798:, author of the theory of Incomplete nature, according to whom the emergent perspective is metaphysical, whereas the human consciousness emerges as an incessant creation of something from nothing. According to Dimitar Kalev, in all modern literary-theoretical discourses, there is an epistemological "gap" present between the sensory-imagery phenomena of reading and their proto-phenomena from the text. Therefore, in any attempt at literary reconstructions, certain "destruction" is reached, which, from an epistemological point of view, is a designation of the existing transcendence as some "interruption" of the divine "top-down". The emergentist approach does not interpret the text but rather reconstructs its becoming, identifying itself with the contemplative logic of the writer, claiming that it possesses a being of ideal objectivity and universal accessibility.
955:: Emergentism is applied in sociology and economics to understand how complex social behaviors and economic trends arise from individual actions and interactions. In sociology, emergentist theories help explain how social norms, institutions, and collective behaviors develop from the interactions of individuals within a society. In economics, emergent properties such as market trends and economic cycles are seen as the result of numerous individual decisions and actions, providing a comprehensive framework for analyzing economic phenomena.
732:: In computational linguistics, connectionist or neural network models provide a framework for understanding how language properties can emerge from simpler processes. These models simulate how neural connections in the brain can give rise to complex behaviors like language comprehension and production through learning and interaction. For instance, a neural network might learn to generate grammatically correct sentences by being exposed to large datasets of language, demonstrating emergent properties from the training data.
761:: In the context of language acquisition, emergentism suggests that children learn language through interaction with their environment and the gradual build-up of linguistic structures. Children are exposed to language data and through cognitive processes such as pattern recognition and hypothesis testing develop an understanding of linguistic rules. This process is emergent because it arises from the interaction of the child's cognitive capabilities with the linguistic input they receive.
883:: Emergentism provides a framework for understanding complex systems in various scientific fields. In physics, emergent properties such as superconductivity arise from the collective behavior of electrons, which cannot be fully explained by examining individual electrons alone. This collective behavior demonstrates how new properties emerge from the interactions within the system, offering insights into phenomena that are otherwise difficult to explain through reductionist approaches.
293:: This type of emergence involves properties that can in principle be derived from the interactions of lower-level entities but are not immediately obvious. These properties are emergent in the sense that they are the result of complex interactions but do not involve fundamentally new properties. For instance, the behavior of a computer program can be understood by examining its code, but the complexity of the program's behavior may not be immediately apparent from the code alone.
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716:: Emergentism posits that language structures and rules emerge from the interaction of simpler neural and cognitive processes rather than being innate or pre-programmed. This idea contrasts with Noam Chomsky's theory of Universal Grammar, which suggests that the ability to acquire language is hard-wired into the brain. Emergentists argue that language arises from general cognitive capabilities such as pattern recognition and memory interacting with environmental input.
513:, where particles become interconnected in such a way that the state of one particle instantly influences the state of another, regardless of the distance between them. This non-local property emerges from the quantum interactions and cannot be predicted merely by understanding the individual particles separately. Such emergent properties challenge classical notions of locality and causality, showcasing the profound implications of emergentism in modern physics.
945:: In artificial intelligence (AI), emergentist principles are used to develop systems that exhibit intelligent behavior through the interaction of simpler algorithms. Machine learning models, such as neural networks, demonstrate how complex behaviors can emerge from the training and adaptation processes. These models learn to recognize patterns and make decisions based on large datasets, reflecting the principles of emergentism in their design and functionality.
895:: In quantum mechanics, phenomena such as quantum entanglement and superposition illustrate emergent properties that challenge classical notions of causality and locality. These properties emerge from the complex interactions of quantum particles, providing a richer understanding of the fundamental nature of matter and energy. Emergentist approaches in quantum mechanics help bridge the gap between microscopic and macroscopic descriptions of physical systems.
831:: Reductionists argue that all phenomena, including those considered emergent, can ultimately be explained by their constituent parts and the laws governing them. They contend that emergentism often underestimates the explanatory power of reductionist approaches and overestimates the novelty of emergent properties. According to reductionists, what appears to be emergent might simply be the result of incomplete understanding of the underlying processes.
819:: One of the primary criticisms of emergentism is the perceived lack of empirical evidence supporting the existence of emergent properties. Critics argue that many so-called emergent properties can eventually be explained by more detailed examination of lower-level processes. For instance, while consciousness is often cited as an emergent property, some scientists believe that advances in neuroscience may eventually explain it in purely physical terms.
926:: Emergentist theories are applied in ethics to explain how moral values and ethical principles can emerge from social and cultural interactions. According to emergentism, ethical norms and values are not pre-existing entities but arise from the complex interactions and agreements within a society. This view helps to understand the dynamic and evolving nature of morality, providing a framework for addressing ethical issues in a rapidly changing world.
46:. This philosophical theory suggests that higher-level properties and phenomena arise from the interactions and organization of lower-level entities yet are not reducible to these simpler components. It emphasizes the idea that the whole is more than the sum of its parts. Historically, emergentism has significantly influenced various scientific and philosophical ideas, highlighting the complexity and interconnectedness of natural systems.
889:: Network theory applies emergentist principles to study how interactions within networks lead to emergent properties. In biology, for example, metabolic networks exhibit robustness and adaptability as emergent behaviors arising from the interactions of enzymes and substrates. These properties are crucial for the survival of organisms in changing environments and provide a deeper understanding of biological resilience and adaptation.
299:: This type of emergence involves properties that are fundamentally new and cannot be predicted or explained by the behavior of the lower-level components. Strong emergent properties are seen as novel qualities that arise from the complex interactions within a system. An example often cited in discussions of strong emergence is consciousness, which some argue cannot be fully explained by the physical processes of the brain alone.
844:: Proponents of emergentism argue that emergent properties are necessary to explain the complexity of certain phenomena. They maintain that some properties cannot be reduced to or predicted from their constituent parts, emphasizing the importance of considering the system as a whole. For example, the wetness of water or the behavior of a market cannot be fully understood by analyzing individual molecules or transactions alone.
961:: Emergentist approaches in linguistics study how language structures and rules emerge from the interactions and usage patterns of speakers. Syntax, grammar, and meaning are seen as emergent properties resulting from social interactions and cognitive processes. This perspective provides a dynamic understanding of language development and evolution, highlighting the role of interaction and adaptation in linguistic phenomena.
932:: In epistemology, emergentism is used to explore how knowledge and understanding arise from simpler cognitive processes. Emergentist theories suggest that our ability to form concepts, reason, and understand complex phenomena results from the interactions of more basic cognitive functions. This approach provides insights into the nature of knowledge and the processes underlying learning and comprehension.
857:: In response to the criticism of conceptual ambiguity, some philosophers and scientists have worked on providing clearer definitions and criteria for emergence. They aim to distinguish between weak and strong emergence more precisely and to specify the conditions under which properties can be considered genuinely emergent. This effort helps to reduce the flexibility and potential misuse of the concept.
755:: Emergentism also applies to the way meaning (semantics) and context (pragmatics) are derived in language. Meaning is not fixed but emerges from the use of words in specific contexts. Pragmatic rules such as implicatures and speech acts arise from the conventions and expectations of communication within a community. These rules are not pre-determined but develop dynamically as speakers interact.
442:: This perspective suggests that emergent properties arise due to our limitations in knowledge and understanding. According to epistemological emergentists, what we perceive as emergent properties are actually the result of complex interactions that we do not yet fully understand. Therefore, these properties are not fundamentally new but appear so because of our current epistemic limitations.
916:. It offers an alternative to reductionist views by suggesting that mental properties emerge from neural processes but possess their own causal powers. This perspective helps address the mind-body problem by proposing that consciousness is an emergent property that cannot be fully explained by physical processes alone, thus enriching our understanding of the nature of mind and cognition.
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315:: Emergent properties cannot be reduced to or fully explained by their constituent parts. This means that understanding the individual components of a system is not sufficient to understand the emergent properties that arise from their interactions. For example, the wetness of water is an emergent property that cannot be understood solely by examining individual water molecules.
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466:: Emergentists argue that emergent properties can have causal effects on the components of the system from which they arise. For instance, social structures and norms can influence individual behavior, even though these structures and norms themselves emerge from the interactions between individuals. This two-way causal relationship is a key feature of emergent systems.
825:: The term "emergence" is sometimes criticized for being vague and inconsistently defined. Critics argue that without a clear and precise definition, the concept of emergence can be too flexible, leading to its overuse or misuse in various contexts. This ambiguity can make it difficult to distinguish genuine emergent properties from those that are merely complex.
472:: In emergent systems, causality is not unidirectional. While lower-level interactions give rise to emergent properties, these emergent properties can, in turn, affect the behavior and interactions at the lower level. This bidirectional causality highlights the complexity and interdependence of emergent systems, making them resistant to reductionist explanations.
333:: Emergent properties are often context-dependent, meaning that they arise from the specific organization and interactions within a system. Changes in the context or organization of the system can lead to changes in the emergent properties. This context-dependence highlights the importance of considering the system as a whole when studying emergent phenomena.
726:: Syntax and grammatical rules are seen as emergent properties resulting from the usage patterns of speakers within a language community. As individuals communicate, certain patterns become regularized and form the basis of syntactic rules. These rules are not explicitly taught but emerge naturally from the communicative practices of the community.
405:(1998) state that "there is a very important difference between the vitalists and the emergentists: the vitalist's creative forces were relevant only in organic substances, not in inorganic matter. Emergence hence is creation of new properties regardless of the substance involved." "The assumption of an extra-physical vitalis (vital force,
327:: The relationship between the parts of a system and its emergent properties is often non-linear, meaning that small changes in the components or their interactions can lead to large and unexpected changes in the emergent properties. This non-linearity is a hallmark of complex systems and is a crucial aspect of emergent phenomena.
738:: From a sociolinguistic perspective, the evolution of language itself can be viewed through an emergentist lens. Languages change and develop new properties over time as speakers interact, adapt, and innovate. These changes are emergent phenomena resulting from social interaction, cultural exchange, and cognitive adaptation.
321:: Emergent systems exhibit new properties that are not present in their individual components. These properties arise from the complex interactions and relationships between the parts of the system. The novelty of emergent properties is a key aspect that distinguishes them from the properties of the individual parts.
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Emergentism offers a valuable framework for understanding complex systems and phenomena that cannot be fully explained by their constituent parts. Its interdisciplinary nature and broad applicability make it a significant area of study in both philosophy and science. Future research will continue to
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Emergentism has been significantly shaped and debated by numerous philosophers and scientists over the years. Here are notable figures who have contributed to the development and discourse of emergentism, providing a rich tapestry of ideas and empirical evidence that support the theory's application
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Holism, on the other hand, emphasizes the significance of the whole system, suggesting that the properties of the whole are more important than the properties of the parts. Emergentism agrees with holism to some extent but differs in that it specifically focuses on how new properties emerge from the
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These philosophers were reacting against the reductionist view that all phenomena could be fully explained by their constituent parts. They argued that emergent properties such as consciousness have their own causal powers and cannot be reduced to or predicted from their base components. This period
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Emergentism finds applications across various scientific and philosophical domains, illustrating how complex behaviors and properties can arise from simpler interactions. These applications underscore the practical relevance of emergentist theories and their impact on understanding complex systems.
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Contribution: Neuropsychologist and Nobel laureate, Sperry's split-brain research contributed to the understanding of consciousness as an emergent property of brain processes. He argued that emergent mental properties have causal efficacy, influencing the lower-level neural processes. Major Work:
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Contribution: Nobel laureate in physics, Anderson's work on condensed matter physics and the theory of superconductivity provided significant empirical examples of emergent phenomena. His famous essay "More is
Different" argued for the necessity of emergentist explanations in physics. Major Work:
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Contribution: Advanced the idea that emergent properties are irreducible and possess their own causal powers. Polanyi's work in chemistry and philosophy of science provided empirical and theoretical support for emergentist concepts, especially in complex systems and hierarchical structures. Major
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Contribution: One of the earliest thinkers to suggest that the whole could possess properties that its individual parts did not. This idea laid the foundational groundwork for emergentist thought by emphasizing that certain phenomena cannot be fully explained by their individual components alone.
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Emergentism stands in contrast to reductionism, which holds that all phenomena can be fully explained by their constituent parts. Reductionists argue that understanding the basic building blocks of a system provides a complete understanding of the system itself. However, emergentists contend that
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in complex systems. These emergent properties are not predictable from the properties of the individual components alone. Emergent properties are seen as a result of the interactions and relationships between the components of a system, which produce new behaviors and characteristics that are not
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Supporting
Emergence: Emergentists point to various examples in physics, biology, and cognitive science where emergent properties provide the best explanations for observed phenomena. In physics, phenomena such as superconductivity and quantum entanglement are often cited as cases where emergent
602:, and environmental interactions. Complex traits such as the eye or the brain emerge over time through evolutionary processes. These traits exhibit novel properties that are not predictable from the genetic components alone but result from the dynamic interplay between genes and the environment.
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Contribution: A prominent critic and commentator on emergentism. Kim extensively analyzed the limits and scope of emergent properties, particularly in the context of mental causation and the philosophy of mind, questioning the coherence and causal efficacy of emergent properties. Major Work:
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The term "emergence" was formally introduced in the 19th century by the philosopher George Henry Lewes. He distinguished between "resultant" and "emergent" properties, where resultant properties could be predicted from the properties of the parts, whereas emergent properties could not. This
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Contribution: Formally introduced the term "emergence" in the 19th century. He distinguished between "resultant" and "emergent" properties where emergent properties could not be predicted from the properties of the parts, a critical distinction in emergentist theory. Major Work:
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These criticisms and debates highlight the dynamic and evolving nature of emergentism, reflecting its impact and relevance across various fields of inquiry. By addressing these challenges, proponents of emergentism continue to refine and strengthen their theoretical framework.
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has also contributed to contemporary discussions on emergentism. Researchers in these fields are particularly interested in how intelligent behavior and consciousness might emerge from artificial systems, providing new perspectives and challenges for emergentist theories.
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Contribution: A theoretical biologist whose work in complex systems and self-organization highlighted the role of emergence in biological evolution and the origin of life. Kauffman emphasized the unpredictability and novelty of emergent biological properties. Major Work:
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Emergentism, like any philosophical theory, has been subject to various criticisms and debates. These discussions revolve around the validity of emergent properties, the explanatory power of emergentism, and its implications for other areas of philosophy and science.
459:. Downward causation refers to the influence that higher-level properties can exert on the behavior of lower-level entities within a system. This idea challenges the traditional view that causation only works from the bottom up, from simpler to more complex levels.
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Contribution: Early proponent of emergentism in social and political contexts. Mill's work emphasized the importance of understanding social phenomena as more than the sum of individual actions, highlighting the emergent properties in societal systems. Major Work:
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Deacon, Terrence W. (2003). The hierarchic logic of emergence: Untangling the interdependence of evolution and self-organization. In B. Weber and D. Depen (Eds.), Evolution and learning: The
Baldwin effect reconsidered (pp. 273–308). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
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Emergentism finds its scientific support and application across various disciplines, illustrating how complex behaviors and properties arise from simpler interactions. These scientific perspectives demonstrate the practical significance of emergentist theories.
432:: This perspective asserts that emergent properties genuinely exist in the world. Ontological emergentists argue that emergent properties are real and have causal powers. For example, the consciousness that arises from neural processes in the
82:, in particular, suggested that the whole could possess properties that its individual parts did not, laying an early foundation for emergentist thought. This idea persisted through the ages, influencing various schools of thought.
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are intricately connected through the concept that linguistic properties and structures arise from simpler interactions among cognitive, communicative and social processes. This perspective provides a dynamic view of
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These applications of emergentism illustrate its broad relevance and utility in explaining and understanding complex systems across various domains, highlighting the interdisciplinary impact of emergentist theories.
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properties are crucial for understanding the behavior of systems. In biology, the emergence of life from non-living matter and the complex behavior of ecosystems are seen as evidence supporting emergentist views.
645:, the subjective experience of consciousness arises from these processes in a way that is not directly reducible to them. This emergence of conscious experience from neural substrates is a central topic in the
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In this period, scientists and philosophers began to explore how complex behaviors and properties could arise from relatively simple interactions in systems as diverse as ant colonies, economic markets, and
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Contribution: Anthropologist and neuroscientist, Deacon's work on the evolution of language and human cognition explored how emergent properties arise from neural and social interactions. His book
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from simpler computational rules. This emergent behavior in AI systems reflects the principles of emergentism, where higher-level functions arise from the interaction of lower-level components.
1617:, Book VIII (Eta) 1045a 8–10: "... the totality is not, as it were, a mere heap, but the whole is something besides the parts ...", i.e., the whole is other than the sum of the parts.
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Steiner, Rudolf. (2010). Die
Philosophie der Freiheit. Rudolf Steiner online archiv. 4. Auflage., The philosophy of freedom. Rudolf Steiner’s online archive. (4th edition.), German.
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and lack of hierarchy. Literary emergentism claims to describe the emergence of a text as contemplative logic consisting of seven degrees, similar to the epistemological doctrine of
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506:. This emergent property cannot be fully explained by the properties of individual electrons alone, but rather by their interactions within the lattice structure of the material.
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In the early 20th century, emergentism gained further traction through the works of
British emergentists like C.D. Broad and Samuel Alexander. C.D. Broad, in his 1925 book
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this approach overlooks the novel properties that arise from complex interactions within a system. For example, while the properties of water can be traced back to
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In recent years, emergentism has continued to evolve, integrating insights from various scientific fields. For example, in physics, the study of phenomena such as
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present in the isolated parts. This concept is crucial in understanding why certain phenomena cannot be fully explained by analyzing their parts independently.
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The theoretical foundations of emergentism are deeply intertwined with various philosophical theories and debates, particularly those concerning the nature of
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is said to be emergent if it is a new outcome of some other properties of the system and their interaction, while it is itself different from them. Within the
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interactions within the system. Holism often overlooks the dynamic processes that lead to the emergence of new properties, which are central to emergentism.
413:, etc.), as formulated in most forms (old or new) of vitalism, is usually without any genuine explanatory power. It has served altogether too often as an
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Emergentism is underpinned by several core principles that define its theoretical framework and distinguish it from other philosophical doctrines such as
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Literary emergentism is a trend in literary theory. It arises as a reaction against traditional interpretive approaches –
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explore the implications and potential of emergent properties, contributing to our understanding of the natural world.
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Emergence vs. Pattern Emergence: Complexity, Control, and Goal-Directedness in Biological Systems
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Fullness of Reality: An Introduction to Reductionism & Emergence
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Biomimetic Architecture – Emergence applied to building and construction
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delves into the emergentist explanation of life and mind. Major Work:
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Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software
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Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software
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but constitute a theory of the nature of the universe comparable to
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where patterns and structures spontaneously form. For instance,
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An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
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2116:: Studies in Emergent Order (SIEO) is an open-access journal
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The Emergence of Everything: How the World Became Complex
1910:
McCarthy, Evan, "The Emergentist Theory of Truth" (2015).
1882:
From Complexity to Life: On Emergence of Life and Meaning
1401:
1399:
609:
and substrates interact exhibit emergent behaviors like
2105:: lecture slides from Helsinki University of Technology
1859:
Beckermann, Ansgar, Hans Flohr, and Jaegwon Kim, eds.,
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https://www.academia.edu/121134447/LITERARY_EMERGENTISM
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2099:: Institute for the Study of Coherence and Emergence.
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A crucial aspect of emergentism is its treatment of
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970:Notable Philosophers and Scientists in Emergentism
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1803:Anderson, Philip W. (1972). "More is Different".
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1836:Incomplete Nature: How Mind Emerged from Matter
1137:Incomplete Nature: How Mind Emerged from Matter
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1575:Kalev D. Literary emergentism. Available at:
379:cannot be fully explained by examining these
265:Emergence refers to the arising of novel and
1701:
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415:intellectual tranquilizer or verbal sedative
362:Relationship to Other Philosophical Theories
173:
1798:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
742:
674:
641:involve electrochemical interactions among
446:
421:Ontological vs. Epistemological Emergentism
390:
64:exemplifies emergence in a physical system.
3009:
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2871:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
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1838:. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
1829:. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
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337:
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106:, suggested that emergent qualities like
53:The formation of complex symmetrical and
2127:: Dutch Institute for Emergent Phenomena
1820:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
1815:
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528:— a phenomenon where heated fluid forms
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1873:Clayton, Philip and Paul Davies, eds.,
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1735:. San Jacinto Philosophy Study Guides.
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3610:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
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2082:: An introduction to emergence using
1771:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
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1485:
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520:, emergent behaviors are observed in
350:. Emergentism contrasts sharply with
281:
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782:, etc., accusing them of analytical
555:Emergent phenomena are prevalent in
2069:Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
2048:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2030:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1784:
1721:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1708:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1599:
1587:
1542:
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855:Clarifying Definitions and Criteria
579:. The properties of life — such as
498:, where the collective behavior of
214:Emergentism can be compatible with
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3691:Concepts in the philosophy of mind
1852:
1498:Dictionary of the History of Ideas
1158:
810:
261:Definition and Nature of Emergence
14:
3717:
2037:
2016:
1917:. Oxford University Press (2002).
1907:. Oxford University Press (2010).
1884:. Oxford University Press (2013).
1877:. Oxford University Press (2008).
126:Mid to Late 20th Century Advances
16:Philosophical belief in emergence
1943:
1929:
1769:The Mind and Its Place in Nature
1033:The Mind and Its Place in Nature
1029:The Mind and Its Place in Nature
899:
794:. There are also references to
96:The Mind and Its Place in Nature
1903:MacDonald, Graham and Cynthia,
1569:
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1442:
1430:
1027:Contribution: In his 1925 book
509:Another significant example is
90:Development in the 20th Century
2811:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
1891:. Jackson Square Books (2013).
1187:
937:Interdisciplinary Applications
842:Philosophical Counterarguments
621:Emergence in Cognitive Science
455:, particularly the concept of
245:Core Principles of Emergentism
197:The resurgence of interest in
26:, particularly as it involves
1:
3467:Hard problem of consciousness
2692:Principle of compositionality
2103:Towards modeling of emergence
1695:
874:
2841:Philosophical Investigations
1834:Deacon, Terrence W. (2012).
1749:Lewes, George Henry (1875).
237:with each requiring its own
182:and the behavior of complex
7:
2682:Modality (natural language)
1922:
1789:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
1753:. London: TrĂĽbner & Co.
866:Applications of Emergentism
440:Epistemological Emergentism
74:Early Concepts of Emergence
10:
3724:
2821:Language, Truth, and Logic
2561:Theological noncognitivism
2446:Contrast theory of meaning
2441:Causal theory of reference
2172:Index of language articles
1880:Gregersen Niels H., eds.,
1827:Science and Moral Priority
1776:Alexander, Samuel (1920).
1758:Mill, John Stuart (1843).
1723:. University of Tennessee.
1702:O'Connor, Timothy (2019).
1120:Science and Moral Priority
1044:Contribution: In his work
817:Lack of Empirical Evidence
759:Child Language Development
696:, emphasizing the role of
394:
118:also saw the influence of
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3597:
3424:
3294:
3189:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
3179:David Lewis (philosopher)
3024:
2961:
2906:Philosophy of information
2893:
2742:
2594:
2506:Mediated reference theory
2431:
2178:
2169:
2114:Studies in Emergent Order
1847:. New York, NY: Scribner.
1816:Kauffman, Stuart (1993).
1794:Polanyi, Michael (1958).
1762:. London: John W. Parker.
1751:Problems of Life and Mind
1212:10.1007/s11229-006-9014-3
1002:Problems of Life and Mind
575:molecules and eventually
174:Contemporary Developments
2831:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
1843:Johnson, Steven (2001).
1787:Mind in a Physical World
1167:
1064:Mind in a Physical World
975:across various domains:
743:Pragmatics and Semantics
675:Emergentism and Language
447:Causality in Emergentism
391:Relationship to vitalism
209:
3676:Concepts in metaphysics
3317:Eliminative materialism
2632:Use–mention distinction
2476:Direct reference theory
1614:Metaphysics (Aristotle)
943:Artificial Intelligence
836:Responses to Criticisms
653:Artificial intelligence
649:and cognitive science.
522:non-equilibrium systems
477:Scientific Perspectives
430:Ontological Emergentism
338:Theoretical Foundations
199:artificial intelligence
3569:Propositional attitude
3564:Problem of other minds
3472:Hypostatic abstraction
2566:Theory of descriptions
2501:Linguistic determinism
2163:Philosophy of language
1990:Reduction (philosophy)
1825:Sperry, Roger (1983).
1778:Space, Time, and Deity
1710:. Stanford University.
1050:Space, Time, and Deity
1046:Space, Time, and Deity
829:Reductionist Arguments
802:Criticisms and Debates
375:atoms, the wetness of
104:Space, Time, and Deity
65:
3706:Philosophy of physics
3640:Philosophers category
3544:Mental representation
3307:Biological naturalism
3194:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
3169:Frank Cameron Jackson
2677:Mental representation
2612:Linguistic relativity
2496:Inquisitive semantics
2088:Conway's Game of Life
2074:The Emergent Universe
2043:"Emergent Properties"
1913:Morowitz, Harold J.,
1894:Laughlin, Robert B.,
1785:Kim, Jaegwon (1998).
1704:"Emergent Properties"
1194:Kistler, Max (2006).
792:Philosophy of Freedom
504:electrical resistance
69:Historical Background
52:
40:philosophy of science
3322:Emergent materialism
2861:Naming and Necessity
2771:De Arte Combinatoria
2570:Definite description
2531:Semantic externalism
2005:Synergetics (Fuller)
1897:A Different Universe
1868:The Orders of Nature
1818:The Origins of Order
1780:. London: Macmillan.
1767:Broad, C.D. (1925).
1715:Van Gulick, Robert.
1106:The Origins of Order
823:Conceptual Ambiguity
766:Literary Emergentism
730:Connectionist Models
714:Language Development
708:Linguistic Emergence
686:language development
551:Emergence in Biology
511:quantum entanglement
486:Emergence in Physics
190:and the dynamics of
3681:Metaphysics of mind
3519:Language of thought
3269:Ludwig Wittgenstein
3099:Patricia Churchland
2911:Philosophical logic
2901:Analytic philosophy
2707:Sense and reference
2586:Verification theory
2541:Situation semantics
2080:Exploring Emergence
2010:Synergetics (Haken)
1887:Jones, Richard H.,
1866:Cahoone, Lawrence,
848:Scientific Evidence
635:cognitive processes
567:, involves complex
535:cells — arise from
304:Key Characteristics
267:coherent structures
188:biological networks
148:non-linear dynamics
3347:Neurophenomenology
3018:Philosophy of mind
2761:Port-Royal Grammar
2657:Family resemblance
2576:Theory of language
2551:Supposition theory
1796:Personal Knowledge
1503:2011-05-11 at the
1078:Personal Knowledge
994:George Henry Lewes
906:Philosophy of Mind
736:Language Evolution
647:philosophy of mind
569:chemical reactions
464:Downward Causation
457:downward causation
331:Context-dependence
282:Types of Emergence
136:cognitive sciences
120:Gestalt psychology
66:
34:. A property of a
32:philosophy of mind
3686:Pattern formation
3658:
3657:
3554:Mind–body problem
3452:Cognitive closure
3416:Substance dualism
3034:G. E. M. Anscombe
2984:
2983:
2486:Dynamic semantics
1951:Psychology portal
1937:Philosophy portal
1905:Emergence in Mind
1760:A System of Logic
1133:Incomplete Nature
1092:More is Different
1016:A System of Logic
893:Quantum Mechanics
627:cognitive science
600:natural selection
596:genetic mutations
545:self-organization
537:thermal gradients
496:superconductivity
470:Two-way Causality
275:self-organization
229:. They suggest a
223:mind–body problem
180:superconductivity
22:is the belief in
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3406:Representational
3401:Property dualism
3394:Type physicalism
3359:New mysterianism
3327:Epiphenomenalism
3149:Martin Heidegger
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2946:Formal semantics
2894:Related articles
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2521:Phallogocentrism
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1960:Anomalous monism
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1008:John Stuart Mill
679:Emergentism and
657:machine learning
577:living organisms
573:self-replicating
319:Novel Properties
297:Strong Emergence
203:machine learning
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1084:Philip Anderson
1070:Michael Polanyi
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1024:
1011:
1010:
997:
996:
983:
982:
971:
968:
963:
962:
956:
946:
938:
935:
934:
933:
927:
917:
901:
898:
897:
896:
890:
887:Network Theory
884:
876:
873:
867:
864:
859:
858:
852:
845:
837:
834:
833:
832:
826:
820:
812:
809:
803:
800:
788:Rudolf Steiner
767:
764:
763:
762:
756:
744:
741:
740:
739:
733:
727:
717:
709:
706:
676:
673:
622:
619:
552:
549:
541:fluid dynamics
518:thermodynamics
487:
484:
478:
475:
474:
473:
467:
448:
445:
444:
443:
437:
422:
419:
395:Main article:
392:
389:
383:in isolation.
363:
360:
339:
336:
335:
334:
328:
322:
316:
313:Irreducibility
305:
302:
301:
300:
294:
291:Weak Emergence
283:
280:
262:
259:
246:
243:
211:
208:
175:
172:
134:and later the
127:
124:
98:, argued that
91:
88:
75:
72:
70:
67:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3719:
3718:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3584:Understanding
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3509:Introspection
3507:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:Consciousness
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3384:Phenomenology
3382:
3380:
3379:Phenomenalism
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3369:Occasionalism
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3342:NaĂŻve realism
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:Functionalism
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3274:Stephen Yablo
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3229:Richard Rorty
3227:
3225:
3224:Hilary Putnam
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3199:Marvin Minsky
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Immanuel Kant
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3164:William James
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:Henri Bergson
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3007:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2931:Scholasticism
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:Structuralism
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:Descriptivism
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2451:Contrastivism
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2092:MIT Media Lab
2089:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2025:"Emergentism"
2022:
2021:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
2000:Supervenience
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1941:
1938:
1927:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:"Emergentism"
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1688:
1683:
1676:
1671:
1664:
1663:Anderson 1972
1659:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1635:
1629:, p. 78.
1628:
1623:
1616:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1562:
1556:
1551:
1544:
1539:
1533:, p. 88.
1532:
1531:Kauffman 1993
1527:
1521:, p. 97.
1520:
1515:
1513:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1488:, p. 64.
1487:
1482:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1408:, p. 71.
1407:
1406:Kauffman 1993
1402:
1400:
1392:
1391:Anderson 1972
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1357:, p. 56.
1356:
1351:
1349:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1298:
1297:O'Connor 2019
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
995:
992:
991:
990:
989:
981:
978:
977:
976:
967:
960:
957:
954:
950:
947:
944:
941:
940:
931:
928:
925:
921:
918:
915:
914:mental states
911:
910:consciousness
907:
904:
903:
900:In Philosophy
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
878:
872:
863:
856:
853:
849:
846:
843:
840:
839:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
814:
808:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
776:structuralism
773:
760:
757:
754:
750:
747:
746:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
721:
718:
715:
712:
711:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
672:
670:
666:
665:deep learning
662:
658:
654:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
631:consciousness
628:
618:
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
571:that lead to
570:
566:
562:
558:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
483:
471:
468:
465:
462:
461:
460:
458:
454:
441:
438:
435:
431:
428:
427:
426:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
398:
388:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
332:
329:
326:
325:Non-linearity
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
310:
309:
298:
295:
292:
289:
288:
287:
279:
276:
272:
268:
258:
256:
252:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
207:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
123:
121:
115:
113:
109:
108:consciousness
105:
101:
100:mental states
97:
87:
83:
81:
63:
59:
56:
51:
47:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
28:consciousness
25:
21:
3620: /
3616: /
3612: /
3529:Mental image
3524:Mental event
3487:Intelligence
3437:Chinese room
3283:
3234:Gilbert Ryle
3214:Derek Parfit
3204:Thomas Nagel
3134:Fred Dretske
3054:J. L. Austin
3026:Philosophers
2879:
2869:
2859:
2849:
2839:
2829:
2819:
2809:
2789:
2779:
2769:
2759:
2749:
2731:
2672:Metalanguage
2667:Logical form
2622:Truth-bearer
2581:Unilalianism
2491:Expressivism
2318:Wittgenstein
2263:von Humboldt
2180:Philosophers
2046:
2028:
1914:
1904:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1844:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1720:
1707:
1682:
1670:
1658:
1651:Polanyi 1958
1646:
1634:
1622:
1612:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1561:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1493:
1481:
1469:. Retrieved
1464:
1460:
1444:
1432:
1425:Johnson 2001
1239:. Retrieved
1203:
1199:
1189:
1162:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1112:Roger Sperry
1111:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1001:
998:
993:
987:
986:Major Work:
984:
979:
973:
964:
930:Epistemology
892:
886:
880:
869:
860:
854:
847:
841:
828:
822:
816:
805:
784:reductionism
772:hermeneutics
769:
758:
735:
729:
678:
669:intelligence
651:
624:
615:adaptability
604:
593:
589:reproduction
554:
526:BĂ©nard cells
515:
508:
489:
480:
469:
463:
450:
439:
429:
424:
402:
400:
385:
365:
352:reductionism
341:
330:
324:
318:
312:
307:
296:
290:
285:
264:
251:reductionism
248:
231:hierarchical
220:
213:
196:
177:
152:
129:
116:
103:
95:
93:
84:
77:
44:reductionism
19:
18:
3614:information
3605:Metaphysics
3579:Tabula rasa
3389:Physicalism
3374:Parallelism
3302:Behaviorism
3259:Michael Tye
3254:Alan Turing
3239:John Searle
3114:Dharmakirti
3089:Tyler Burge
3084:C. D. Broad
2916:Linguistics
2881:Limited Inc
2801:On Denoting
2627:Proposition
2278:de Saussure
2243:Ibn Khaldun
2065:Emergentism
2056:Emergentism
1740:Aristotle.
1717:"Emergence"
1687:Deacon 2012
1675:Sperry 1983
1611:Aristotle,
1241:3 September
1056:Jaegwon Kim
988:Metaphysics
959:Linguistics
698:interaction
565:abiogenesis
216:physicalism
146:theory and
132:behaviorism
20:Emergentism
3665:Categories
3650:Task Force
3618:perception
3492:Artificial
3442:Creativity
3364:Nondualism
3264:Vasubandhu
3184:John Locke
3154:David Hume
3109:Andy Clark
2976:Discussion
2971:Task Force
2921:Pragmatics
2712:Speech act
2642:Categories
2556:Symbiosism
2511:Nominalism
2423:Watzlawick
2303:Bloomfield
2223:Chrysippus
2097:ISCE group
2060:PhilPapers
1975:Elisionism
1696:References
1627:Lewes 1875
1486:Broad 1925
1355:Broad 1925
1340:Van Gulick
1022:C.D. Broad
875:In Science
749:Pragmatics
702:adaptation
611:robustness
581:metabolism
533:convection
411:Ă©lan vital
235:complexity
192:ecosystems
62:snowflakes
3671:Emergence
3514:Intuition
3447:Cognition
3411:Solipsism
3074:Ned Block
3044:Armstrong
3039:Aristotle
2953:Semiotics
2941:Semantics
2791:Alciphron
2727:Statement
2662:Intension
2602:Ambiguity
2481:Dramatism
2461:Cratylism
2213:Eubulides
2208:Aristotle
2188:Confucius
2120:Emergence
2090:from the
1980:Emergence
1639:Mill 1843
1467:(2): 1–22
1220:0039-7857
980:Aristotle
953:Economics
949:Sociology
780:semiotics
753:Semantics
694:evolution
690:structure
655:(AI) and
530:hexagonal
500:electrons
453:causality
407:entelechy
348:causality
227:pantheism
140:emergence
80:Aristotle
24:emergence
3701:Ontology
3635:Category
3482:Identity
3425:Concepts
3295:Theories
3279:Zhuangzi
3209:Alva Noë
2966:Category
2926:Rhetoric
2751:Cratylus
2722:Sentence
2697:Property
2617:Language
2595:Concepts
2433:Theories
2398:Strawson
2383:Davidson
2373:Hintikka
2368:Anscombe
2313:Vygotsky
2268:Mauthner
2238:Averroes
2228:Zhuangzi
2218:Diodorus
2198:Cratylus
1965:Clinamen
1923:See also
1600:Kim 1998
1588:Kim 1998
1543:Kim 1998
1519:Kim 1998
1501:Archived
1452:(2019).
1236:36301964
1228:20118808
1200:Synthese
924:Morality
681:language
401:Emmeche
397:Vitalism
369:hydrogen
271:patterns
58:patterns
30:and the
3645:Project
3598:Related
3457:Concept
3312:Dualism
3285:more...
3144:Goldman
2733:more...
2637:Concept
2378:Dummett
2353:Gadamer
2348:Chomsky
2333:Derrida
2323:Russell
2308:Bergson
2293:Tillich
2253:Leibniz
2193:Gorgias
2067:at the
2041:(ed.).
1900:(2005).
1870:(2013).
1863:(1992).
1805:Science
1471:30 June
790:in his
724:Grammar
643:neurons
607:enzymes
557:biology
543:. This
492:physics
344:reality
164:biology
160:physics
55:fractal
3696:Holism
3589:Zombie
3574:Qualia
2885:(1988)
2875:(1982)
2865:(1980)
2855:(1967)
2845:(1953)
2835:(1951)
2825:(1936)
2815:(1921)
2805:(1905)
2795:(1732)
2785:(1668)
2775:(1666)
2765:(1660)
2755:(n.d.)
2717:Symbol
2418:Searle
2408:Putnam
2358:Kripke
2343:Austin
2328:Carnap
2273:Ricœur
2258:Herder
2248:Hobbes
1985:Holism
1234:
1226:
1218:
1076:Work:
920:Ethics
720:Syntax
692:, and
587:, and
585:growth
403:et al.
373:oxygen
356:holism
255:holism
36:system
3497:Human
3219:Plato
3139:Fodor
2743:Works
2652:Class
2413:Lewis
2403:Quine
2388:Grice
2338:Whorf
2298:Sapir
2283:Frege
2233:Xunzi
2203:Plato
1457:(PDF)
1232:S2CID
1224:JSTOR
1168:Notes
639:brain
434:brain
381:atoms
377:water
210:Forms
3622:self
3559:Pain
3549:Mind
3477:Idea
2702:Sign
2607:Cant
2393:Ryle
2363:Ayer
2288:Boas
2125:DIEP
2086:and
1473:2021
1243:2021
1216:ISSN
951:and
922:and
912:and
751:and
722:and
700:and
633:and
613:and
561:life
539:and
371:and
253:and
201:and
112:life
110:and
2647:Set
2058:at
1809:177
1208:doi
1204:151
625:In
516:In
490:In
166:to
162:to
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2084:CA
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