didouyu, and influenced Buyeo, Silla, and Baekje. Peace was maintained with China for more than 150 years; it ended with the unification of China by the Sui dynasty. The unification of China changed the international balance of power. With its supremacy in Northeast Asia threatened, Goguryeo warred with a unified China for 70 years until its defeat in 668 by the Tang dynasty and Silla.
605:. Confucianism was the main political ideology during the Goryeo period, but not during the Three Kingdoms period. According to Edward Y. J. Chung: " played a subordinate role to the traditional ideas and institutions maintained by noble families and hereditary aristocrats, as well as by the Buddhist tradition." The Goryeo worldview was possibly influenced by Dongmyeong worship and
490:. The use of imperial language was widespread and ubiquitous in Goryeo. Imperial titles and practices extended to members of the royal family. Members of the royal family were commonly invested as kings. Goryeo monarchs wore imperial yellow clothing. Goryeo's imperial system was modeled after that of the Tang dynasty. The government consisted of
793:
compiled a distorted history of Goryeo that suppressed the fact that it had maintained an imperial system. Sejong adamantly opposed them and advocated historical accuracy. Despite its Neo-Confucian orthodoxy, the Joseon dynasty inherited some imperial traditions from the Goryeo dynasty. According to
761:
during the Three
Kingdoms, Goryeo, and early Joseon periods. During the early Joseon period, it was hotly debated whether Joseon kings, who were not Sons of Heaven, had the right to sacrifice to Heaven. The practice was suppressed and finally abolished in 1464; it was later revived during the Korean
613:
of the Three
Kingdoms of Korea who was honored with shrines; his tomb and shrine in Pyongyang were called the Real Pearl Tomb and the Shrine of Holy Emperor Dongmyeong. Balhae used imperial titles and era names. Taejo viewed Balhae as a kin country and accepted many refugees from it; Balhae refugees
138:
was based on divine ancestry. As
Goguryeo became centralized, Dongmyeong became the state god of Goguryeo. His worship was widespread among the people, and the view that Goguryeo was the center of the world was not limited to the royal family and aristocracy. Dongmyeong was worshiped well into the
820:
The Joseon dynasty was autonomous in its internal and external affairs. It was not a colony or dependency of China. However, China abandoned its conventional laissez-faire policy of noninterference toward Korea and adopted a radical interventionist policy of interference in the late 19th century.
327:
with the
Northern and Southern dynasties; the relationships were voluntary and profitable. A policy of coexistence was pursued and relations were peaceful. Goguryeo's tributary relations with the Northern and Southern dynasties were nominal. The Northern and Southern dynasties had no control over
438:
founded Goryeo in 918 as a successor to
Goguryeo. He adopted the era name of "Bestowed by Heaven". Taejo was acknowledged as the successor to Dongmyeong in China. Goryeo was acknowledged as the successor to Goguryeo in China and Japan. Taejo unified Korea and proclaimed the unification of the
798:
There is a nominal dependence upon China, very similar to that recognized by and . Tribute is regularly sent. Acts of submission are from time to time recorded: but the
Chinese Government exercise no real authority, and seems never to interfere with the jurisdiction of Corean
709:
emerged as the dominant ideology; Confucianism profoundly influenced Korean thought, religion, socio-political systems, and ways of life for the first time in Korean history. The powerful influence of Neo-Confucianism in the twilight of the Goryeo dynasty led to a growing
150:
Goguryeo was an authority unto itself. It had an independent sphere of influence in
Northeast Asia for more than 200 years around the 5th and 6th centuries. Goguryeo viewed itself as the Land of the Scion of Heaven and viewed its neighboring states of
600:
partly originated during earlier periods of Korean history. It was possibly a continuation of the
Goguryeo worldview. New elements were introduced during the Goryeo period. The Goryeo worldview was more influenced than was the Goguryeo worldview by
382:. Silla monarchs were viewed as the Buddha and Silla was viewed as a Buddha land from the early 6th century to the mid-7th century. Silla used its own era names during this period. Silla began building an imperial Buddhist temple called the
780:
of its predecessor state. The preceding Goryeo dynasty, however, had been a qualitatively different society and had held a qualitatively different position vis-à-vis China. Goryeo had maintained an imperial system that ran counter to
414:
951. This life-size nude statue of Taejo was clothed and worshiped until the end of the Goryeo dynasty; the practice of clothing and worshiping nude statues originated in
Goguryeo. The statue is wearing an imperial crown called a
549:
sovereignty. During the 11th and 12th centuries, Goryeo was assertive toward China. Goryeo treated imperial envoys from the Song, Liao, and Jin dynasties as equals, not superiors; imperial envoys were consistently downgraded.
3443:
Van Lieu, Joshua (29 January 2016), "The nation, the people, and the possibilities of the post-national: Historiographies of late nineteenth-century Korean reform movements", in Seth, Michael J. (ed.),
533:
was one among others that constituted the world. During the 11th and part of the 12th centuries, a balance of power was maintained in East Asia between Goryeo, the Liao dynasty, the Song dynasty, and
378:
period (356–514), Silla was unified but not centralized. While the
Goguryeo royalty and aristocracy were associated with the Son of Heaven, the Silla royalty and aristocracy were associated with
347:
was distinct from those of China and Inner Asia. During the 5th and 6th centuries, China and Goguryeo recognized each other's spheres of influence. China did not directly intervene in Goguryeo's
829:
emerged and called for the establishment of a new imperial government that could claim equality with the empires of China, Japan, and Russia and safeguard the independence of Korea.
202:
Goguryeo monarchs were called kings, not emperors. Goguryeo kings were sometimes elevated to "great kings", "holy kings", or "greatest kings". They were equivalent to emperors and
70:
was erected in 414. It is the largest memorial stele in the world. This photograph of a Joseon man standing next to the Gwanggaeto Stele was published in 1903 in Japan in
332:, the strongest power in East Asia at the time, by allying with its enemies. Northern Wei said that Goguryeo was "worthy" and gave preferential treatment to its envoys.
537:. Goryeo played an active role in East Asian politics. Goryeo monarchs were called kings vis-à-vis China; Goryeo successively maintained tributary relations with the
443:", or the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Goryeo viewed its Three Kingdoms heritage as nearly on a par with the imperial heritage of China. The conceptual world of the
730:. They transformed Korea from a Buddhist country into a Confucian country. Joseon was a thoroughly Confucian country; it was the self-proclaimed most and later
36:
before the 14th century and at the turn of the 20th century: Early Korean states used "great king", "greatest king", and "holy king"; later Korean states used "
1009:
Goryeo maintained a "son-in-law" relationship toward the Yuan dynasty that is viewed in Korean historiography as a period of "interference" rather than simply
462:
Goryeo monarchs were called emperors and Sons of Heaven. Imperial titles were used since the beginning of the dynasty; Taejo was called "Son of Heaven" by the
738:
built shrines for the progenitors of the Three Kingdoms of Korea; he said that the Three Kingdoms were equal and rejected a proposal to worship only the
514:
viewed Goryeo as a parent country and Goryeo monarchs as suzerains. Goryeo monarchs were initially called "Emperor of Goryeo" by the Jin dynasty. The
3140:
The Korean Neo-Confucianism of Yi T'oegye and Yi Yulgok: A Reappraisal of the 'Four-Seven Thesis' and its Practical Implications for Self-Cultivation
3465:
3387:
Oh, Si Jin (28 October 2019), "Resolving the Misunderstood Historical Order: A Korean Perspective on the Historical Tributary Order in East Asia",
776:
toward China, and China maintained a policy of benign neglect toward Joseon. As a successor state, the Joseon dynasty was obligated to compile an
750:
center of the world ended in the Joseon dynasty. Joseon monarchs were kings, not emperors; Joseon viewed China as the only center of the world.
3113:
Breuker, Remco; Koh, Grace; Lewis, James B. (2012), "The Tradition of Historical Writing in Korea", in Foot, Sarah; Robinson, Chase F. (eds.),
366:
Silla's systems were based on those of Goguryeo. "Great king" was first used in Silla in the early 6th century as Silla expanded. Previously,
311:
was one among others that constituted the world. During the 5th and 6th centuries, a balance of power was maintained in East Asia between the
1800:
677:. During this period of Mongol dominance, Goryeo monarchs were demoted to kings and temple names indicated loyalty to the Yuan dynasty. The
336:
said that Goguryeo was "so strong that it follow orders". Goguryeo maintained cordial relations with the Rouran, and together attacked the
236:". "King" was first used in Goguryeo around the beginning of the Common Era; it was first used in Northeast Asia in the 4th century BCE in
3389:
794:
Remco E. Breuker, this can be attributed to "the total weight of the cultural and historical power accumulated during centuries of use".
102:, and his kingdom was the center of the world. As the descendants of the Son of Heaven, the kings of Goguryeo were the Scions of Heaven (
958:
Gyeongju was previously a secondary capital. The secondary capitals represented the ancient capitals of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
78:
The 5th century was a period of great interaction on the Korean Peninsula that marked the first step toward the unification of the
1098:
734:
in the world. The view of Korea as a unification of the "Three Han"—Goguryeo, Silla, and Baekje—continued in the Joseon dynasty.
40:". Korean monarchs who used imperial titles had political and religious authority over a realm or domain. The Chinese concept of
1745:
1364:
126:
was significantly influenced by the original Chinese concept, but its foundation laid in Dongmyeong. In contrast to the Chinese
2926:
2730:
2365:
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3354:
3306:
3258:
3176:
3152:
3128:
3104:
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The Korean Empire, or the "Great Han Empire", was named after the Three Han. Gojong said that the Goryeo dynasty unified the
629:
military rule, Goryeo monarchs continued to be viewed as Sons of Heaven and emperors, and Goryeo continued to be viewed as a
491:
3428:"The Title of Taewang(太王) during the Goguryeo(高句麗) Dynasty and the Development of the Perceptions of the Taewang Lineage"
2621:
2560:
565:
Goryeo used both a royal and an imperial system during its early and middle periods. Goryeo monarchs were not strictly
685:
17:
3269:"Defenders and Conquerors: The Rhetoric of Royal Power in Korean Inscriptions from the Fifth to Seventh Centuries"
3096:
Establishing a Pluralist Society in Medieval Korea, 918-1170: History, Ideology, and Identity in the Koryŏ Dynasty
287:
272:, became the supreme title in Northeast Asia. Goguryeo monarchs being called kings was not in deference to China;
173:" consciousness among the peoples of the Three Kingdoms. The Three Kingdoms of Korea were collectively called the
312:
3078:
2933:
2737:
2372:
1807:
1752:
1416:
1371:
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in the 11th century and again in the 13th century; only Sons of Heaven had the right to commission a Tripitaka.
351:
of Northeast Asia, and vice versa. Goguryeo did not have westward ambitions, and instead moved its capital to
328:
Goguryeo's foreign policy; Goguryeo pursued policies that went against Chinese interests. Goguryeo restrained
122:), who had supreme authority and sacerdotally intermediated between Heaven and Earth. The Goguryeo concept of
2626:
2565:
383:
566:
679:
511:
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refugees: Dongmyeong was highly venerated and widely worshiped in Goryeo. He was the only one among the
3298:
3228:"Status and Tasks for Study of the Foreign Relations and World View of Koguryo in the Gwanggaeto Stele"
1882:"The War of Words Between South Korea and China Over An Ancient Kingdom: Why Both Sides Are Misguided"
856:. The Republic of Korea (South Korea), or the "Great Han Republic", is named after the Korean Empire.
3495:
2938:
2783:
2742:
2377:
1812:
1757:
1421:
1376:
870:
842:
642:
324:
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3250:
3210:
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1508:
646:
3120:
1816:
822:
731:
593:), who were viewed as superhuman beings who alone mediated between Heaven and the Korean people.
79:
618:
522:, and the Jin dynasty were well aware of and tolerated Goryeo's imperial claims and practices.
95:
3168:
3030:
2396:
1088:
812:
573:; within it, Goryeo monarchs were Sons of Heaven, called "Son of Heaven of East of the Sea" (
3227:
2773:
1886:
906:
466:. Goryeo monarchs addressed imperial edicts and were addressed as "Your Imperial Majesty" (
837:
was an empire in name only. The Korean Empire was reduced to a protectorate in 1905 after
825:. Korea turned to Russia to counterbalance Japan. A new Korean reformist group called the
8:
3324:
1503:
980:
972:
968:
739:
3268:
838:
542:
463:
766:
The Neo-Confucian Joseon dynasty was greatly influenced by a Confucian concept called
355:
in the 5th century. Within its sphere of influence, Goguryeo partially subjugated the
3451:
3374:
3350:
3315:
Lin, Ming-te (July 1991), "Li Hung-chang's Suzerain Policy toward Korea, 1882-1894",
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3198:
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131:
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2942:
2746:
2381:
1409:
1131:
753:
3398:
3328:
3082:
3067:
Breuker, Remco E. (2003), "Koryŏ as an Independent Realm: The Emperor's Clothes?",
1035:
on 16 August 1897. Afterward, Gojong was named Emperor of Korea on 12 October 1897.
997:
976:
919:
808:
777:
735:
727:
706:
316:
242:
67:
33:
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was later proclaimed by Silla in the 7th century and Goryeo in the 10th century.
103:
1022:
For example, Joseon kings were posthumously bestowed with imperial temple names.
3332:
3186:
726:
in 1392. The architects of the Joseon dynasty were anti-Buddhist Neo-Confucian
723:
538:
3402:
1881:
979:
period. The imperial system was used exclusively during the first half of the
3484:
3284:
3202:
3187:"Korean and Chinese Intellectuals' recognitions of Koguryo in Choson dynasty"
834:
356:
233:
160:
99:
3466:"Balance of Power in the 11th~12th Century East Asian Interstate Relations"
711:
670:
602:
519:
515:
487:
329:
265:
260:
182:
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feature divine or semidivine origin. Since antiquity, kingship was sacred.
833:
declared Korea an empire and himself an emperor in 1897. However, the new
3246:
A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict
3086:
534:
360:
333:
191:
178:
459:
or "East of the Sea", Goryeo monarchs were emperors and Sons of Heaven.
62:
3144:
702:
610:
379:
237:
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3346:
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3048:
2499:
2497:
758:
622:
597:
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352:
144:
51:
3164:
The Great Enterprise: Sovereignty and Historiography in Modern Korea
940:"Great King of Goryeo" and "Greatest King of Goryeo" were also used.
447:
or the "Three Han"—Goguryeo, Silla, and Baekje—constituted a Goryeo
2753:
902:
507:
506:
were secondary capitals. Goryeo maintained a tributary system. The
292:
89:
2494:
772:, or "serving the great". Joseon maintained a policy of tributary
402:
1175:
931:
Buyeo and Silla were legitimate tributary states; Baekje was not.
638:
495:
337:
320:
167:. A strong sense of commonality emerged, later culminating in a "
84:
42:
37:
3411:"The View of the World and the Eastern Emperor in Koryŏ Dynasty"
1153:
1151:
1149:
697:
gradually declined. Goryeo ended its son-in-law status in 1356:
147:
said "Even unlettered country folk can tell the tale of King ."
2698:
2686:
606:
386:
in the mid-6th century. "Great king" was last used in Silla by
204:
169:
152:
140:
2099:
1146:
768:
660:
641:
in the 13th century. Goryeo capitulated to the Mongols after
584:
503:
477:
223:
156:
113:
3116:
The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 2: 400-1400
1504:"Bronze Bowl with Inscription of King Gwanggaeto the Great"
803:] functionaries. The authority of the King is absolute.
163:
as tributary states. Together, they constituted a Goguryeo
3366:
Korea's Ancient Koguryŏ Kingdom: A Socio-Political History
2949:
2333:
2178:
1973:
1447:
3476:, The Korean Association for Political Criticism: 139–162
1138:
295:, the ancient capital of Silla. It is inscribed with the
50:" in Korean, was variously adopted and adapted to Korean
2309:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2238:
2077:
2075:
2050:
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2002:
2000:
1949:
1939:
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1933:
1931:
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1840:
1838:
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2904:
2889:
2482:
789:
toward China. Joseon Neo-Confucian ideologues loyal to
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2321:
2284:
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2202:
2190:
2166:
2060:
1713:
1633:
1573:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1281:
1250:
1211:
3438:, The Association for Korean Historical Studies: 1–27
3421:, The Association for Korean Historical Studies: 3–40
3221:, The Association for Korean Historical Studies: 1–38
2829:
2807:
2805:
2415:
2299:
2297:
2250:
2226:
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2154:
2072:
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1997:
1928:
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1768:
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1392:
1390:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1240:
1238:
893:
397, based on an inscription that says: "7th year of
3197:, Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies: 337–366,
3023:
Berthrong, John H.; Berthrong, Evelyn Nagai (2000),
2901:
2877:
2865:
2674:
2596:
2594:
2509:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2451:
2427:
1058:
1056:
992:
For example, Goryeo used Korean imperial titles and
291:
This bronze bowl was excavated from a Silla tomb in
246:, was first used in China. The indigenous titles of
2579:
2533:
2521:
2279:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2087:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
1985:
1906:
1904:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1823:
88:view of the world in Korean history is recorded in
3050:Diplomacy and Trade in the Chinese World, 589-1276
3022:
2853:
2841:
2802:
2790:
2503:
2345:
2294:
2123:
2111:
1725:
1701:
1674:
1657:
1645:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1585:
1558:
1535:
1523:
1387:
1341:
1305:
1293:
1262:
1235:
1223:
1199:
1187:
889:The Chungju Goguryeo Monument may date earlier to
852:and the Joseon dynasty expanded the land to 4,000
2591:
2463:
2439:
1689:
1329:
1317:
1163:
1112:
1068:
1053:
614:constituted 10 percent of the Goryeo population.
486:). They were posthumously bestowed with imperial
3482:
2710:
2267:
2135:
2024:
2012:
1901:
1854:
1435:
625:in the late 12th century. During this period of
3211:"The usage and The Perspective of 'Samhan(三韓)'"
3112:
2759:
2704:
2692:
2398:고려사의 재발견: 한반도 역사상 가장 개방적이고 역동적인 500년 고려 역사를 만나다
1961:
1916:
1181:
1157:
975:period and later during the second half of the
967:The royal system was used exclusively from the
390:; afterward, Silla accommodated itself to the
673:in 1270. Goryeo's imperial system ended with
664:
654:
588:
578:
481:
471:
426:
420:
227:
217:
208:. The Goguryeo title of "greatest king", or
117:
107:
3447:Routledge Handbook of Modern Korean History
3390:Journal of the History of International Law
3238:, Northeast Asian History Foundation: 47–86
3046:
2105:
494:and the military consisted of five armies.
3291:Lee, Soyoung; Leidy, Denise Patry (2013),
57:
3425:
2662:(in Korean). GyeongGi Cultural Foundation
1453:
722:The Goryeo dynasty transitioned into the
3442:
3290:
2955:
2895:
1719:
1358:
1356:
752:
552:
401:
286:
232:), was similar to the Chinese title of "
185:dynasties. Earlier, Goguryeo was called
61:
3092:
3066:
2421:
2339:
2327:
2315:
2261:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2208:
2196:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2081:
2054:
2006:
1979:
1955:
1943:
1848:
1099:Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism
637:inspired a spirit of resistance to the
14:
3483:
3338:
2647:
2645:
2643:
1774:
502:was an imperial palace; Pyongyang and
303:Goguryeo had a pluralistic concept of
3342:Gyeongju: The Capital of Golden Silla
3136:
2515:
2488:
2303:
1362:
1353:
32:Imperial titles were used in various
3266:
3242:
3208:
2924:
2912:
2883:
2871:
2680:
2433:
2351:
1991:
1879:
1829:
1786:
1731:
1707:
1347:
1335:
1323:
525:Goryeo had a pluralistic concept of
492:three departments and six ministries
3463:
3362:
3314:
3184:
2995:"고종실록 36권, 고종 34년 10월 13일 양력 2번째기사"
2969:"고종실록 36권, 고종 34년 10월 11일 양력 3번째기사"
2847:
2835:
2811:
2728:
2640:
2622:Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture
2585:
2561:Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture
2539:
2527:
2363:
2129:
2117:
2066:
1743:
1695:
1683:
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1639:
1627:
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1244:
1229:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1169:
1118:
1074:
1062:
996:in tandem. Goryeo very rarely used
785:; it had maintained only a nominal
714:view of Korea as a "little China".
693:. However, the view of Goryeo as a
689:maintained the view of Goryeo as a
645:and later became a semiautonomous "
24:
3408:
3386:
3232:Journal of Northeast Asian History
3225:
3160:
3026:Confucianism: A Short Introduction
2859:
2823:
2796:
2771:
2716:
2651:
2600:
2476:
2457:
2445:
2288:
2273:
2148:
2093:
2039:
2018:
1967:
1922:
1910:
1867:
1798:
1441:
1086:
909:. Goguryeo used its own era names.
705:and declared autonomy. Meanwhile,
25:
3507:
686:Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms
567:emperors at home and kings abroad
92:epigraphs dating to this period.
72:The Landmarks and Ruins of Joseon
27:Imperial titles in Korean history
2987:
2961:
2918:
2765:
2722:
2606:
2545:
1501:
1025:
1016:
1003:
498:was an imperial capital and the
3339:Nelson, Sarah Milledge (2017),
2652:Ro, Myoungho (13 August 2018).
2612:
2551:
2394:
2388:
2357:
1873:
1792:
1737:
1495:
1402:
986:
971:period to the beginning of the
961:
952:
943:
934:
925:
912:
619:period of military dictatorship
559:Korean version of the Tripitaka
557:Goryeo monarchs commissioned a
313:Northern and Southern dynasties
3470:Journal of Political Criticism
3369:, translated by Huston, John,
3279:, translated by Bohnet, Adam,
2934:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
2772:Ro, Myoungho (20 March 2016).
2738:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
2504:Berthrong & Berthrong 2000
2373:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
1808:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
1753:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
1417:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
1372:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
1142:(in Korean). 20 November 2019.
1124:
1090:100년전에 찍힌 광개토대왕비…설명도 고구려 호태왕릉비
1080:
949:"Greatest king" was also used.
883:
665:
655:
589:
579:
482:
472:
427:
421:
228:
218:
118:
108:
13:
1:
3450:, Routledge, pp. 43–61,
3432:The Journal of Korean History
3415:The Journal of Korean History
3397:(3), Brill Nijhoff: 341–377,
3294:Silla: Korea's Golden Kingdom
3267:Kim, Hung-gyu (March 2012b),
3215:The Journal of Korean History
2760:Breuker, Koh & Lewis 2012
2705:Breuker, Koh & Lewis 2012
2693:Breuker, Koh & Lewis 2012
2627:National Folk Museum of Korea
2566:National Folk Museum of Korea
1182:Breuker, Koh & Lewis 2012
1158:Breuker, Koh & Lewis 2012
1042:
890:
411:
384:Temple of the Imperial Dragon
3426:Shinohara, Hirokata (2004),
3137:Chung, Edward Y. J. (1995),
1047:
1031:The era name was changed to
7:
3079:University of Hawai'i Press
859:
841:and a colony in 1910 after
680:Songs of Emperors and Kings
10:
3512:
3333:10.2753/CSH0009-4633240469
3317:Chinese Studies in History
3299:Metropolitan Museum of Art
3093:Breuker, Remco E. (2010),
3047:Bielenstein, Hans (2005),
3016:
1133:"중원 고구려비, 광개토왕 때 제작 가능성 커"
823:victory over China in 1895
633:. The view of Goryeo as a
264:, were downgraded and the
3403:10.1163/15718050-12340115
2939:Academy of Korean Studies
2784:Seoul National University
2743:Academy of Korean Studies
2378:Academy of Korean Studies
1813:Academy of Korean Studies
1758:Academy of Korean Studies
1422:Academy of Korean Studies
1377:Academy of Korean Studies
871:List of monarchs of Korea
742:. The view of Korea as a
717:
397:
195:. The unification of the
130:, which was based on the
3273:Cross-Currents e-Journal
3251:Indiana University Press
2927:
2774:
2731:
2654:
2615:
2554:
2366:
1801:
1746:
1509:National Museum of Korea
1410:
1365:
1132:
1089:
918:All foundation myths in
876:
374:", was used; during its
319:, Goguryeo, and, later,
299:of Gwanggaeto the Great.
258:, which were similar to
34:historical Korean states
3226:Jo, Yeongkwang (2015),
3209:Jeon, Jin-Kook (2016),
3121:Oxford University Press
284:in Goguryeo tradition.
240:, before "emperor", or
80:Three Kingdoms of Korea
58:Three Kingdoms of Korea
54:from period to period.
3243:Kim, Jinwung (2012a),
3185:Han, Myung-gi (2006),
2925:Shin, Yong-Ha (1996).
1363:Chung, Ku-bok (1998).
818:
763:
732:only Confucian country
562:
510:who later founded the
432:
323:. Goguryeo maintained
300:
96:Dongmyeong of Goguryeo
75:
3409:Ro, Myoungho (1999),
3169:Duke University Press
3161:Em, Henry H. (2013),
3031:Oneworld Publications
1799:Ro, Myoungho (2013).
1764:on 20 September 2020.
1087:최강 (23 August 2004).
839:Japan defeated Russia
813:Governor of Hong Kong
796:
756:
556:
405:
394:of the Tang dynasty.
290:
82:. The earliest known
65:
3363:Noh, Taedon (2014),
3325:Taylor & Francis
3123:, pp. 119–137,
3087:10.1353/ks.2005.0001
2401:(in Korean). 휴머니스트.
1887:History News Network
1720:Lee & Leidy 2013
907:Gwanggaeto the Great
759:sacrificed to Heaven
541:(beginning with the
451:. Within the Goryeo
276:was not inferior to
98:was a god-king, the
3464:Yun, Peter (2011),
2826:, pp. 352–355.
2762:, pp. 131–135.
2342:, pp. 107–108.
2187:, pp. 137–138.
2108:, pp. 182–184.
2069:, pp. 140–141.
1982:, pp. 156–158.
1642:, pp. 273–274.
1582:, pp. 268–269.
1492:, pp. 306–307.
1480:, pp. 305–307.
1468:, pp. 304–306.
1290:, pp. 292–296.
1259:, pp. 291–292.
1220:, pp. 287–288.
1184:, pp. 121–122.
843:Japan annexed Korea
740:progenitor of Silla
325:tributary relations
2775:역사 편찬 갈등과 세종대왕의 지혜
2655:태조왕건의 고려건국 이야기 (3)
1383:on 20 August 2020.
764:
563:
543:Later Tang dynasty
464:last king of Silla
433:
301:
268:title of king, or
76:
52:views of the world
3457:978-1-317-81148-0
3380:978-90-04-26269-0
3356:978-1-315-62740-3
3308:978-1-58839-502-3
3260:978-0-253-00024-8
3178:978-0-8223-5372-0
3154:978-0-7914-2276-2
3130:978-0-19-163693-6
3106:978-90-04-19012-2
3060:978-90-474-0761-4
3040:978-1-85168-236-2
2958:, pp. 50–51.
2838:, pp. 69–70.
2749:on 19 March 2021.
2491:, pp. 10–14.
2460:, pp. 39–40.
2408:978-89-5862-902-3
2318:, pp. 74–75.
2291:, pp. 37–38.
2247:, pp. 56–57.
2096:, pp. 14–15.
1958:, pp. 53–54.
1819:on 18 April 2018.
1789:, pp. 24–25.
1456:, pp. 10–18.
994:Chinese era names
827:Independence Club
728:scholar-officials
699:Gongmin of Goryeo
675:Wonjong of Goryeo
617:Goryeo entered a
406:Bronze statue of
143:period of Korea;
132:Mandate of Heaven
16:(Redirected from
3503:
3496:History of Korea
3477:
3460:
3439:
3422:
3405:
3383:
3359:
3335:
3311:
3287:
3263:
3239:
3222:
3205:
3181:
3157:
3133:
3109:
3089:
3063:
3043:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2941:. Archived from
2922:
2916:
2910:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2745:. Archived from
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2649:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2380:. Archived from
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2292:
2286:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2106:Bielenstein 2005
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2043:
2037:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1880:Byington, Mark.
1877:
1871:
1865:
1852:
1846:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1815:. Archived from
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1760:. Archived from
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1672:
1666:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1556:
1550:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1502:Choi, Jangyeal.
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1379:. Archived from
1360:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1144:
1143:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1036:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1007:
1001:
998:Korean era names
990:
984:
965:
959:
956:
950:
947:
941:
938:
932:
929:
923:
920:Korean mythology
916:
910:
892:
887:
816:
809:Sir John Bowring
778:official history
757:Korean monarchs
736:Sejong the Great
707:Neo-Confucianism
668:
667:
658:
657:
647:son-in-law state
592:
591:
582:
581:
485:
484:
475:
474:
430:
429:
424:
423:
413:
317:Rouran Khaganate
231:
230:
221:
220:
121:
120:
111:
110:
68:Gwanggaeto Stele
21:
18:Emperor of Korea
3511:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3491:Titles in Korea
3481:
3480:
3458:
3381:
3371:Global Oriental
3357:
3309:
3261:
3179:
3155:
3131:
3107:
3061:
3041:
3019:
3014:
3004:
3002:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2945:on 7 June 2018.
2929:
2923:
2919:
2911:
2902:
2894:
2890:
2882:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2803:
2795:
2791:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2733:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2656:
2650:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2617:
2611:
2607:
2599:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2556:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2502:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2393:
2389:
2384:on 28 May 2018.
2368:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2295:
2287:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1855:
1847:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1675:
1667:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1559:
1551:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1412:
1411:충주 고구려비(忠州高句麗碑)
1408:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1388:
1367:
1361:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1156:
1147:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1008:
1004:
991:
987:
966:
962:
957:
953:
948:
944:
939:
935:
930:
926:
917:
913:
888:
884:
879:
866:Korean nobility
862:
817:
807:
720:
643:30 years of war
436:Taejo of Goryeo
408:Taejo of Goryeo
400:
388:Muyeol of Silla
307:. The Goguryeo
297:posthumous name
134:, the Goguryeo
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3509:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3479:
3478:
3461:
3456:
3440:
3423:
3406:
3384:
3379:
3360:
3355:
3336:
3312:
3307:
3288:
3264:
3259:
3240:
3223:
3206:
3191:Korean Culture
3182:
3177:
3158:
3153:
3134:
3129:
3110:
3105:
3090:
3070:Korean Studies
3064:
3059:
3044:
3039:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3012:
2986:
2960:
2948:
2917:
2915:, p. 309.
2900:
2888:
2886:, p. 306.
2876:
2874:, p. 304.
2864:
2862:, p. 373.
2852:
2840:
2828:
2816:
2801:
2799:, p. 352.
2789:
2764:
2752:
2721:
2709:
2707:, p. 133.
2697:
2695:, p. 132.
2685:
2683:, p. 208.
2673:
2639:
2605:
2590:
2588:, p. 343.
2578:
2544:
2542:, p. 346.
2532:
2530:, p. 340.
2520:
2508:
2506:, p. 170.
2493:
2481:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2436:, p. 160.
2426:
2414:
2407:
2387:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2330:, p. 106.
2320:
2308:
2293:
2278:
2266:
2249:
2237:
2225:
2213:
2211:, p. 138.
2201:
2199:, p. 137.
2189:
2177:
2175:, p. 206.
2165:
2153:
2134:
2132:, p. 143.
2122:
2120:, p. 141.
2110:
2098:
2086:
2071:
2059:
2044:
2023:
2011:
1996:
1994:, p. 128.
1984:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1927:
1915:
1900:
1872:
1853:
1834:
1832:, p. 118.
1822:
1791:
1779:
1777:, p. 106.
1767:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1686:, p. 289.
1673:
1671:, p. 280.
1656:
1654:, p. 263.
1644:
1632:
1630:, p. 304.
1620:
1618:, p. 264.
1608:
1606:, p. 270.
1596:
1594:, p. 273.
1584:
1572:
1570:, p. 300.
1557:
1555:, p. 308.
1534:
1532:, p. 387.
1522:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1454:Shinohara 2004
1446:
1434:
1401:
1399:, p. 298.
1386:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1314:, p. 310.
1304:
1302:, p. 311.
1292:
1280:
1278:, p. 301.
1261:
1249:
1247:, p. 292.
1234:
1232:, p. 290.
1222:
1210:
1208:, p. 287.
1198:
1196:, p. 286.
1186:
1174:
1172:, p. 285.
1162:
1160:, p. 135.
1145:
1123:
1121:, p. 284.
1111:
1079:
1077:, p. 431.
1067:
1065:, p. 283.
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1024:
1015:
1002:
985:
960:
951:
942:
933:
924:
911:
881:
880:
878:
875:
874:
873:
868:
861:
858:
805:
762:Empire period.
724:Joseon dynasty
719:
716:
539:Five Dynasties
399:
396:
370:, or "highest
59:
56:
46:, pronounced "
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3508:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3459:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3441:
3437:
3434:(in Korean),
3433:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3417:(in Korean),
3416:
3412:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3310:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3262:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3241:
3237:
3234:(in Korean),
3233:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3217:(in Korean),
3216:
3212:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3193:(in Korean),
3192:
3188:
3183:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2957:
2956:Van Lieu 2016
2952:
2944:
2940:
2937:(in Korean).
2936:
2935:
2930:
2921:
2914:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2898:, p. 50.
2897:
2896:Van Lieu 2016
2892:
2885:
2880:
2873:
2868:
2861:
2856:
2850:, p. 91.
2849:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2825:
2820:
2814:, p. 71.
2813:
2808:
2806:
2798:
2793:
2785:
2782:(in Korean).
2781:
2777:
2768:
2761:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2741:(in Korean).
2740:
2739:
2734:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2706:
2701:
2694:
2689:
2682:
2677:
2661:
2657:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2628:
2625:(in Korean).
2624:
2623:
2618:
2609:
2603:, p. 35.
2602:
2597:
2595:
2587:
2582:
2567:
2564:(in Korean).
2563:
2562:
2557:
2548:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2524:
2518:, p. 15.
2517:
2512:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2490:
2485:
2479:, p. 40.
2478:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2459:
2454:
2448:, p. 39.
2447:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2424:, p. 82.
2423:
2418:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2376:(in Korean).
2375:
2374:
2369:
2360:
2354:, p. 88.
2353:
2348:
2341:
2336:
2329:
2324:
2317:
2312:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2276:, p. 37.
2275:
2270:
2264:, p. 63.
2263:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2246:
2241:
2235:, p. 69.
2234:
2229:
2223:, p. 58.
2222:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2163:, p. 78.
2162:
2157:
2151:, p. 16.
2150:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2131:
2126:
2119:
2114:
2107:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2084:, p. 60.
2083:
2078:
2076:
2068:
2063:
2057:, p. 49.
2056:
2051:
2049:
2042:, p. 26.
2041:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2021:, p. 14.
2020:
2015:
2009:, p. 73.
2008:
2003:
2001:
1993:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1969:
1964:
1957:
1952:
1946:, p. 53.
1945:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1924:
1919:
1913:, p. 24.
1912:
1907:
1905:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1876:
1870:, p. 25.
1869:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1851:, p. 74.
1850:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1831:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1811:(in Korean).
1810:
1809:
1804:
1795:
1788:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1756:(in Korean).
1755:
1754:
1749:
1740:
1734:, p. 68.
1733:
1728:
1722:, p. 32.
1721:
1716:
1710:, p. 17.
1709:
1704:
1698:, p. 54.
1697:
1692:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1653:
1648:
1641:
1636:
1629:
1624:
1617:
1612:
1605:
1600:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1576:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1531:
1526:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1450:
1444:, p. 72.
1443:
1438:
1423:
1420:(in Korean).
1419:
1418:
1413:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1382:
1378:
1375:(in Korean).
1374:
1373:
1368:
1359:
1357:
1350:, p. 27.
1349:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1296:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1258:
1253:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1195:
1190:
1183:
1178:
1171:
1166:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1100:
1097:(in Korean).
1096:
1092:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1034:
1028:
1019:
1012:
1006:
999:
995:
989:
982:
978:
974:
970:
964:
955:
946:
937:
928:
921:
915:
908:
904:
900:
896:
886:
882:
872:
869:
867:
864:
863:
857:
855:
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
835:Korean Empire
832:
828:
824:
814:
810:
804:
802:
795:
792:
788:
784:
779:
775:
771:
770:
760:
755:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
715:
713:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
687:
682:
681:
676:
672:
662:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
621:similar to a
620:
615:
612:
608:
604:
599:
594:
586:
576:
572:
568:
560:
555:
551:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
529:. The Goryeo
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
479:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
418:
417:tongcheongwan
409:
404:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
343:The Goguryeo
341:
339:
335:
331:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
298:
294:
289:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:
239:
235:
234:heavenly king
225:
215:
211:
207:
206:
200:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:Eastern Buyeo
158:
154:
148:
146:
142:
137:
133:
129:
125:
115:
105:
101:
100:Son of Heaven
97:
93:
91:
87:
86:
81:
73:
69:
64:
55:
53:
49:
45:
44:
39:
35:
30:
19:
3473:
3469:
3446:
3435:
3431:
3418:
3414:
3394:
3388:
3365:
3341:
3320:
3316:
3293:
3276:
3272:
3245:
3235:
3231:
3218:
3214:
3194:
3190:
3163:
3139:
3115:
3095:
3074:
3068:
3049:
3025:
3005:24 September
3003:. Retrieved
2998:
2989:
2979:24 September
2977:. Retrieved
2972:
2963:
2951:
2943:the original
2932:
2920:
2891:
2879:
2867:
2855:
2843:
2831:
2819:
2792:
2779:
2767:
2755:
2747:the original
2736:
2729:이익주 (2013).
2724:
2719:, p. 5.
2712:
2700:
2688:
2676:
2664:. Retrieved
2659:
2630:. Retrieved
2620:
2616:원구단천제(圜丘壇天祭)
2608:
2581:
2569:. Retrieved
2559:
2555:역대시조제(歷代始祖祭)
2547:
2535:
2523:
2511:
2484:
2453:
2441:
2429:
2422:Breuker 2003
2417:
2397:
2390:
2382:the original
2371:
2364:이용범 (1996).
2359:
2347:
2340:Breuker 2010
2335:
2328:Breuker 2010
2323:
2316:Breuker 2010
2311:
2306:, p. 2.
2269:
2262:Breuker 2003
2245:Breuker 2003
2240:
2233:Breuker 2003
2228:
2221:Breuker 2003
2216:
2209:Breuker 2010
2204:
2197:Breuker 2010
2192:
2185:Breuker 2010
2180:
2173:Breuker 2010
2168:
2161:Breuker 2003
2156:
2125:
2113:
2101:
2089:
2082:Breuker 2003
2062:
2055:Breuker 2003
2014:
2007:Breuker 2003
1987:
1980:Breuker 2010
1975:
1970:, p. 9.
1963:
1956:Breuker 2003
1951:
1944:Breuker 2003
1925:, p. 8.
1918:
1891:. Retrieved
1885:
1875:
1849:Breuker 2003
1825:
1817:the original
1806:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1762:the original
1751:
1744:민병하 (1995).
1739:
1727:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1525:
1515:11 September
1513:. Retrieved
1507:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1427:11 September
1425:. Retrieved
1415:
1404:
1381:the original
1370:
1343:
1338:, p. 6.
1331:
1326:, p. 7.
1319:
1307:
1295:
1283:
1252:
1225:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1137:
1126:
1114:
1104:11 September
1102:. Retrieved
1094:
1082:
1070:
1032:
1027:
1018:
1010:
1005:
988:
963:
954:
945:
936:
927:
914:
898:
894:
885:
853:
849:
847:
819:
800:
797:
790:
786:
782:
773:
767:
765:
747:
743:
721:
694:
690:
684:
678:
671:Yuan dynasty
634:
630:
626:
616:
603:Confucianism
595:
570:
564:
546:
530:
526:
524:
520:Liao dynasty
516:Song dynasty
488:temple names
461:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
434:
416:
391:
375:
371:
367:
365:
348:
344:
342:
330:Northern Wei
308:
304:
302:
281:
277:
273:
269:
259:
255:
251:
247:
241:
209:
203:
201:
196:
190:
186:
174:
168:
164:
149:
135:
127:
123:
94:
83:
77:
71:
47:
41:
31:
29:
3001:(in Korean)
2975:(in Korean)
1775:Nelson 2017
831:King Gojong
712:Sinocentric
663::
653::
611:progenitors
596:The Goryeo
587::
577::
535:Western Xia
512:Jin dynasty
500:main palace
480::
470::
334:Southern Qi
226::
216::
192:Book of Wei
116::
106::
3485:Categories
3145:SUNY Press
2928:대한제국(大韓帝國)
2732:원간섭기(元干涉期)
2632:29 October
2571:13 January
2516:Chung 1995
2489:Chung 1995
2304:Chung 1995
1893:14 October
1802:왕건동상(王建銅像)
1095:대한민국 정책브리핑
1043:References
799: [
703:Ssangseong
701:recovered
380:the Buddha
238:Old Joseon
3347:Routledge
3327:: 69–96,
3285:2158-9674
3203:1226-8356
3099:, Brill,
3081:: 48–84,
3053:, Brill,
2913:Kim 2012a
2884:Kim 2012a
2872:Kim 2012a
2681:Kim 2012a
2434:Kim 2012a
2352:Kim 2012a
1992:Kim 2012a
1830:Kim 2012a
1787:Kim 2012b
1732:Kim 2012a
1708:Kim 2012b
1348:Jeon 2016
1336:Jeon 2016
1324:Jeon 2016
1048:Citations
981:Gwangjong
973:Hyeonjong
969:Seongjong
669:) to the
623:shogunate
598:worldview
455:, called
353:Pyongyang
145:Yi Kyu-bo
2848:Lin 1991
2836:Lin 1991
2812:Lin 1991
2666:14 March
2586:Han 2006
2540:Han 2006
2528:Han 2006
2130:Yun 2011
2118:Yun 2011
2067:Yun 2011
1696:Noh 2014
1684:Noh 2014
1669:Noh 2014
1652:Noh 2014
1640:Noh 2014
1628:Noh 2014
1616:Noh 2014
1604:Noh 2014
1592:Noh 2014
1580:Noh 2014
1568:Noh 2014
1553:Noh 2014
1530:Noh 2014
1490:Noh 2014
1478:Noh 2014
1466:Noh 2014
1397:Noh 2014
1312:Noh 2014
1300:Noh 2014
1288:Noh 2014
1276:Noh 2014
1257:Noh 2014
1245:Noh 2014
1230:Noh 2014
1218:Noh 2014
1206:Noh 2014
1194:Noh 2014
1170:Noh 2014
1119:Noh 2014
1075:Noh 2014
1063:Noh 2014
903:era name
899:Yeongnak
895:Yeongnak
860:See also
806:—
627:de facto
508:Jurchens
376:maripgan
368:maripgan
293:Gyeongju
266:sinified
90:Goguryeo
3017:Sources
2860:Oh 2019
2824:Oh 2019
2797:Oh 2019
2717:Ro 1999
2601:Em 2013
2477:Ro 1999
2458:Ro 1999
2446:Ro 1999
2289:Ro 1999
2274:Ro 1999
2149:Ro 1999
2094:Ro 1999
2040:Em 2013
2019:Ro 1999
1968:Ro 1999
1923:Ro 1999
1911:Em 2013
1868:Em 2013
1442:Jo 2015
1033:Gwangmu
983:period.
901:is the
744:tianxia
695:tianxia
691:tianxia
639:Mongols
635:tianxia
631:tianxia
571:tianxia
547:de jure
531:tianxia
527:tianxia
496:Kaesong
457:Haedong
453:tianxia
449:tianxia
392:tianxia
349:tianxia
345:tianxia
338:Didouyu
321:Tuyuhun
309:tianxia
305:tianxia
278:huangdi
243:huangdi
210:taewang
205:khagans
189:in the
177:in the
165:tianxia
136:tianxia
128:tianxia
124:tianxia
85:tianxia
48:cheonha
43:tianxia
38:emperor
3454:
3377:
3353:
3305:
3283:
3257:
3201:
3175:
3151:
3127:
3103:
3057:
3037:
2999:조선왕조실록
2973:조선왕조실록
2405:
2367:발해(渤海)
1747:연호(年號)
977:Injong
850:Samhan
815:(1854)
718:Joseon
659:;
651:Korean
607:Balhae
583:;
575:Korean
518:, the
476:;
468:Korean
445:Samhan
441:Samhan
425:;
398:Goryeo
357:Khitan
315:, the
254:, and
222:;
214:Korean
197:Samhan
187:Samhan
175:Samhan
170:Samhan
159:, and
153:Baekje
141:Goryeo
112:;
104:Korean
3323:(4),
3077:(1),
2613:홍순민.
2552:이범직.
2395:박종기.
1011:sadae
877:Notes
791:sadae
787:sadae
783:sadae
774:sadae
769:sadae
661:Hanja
585:Hanja
504:Seoul
478:Hanja
224:Hanja
157:Silla
114:Hanja
3452:ISBN
3375:ISBN
3351:ISBN
3303:ISBN
3281:ISSN
3255:ISBN
3199:ISSN
3173:ISBN
3149:ISBN
3125:ISBN
3101:ISBN
3055:ISBN
3035:ISBN
3007:2021
2981:2021
2780:대학신문
2668:2021
2634:2021
2573:2021
2403:ISBN
1895:2020
1517:2020
1429:2020
1366:한(韓)
1106:2020
683:and
590:海東天子
580:해동천자
372:khan
361:Mohe
282:khan
274:wang
270:wang
261:khan
183:Tang
181:and
66:The
3436:125
3419:105
3399:doi
3329:doi
3219:173
3083:doi
2660:ggc
1139:YTN
905:of
897:".
801:sic
746:or
666:駙馬國
656:부마국
649:" (
428:通天冠
422:통천관
280:or
256:han
252:gan
179:Sui
3487::
3472:,
3468:,
3430:,
3413:,
3395:21
3393:,
3373:,
3349:,
3345:,
3321:24
3319:,
3301:,
3297:,
3275:,
3271:,
3253:,
3249:,
3236:49
3230:,
3213:,
3195:38
3189:,
3171:,
3167:,
3147:,
3143:,
3119:,
3075:27
3073:,
3033:,
3029:,
2997:.
2971:.
2931:.
2903:^
2804:^
2778:.
2735:.
2658:.
2642:^
2619:.
2593:^
2558:.
2496:^
2465:^
2370:.
2296:^
2281:^
2252:^
2137:^
2074:^
2047:^
2026:^
1999:^
1930:^
1903:^
1884:.
1856:^
1837:^
1805:.
1750:.
1676:^
1659:^
1560:^
1537:^
1506:.
1414:.
1389:^
1369:.
1355:^
1264:^
1237:^
1148:^
1136:.
1093:.
1055:^
891:c.
854:li
845:.
811:,
483:陛下
473:폐하
431:).
412:c.
410:,
359:,
340:.
250:,
248:ga
229:太王
219:태왕
155:,
119:天孫
109:천손
3474:9
3401::
3331::
3277:2
3085::
3009:.
2983:.
2786:.
2670:.
2636:.
2575:.
2411:.
1897:.
1519:.
1431:.
1108:.
1013:.
1000:.
748:a
439:"
419:(
212:(
74:.
20:)
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