396:. Because ground should be the most stable voltage in a system, ECL is specified with a positive ground. In this connection, when the supply voltage varies, the voltage drops across the collector resistors change slightly (in the case of emitter constant current source, they do not change at all). As the collector resistors are firmly "tied up" to ground, the output voltages "move" slightly (or not at all). If the negative end of the power supply was grounded, the collector resistors would be attached to the positive rail. As the constant voltage drops across the collector resistors change slightly (or not at all), the output voltages follow the supply voltage variations and the two circuit parts act as constant current level shifters. In this case, the voltage divider R1-R2 compensates the voltage variations to some extent. The positive power supply has another disadvantage ā the output voltages will vary slightly (Ā±0.4 V) against the background of high constant voltage (+3.9 V). Another reason for using a negative power supply is protection of the output transistors from an accidental short circuit developing between output and ground (but the outputs are not protected from a short circuit with the negative rail).
258:) pair, shaded red in the figure on the right. The left half of the pair (shaded yellow) consists of two parallel-connected input transistors T1 and T2 (an exemplary two-input gate is considered) implementing NOR logic. The base voltage of the right transistor T3 is held fixed by a reference voltage source, shaded light green: the voltage divider with a diode thermal compensation (R1, R2, D1 and D2) and sometimes a buffering emitter follower (not shown on the picture); thus the emitter voltages are kept relatively steady. As a result, the common emitter resistor R
105:
230:
432:, (PECL) is a further development of ECL using a positive 5 V supply instead of a negative 5.2 V supply. Low-voltage positive emitter-coupled logic (LVPECL) is a power-optimized version of PECL, using a positive 3.3 V instead of 5 V supply. PECL and LVPECL are differential-signaling systems and are mainly used in high-speed and clock-distribution circuits.
22:
140:
design, the two logic reference levels differed by 3 volts. Consequently, two complementary versions were used: an NPN version and a PNP version. The NPN output could drive PNP inputs, and vice versa. "The disadvantages are that more different power supply voltages are needed, and both pnp and npn transistors are required."
300:) sets the total current flowing through the two legs of the pair. The input voltage controls the current flowing through the transistors by sharing it between the two legs, steering it all to one side when not near the switching point. The gain is higher than at the end states (see below) and the circuit switches quickly.
387:
ECL circuits usually operate with negative power supplies (positive end of the supply is connected to ground). Other logic families ground the negative end of the power supply. This is done mainly to minimize the influence of the power supply variations on the logic levels. ECL is more sensitive to
165:
introduced their first digital monolithic integrated circuit line, MECL I, in 1962. Motorola developed several improved series, with MECL II in 1966, MECL III in 1968 with 1-nanosecond gate propagation time and 300 MHz flip-flop toggle rates, and the 10,000 series (with lower power consumption
353:
Other noteworthy characteristics of the ECL family include the fact that the large current requirement is approximately constant, and does not depend significantly on the state of the circuit. This means that ECL circuits generate relatively little power noise, unlike other logic types which draw
323:
that introduces a significant negative feedback (emitter degeneration). To prevent saturation of the active transistor so that the diffusion time that slows the recovery from saturation will not be involved in the logic delay, the emitter and collector resistances are chosen such that at maximum
139:
Yourke's current switch was a differential amplifier whose input logic levels were different from the output logic levels. "In current mode operation, however, the output signal consists of voltage levels which vary about a reference level different from the input reference level." In Yourke's
169:
The ECLinPS ("ECL in picoseconds") family was introduced in 1987. ECLinPS has 500 ps single-gate delay and 1.1 GHz flip-flop toggle frequency. The ECLinPS family parts are available from multiple sources, including
Arizona Microtek, Micrel, National Semiconductor, and ON Semiconductor.
233:
The picture represents a typical ECL circuit diagram based on
Motorola's MECL. In this schematic, transistor T5ā² represents the output transistor of a previous ECL gate that provides a logic signal to input transistor T1 of an OR/NOR gate whose other input is at T2 and has outputs Y and
77:
capability is high. In addition, the essentially constant current draw of the differential amplifiers minimises delays and glitches due to supply-line inductance and capacitance, and the complementary outputs decrease the propagation time of the whole circuit by reducing inverter count.
1227:
Raven was started in 1988... Raven was a simplified VAX design with a single chip CPU and a single chip FPU. Implemented in
Fujitsu's ECL standard cells, it was intended to run at 250Mhz and deliver 50 "VUPS" ... Power dissipation would have been a startling (for the day)
154:
and consisted of a differential-amplifier input stage to perform logic and followed by an emitter-follower stage to drive outputs and shift the output voltages so they will be compatible with the inputs. The emitter-follower output stages could also be used to perform
1459:
68:
In ECL, the transistors are never in saturation, the input and output voltages have a small swing (0.8 V), the input impedance is high and the output impedance is low. As a result, the transistors change states quickly,
344:
The cutoff transistor breaks the connection between its input and output. As a result, its input voltage does not affect the output voltage. The input resistance is high again since the base-emitter junction is cutoff.
342: < 1). The circuit is insensitive to the input voltage variations and the transistor stays firmly in active linear region. The input resistance is high because of the series negative feedback.
81:
ECL's major disadvantage is that each gate continuously draws current, which means that it requires (and dissipates) significantly more power than those of other logic families, especially when quiescent.
406:
ECL circuits available on the open market usually operated with logic levels incompatible with other families. This meant that interoperation between ECL and other logic families, such as the popular
410:
family, required additional interface circuits. The fact that the high and low logic levels are relatively close meant that ECL suffers from small noise margins, which can be troublesome.
282:
do not exist in all versions of ECL. In some cases 50 Ī© line termination resistors connected between the bases of the input transistors and ā2 V act as emitter resistors.
399:
The value of the supply voltage is chosen so that sufficient current flows through the compensating diodes D1 and D2 and the voltage drop across the common emitter resistor R
369:
for this arrangement can be less than a nanosecond, including the signal delay getting on and off the IC package. Some type of ECL has always been the fastest logic family.
1266:
53:(fully on) region of operation and the resulting slow turn-off behavior. As the current is steered between two legs of an emitter-coupled pair, ECL is sometimes called
290:
The ECL circuit operation is considered below with assumption that the input voltage is applied to T1 base, while T2 input is unused or a logical "0" is applied.
936:
296:, the core of the circuit ā the emitter-coupled pair (T1 and T3) ā acts as a differential amplifier with single-ended input. The "long-tail" current source (R
173:
The high power consumption of ECL meant that it has been used mainly when high speed is a vital requirement. Older high-end mainframe computers, such as the
310:(logical "1") the differential amplifier is overdriven. The transistor (T1 or T3) is cutoff and the other (T3 or T1) is in active linear region acting as a
417:, made ECL circuits for use in the manufacturer's own products. The power supplies were substantially different from those used in the open market.
274:
are shifted and buffered to the inverting and non-inverting outputs by the emitter followers T4 and T5 (shaded blue). The output emitter resistors R
1013:
1730:
770:
551:
213:
was launched which offered comparable performance to the VAX 9000 despite costing 25 times less and consuming considerably less power. The
1962:
1118:
734:
435:
A common misconception is that PECL devices are slightly different from ECL devices. In fact, every ECL device is also a PECL device.
1197:
1032:
2000:
1542:
96:
A variation of ECL in which all signal paths and gate inputs are differential is known as differential current switch (DCS) logic.
1902:
2005:
986:
50:
1493:
1281:
717:
690:
660:
633:
606:
1515:
1837:
1457:, Yourke, Hannon S., "Transistor Switching Circuits", published November 15, 1956, issued December 13, 1960
1687:
1085:
839:
166:
and controlled edge speeds) in 1971. The MECL 10H family was introduced in 1981. Fairchild introduced the F100K family.
1950:
1849:
825:
1884:
1723:
1350:
1323:
1069:
354:
more current when switching than quiescent. In cryptographic applications, ECL circuits are also less susceptible to
1438:
1896:
1832:
1659:
1629:
238:. Additional pictures illustrate the circuit operation by visualizing the voltage relief and current topology at
255:
886:
25:
Motorola ECL 10,000 basic gate circuit diagram of 1972. Note how the Q5 and Q6 emitters coupled to the output.
2022:
1890:
1653:
194:
151:
994:(4th ed.). Motorola Semiconductor Products, republished by On Semiconductor. p. vi. Archived from
1716:
1682:
1535:
293:
243:
2139:
2034:
407:
359:
132:
computers. The logic was also called a current-mode circuit. It was also used to make the IBM Advanced
46:
2054:
2012:
1647:
1617:
307:
303:
247:
239:
1454:
1955:
1940:
1866:
1826:
1641:
1577:
311:
1967:
1872:
1860:
1340:
1252:
1040:. ON Semiconductor: Semiconductor Components Industries. 2002. p. 2. TND309/D. Archived from
801:
596:
2165:
2017:
1795:
1790:
1528:
86:
1299:"Protection of Instrument Control Computers against Soft and Hard Errors and Cosmic Ray Effects"
2111:
1908:
156:
133:
1467:
Yourke, Hannon S. (September 1957). "Millimicrosecond
Transistor Current Switching Circuits".
1313:
680:
650:
623:
129:
49:(BJT) differential amplifier with single-ended input and limited emitter current to avoid the
2123:
2077:
1945:
1780:
1589:
1149:
707:
903:
849:. Yourke's circuits used commercial transistors and had an average gate delay of 12 ns.
2049:
2044:
2027:
1747:
1101:
90:
1204:
860:
8:
2096:
2039:
1878:
1800:
1775:
1739:
1041:
372:
355:
147:
and resistors to shift the output logic levels to be the same as the input logic levels.
2116:
2101:
1982:
1820:
1785:
1665:
1172:
186:
174:
38:
2072:
1386:
1367:
1346:
1319:
1277:
1065:
882:
793:
713:
686:
656:
629:
602:
366:
197:'s highest performance processors were all based on multi-chip ECL CPUsāfrom the ECL
1298:
1176:
324:
input voltage some voltage is left across the transistor. The residual gain is low (
1805:
1697:
1476:
1164:
1130:
995:
918:
785:
746:
121:
1489:
1995:
1990:
1972:
1935:
1930:
1855:
1815:
1404:
1059:
574:
559:(2nd ed.). Motorola Semiconductor Products. p. 1 – via Bitsavers.
1251:
John F. Wakerly. Supplement to
Digital Design Principles and Practices. Section
1222:
1925:
1623:
263:
2159:
2106:
2089:
2084:
1480:
797:
316:
The active transistor is loaded with the relatively high emitter resistance
143:
Instead of alternating NPN and PNP stages, another coupling method employed
1692:
1551:
1311:
676:
379:(10 krad), many ECL devices are operational after 100,000 gray (10 Mrad).
42:
1168:
1612:
1430:
376:
144:
1134:
1119:"Improved performance of IBM Enterprise System/9000 bipolar logic chips"
922:
789:
750:
2144:
1810:
1755:
1572:
1567:
218:
70:
1708:
1770:
229:
104:
1765:
1760:
206:
202:
162:
125:
1312:
Minges, Merrill L.; ASM International. Handbook
Committee (1989).
1520:
314:
that takes all the current, starving the other cutoff transistor.
217:
computers also used ECL. Some of these computer designs used ECL
178:
1021:(1st ed.). Motorola. pp. viāvii – via Bitsavers.
1595:
1559:
904:"Design of a High-Speed Transistor for the ASLT Current Switch"
198:
182:
150:
Beginning in the early 1960s, ECL circuits were implemented on
74:
841:
Millimicrosecond non-saturating transistor switching circuits
735:"Differential Current Switch ā High performance at low power"
214:
1368:"LVDS, CML, ECL ā differential interfaces with odd voltages"
877:
Pugh, Emerson W.; Johnson, Lyle R.; Palmer, John H. (2003).
1583:
937:"Logic Blocks Automated Logic Diagrams SLT, SLD, ASLT, MST"
210:
190:
1345:. McGraw-Hill Education (India) Pvt Limited. p. 111.
1061:
Digital
Electronics: Principles, Devices and Applications
414:
375:: While normal commercial-grade chips can withstand 100
113:
266:. The output voltages at the collector load resistors R
1405:"Interfacing Between LVPECL, VML, CML and LVDS Levels"
21:
1086:"High Performance ECL Data: ECLinPS and ECLinPS Lite"
1034:
1490:"DECL test run ā Differential emitter-coupled logic"
382:
85:The equivalent of emitter-coupled logic made from
1102:ECL Logic Manufacturers ā "Emitter Coupled Logic"
901:
876:
859:Roehr, William D.; Thorpe, Darrell, eds. (1963).
768:
732:
625:Digital Logic Techniques: Principles and Practice
2157:
1296:
1198:"IBM zEnterprise System Technical Introduction"
312:common-emitter stage with emitter degeneration
1724:
1536:
764:
762:
760:
1116:
733:Eichelberger, E.B.; Bello, S.E. (May 1991).
1516:Motorola MECL logic family datasheets, 1963
972:
960:
858:
1731:
1717:
1543:
1529:
1264:
757:
705:
1666:Current mode logic / Source-coupled logic
1290:
1239:
1112:
1110:
1011:
984:
709:Gallium Arsenide IC Applications Handbook
568:
566:
549:
1384:
1315:Electronic Materials Handbook: Packaging
1297:LeppƤlƤ, Kari; Verkasalo, Raimo (1989).
1223:"Raven: Introduction: The ECL Conundrum"
902:Langdon, J.L.; VanDerveer, E.J. (1967).
862:High-Speed Switching Transistor Handbook
228:
189:mainframes. (Current IBM mainframes use
103:
20:
1903:Application-specific integrated circuit
1738:
1487:
1402:
1276:. Oxford University Press. p. 47.
1147:
1141:
1123:IBM Journal of Research and Development
911:IBM Journal of Research and Development
778:IBM Journal of Research and Development
771:"Semiconductor Logic Technology in IBM"
769:E. J. Rymaszewski; et al. (1981).
739:IBM Journal of Research and Development
648:
621:
116:by Hannon S. Yourke. Originally called
2158:
1466:
1453:
1428:
1365:
1107:
1064:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 148.
1012:Blood Jr., William R. (October 1971).
929:
837:
652:Fundamentals of Microsystems Packaging
563:
392:and is relatively immune to noise on V
181:computer family, used ECL, as did the
1712:
1524:
1387:"Designing with PECL (ECL at +5.0 V)"
1057:
712:. Vol. 1. Elsevier. p. 61.
628:. Taylor & Francis. p. 173.
594:
108:Yourke's current switch (around 1955)
1838:Three-dimensional integrated circuit
1338:
895:
685:. Vol. 2. Newnes. p. 115.
675:
254:ECL is based on an emitter-coupled (
706:Fisher, Dennis; Bahl, I.J. (1995).
572:
136:(ASLT) circuits in the IBM 360/91.
112:ECL was invented in August 1956 at
13:
1850:Erasable programmable logic device
1550:
1496:from the original on July 18, 2018
1469:IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory
1422:
1318:. ASM International. p. 163.
1220:
1117:A. E. Barish; et al. (1992).
838:Yourke, Hannon S. (October 1956),
682:The Forrest Mims Circuit Scrapbook
575:"Unit4: ECL Emitter Coupled Logic"
348:
14:
2177:
1885:Complex programmable logic device
1509:
1441:from the original on July 2, 2018
1366:Goldie, John (January 21, 2003).
530:is the common mode voltage range.
224:
1203:. August 1, 2013. Archived from
1897:Field-programmable object array
1833:Mixed-signal integrated circuit
1630:Direct-coupled transistor logic
1403:Holland, Nick (December 2002).
1396:
1378:
1359:
1332:
1305:
1258:
1245:
1233:
1214:
1190:
1095:
1078:
1051:
1025:
1005:
985:Blood Jr., William R. (1988) .
978:
966:
954:
879:IBM's 360 and Early 370 Systems
870:
852:
831:
826:Early Transistor History at IBM
819:
582:Fundamental Digital Electronics
383:Power supplies and logic levels
63:current-switch emitter-follower
16:Integrated circuit logic family
1431:"What Computers Are Made From"
726:
699:
669:
642:
615:
588:
550:Blood Jr., William R. (1972).
542:
426:Positive emitter-coupled logic
152:monolithic integrated circuits
1:
2023:Hardware description language
1891:Field-programmable gate array
1414:. Texas Instruments. SLLA120.
1385:Petty, Cleon; Pearson, Todd.
1267:"Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL)"
601:. PHI Learning. p. 472.
535:
195:Digital Equipment Corporation
1429:Savard, John J. G. (2018) .
1253:"ECL: Emitter-Coupled Logic"
655:. McGraw-Hill. p. 930.
285:
7:
2035:Formal equivalence checking
1660:Transistorātransistor logic
1150:"The CRAY1 computer system"
1015:MECL System Design Handbook
988:MECL System Design Handbook
553:MECL System Design Handbook
413:At least one manufacturer,
360:differential power analysis
47:bipolar junction transistor
10:
2182:
2055:Hierarchical state machine
2013:Transaction-level modeling
1648:Integrated injection logic
1342:Modern digital electronics
881:. MIT Press. p. 108.
847:, Stretch Circuit Memo # 3
598:Pulse and Digital Circuits
548:Original drawing based on
99:
2132:
2065:
1981:
1956:Digital signal processing
1941:Logic in computer science
1918:
1867:Programmable logic device
1827:Hybrid integrated circuit
1746:
1675:
1654:Resistorātransistor logic
1642:Gunning transceiver logic
1605:
1578:Depletion-load NMOS logic
1558:
1488:Mueller, Dieter (2008) .
1157:Communications of the ACM
45:. ECL uses an overdriven
1968:Switching circuit theory
1873:Programmable Array Logic
1861:Programmable logic array
1481:10.1109/TCT.1957.1086377
1274:Microelectronic Circuits
649:Tummala, Rao R. (2001).
2018:Register-transfer level
1058:Maini, Anil K. (2007).
973:Roehr & Thorpe 1963
961:Roehr & Thorpe 1963
622:Stonham, T. J. (1996).
420:
185:; and first-generation
1909:Tensor Processing Unit
1618:Diodeātransistor logic
1392:. p. 3. AN1406-D.
1148:Russell, R.M. (1978).
950:– via Bitsavers.
251:
193:.) Beginning in 1975,
175:Enterprise System/9000
134:Solid Logic Technology
118:current-steering logic
109:
55:current-steering logic
26:
2124:Electronic literature
2078:Hardware acceleration
1946:Computer architecture
1844:Emitter-coupled logic
1781:Printed circuit board
1636:Emitter-coupled logic
1590:Pass transistor logic
1265:Sedra; Smith (2015).
1169:10.1145/359327.359336
595:Kumar, Anand (2008).
308:at high input voltage
294:During the transition
244:during the transition
232:
120:, it was used in the
107:
31:emitter-coupled logic
24:
2050:Finite-state machine
2028:High-level synthesis
1963:Circuit minimization
1210:on November 3, 2013.
1091:. 1996. p. iii.
1001:on October 10, 2004.
942:. IBM. pp. 1ā10
356:side channel attacks
304:At low input voltage
209:. By 1991, the CMOS
91:source-coupled logic
2097:Digital photography
1879:Generic Array Logic
1801:Combinational logic
1776:Printed electronics
1740:Digital electronics
1339:Jain, R.P. (2003).
1135:10.1147/rd.365.0829
923:10.1147/rd.111.0069
790:10.1147/rd.255.0603
751:10.1147/rd.353.0313
373:Radiation hardening
41:bipolar transistor
2045:Asynchronous logic
1821:Integrated circuit
1786:Electronic circuit
1606:Other technologies
1412:Application Report
975:, pp. 40, 261
252:
248:high input voltage
110:
59:current-mode logic
39:integrated circuit
37:) is a high-speed
27:
2153:
2152:
2102:Digital telephone
2073:Computer hardware
2040:Synchronous logic
1706:
1705:
1584:Complementary MOS
1283:978-0-19-933913-6
719:978-0-12-257735-2
692:978-1-878707-48-2
662:978-0-07-137169-8
635:978-0-412-54970-0
608:978-81-203-3356-7
531:
517:
516:
306:(logical "0") or
262:acts nearly as a
240:low input voltage
177:members of IBM's
73:are low, and the
2173:
1806:Sequential logic
1733:
1726:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1698:Four-phase logic
1580:(including HMOS)
1545:
1538:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1484:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1271:
1262:
1256:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1202:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1154:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1114:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1047:on July 8, 2015.
1046:
1039:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1000:
993:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
951:
949:
947:
941:
933:
927:
926:
908:
899:
893:
892:
874:
868:
866:
856:
850:
848:
846:
835:
829:
823:
817:
816:
814:
812:
806:
800:. Archived from
775:
766:
755:
754:
730:
724:
723:
703:
697:
696:
677:Mims, Forrest M.
673:
667:
666:
646:
640:
639:
619:
613:
612:
592:
586:
585:
579:
573:Lawless, Brian.
570:
561:
560:
558:
546:
529:
520:
441:
440:
367:propagation time
237:
205:and finally the
201:through the ECL
29:In electronics,
2181:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2128:
2061:
1996:Place and route
1991:Logic synthesis
1977:
1973:Gate equivalent
1936:Logic synthesis
1931:Boolean algebra
1914:
1856:Macrocell array
1816:Boolean circuit
1742:
1737:
1707:
1702:
1671:
1601:
1554:
1549:
1512:
1499:
1497:
1460:
1444:
1442:
1425:
1423:Further reading
1420:
1419:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1310:
1306:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1269:
1263:
1259:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1115:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1010:
1006:
998:
991:
983:
979:
971:
967:
959:
955:
945:
943:
939:
935:
934:
930:
906:
900:
896:
889:
875:
871:
857:
853:
844:
836:
832:
824:
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242:(logical "0"),
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1951:Digital signal
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1560:MOS technology
1556:
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1552:Logic families
1548:
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1510:External links
1508:
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1475:(3): 236ā240.
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1240:Blood Jr. 1972
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1129:(5): 829ā834.
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438:Logic levels:
428:, also called
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264:current source
259:
250:(logical "1").
226:
225:Implementation
223:
157:wired-or logic
101:
98:
65:(CSEF) logic.
15:
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4:
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2:
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403:is adequate.
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23:
19:
2066:Applications
1843:
1693:Domino logic
1635:
1596:BipolarāCMOS
1498:. Retrieved
1472:
1468:
1443:. Retrieved
1434:
1411:
1398:
1380:
1371:
1361:
1341:
1334:
1314:
1307:
1292:
1273:
1260:
1247:
1235:
1226:
1216:
1205:the original
1192:
1180:. Retrieved
1163:(1): 63ā72.
1160:
1156:
1143:
1126:
1122:
1097:
1080:
1060:
1053:
1042:the original
1033:
1027:
1014:
1007:
996:the original
987:
980:
968:
963:, p. 39
956:
944:. Retrieved
931:
914:
910:
897:
878:
872:
861:
854:
840:
833:
821:
809:. Retrieved
802:the original
781:
777:
742:
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728:
708:
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681:
671:
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149:
145:Zener diodes
142:
138:
117:
111:
95:
84:
80:
67:
62:
58:
54:
43:logic family
34:
30:
28:
18:
1796:Memory cell
1613:Diode logic
1242:, p. 3
865:. Motorola.
256:long-tailed
219:gate arrays
71:gate delays
2145:Runt pulse
2117:television
1811:Logic gate
1756:Transistor
1748:Components
1573:NMOS logic
1568:PMOS logic
1455:US 2964652
888:0262517205
811:August 27,
536:References
430:pseudo-ECL
215:MIPS R6000
89:is called
2001:Placement
1791:Flip-flop
1771:Capacitor
1668:(CML/SCL)
1435:quadibloc
1182:April 27,
917:: 69ā73.
798:0018-8646
286:Operation
61:(CML) or
51:saturated
2160:Category
1766:Inductor
1761:Resistor
1598:(BiCMOS)
1500:July 18,
1494:Archived
1445:July 16,
1439:Archived
1372:EE Times
1177:28752186
867:, p. 37.
679:(2000).
358:such as
207:VAX 9000
203:VAX 8000
163:Motorola
130:IBM 7094
126:IBM 7090
93:(SCFL).
2006:Routing
1840:(3D IC)
1688:Dynamic
498:LVPECL
246:and at
179:ESA/390
122:Stretch
100:History
57:(CSL),
1983:Design
1919:Theory
1905:(ASIC)
1899:(FPOA)
1893:(FPGA)
1887:(CPLD)
1852:(EPLD)
1683:Static
1632:(DCTL)
1586:(CMOS)
1461:
1349:
1322:
1280:
1175:
1068:
885:
796:
716:
689:
659:
632:
605:
521:Note:
513:2.0 V
510:3.3 V
507:2.4 V
504:1.6 V
491:5.0 V
488:4.2 V
485:3.4 V
187:Amdahl
183:Cray-1
128:, and
75:fanout
2090:radio
1911:(TPU)
1881:(GAL)
1875:(PAL)
1869:(PLD)
1863:(PLA)
1846:(ECL)
1829:(HIC)
1676:Types
1662:(TTL)
1656:(RTL)
1644:(GTL)
1638:(ECL)
1620:(DTL)
1592:(PTL)
1408:(PDF)
1390:(PDF)
1270:(PDF)
1228:150W.
1208:(PDF)
1201:(PDF)
1173:S2CID
1153:(PDF)
1089:(PDF)
1045:(PDF)
1038:(PDF)
1019:(PDF)
999:(PDF)
992:(PDF)
940:(PDF)
907:(PDF)
845:(PDF)
805:(PDF)
774:(PDF)
578:(PDF)
557:(PDF)
479:PECL
444:Type
278:and R
270:and R
1823:(IC)
1650:(IL)
1626:(OC)
1502:2018
1447:2018
1347:ISBN
1320:ISBN
1278:ISBN
1184:2010
1066:ISBN
948:2015
883:ISBN
813:2007
794:ISSN
714:ISBN
687:ISBN
657:ISBN
630:ISBN
603:ISBN
501:GND
482:GND
461:high
421:PECL
377:gray
365:The
211:NVAX
199:KL10
191:CMOS
87:FETs
1477:doi
1165:doi
1131:doi
919:doi
786:doi
747:doi
455:low
415:IBM
408:TTL
114:IBM
35:ECL
2162::
1492:.
1471:.
1437:.
1433:.
1410:.
1370:.
1272:.
1225:.
1171:.
1161:21
1159:.
1155:.
1127:36
1125:.
1121:.
1109:^
915:11
913:.
909:.
792:.
782:25
780:.
776:.
759:^
743:35
741:.
737:.
580:.
565:^
527:cm
473:cm
467:cc
449:ee
394:EE
390:CC
362:.
280:E5
276:E4
272:C3
268:C1
221:.
159:.
124:,
1732:e
1725:t
1718:v
1544:e
1537:t
1530:v
1504:.
1483:.
1479::
1473:4
1449:.
1374:.
1355:.
1328:.
1301:.
1286:.
1255:.
1186:.
1167::
1137:.
1133::
1104:.
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925:.
921::
891:.
828:.
815:.
788::
753:.
749::
722:.
695:.
665:.
638:.
611:.
584:.
524:V
471:V
465:V
459:V
453:V
447:V
401:E
340:E
337:R
335:/
333:C
330:R
326:K
321:E
318:R
298:E
260:E
236:Y
33:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
