Elm - Knowledge

3219: 2435: 958: 1212: 2317: 831: 843: 2646: 871: 913: 2606: 1091: 1970: 2546: 544: 525: 2412: 1171: 1034: 2874: 1140: 2337: 1107: 855: 2481: 2523: 2586: 1155: 813: 1903: 2504: 2566: 495: 422: 2458: 1122: 2392: 974: 3179: 2626: 1495: 2192: 3203: 780: 750: 1006: 990: 1022: 2956: 2372: 935: 892: 1400: 1474: 1075: 468: 1863: 1690: 1992: 3235: 2352: 1458: 483: 146: 1053: 762: 671: 1682:

been lost to cultivation. Some of the latter, however, were by today's standards inadequately described or illustrated before the pandemic, and a number may survive, or have regenerated, unrecognised. Enthusiasm for the newer clones often remains low owing to the poor performance of earlier, supposedly disease-resistant Dutch trees released in the 1960s and 1970s. In the Netherlands, sales of elm cultivars slumped from over 56,000 in 1989 to just 6,800 in 2004, whilst in the

453: 795: 2933:) that elms were trees of ill-omen because their fruit seemed to be of no value. It has been noted that two elm-motifs have arisen from classical literature: (1) the 'Paradisal Elm' motif, arising from pastoral idylls and the elm-and-vine theme, and (2) the 'Elm and Death' motif, perhaps arising from Homer's commemorative elms and Virgil's Stygian Elm. Many references to elm in European literature from the Renaissance onwards fit into one or other of these categories. 10351: 510: 437: 120: 3053:, Massachusetts, in front of which, from 1765, the first resistance meetings were held against British attempts to tax the American colonists without democratic representation. When the British, knowing that the tree was a symbol of rebellion, felled it in 1775, the Americans took to widespread Liberty Elm planting, and sewed elm symbols on to their revolutionary flags. Elm planting by American Presidents later became something of a tradition. 1513: 2670: 5682: 2225: 2678: 1962: 723:. A bottom heat of 18 °C and humid conditions are maintained for hard- and softwood cuttings. The transplanting of root suckers remains the easiest most and common propagation method for European field elm and its hybrids. For specimen urban elms, grafting to wych-elm rootstock may be used to eliminate suckering or to ensure stronger root growth. The mutant-elm cultivars are usually grafted, the "weeping" elms 10361: 10371: 1275:, effectively blocking the flow from roots to leaves. Woodland trees in North America are not quite as susceptible to the disease because they usually lack the root grafting of the urban elms and are somewhat more isolated from each other. In France, inoculation with the fungus of over 300 clones of the European species failed to find a single variety that possessed of any significant resistance. 1284:, arrived in Europe from Asia in 1910, and was accidentally introduced to North America in 1928. It was steadily weakened by viruses in Europe and had all but disappeared by the 1940s. However, the disease had a much greater and longer-lasting impact in North America, owing to the greater susceptibility of the American elm, 1776:) has received much attention. While this elm has little innate resistance to DED, it is not favoured by the vector bark beetles. Thus it becomes colonized and infected only when no other elms are available, a rare situation in western Europe. Research in Spain has suggested that it may be the presence of a 1844:

in North America, begun in 2005, is a nationwide trial to assess strengths and weaknesses of the 19 leading cultivars raised in the US over a 10-year period; European cultivars have been excluded. Meanwhile, in Europe, American and European cultivars are being assessed in field trials started in 2000

1636:

In northern Europe, elms were among the few trees tolerant of saline deposits from sea spray, which can cause "salt-burning" and die-back. This tolerance made elms reliable both as shelterbelt trees exposed to sea wind, in particular along the coastlines of southern and western Britain and in the Low

1681:

Since around 1990, the elm has enjoyed a renaissance through the successful development in North America and Europe of cultivars highly resistant to DED. Consequently, the total number of named cultivars, ancient and modern, now exceeds 300, although many of the older clones, possibly over 120, have

690:

in southern Europe, set viable seed in "favourable" seasons. Optimal conditions occur after a late warm spring. After pollination, seeds of spring-flowering elms ripen and fall at the start of summer (June); they remain viable for only a few days. They are planted in sandy potting soil at a depth of

608:

as the most critical genus in the entire British flora, adding that 'species and varieties are a distinction in the human mind rather than a measured degree of genetic variation'. Eight species are endemic to North America and three to Europe, but the greatest diversity is in Asia with approximately

1796:

Owing to their innate resistance to DED, Asiatic species have been crossed with European species, or with other Asiatic elms, to produce trees that are both highly resistant to disease and tolerant of native climates. After a number of false dawns in the 1970s, this approach has produced a range of

1390:

effectively girdles the tree and stops the flow of water and nutrients. The disease affects both wild-growing and cultivated trees. Occasionally, cutting the infected tree before the disease completely establishes itself and cleanup and prompt disposal of infected matter has resulted in the plant's

695:

will remain dormant until the second season. Seeds from autumn-flowering elms ripen in the fall and germinate in the spring. Since elms may hybridize within and between species, seed propagation entails a hybridisation risk. In unfavourable seasons, elm seeds are usually sterile. Elms outside their

2762:" ("μεγάθυμου Πρωτεσιλάου"), the first Greek to fall in the Trojan War. These elms grew to be the tallest in the known world, but when their topmost branches saw far off the ruins of Troy, they immediately withered, so great still was the bitterness of the hero buried below, who had been loved by 2024:

drums are often cut from the wood of old elm trees, as the wood's resistance to splitting is highly desired for nailing the skins to them, and a set of three or more is often cut from the same tree. The elm's wood bends well and distorts easily. The often long, straight trunks were favoured as a

1893:

undertook aggressive countermeasures such as heavy pruning and removal of extensively diseased trees. These efforts have largely been successful in saving the majority of the trees, although several are still lost each year. Younger American elms that have been planted in Central Park since the

2091:

The Romans, and more recently the Italians, planted elms in vineyards as supports for vines. Lopped at 3 m, the elms' quick growth, twiggy lateral branches, light shade, and root suckering made them ideal trees for this purpose. The lopped branches were used for fodder and firewood.

3218: 1709:

Efforts to develop DED-resistant cultivars began in the Netherlands in 1928 and continued, uninterrupted by World War II, until 1992. Similar programmes were initiated in North America (1937), Italy (1978) and Spain (1986). Research has followed two paths:

1314:. It was first recognized in Britain in the early 1970s, believed to have been introduced via a cargo of Canadian rock elm destined for the boatbuilding industry, and rapidly eradicated most of the mature elms from western Europe. A second subspecies, 5803: 1225:

Dutch elm disease (DED) devastated elms throughout Europe and much of North America in the second half of the 20th century. It derives its name "Dutch" from the first description of the disease and its cause in the 1920s by Dutch botanists

622:

The classification adopted in the List of elm species is largely based on that established by Brummitt. A large number of synonyms have accumulated over the last three centuries; their currently accepted names can be found in the list of

1267:. The disease affects all species of elms native to North America and Europe, but many Asiatic species have evolved antifungal genes and are resistant. Fungal spores, introduced into wounds in the tree caused by the beetles, invade the 1170: 1718:

In North America, careful selection has produced a number of trees resistant not only to DED, but also to the droughts and cold winters that occur on the continent. Research in the United States has concentrated on the American elm

2434: 1839:

Elms take many decades to grow to maturity, and as the introduction of these disease-resistant cultivars is relatively recent, their long-term performance and ultimate size and form cannot be predicted with certainty. The

1816:) as a source of antifungal genes and have proven more tolerant of wet ground; they should also ultimately reach a greater size. However, the susceptibility of the cultivar 'Lobel', used as a control in Italian trials, to 5796: 4869:

Solla, A., Bohnens, J., Collin, E., Diamandis, S., Franke, A., Gil, L., Burón, M., Santini, A., Mittempergher, L., Pinon, J., and Vanden Broeck, A. (2005). Screening European Elms for Resistance to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi.

1424:. In both instances, the beetles cause far more damage in North America owing to the absence of the predators in their native lands. In Australia, introduced elm trees are sometimes used as food plants by the larvae of 4371:

Martin, J., Sobrina-Plata, J., Rodriguez-Calcerrada, J., Collada, C., and Gil, L. (2018). Breeding and scientific advances in the fight against Dutch elm disease: Will they allow the use of elms in forest restoration?

2751:, indignant at the sight of so many corpses in his water, overflows and threatens to drown Achilles, the latter grasps a branch of a great elm in an attempt to save himself ("ὁ δὲ πτελέην ἕλε χερσὶν εὐφυέα μεγάλην". 1882:, making them among the oldest stands of American elms in the world. Along the Mall and Literary Walk four lines of American elms stretch over the walkway forming a cathedral-like covering. A part of New York City's 5789: 2078:

Elm wood is also resistant to decay when permanently wet, and hollowed trunks were widely used as water pipes during the medieval period in Europe. Elm was also used as piers in the construction of the original

2316: 2289:

Many artists have admired elms for the ease and grace of their branching and foliage, and have painted them with sensitivity. Elms are a recurring element in the landscapes and studies of, for example,

1553:

plantings in towns and cities, creating high-tunnelled effects. Their quick growth and variety of foliage and forms, their tolerance of air-pollution, and the comparatively rapid decomposition of their

1090: 1609:

and New Zealand, large numbers of English and Dutch elms, as well as other species and cultivars, were planted as ornamentals following their introduction in the 19th century, while in northern Japan

1754: 2645: 5412:

Tottenham: Growth before 1850', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 5: Hendon, Kingsbury, Great Stanmore, Little Stanmore, Edmonton Enfield, Monken Hadley, South Mimms, Tottenham (1976)

2545: 1810:

conditions there, notably because of their intolerance of anoxic conditions resulting from ponding on poorly drained soils in winter. Dutch hybridizations invariably included the Himalayan elm (

6558: 4804:

Santini, A., Pecori, F., Pepori, A. L., Ferrini, F., Ghelardini, L. (In press). Genotype × environment interaction and growth stability of several elm clones resistant to Dutch elm disease.

6953: 5326: 4418: 7078: 1417:, which can decimate foliage, although rarely with fatal results. The beetle was accidentally introduced to North America from Europe. Another unwelcome immigrant to North America is the 7013: 3178: 2605: 957: 678:

Elm propagation methods vary according to elm type and location, and the plantsman's needs. Native species may be propagated by seed. In their natural setting, native species, such as

4985: 4122: 3096:, the official residence and workplace of Prime Ministers of France, insisted on planting an elm, so-called 'tree of the Left', choosing the new disease-resistant hybrid 'Clone 762' ( 4964: 4052:

Newhouse, A. E.; Schrodt, F; Liang, H.; Maynard, C. A.; Powell, W. A. (2007). "Transgenic American elm shows reduced Dutch elm disease symptoms and normal mycorrhizal colonization".

3072:(:the Elm of La Madeleine), Faycelles, Département de Lot, planted around 1790 and surviving to this day, was a case in point. By contrast, a famous Parisian elm associated with the 7018: 3918: 3202: 2522: 1806:) in their ancestry, lack the forms for which the iconic American elm and English elm were prized. Moreover, several exported to northwestern Europe have proven unsuited to the 4599: 3145:'s death, and planted in 1839–40 in the National Garden. In an ironic development, feral elms have spread and invaded the grounds of the abandoned Greek royal summer palace at 6818: 1784:, which makes the tree bark unattractive to the beetle species that spread the disease. This possibility, though, has not been conclusively proven. More recently, field elms 1545:

as a shade tree and widely planted in cities through much of south-west and central Asia. From the 18th century to the early 20th century, elms, whether species, hybrids, or

7640: 2411: 5356: 2860:(third century BC), for example, the goatherd invites the shepherd to sit "here beneath the elm" ("δεῦρ' ὑπὸ τὰν πτελέαν") and sing. Beside elms, Theocritus places "the 842: 4414: 2973:, where Titania, Queen of the Fairies, addresses her beloved Nick Bottom using an elm-simile. Here, as often in the elm-and-vine motif, the elm is a masculine symbol: 4581: 2262:

of the member states and, among other things, to assess their resistance to Dutch elm disease. Accordingly, over 300 clones were selected and propagated for testing.

1121: 5472:

A scientific, historical and cultural study, with a thesis on elm-classification, followed by a systematic survey of elms in England, region by region. Illustrated.

4557: 2391: 4505: 3234: 317:

regions of North America and Eurasia, presently ranging southward in the Middle East to Lebanon and Israel, and across the Equator in the Far East into Indonesia.

7517: 4912: 1033: 830: 2371: 1052: 6413: 10244: 4222: 3627: 1439: 711:; taking hardwood cuttings from vigorous one-year-old shoots in late winter, taking root cuttings in early spring; taking softwood cuttings in early summer; 5383:Νίκος Μπελαβίλας, ΜΥΘΟΙ ΚΑΙ ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΕΣ ΓΙΑ ΤΟ ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΟ ΠΑΡΚΟ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΥ, courses.arch.ntua.gr/fsr/112047/Nikos_Belavilas-Mythoi_kai_Pragmatikotites 1914:

Several rows of American elm trees that the National Park Service (NPS) first planted during the 1930s line much of the 1.9-mile-length (3 km) of the

1605:

later came to dominate the horticultural landscape. Most commonly planted in hedgerows, it sometimes occurred in densities over 1000/km. In south-eastern

1139: 861: 2173:

is (2012) in the process of releasing to commerce very fast-growing elm cultivars, able to increase in height by more than 2 m (6 ft) per year.

7512: 2565: 1528: 1005: 569: 269: 5622: 5487:. A history of elm planting in the Netherlands, concluding with a 40 – page illustrated review of all the DED – resistant cultivars in commerce in 2009. 4355: 3775: 2585: 5430: 4317: 3004: 870: 4184: 3947: 1918:

in Washington, DC. DED first appeared on the trees during the 1950s and reached a peak in the 1970s. The NPS used a number of methods to control the

1234:. Owing to its geographical isolation and effective quarantine enforcement, Australia has so far remained unaffected by DED, as have the provinces of 989: 2480: 1347:

No sign indicates the current pandemic is waning, and no evidence has been found of a susceptibility of the fungus to a disease of its own caused by

524: 8326: 4281: 340:. Some individual elms reached great size and age. However, in recent decades, most mature elms of European or North American origin have died from 7542: 7522: 3536: 3088:

by the revolutionaries; church authorities planted a new elm in its place in 1846, and an early 20th-century elm stands on the site today. Premier

1326:, is thought to have originated in Asia. The two subspecies have now hybridized in Europe where their ranges have overlapped. The hypothesis that 912: 8370: 8186: 2457: 1106: 736: 10617: 7497: 5320: 1797:

reliable hybrid cultivars now commercially available in North America and Europe. Disease resistance is invariably carried by the female parent.

8246: 3601:

Brasier, C. M. & Mehotra, M. D. (1995). Ophiostoma himal-ulmi sp. nov., a new species of Dutch elm disease fungus endemic to the Himalayas.

1827:

cultivars have been released since 2000 by the Institute of Plant Protection in Florence, most commonly featuring crosses of the Dutch cultivar

934: 7791: 5543: 8206: 973: 10656: 7537: 7527: 7502: 7294: 6823: 6603: 4979: 854: 4119: 1154: 7532: 5514:

A general introduction, with a history of Dutch elm disease and proposals for re-landscaping in the aftermath of the pandemic. Illustrated.

4957: 3019:

was a diplomatic altercation between the kings of France and England in 1188, during which an elm tree near Gisors in Normandy was felled.

1549:, were among the most widely planted ornamental trees in both Europe and North America. They were particularly popular as a street tree in 8136: 5721: 2336: 2188:

during the great famine of 1812. The seeds are particularly nutritious, containing 45% crude protein, and less than 7% fibre by dry mass.

10234: 7726: 7507: 6598: 5766: 2625: 1948:. As a result, the population of American elms planted on the Mall and its surrounding areas has remained intact for more than 80 years. 1348: 421: 399:, facilitating photosynthesis before the leaves emerge. The samarae are very light, those of British elms numbering around 50,000 to the 8181: 6387: 5741: 7464: 7439: 7419: 6913: 6543: 4537: 3895: 630:

Botanists who study elms and argue over elm identification and classification are called "pteleologists", from the Greek πτελέα (elm).

10705: 8266: 8231: 8116: 4848: 891: 543: 7736: 7716: 7048: 6948: 4612: 2856:, where they symbolise the idyllic life, their shade being mentioned as a place of special coolness and peace. In the first Idyll of 1211: 812: 8256: 3317: 10565: 8520: 7846: 7796: 7319: 6903: 6688: 6663: 6518: 5751: 4143:

Martín, JA; Solla, A; Venturas, M; Collada, C; Domínguez, J; Miranda, E; Fuentes, P; Burón, M; Iglesias, S; Gil, L (1 April 2015).

1633:

of the wych elm grafted on to a nonweeping elm trunk to give a wide, spreading, and weeping fountain shape in large garden spaces.

707:. Vegetative reproduction is also used to produce genetically identical elms (clones). Methods include the winter transplanting of 494: 482: 8286: 8226: 8201: 8196: 5706: 3668: 1074: 10630: 10578: 7731: 7645: 7454: 7314: 7264: 7234: 7003: 6843: 6748: 6653: 4402: 3156:

In a chance event linking elms and revolution, on the morning of his execution (30 January 1649), walking to the scaffold at the

2351: 2170: 573: 274: 8360: 8316: 8261: 8221: 8161: 8141: 8131: 4782:, quote:"Although Slippery Elm has not been scientifically investigated, the FDA has approved it as a safe demulcent substance." 4673: 1621:

was widely planted as a street tree. From about 1850 to 1920, the most prized small ornamental elm in parks and gardens was the

7851: 7444: 7244: 7189: 7179: 6998: 6983: 5353: 4455: 8380: 8301: 8281: 8156: 8151: 5736: 8726: 8525: 8495: 8450: 7469: 7459: 7324: 7239: 7209: 7033: 6943: 5527: 4842: 4775: 4311: 4098: 8375: 8365: 8321: 8296: 8291: 8276: 8236: 8191: 8146: 8126: 4578: 4512: 2503: 1322:, caused similar devastation in Eastern Europe and Central This subspecies, which was introduced to North America, and like 10635: 7801: 7786: 7449: 7194: 7058: 6973: 6796: 6763: 6623: 6608: 6573: 6313: 6302: 5864: 5608: 5253: 1727: 8385: 8336: 8331: 8311: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8121: 6458: 5781: 1215: 10219: 7686: 7650: 7630: 7434: 7279: 7116: 7083: 7068: 7043: 7038: 7028: 6988: 6933: 6928: 6868: 6858: 6723: 6703: 6683: 6538: 5875: 4554: 407:). (Very rarely anomalous samarae occur with more than two wings.) All species are tolerant of a wide range of soils and 8251: 8216: 8211: 3648: 794: 779: 7761: 7706: 7088: 6958: 6863: 6778: 6738: 6733: 6668: 6628: 6588: 6568: 6011: 5820: 1886:, the elms improve air and water quality, reduce erosion and flooding, and decrease air temperatures during warm days. 8271: 8241: 8111: 4909: 4242:

Santamour, J., Frank, S. & Bentz, S. (1995). Updated checklist of elm (Ulmus) cultivars for use in North America.

1443:

appeared in Europe and North America, although in England, its impact has been minimal and it is no longer monitored.

10364: 10249: 8615: 8585: 8063: 7771: 7696: 7635: 7585: 7424: 7214: 7008: 6968: 6938: 6853: 6838: 6828: 6768: 6753: 6728: 6708: 6658: 6638: 6528: 6523: 6022: 5580: 5561: 5507: 5484: 5465: 3989: 3788: 3346: 3225: 1731: 1534: 1499: 1462: 728: 467: 8306: 3325:, Vol. 5 (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, US. 452: 10759: 10224: 8540: 8425: 7861: 7811: 7721: 7701: 7668: 7359: 7329: 7169: 7146: 7093: 6993: 6963: 6898: 6883: 6878: 6743: 6583: 6578: 6553: 6324: 6145: 5302: 3169: 1979: 1907: 1021: 749: 703:, and elms unable to pollinate because pollen sources are genetically identical, are sterile and are propagated by 10661: 3624: 3133:, and surviving until it was brought down by a recent storm (it has since been cloned and 'replanted'). After the 10604: 8480: 7620: 7590: 7399: 7309: 7199: 7053: 6918: 6908: 6893: 6848: 6833: 6718: 6713: 6678: 6648: 6633: 6563: 6548: 6340: 6057: 5913: 3193: 1753:

to the development of DED-resistant strains of American elm trees. In 2007, A. E. Newhouse and F. Schrodt of the

1589:

were the most widely planted in the countryside, the former in northern areas including Scandinavia and northern

624: 10723: 761: 436: 10754: 10229: 8565: 7988: 7871: 7856: 7841: 7806: 7781: 7776: 7756: 7691: 7570: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7349: 7304: 7289: 7284: 7269: 7174: 7098: 7073: 7023: 6923: 6888: 6873: 6698: 6693: 6643: 6618: 6593: 6099: 5956: 5844: 5726: 4145:"Seven Ulmus minor clones tolerant to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi registered as forest reproductive material in Spain" 3719: 1750: 4219: 3733: 1565:), which had unique properties that made it ideal for such use - rapid growth, adaptation to a broad range of 10643: 10239: 9949: 8967: 8645: 7998: 7816: 7751: 7615: 7580: 7575: 7560: 7489: 7429: 7339: 7299: 7249: 7229: 7224: 7141: 7121: 7063: 6978: 6673: 6613: 6533: 6210: 5967: 5633: 4340: 3909:. Revised by J.F. Webber. Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham: Arboricultural Advisory & Information Service: 1–9. 3864: 3772: 3117:

Liberty Elms were also planted in other countries in Europe to celebrate their revolutions, an example being

2104:(the elm loves the vine, the vine does not desert the elm), and the ancients spoke of the "marriage" between 1610: 352:. In response, disease-resistant cultivars have been developed, capable of restoring the elm to forestry and 5422: 4956:'and all about were elm trees planted by nymphs of the mountain, daughters of Zeus that beareth the aegis.' 2295: 1969: 10374: 9576: 8670: 8465: 8068: 7993: 7866: 7766: 7711: 7625: 7479: 7414: 7404: 7364: 7354: 7274: 7219: 7136: 6773: 6758: 6355: 6134: 6088: 4883:

Pinon J., Husson C., Collin E. (2005). Susceptibility of native French elm clones to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi.

4191: 3944: 3254:

is derived from seven elms which stood there at the time when it was a rural area, planted a circle with a

3097: 2969: 2743:

plant elms on his tomb ("περί δὲ πτελέας ἐφύτευσαν νύμφαι ὀρεστιάδες, κoῦραι Διὸς αἰγιόχoιo"). Also in the

2138: 1227: 2990:

Another of the most famous kisses in English literature, that of Paul and Helen at the start of Forster's

1294:. It appeared in the United States sometime in the 1940s, and was originally believed to be a mutation of 10466: 10461: 10448: 8550: 8545: 7983: 7953: 7836: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7474: 7409: 7374: 7334: 7254: 7131: 7126: 4270: 1788:

highly resistant to DED have been discovered in Spain, and form the basis of a major breeding programme.

10557: 10531: 4958:

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0134:book=6:card=414&highlight=elm

3842: 3532: 3421:"Miocene Ulmus fossil fruits from Southwest China and their evolutionary and biogeographic implications" 2967:

The elm occurs frequently in English literature, one of the best known instances being in Shakespeare's

10718: 9426: 8665: 8625: 8460: 8435: 7831: 7821: 7746: 7741: 7610: 7565: 7379: 7369: 7344: 7259: 7204: 7184: 7164: 6077: 5902: 5548:

A study of the species, with particular reference to the wych elm in Scotland and its use by craftsmen.

4440: 4439:

Griffin, Jason J.; Jacobi, E., William R.; McPherson, Gregory; Sadof, Clifford S.; et al. (2017).

3107: 2006:

is valued for its interlocking grain, and consequent resistance to splitting, with significant uses in

1602: 743:

is drought tolerant, in dry countries, new varieties of elm are often root-grafted onto this species.

697: 10583: 5711: 5696: 3370: 2873: 2281:

Many elm trees of various kinds have attained great size or otherwise become particularly noteworthy.

1737:

In 1993, Mariam B. Sticklen and James L. Sherald reported the results of experiments funded by the US

1734:. Much work has also been done into the selection of disease-resistant Asiatic species and cultivars. 1437:. These burrow horizontally into the trunk then vertically down. Circa 2000, the Asian Zig-zag sawfly 10800: 10671: 10254: 10173: 9392: 8719: 8655: 8600: 8490: 8485: 8405: 8008: 7898: 7826: 5771: 1742: 4038: 3026:

of 1688, the final victory of parliamentarians over monarchists, and the arrival from Holland, with

2169:

resources diminish, increasing attention is being paid to trees as sources of energy. In Italy, the

586:(elm); the ambiguity in number results from difficulty in delineating species, owing to the ease of 8605: 8595: 8580: 8560: 8555: 8475: 8410: 8058: 7938: 6191: 6180: 5673: 5392: 4550: 3209: 3081: 1890: 17: 1672:, only accelerated the process. The outbreak of the new, three times more virulent, strain of DED 411:

levels but, with few exceptions, demand good drainage. The elm tree can grow to great height, the

145: 10710: 10552: 9606: 8754: 8749: 8590: 8575: 8570: 8440: 7963: 7958: 7923: 7913: 7903: 4218:

Santini A., Fagnani A., Ferrini F., Mittempergher L., Brunetti M., Crivellaro A., Macchioni N., "

3713: 3420: 3038:

hybrid, planting of this cultivar became a fashion among enthusiasts of the new political order.

2771: 2299: 704: 6435: 3610: 3419:

Zhang, Qiu-Yue; Huang, Jian; Jia, Lin-Bo; Su, Tao; Zhou, Zhe-Kun; Xing, Yao-Wu (December 2018).

1569:

and soils, strong wood, resistance to wind damage, and vase-like growth habit requiring minimal

10697: 10526: 10391: 10331: 9412: 9382: 9377: 9083: 8660: 8620: 8610: 8530: 8445: 7948: 7943: 7928: 7886: 6501: 6379: 5756: 5000: 4767: 4410: 3693: 3027: 2463: 2440: 2157:. The practice continues today in the Himalaya, where it contributes to serious deforestation. 2134: 1940: 1846: 1746: 1411: 1404: 1129: 509: 10622: 6424: 4255:

Smalley, E. B. & Guries, R. P. (1993). Breeding Elms for Resistance to Dutch Elm Disease.

3979: 1831:

with the Siberian elm to produce resistant trees better adapted to the Mediterranean climate.

1654:, the origin of at least 40 cultivars, coincided with an outbreak of the early strain of DED, 10692: 9397: 9246: 9108: 9020: 8650: 8535: 8515: 8510: 8500: 8420: 8093: 8073: 8038: 8028: 8018: 8013: 8003: 7933: 7918: 6230: 5690: 4608: 4299: 3251: 3130: 3007:

is a children's book about three young sisters who plant a small elm tree in their backyard.

1935: 1902: 1879: 1828: 1738: 1702: 1375: 1340: 1264: 819: 8346: 8103: 6473: 6446: 4832: 4759: 2133:, and is still produced commercially for this purpose in the US with approval for sale as a 1650:, when the elm began its slide into horticultural decline. The impact of the hostilities on 1594: 10684: 10487: 10354: 10259: 10143: 10034: 9528: 9208: 9188: 9128: 8712: 8675: 8640: 8505: 8455: 8430: 8088: 8078: 8053: 8048: 8033: 8023: 7978: 7973: 5811: 4246:, 21:3 (May 1995), 121–131. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, US 3687: 3432: 3240:

Elm suckers spreading before the abandoned summer royal palace in Tatoi, Greece, Μarch 2008

3161: 2940:(:birth from elms) in world myths. In Germanic and Scandinavian mythology the first woman, 2882: 2213: 2209: 2105: 1934:, and replanting with DED-resistant cultivars. The NPS combated the disease's local insect 1686:, only four of the new American and European releases were commercially available in 2008. 1674: 1478: 1290: 1195: 31: 6484: 6402: 4501:

Disease-resistant elm cultivars, Butterfly Conservation trials report, 2nd revision, 2013.

3745: 3064:(Liberty Trees), often elms, were planted as symbols of revolutionary hopes, the first in 8: 9984: 9979: 9513: 9498: 9478: 9473: 9349: 9231: 8691: 8630: 8470: 8415: 8083: 8043: 7968: 5886: 3314: 3157: 3042: 3035: 3023: 2755: 565: 415:

in excess of 30 m (100 ft), often with a forked trunk creating a vase profile.

333: 264: 10518: 3436: 3164:

turned to his guards and pointed out, with evident emotion, an elm near the entrance to

2709:, by shooting first at an elm, then at an oak, before turning her aim on a wild animal: 1494: 10767: 10539: 10042: 9552: 9488: 9113: 9068: 8840: 8800: 8635: 7908: 5856: 5537: 5248: 4118:

Pajares, J. A., García, S., Díez, J. J., Martín, D. & García-Vallejo, M. C. 2004. "

4077: 4026: 3708: 3665: 3448: 3312:

Fu, L., Xin, Y. & Whittemore, A. (2002). Ulmaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds)

3031: 3016: 2775: 2276: 1841: 1758: 1550: 1506: 732: 314: 140: 4422: 10679: 10544: 10474: 10336: 10193: 10024: 10004: 9591: 9334: 9058: 8900: 6788: 6294: 6262: 6118: 6034: 6003: 5940: 5576: 5557: 5523: 5503: 5480: 5461: 5166: 5016: 4838: 4771: 4760: 4670: 4531: 4475: 4467: 4307: 4166: 4069: 4003: 3995: 3985: 3910: 3784: 3606: 3452: 3342: 3267: 3189: 3057: 2303: 2259: 2191: 1812: 1606: 1231: 1219: 1206: 591: 341: 306: 5007:, 3,1 perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0597%3Aolpage%3D672 4463: 4081: 3093: 2955: 1288:, which masked the emergence of the second, far more virulent strain of the disease 10772: 9994: 9969: 9944: 9914: 9571: 9153: 9048: 8815: 6806: 6222: 6202: 6164: 6126: 5616: 5598: 5243: 4459: 4156: 4061: 3955:, (November 1995). International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, US. 3444: 3440: 3134: 2486: 2238: 2075:

The density of elm wood varies between species, but averages around 560 kg/m.

1807: 1374:

or by root grafts. This very aggressive disease, with no known cure, occurs in the

1239: 1060: 720: 587: 550: 310: 10479: 10440: 5661: 4817:

Osborne, P. (1983). The influence of Dutch elm disease on bird population trends.

4095: 3622:

Brasier, C. M. (1996). New horizons in Dutch elm disease control. Pages 20-28 in:

3065: 1665: 1399: 10453: 10429: 10326: 9939: 9875: 9649: 9369: 9339: 9299: 9213: 8915: 6510: 6367: 6348: 6278: 6110: 6049: 5987: 5948: 5836: 5612: 5360: 5330: 5306: 5032: 4989: 4968: 4916: 4677: 4585: 4561: 4226: 4126: 4102: 3951: 3872: 3779: 3672: 3652: 3645: 3631: 3402: 3371:

J.-F. Leroy, 'Note sur quelques anomalies des fleurs et des fruits dans le genre

3321: 2258:

elm project was initiated, its aim to coordinate the conservation of all the elm

2042: 1995: 1698: 1656: 1517: 1418: 1280: 534: 412: 183: 10746: 10648: 5605: 5227: 5188: 4900:

Min. Agriculture, Bureau des Ressources Genetiques CRGF, INRA-DIC, Paris: 38–39.

1862: 1689: 1642: 10795: 10305: 10295: 10203: 10163: 9959: 9954: 9919: 9870: 9845: 9835: 9825: 9639: 9402: 9098: 8920: 8905: 8890: 8790: 6270: 6254: 6156: 6042: 5979: 5925: 5623:"Late 19th and early 20th-century photos of Elm species in Elwes & Henry's 4654: 4094:

Martín-Benito D., Concepción García-Vallejo M., Pajares J. A., López D. 2005. "

3165: 2291: 2255: 2034: 1991: 1974: 1457: 1367: 1351:: naturally occurring virus-like agents that severely debilitated the original 1243: 898: 724: 601: 590:

between them and the development of local seed-sterile vegetatively propagated

400: 392: 372: 365: 292: 170: 4479: 4065: 1473: 10789: 10414: 10275: 10168: 10138: 9840: 9810: 9805: 9795: 9742: 9596: 9581: 9543: 9493: 9483: 9236: 9193: 8950: 8875: 8825: 8785: 8780: 6286: 5933: 5894: 4898:

Forest Genetic Resources Management and Conservation. France as a case study.

4471: 4220:

Elm breeding for DED resistance, the Italian clones and their wood properties

4170: 4007: 3942:

Ware, G. (1995). Little-known elms from China: landscape tree possibilities.

3914: 3588:

Webber, J. (2019). What have we learned from 100 years of Dutch Elm Disease?

3089: 2941: 2890: 2861: 2307: 2120: 2080: 2046: 2011: 1915: 1883: 1694: 1590: 246: 77: 4377: 3841:]. Wageningen, Netherlands: Praktijkonderzoek Plant & Omgeving B.V. 3592:. October 2019, Vol. 113, No.4, p.264-268. Royal Forestry Society, UK. 1894:

outbreak are of the DED-resistant 'Princeton' and 'Valley Forge' cultivars.

1386:

that infect the phloem (inner bark) of the tree. Infection and death of the

305:. They are distributed over most of the Northern Hemisphere, inhabiting the 10736: 10088: 10083: 10019: 9974: 9964: 9929: 9860: 9855: 9815: 9787: 9722: 9707: 9644: 9616: 9560: 9556: 9548: 9218: 9198: 8935: 8910: 8895: 8855: 8820: 7678: 7552: 7108: 6238: 6069: 5995: 5652: 4073: 4018: 3277: 3272: 3046: 2083:, but this resistance to decay in water does not extend to ground contact. 1875: 1867: 1802: 1661: 1622: 1601:, occurs naturally and was also commonly planted. In much of England, the 1574: 1383: 1306:

was probably responsible for the creation of the North American subspecies

881: 740: 692: 683: 670: 4391:

pp. 103-119. Dunn C.P., ed. Kluwer Academic Press Publishers, Boston, USA.

4155:(2). Italian Society of Sivilculture and Forest Ecology (SISEF): 172–180. 3966:

Sustainable urban landscapes: Dutch elm disease and disease-resistant elms

3022:

In politics, the elm is associated with revolutions. In England after the

2713:πρῶτον ἐπὶ πτελέην, τὸ δὲ δεύτερον ἧκας ἐπὶ δρῦν, τὸ τρίτον αὖτ᾽ ἐπὶ θῆρα. 1755:

State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry

1561:

In North America, the species most commonly planted was the American elm (

10591: 10423: 10310: 10300: 10188: 10014: 9999: 9865: 9850: 9800: 9747: 9712: 9654: 9601: 9533: 9274: 8990: 8940: 8735: 7660: 7156: 6246: 6172: 5828: 5669: 4161: 4144: 3138: 2992: 2949: 2945: 2759: 2694: 2208:

Elm has been listed as one of the 38 substances that are used to prepare

2166: 2125: 2038: 1945: 1817: 1647: 1582: 1555: 1371: 1363: 918: 801: 708: 687: 596: 396: 349: 345: 337: 128: 52: 5299: 3812:'Salt-tolerant landscape plants', countyofdane.com/myfairlakes/A3877.pdf 3712: 3297: 2685:

In Greek mythology, the nymph Ptelea (Πτελέα, Elm) was one of the eight

2184:, cut into strips and boiled, sustained much of the rural population of 1866:

American elm trees along the Mall and Literary Walk in New York City's

1469:'Umbraculifera', cultivated in Persia and widely planted in central Asia 10570: 10198: 10153: 9934: 9880: 9830: 9820: 9772: 9762: 9717: 9659: 9624: 9564: 9319: 9309: 9304: 9168: 9123: 8972: 8885: 8850: 5813:

Elm species, varieties, hybrids, hybrid cultivars and species cultivars

4607:. Washington, D.C.: Center for Urban Ecology, National Capital Region, 3686: 3142: 3122: 2898: 2885:

theme, the tree occurs in Latin literature in the Elm of Dreams in the

2857: 2736: 2728: 2702: 1923: 1777: 1766: 1425: 1255: 1181: 642: 380: 324:. Moreover, during the 19th and early 20th centuries, many species and 133: 97: 62: 5479:(:Elm, a tree with character of the Low Countries). KNNV, Uitgeverij. 4791:

Maunder, M. (1988). Plants in Peril, 3. Ulmus wallichiana (Ulmaceae).

4278:

Forestry Commission Bulletin (Research on Dutch Elm Disease in Europe)

4120:

Feeding responses by Scolytus scolytus to twig bark extracts from elms

3341:(:Elm, a tree with character of the Low Countries). KNNV, Uitgeverij. 3172:

in happier days. The tree was said to be still standing in the 1860s.

3111: 2952:, "was born from an elm impregnated by the Possessor of the Heavens". 2697:(third century BC) tells how, at the age of three, the infant goddess 10596: 10513: 10500: 10133: 10103: 10098: 9989: 9924: 9767: 9752: 9727: 9538: 9518: 9463: 9453: 9387: 9359: 9294: 8930: 8865: 8810: 8805: 8795: 4927: 4689: 3224:

President George W. Bush and Laura Bush planting a disease-resistant

2748: 2689:, nymphs of the forest and daughters of Oxylos and Hamadryas. In his 2686: 2669: 2196: 2154: 2130: 1931: 1762: 1546: 1521: 1512: 1451: 1335: 634: 616: 384: 369: 353: 288: 102: 10385: 5689: 3783:. Vol. VII. 1848–1929. Republished 2004 Cambridge University Press, 2701:

practised her newly acquired silver bow and arrows, made for her by

388: 119: 10731: 10408: 10113: 10093: 9737: 9702: 9438: 9314: 9241: 9183: 9148: 9143: 9040: 8959: 8870: 8835: 8830: 4874:

51(2) 2005. Society of American Foresters, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

4741: 3981:

Chapter 13: Strategies for the Production of Disease-Resistant Elms

3126: 3114:(= 2 March) was officially named "jour de l'Orme", Day of the Elm. 2960: 2853: 2826:

So great in the heroes was the bitterness then, some of which still

2763: 2732: 2706: 2224: 2181: 2117: 2053: 1919: 1724: 1630: 904: 877: 767: 716: 712: 679: 638: 428: 325: 302: 229: 196: 92: 87: 72: 67: 57: 10505: 5681: 5587:

A photographic and pictorial celebration and general introduction.

2072:

says that ploughs in Ancient Greece were also made partly of elm.

328:

were also planted as ornamental street, garden, and park trees in

10609: 10290: 10285: 10178: 10148: 10108: 10052: 9906: 9885: 9777: 9732: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9664: 9634: 9629: 9503: 9407: 9344: 9289: 9178: 9133: 9088: 9010: 9000: 8985: 8880: 8860: 2834: 2698: 2061: 2057: 1961: 1927: 1820:

has now (2014) raised a question mark over all the Dutch clones.

1781: 1723:), resulting in the release of DED-resistant clones, notably the 1651: 1570: 1566: 1533:

One of the earliest of ornamental elms was the ball-headed graft

1433: 1379: 1235: 1184:(wetwood) and staining of the trunk (here on a 'Camperdown' elm) 579: 219: 107: 82: 3999: 3129:, planted in 1799 to commemorate the founding of the democratic 10280: 10009: 9757: 9508: 9458: 9354: 9324: 9264: 9138: 9063: 9025: 8978: 8845: 8763: 5273: 5271: 4649: 4611:. Natural Resource Report NPS/NCR/NRR--2009/001. Archived from 4438: 3533:"Propagation: Root an Elm Tree Cutting | DoItYourself.com" 3393:, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. p.68. 3255: 3150: 3141:, "Sacred City of the Struggle" against the Turks and scene of 3050: 2926: 2894: 2886: 2870:") of the Springs of the Nymphs and the shrines to the nymphs. 2767: 2740: 2724: 2424: 2243: 2185: 2150: 2069: 2030: 2015: 1697:

trees, which are moderately resistant to Dutch elm disease, at

1669: 1387: 1272: 1260: 1250: 654: 376: 329: 321: 209: 10492: 8704: 4441:"Ten-Year Performance of the United States National Elm Trial" 3137:

of 1821–32, a thousand young elms were brought to Athens from

2677: 1800:

Some of these cultivars, notably those with the Siberian elm (

10158: 10067: 10062: 10047: 9468: 9259: 9252: 9223: 9203: 9173: 9158: 9118: 9103: 9093: 9078: 9073: 9053: 9030: 9005: 8925: 5401:

Chapters on Trees: a popular account of their nature and uses

5397:

Talks about Trees: a popular account of their nature and uses

3832: 3146: 2865: 2844: 2838: 2808:[:Thessalian Protesilaos, a long age shall sing your praises, 2719: 2020: 2007: 1889:

While the stand is still vulnerable to DED, in the 1980s the

1765:

American elm trees had shown reduced DED symptoms and normal

1485:

avenues once common in New England (colorized postcard, 1910)

1268: 945: 611: 157: 5268: 3964:

Biggerstaffe, C., Iles, J. K., & Gleason, M. L. (1999).

3092:, obliged by tradition to plant a tree in the garden of the 10057: 9586: 9523: 9448: 9329: 9284: 9279: 9015: 8759: 5344:'Wanoux' (Vada)) freeimagefinder.com/detail/6945514690.html 4704: 4051: 2999:

The elm tree is also referenced in children's literature.

2843:) in Thessaly, which took its name from the abundant elms ( 2093: 2026: 2003: 1542: 1428: 1040: 941: 650: 404: 4415:

Colorado State University College of Agricultural Sciences

4142: 3258:

tree at their centre, and traceable on maps back to 1619.

3068:, Isère, in 1790, by a priest inspired by the Boston elm. 1910:

on the National Mall in Washington, DC (November 11, 2006)

1593:, the latter further south. The hybrid between these two, 691:

1 cm, and germinate in three weeks. Slow-germinating

10183: 9674: 9443: 9269: 8995: 4896:

Collin, E. (2001). Elm. In Teissier du Cros (Ed.) (2001)

4601:

Elms for the Monumental Core: History and Management Plan

4503:

Butterfly Conservation, Hants & IoW Branch, England.

2944:, was fashioned from an elm, while in Japanese mythology 2922:

are wont to roost them, under every leaf close-clinging.]

2823:

Of Troy, the leaves in their upper crown wither and fall.

1278:

The first, less aggressive strain of the disease fungus,

646: 5554:

The Elms: Breeding, Conservation, and Disease-Management

2717:

The first reference in literature to elms occurs in the

5125:

Heybroek, H. M., 'Resistant Elms for Europe' (1982) in

3361:, p.26. 3rd. edition. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd. 1683: 408: 379:

are alternate, with simple, single- or, most commonly,

4762:

Herbs and Natural Supplements: An Evidence-Based Guide

4387:

Mittempergher, L., (2000). Elm Yellows in Europe. In:

3110:, in use from 1792 to 1806, the 12th day of the month 2881:

Aside from references literal and metaphorical to the

1637:

Countries, and as trees for coastal towns and cities.

10245:

International Federation of Building and Wood Workers

5290:

elmcare.com/about_elms/history/liberty_elm_boston.htm

4666: 4664: 4348:

Investigacion Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales

3746:"Sapsucker Vs Woodpecker: How To Tell The Difference" 2820:

Trees full of anger; and whenever that wall they see,

2064:. Several of the chariots are of elm (" πτε-ρε-ϝα ", 2037:

found in Europe, a large portion are elm. During the

1834: 4338: 4302:. In Sticklen, Mariam B.; Sherald, James L. (eds.). 3557:

cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/pnw0152/pnw0152.html

3250:

The name of what is now the London neighbourhood of

2919:

an elm, huge, shadowy, where vain dreams, 'tis said,

2829:

Remembers, hostile, in the soulless upper branches.]

1906:

Rows of American elm trees line a path south of the

5700:. Vol. VIII (9th ed.). 1878. p. 151. 5475:Heybroek, H. M., Goudzwaard, L, Kaljee, H. (2009). 4795:. 5(3): 137-140. Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, London. 3839:

Importance and future of the elm in the Netherlands

3391:

Important Forest Trees of the Eastern United States

3337:Heybroek, H. M., Goudzwaard, L, Kaljee, H. (2009). 3245: 1529:

List of elm cultivars, hybrids and hybrid cultivars

1271:or vascular system. The tree responds by producing 1100:(size: 2–3 mm), a vector for Dutch elm disease 570:

List of elm cultivars, hybrids and hybrid cultivars

270:

List of elm cultivars, hybrids and hybrid cultivars

5497: 4661: 4306:. New York, USA: Springer-Verlag. pp. 16–25. 3522:forestry.about.com/od/treeplanting/qt/seed_elm.htm 3407:Ancient woodland: its history, vegetation and uses 2911:uana tenere ferunt, foliisque sub omnibus haerent. 2068:), and the lists twice mention wheels of elmwood. 1678:in the late 1960s, brought the tree to its nadir. 1454:woodpeckers have a great love of young elm trees. 731:at 2–3 m (7–10 ft), the dwarf cultivars 4947:, 120-121 . theoi.com/Text/CallimachusHymns1.html 4381: 4332: 3894:Burdekin, D.A.; Rushforth, K.D. (November 1996). 3893: 3675:". Forestpests.Org. 23 March 2005. 19 March 2008. 2149:Elms also have a long history of cultivation for 2052:The first written references to elm occur in the 1874:The oldest American elm trees in New York City's 1011:Bladder leaf galls on a narrow-leaved elm (aphid 10787: 4757: 4269:Heybroek, Hans M. (1983). Burdekin, D.A. (ed.). 3857: 3377:Bulletin de Muséum national d'histoire naturelle 2814:Your tomb with thick-foliaged elms they covered, 2754:The nymphs also planted elms on the tomb in the 2249: 1713: 4766:(2nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone. p. 3984:. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 171–183. 3978:Sticklen, Mariam B.; Sherald, James L. (1993). 3977: 3707: 3418: 2916:[:Spreads in the midst her boughs and agéd arms 4798: 4407:Bioagricultural Sciences & Pest Management 4389:The Elms, Conservation and Disease Management. 4214: 4212: 3635:, 1996. Forestry Commission. HMSO, London, UK. 2817:The nymphs, across the water from hated Ilion. 2800:ὅσσoς ἐν ἡρώεσσι τότ᾽ ἦν χόλoς, oὗ μέρoς ἀκμὴν 2664: 594:in some areas, mainly in the Ulmus field elm ( 488:Flowers of the hybrid elm cultivar 'Columella' 8720: 5797: 5225: 5167:"An elm tree and three sisters (Book Review)" 4259:Vol. 31 : 325–354. Palo Alto, California 4088: 3518: 3516: 2794:Δένδρα δὲ δυσμήνιτα, καὶ ἤν ποτε τεῖχoς ἴδωσι 2782:Θεσσαλὲ Πρωτεσίλαε, σὲ μὲν πολὺς ᾄσεται αἰών, 1481:- an example of the high-tunneled effects of 1133:, which causes serious damage to elm foliage 674:A rooted cutting of European white elm (July) 320:Elms are components of many kinds of natural 3958: 3821:dutchtrig.com/the_netherlands/the_hague.html 3119:L'Olmo di Montepaone, L'Albero della Libertà 2977:Sleep thou, and I will wind thee in my arms. 2908:ulmus opaca, ingens, quam sedem somnia vulgo 2379:Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Garden 2100:characterizes the elm as "loving the vine": 2029:in ship construction. Elm is also prized by 383:margins, usually asymmetric at the base and 5556:. New York: Boston, Mass. Kluwer academic. 5498:Clouston, B.; Stansfield, K., eds. (1979). 5477:Iep of olm, karakterboom van de Lage Landen 5322:L'Orme de St-Gervais: biographie d'un arbre 5316: 5314: 5300:L'Orme de La Madeleine, giuseppemusolino.it 5214:Trees and Woodland in the British Landscape 5206: 4834:Bach Flower Remedies: A Comprehensive Study 4830: 4209: 3638: 3605:1995, vol. 99 (2), 205–215 (44 ref.) 3339:Iep of olm, karakterboom van de Lage Landen 27:Flowering, deciduous trees, family Ulmaceae 8727: 8713: 6341:Disputed species, varieties and subspecies 5804: 5790: 5542:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3834:Belang en toekomst van de iep in Nederland 3711:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). 3513: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3396: 3333: 3331: 3298:Ulmus minor Mill. | Flora of Israel Online 3121:(:the Elm of Montepaone, Liberty Tree) in 2788:σᾶμα δὲ τοι πτελέῃσι συνηρεφὲς ἀμφικoμεῦση 2246:owing to its tolerance of severe pruning. 2195:Internal mill-wheel of elm, De Hoop mill, 118: 5570: 5406: 5247: 5232:L., Ulmaceae): the historical background" 5132: 4824: 4365: 4291: 4262: 4236: 4160: 4136: 3616: 3595: 3208:Balcony with elm symbol, overlooking the 2770:. The story is the subject of a poem by 2324:Elm trees in Old Hall Park, East Bergholt 2102:ulmus amat vitem, vitis non deserit ulmum 609:two dozen species. The oldest fossils of 10235:Building and Wood Workers' International 5659: 5615:Diagnostic photos of Elm species at the 5311: 5236:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 4297: 4268: 3887: 3830: 3824: 3773:The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland 3569: 3469:. Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, London, UK. 2954: 2905:In medio ramos annosaque bracchia pandit 2901:, one of the sights is the Stygian Elm: 2872: 2676: 2668: 2223: 2190: 1990: 1968: 1960: 1938:, the smaller European elm bark beetle ( 1901: 1861: 1688: 1511: 1493: 1472: 1456: 1398: 1210: 995:Bladder leaf galls on elm leaves (aphid 669: 619:, found across the Northern Hemisphere. 6266:(Szechuan (Sichuan) or red-fruited elm) 5517: 5455: 5127:Research on Dutch Elm Disease in Europe 4811: 4785: 4597: 4493: 4249: 4112: 3734:Elm zigzag sawfly (Aproceros leucopoda) 3485: 3459: 3328: 2986:O, how I love thee! how I dote on thee! 2811:Of the destined dead at Troy the first; 2653:The Cam near Trinity College, Cambridge 2528:Johannes Karel Christiaan Klinkenberg, 2203: 2171:Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante 1382:in Canada, and Europe. It is caused by 1068:, Sweden: The larvae feed only on elm. 926: 848:Rooting of softwood cuttings under mist 574:List of elm synonyms and accepted names 275:List of elm synonyms and accepted names 14: 10788: 5226:Armstrong, J. V.; Sell, P. D. (1996). 4890: 4536:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4456:International Society of Arboriculture 4361:from the original on 11 February 2017. 4287:from the original on 15 February 2017. 3845:from the original on 28 September 2014 3801:Guide to Tree Planting and Cultivation 3727: 3582: 3566:resistantelms.co.uk/elms/ulmus-morfeo/ 2996:, is stolen beneath a great wych elm. 2153:, with the leafy branches cut to feed 1358: 391:. The fruit is a round wind-dispersed 10390: 10389: 8708: 5785: 5399:, 3rd edn., p.97-98 (1st edn. titled 4963:, Ζ, 419–420, www.perseus.tufts.edu] 4910:Johannes Christiaan Karel Klinkenberg 4877: 4863: 4851:from the original on 31 December 2013 4680:. Niche Timbers. Accessed 19-08-2009. 4339:Mittempergher, L; Santini, A (2004). 4149:IForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 3896:"Elms resistant to Dutch elm disease" 3770:Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). 3764: 3723:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. 3684: 3658: 3425:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 3290: 2983:Enrings the barky fingers of the Elm. 2785:Tρoίᾳ ὀφειλoμένoυ πτώματος ἀρξάμενoν• 2111: 1664:, and the demise in 1944 of the huge 1558:in the fall were further advantages. 1541:, cultivated from time immemorial in 1410:Most serious of the elm pests is the 1189: 10760:cf6199fd-df75-4f9f-b614-17a896f2c45b 10672:722cdc18-8f70-4fed-8e3e-779047988ff6 10370: 5890:(Chestnut-leafed or multinerved elm) 5625:Trees of Great Britain & Ireland 5551: 5433:from the original on 27 January 2018 5256:from the original on 26 October 2017 4320:from the original on 26 October 2017 3936: 3924:from the original on 26 October 2017 3831:Hiemstra, J.A.; et al. (2007). 3575:Clouston, B., Stansfield, K., eds., 3539:from the original on 3 December 2013 3467:Vascular Plant Families & Genera 3351: 3308: 3306: 2803:ἐχθρὸν ἐν ἀψύχoις σώζεται ἀκρέμoσιν. 2791:Nύμφαι, ἀπεχθoμένης Ἰλίoυ ἀντιπέρας. 2270: 1944:), by trapping and by spraying with 1330:arose from a hybrid of the original 1200: 10360: 10220:American Association of Woodturners 5164: 4983:, Φ, 242–243, www.perseus.tufts.edu 4758:Braun, Lesley; Cohen, Marc (2006). 4740:(the elm clothed in the vine); and 4636:Michael Ventris and John Chadwick, 4579:Answers to Questions About New York 2797:Tρώϊον, αὐαλέην φυλλοχoεῦντι κόμην. 1983:, 1815 (landscape with hybrid elms 1852: 1791: 1772:In Europe, the European white elm ( 963:Pouch leaf gall on elm leaf (aphid 696:natural range, such as English elm 686:in central and northern Europe and 24: 10724:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30004945-2 6053:(Manchurian cut-leaf or lobed elm) 5491: 5249:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1996.tb00478.x 4598:Sherald, James L (December 2009). 4448:Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 4419:Department of Agricultural Biology 4185:"Scientific Name: Ulmus x species" 1835:Cautions regarding novel cultivars 1334:and another strain endemic to the 1039:Pimple leaf galls on a field elm ( 332:, North America, and parts of the 25: 10812: 10250:National Wood Carvers Association 5821:Species, varieties and subspecies 5591: 5228:"A revision of the British elms ( 4837:. B. Jain Publishers. p. 3. 3685:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). 3303: 1364:Elm phloem necrosis (elm yellows) 10369: 10359: 10350: 10349: 10225:Architectural Woodwork Institute 8399:Unconfirmed derivation cultivars 6363:(Grey, grey-leafed or hoary elm) 5929:(Chenmou or Langya Mountain elm) 5680: 4300:"The Dutch Elm Breeding Program" 3246:In local history and place names 3233: 3217: 3201: 3177: 2929:refers to a Roman superstition ( 2644: 2624: 2604: 2584: 2564: 2544: 2521: 2502: 2479: 2456: 2433: 2410: 2390: 2370: 2350: 2335: 2315: 1980:Boat-Building Near Flatford Mill 1908:Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool 1897: 1660:. The devastation caused by the 1505:), cultivated in Prospect Park, 1169: 1153: 1148:caterpillar on elm leaf, Germany 1138: 1120: 1105: 1089: 1073: 1051: 1032: 1020: 1004: 988: 972: 956: 933: 911: 890: 869: 853: 841: 829: 811: 793: 778: 760: 748: 637:, they are distantly related to 542: 523: 508: 493: 481: 466: 458:Asymmetry of leaf, slippery elm 451: 435: 427:'Sapporo Autumn Gold', Antella, 420: 144: 50: 8734: 6030:(hairy-fruited glaucescent elm) 5415: 5386: 5377: 5365: 5347: 5335: 5293: 5284: 5219: 5181: 5158: 5145: 5119: 5106: 5093: 5080: 5067: 5054: 5042: 5026: 5010: 4994: 4973: 4950: 4937: 4921: 4903: 4751: 4714: 4698: 4683: 4643: 4630: 4591: 4567: 4544: 4464:10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1191.5 4394: 4257:Annual Review of Phytopathology 4177: 4045: 3971: 3865:"Elm Tree Lawn Begins New Life" 3815: 3806: 3793: 3738: 3701: 3678: 3560: 3551: 3525: 3472: 2056:lists of military equipment at 1857: 1370:of elm trees that is spread by 625:Elm synonyms and accepted names 375:which are wind-pollinated. Elm 10230:British Woodworking Federation 7099:Ulmus parvifolia f. lanceolata 5727:New International Encyclopedia 5601:. Northern Arizona University. 5460:. Cambridge University Press. 5427:www.londongardensonline.org.uk 4808:. Elsevier B. V., Netherlands. 4376:, 1-33. Springer Nature 2018. 4231:Invest Agrar: Sist. Recur. For 3968:. SUL-4, Iowa State University 3720:New International Encyclopedia 3655:". Elmcare.Com. 19 March 2008. 3445:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2018.10.007 3412: 3383: 3364: 3010: 2399:Elms at Mongewell, Oxfordshire 2086: 1751:genetic engineering techniques 1489: 1253:transmitted by two species of 665: 359: 13: 1: 10240:Caricature Carvers of America 5660:Eichhorn, Markus (May 2010). 5552:Dunn, Christopher P. (2000). 5449: 5372:Ο μοναδικός Εθνικός μας Κήπος 4806:Forest Ecology and Management 4341:"The history of elm breeding" 4280:(60). London: HMSO: 108–113. 4233:(2004) 13 (1), 179–184. 2004. 4131:Invest Agrar: Sist Recur For. 3590:Quarterly Journal of Forestry 3510:. Cambridge University Press. 3283: 3168:that had been planted by his 3049:was an American white elm in 3001:An Elm Tree and Three Sisters 2833:Protesilaus had been king of 2250:Genetic resource conservation 1878:were planted in the 1860s by 1714:Species and species cultivars 1355:and reduced its sporulation. 5374:, paidevo.gr/teachers/?p=859 4638:Documents in Mycaenean Greek 4096:Triterpenes in elms in Spain 3803:(London, 1970), p.330, p.316 3228:before the White House, 2006 3212:, Place Saint-Gervais, Paris 2613:The East Hampton Elms in May 2445:The Great Exhibition of 1851 2417:Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, 2139:Food and Drug Administration 2041:, elm was also used to make 1749:that were designed to apply 1391:survival via stump sprouts. 1027:Aphids in leaf gall, Poland 979:Cockscomb leaf galls (aphid 862:variegated smooth-leafed elm 836:Rooted hardwood elm cutting 800:Root-suckers spreading from 7: 5952:(David or Father David elm) 4831:D. S. Vohra (1 June 2004). 4271:"Resistant elms for Europe" 3903:Arboriculture Research Note 3300:, accessdate: July 28, 2020 3261: 2948:, the chief goddess of the 2665:In mythology and literature 739:at ground level. Since the 559: 295:trees comprising the genus 10: 10817: 8521:Hertfordensis Angustifolia 6298:(Himalayan or kashmir elm) 5944:(Cedar or Texas cedar elm) 5772:Collier's New Encyclopedia 4555:The Mall and Literary Walk 4304:Dutch Elm Disease Research 3108:French Republican Calendar 2936:There are two examples of 2866: 2845: 2839: 2774:(first century AD) in the 2296:Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller 2274: 2265: 2242:) is a popular choice for 2160: 2129:) has long been used as a 1526: 1516:An avenue of elm trees in 1394: 1204: 1193: 1160:Elm-leaf damage caused by 755:Ripe samarae of field elm 660: 563: 473:Mature bark, slippery elm 29: 10398: 10345: 10319: 10268: 10255:Society of Wood Engravers 10212: 10126: 10076: 10033: 9905: 9898: 9786: 9673: 9615: 9434: 9425: 9368: 9039: 8958: 8949: 8773: 8742: 8684: 8398: 8345: 8102: 7894: 7884: 7792:Latifolia Aureo-Variegata 7677: 7659: 7551: 7488: 7295:Hunnybunii pseudo-Stricta 7155: 7107: 6805: 6787: 6509: 6499: 6378: 6339: 6290:(Cherry-bark or marn elm) 6206:(Chinese or lacebark elm) 5819: 5662:"Elm – The Tree of Death" 5518:Coleman, M., ed. (2009). 5153:A Midsummer Night's Dream 5116:, Ch.10 (Cambridge, 1983) 4066:10.1007/s00299-007-0313-z 3671:28 September 2011 at the 3625:Report on Forest Research 3379:, 2nd Ser., Vol.17, p.326 3184:Planting a Liberty Tree ( 2970:A Midsummer Night's Dream 2611:Frederick Childe Hassam, 2591:Frederick Childe Hassam, 2571:Frederick Childe Hassam, 2551:Frederick Childe Hassam, 2284: 2219: 2144: 2018:. The bodies of Japanese 1823:Several highly resistant 1743:Michigan State University 1298:. Limited gene flow from 1232:Christina Johanna Buisman 1180:of elm sap, which causes 1084:near flower-bud of an elm 578:There are about 30 to 40 258: 253: 141:Scientific classification 139: 126: 117: 41: 5674:University of Nottingham 5393:Elizabeth and Mary Kirby 5329:6 September 2013 at the 5305:26 February 2014 at the 5062:From Olympus to the Styx 4885:Annals of Forest Science 4551:Central Park Conservancy 4244:Journal of Arboriculture 3950:30 November 2007 at the 3945:Journal of Arboriculture 3465:Brummitt, R. K. (1992). 3320:10 November 2006 at the 3296:Flora of Israel Online: 3062:Les arbres de la liberté 1891:Central Park Conservancy 1446: 1249:DED is caused by a micro 1115:galleries under elm bark 1058:White-letter hairstreak 897:In vitro propagation of 633:As part of the suborder 500:Corky wings, Cedar elm, 8526:Hertfordensis Latifolia 8496:Folia Variegata Pendula 8451:Betulaefolia Nigrescens 5742:Encyclopædia Britannica 5712:The American Cyclopædia 5697:Encyclopædia Britannica 5456:Richens, R. H. (1983). 5423:"London Gardens Online" 4915:21 January 2012 at the 4499:Brookes, A. H. (2013). 4298:Heybroek, H.M. (1993). 4225:26 October 2007 at the 3613:. Elsevier, Oxford, UK. 3506:Richens, R. H. (1983). 3409:. Edward Arnold, London 3210:'Crossroads of the Elm' 3078:L'Orme de Saint-Gervais 2772:Antiphilus of Byzantium 2573:Washington Arch, Spring 2300:Frederick Childe Hassam 2176: 1956: 1951: 1930:, injecting trees with 1629:, a contorted, weeping 717:ground and air layering 705:vegetative reproduction 10332:Frameless construction 9413:Wood-plastic composite 7727:Fastigiata Macrophylla 7465:Viminalis Pulverulenta 7440:Viminalis Betulaefolia 7420:Umbraculifera Gracilis 5757:Encyclopedia Americana 5745:(11th ed.). 1911. 5632:. 1913. Archived from 5611:4 January 2015 at the 5575:. London: Hutchinson. 5571:Wilkinson, G. (1978). 5103:(Cambridge 1983) p.155 4730:to marry vines to elms 4676:3 October 2012 at the 4584:April 1, 2016, at the 4421:. 2018. Archived from 4411:Fort Collins, Colorado 4125:7 October 2008 at the 3694:Encyclopedia Americana 3651:4 October 2011 at the 3359:British Woodland Trees 3186:un arbre de la liberté 3070:L'Orme de La Madeleine 2964: 2878: 2682: 2674: 2673:Achilles and Scamander 2441:James Duffield Harding 2233: 2200: 2135:nutritional supplement 1999: 1988: 1966: 1941:Scolytus multistriatus 1911: 1871: 1847:Butterfly Conservation 1706: 1524: 1509: 1486: 1470: 1461:The ball-headed graft 1415:Xanthogaleruca luteola 1407: 1344:, is now discredited. 1222: 1146:Xanthogaleruca luteola 1130:Xanthogaleruca luteola 1113:Scolytus multistriatus 1098:Scolytus multistriatus 675: 10693:Paleobiology Database 6604:Folia Aurea Variegata 5685:Texts on Wikisource: 5502:. London: Heinemann. 5077:I, 19–23; VII, 135–40 4726:ulmis adiungere vites 4609:National Park Service 3482:(Newton Abbot, 1990). 3357:Edlin, H. L. (1947). 3194:Jean-Baptiste Lesueur 3131:Parthenopean Republic 2980:... the female Ivy so 2958: 2876: 2680: 2672: 2553:Champs Elysées, Paris 2397:Jacob George Strutt, 2227: 2194: 2123:of the slippery elm ( 2025:source of timber for 1994: 1973:Elm in boatbuilding: 1972: 1964: 1905: 1880:Frederick Law Olmsted 1865: 1739:National Park Service 1703:Claremont, California 1692: 1515: 1497: 1476: 1460: 1402: 1376:Eastern United States 1341:Ophiostoma himal-ulmi 1214: 921:, hybrid elm cultivar 785:Seedling of wych elm 673: 10260:Timber Framers Guild 9114:Australian Blackwood 7737:Fastigiata Variegata 7717:Corylifolia Purpurea 7320:Microphylla Purpurea 6824:A. Ross Central Park 6073:(European white elm) 5991:(Anhui or hairy elm) 5715:. Vol. 6. 1879. 5606:Tree Family Ulmaceae 5212:Rackham, O. (1976). 5142:(London, 1978), p.87 4403:"National Elm Trial" 4162:10.3832/ifor1224-008 4101:28 June 2007 at the 3869:Scripps College News 3778:3 March 2016 at the 3630:28 June 2007 at the 3603:Mycological Research 2877:The Sibyl and Aeneas 2852:Elms occur often in 2534:Ulmus x hollandica 2419:Alte Ulmen im Prater 2344:Study of an Elm Tree 2214:alternative medicine 2210:Bach flower remedies 2204:Alternative medicine 1761:reported that young 1675:Ophiostoma novo-ulmi 1479:Salem, Massachusetts 1477:Lafayette Street in 1291:Ophiostoma novo-ulmi 1196:List of elm diseases 1176:Bacterial infection 997:Eriosoma lanuginosum 927:Associated organisms 737:'Jacqueline Hillier' 32:Elm (disambiguation) 30:For other uses, see 9980:Hammer-headed tenon 9499:Janka hardness test 8616:Pyramidalis Bertini 8586:Myrtifolia Purpurea 8327:Wentworthii Pendula 8064:Sapporo Autumn Gold 7847:Pendula Macrophylla 7797:Latifolia Nigricans 7455:Viminalis Marginata 7315:Microphylla Pendula 7265:Folia Alba-Punctata 7235:Cucullata Variegata 6234:(Harbin spring elm) 6226:(Cherry-leafed elm) 6130:(Large-fruited elm) 5999:(Wych or scots elm) 5653:"Elm Photo Gallery" 5573:Epitaph for the Elm 5359:30 May 2013 at the 5216:J. M. Dent, London. 5140:Epitaph for the Elm 5138:Wilkinson, Gerald, 5129:, HMSO, London 1983 4988:26 May 2013 at the 4967:26 May 2013 at the 4738:amicta vitibus ulmo 4618:on 29 November 2010 4588:." 11 January 2013. 4560:10 May 2016 at the 4197:on 17 December 2008 4109:35: 199–205 (2005). 3714:"Elm-Insects" 3688:"Elm-Insects" 3437:2018RPaPa.259..198Z 3158:Palace of Whitehall 3043:American Revolution 3024:Glorious Revolution 2756:Thracian Chersonese 2633:Old Elm at Medfield 1440:Aproceros leucopoda 1359:Elm phloem necrosis 566:List of elm species 334:Southern Hemisphere 265:List of elm species 8841:Japanese carpentry 8541:Jacqueline Hillier 8426:Argenteo-Marginata 8371:Improved Coolshade 8187:Eleganto-Variegata 7732:Fastigiata Stricta 7646:Pyramidalis Fiorei 7445:Viminalis Gracilis 7245:Dehesa de la Villa 7190:Atinia Pyramidalis 7180:Argenteo-Variegata 7109:European white elm 6274:(Rock or cork elm) 6232:U. pseudopropinqua 5354:calabriaonline.com 5165:Janssen, Carolyn. 5037:Naturalis Historia 4575:The New York Times 3017:cutting of the elm 2965: 2879: 2776:Palatine Anthology 2758:of "great-hearted 2683: 2675: 2593:Church at Old Lyme 2559:, 'orme femelle') 2557:Ulmus × hollandica 2383:Ulmus × hollandica 2363:Ulmus × hollandica 2328:Ulmus × hollandica 2277:Lists of elm trees 2234: 2201: 2112:Medicinal products 2000: 1989: 1985:Ulmus × hollandica 1967: 1912: 1872: 1845:by the UK charity 1842:National Elm Trial 1707: 1623:'Camperdown' elm ( 1525: 1510: 1507:Brooklyn, New York 1487: 1471: 1408: 1223: 1190:Pests and diseases 1178:Erwinia carotovora 967:), the Netherlands 684:European white elm 676: 615:are leaves dating 537:, Toronto, c. 1914 446:) leaves and seeds 10783: 10782: 10680:Open Tree of Life 10392:Taxon identifiers 10383: 10382: 10337:Green woodworking 10194:Wood preservation 10122: 10121: 10025:Tongue and groove 10005:Mortise and tenon 9894: 9893: 9592:Warrington hammer 9421: 9420: 9109:African Blackwood 8901:Segmented turning 8702: 8701: 8481:Fastigiata Glabra 8394: 8393: 8247:Macrophylla Aurea 7880: 7879: 7852:Pendula Variegata 7518:Mitsui Centennial 7470:Viminalis Stricta 7460:Viminalis Pendula 7325:Microphylla Rubra 7240:Dehesa de Amaniel 7210:Christine Buisman 6914:Garden City Clone 6664:Lewis & Clark 5983:(Long raceme elm) 5529:978-1-906129-21-7 5281:(Cambridge, 1983) 5017:Quintus Smyrnaeus 4844:978-81-7021-271-3 4777:978-0-7295-3796-4 4573:Pollak, Michael. 4313:978-1-4615-6874-2 4107:Can. J. For. Res. 3480:Woodland Heritage 3268:List of elm trees 3190:French Revolution 3058:French Revolution 2849:) in the region. 2747:, when the River 2451:'Atinia', centre) 2304:Karel Klinkenberg 2271:Notable elm trees 2260:genetic resources 2049:was unavailable. 1813:Ulmus wallichiana 1741:and conducted at 1646:lasted until the 1573:. In Europe, the 1422:Popillia japonica 1220:Dutch elm disease 1207:Dutch elm disease 1201:Dutch elm disease 981:Colopha compressa 818:Root cuttings of 635:urticalean rosids 342:Dutch elm disease 282: 281: 249: 16:(Redirected from 10808: 10801:Medicinal plants 10776: 10775: 10763: 10762: 10750: 10749: 10740: 10739: 10727: 10726: 10714: 10713: 10701: 10700: 10688: 10687: 10675: 10674: 10665: 10664: 10652: 10651: 10649:NHMSYS0000464698 10639: 10638: 10626: 10625: 10613: 10612: 10600: 10599: 10587: 10586: 10574: 10573: 10561: 10560: 10548: 10547: 10535: 10534: 10522: 10521: 10509: 10508: 10496: 10495: 10483: 10482: 10470: 10469: 10457: 10456: 10444: 10443: 10434: 10433: 10432: 10419: 10418: 10417: 10387: 10386: 10373: 10372: 10363: 10362: 10353: 10352: 9903: 9902: 9572:Thickness planer 9432: 9431: 9226:(lime, basswood) 8956: 8955: 8816:Chainsaw carving 8729: 8722: 8715: 8706: 8705: 8693:U. okanaganensis 8566:Louis van Houtte 8207:Folia Rhomboidea 7989:Morton Plainsman 7892: 7891: 7450:Viminalis Incisa 7195:Atinia Variegata 6689:Minneapolis Park 6599:Flick's Spreader 6519:American Liberty 6507: 6506: 5888:U. castaneifolia 5860:(Bergmann's elm) 5806: 5799: 5792: 5783: 5782: 5776: 5761: 5746: 5731: 5716: 5701: 5693: 5684: 5677: 5656: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5638: 5631: 5617:Morton Arboretum 5602: 5586: 5567: 5547: 5541: 5533: 5513: 5471: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5419: 5413: 5410: 5404: 5390: 5384: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5318: 5309: 5297: 5291: 5288: 5282: 5275: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5251: 5223: 5217: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5189:"Priory of Sion" 5185: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5162: 5156: 5155:, Act 4, Scene 1 5149: 5143: 5136: 5130: 5123: 5117: 5112:Richens, R. H., 5110: 5104: 5099:Richens, R. H., 5097: 5091: 5084: 5078: 5071: 5065: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5030: 5024: 5014: 5008: 4998: 4992: 4977: 4971: 4954: 4948: 4941: 4935: 4925: 4919: 4907: 4901: 4894: 4888: 4881: 4875: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4828: 4822: 4815: 4809: 4802: 4796: 4789: 4783: 4781: 4765: 4755: 4749: 4718: 4712: 4702: 4696: 4687: 4681: 4668: 4659: 4647: 4641: 4640:, Cambridge 1959 4634: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4617: 4606: 4595: 4589: 4571: 4565: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4535: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4517: 4511:. Archived from 4510: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4445: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4425:on 30 March 2018 4398: 4392: 4385: 4379: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4345: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4275: 4266: 4260: 4253: 4247: 4240: 4234: 4216: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4196: 4190:. Archived from 4189: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4164: 4140: 4134: 4116: 4110: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4036: 4032: 4030: 4022: 4016: 4014: 3975: 3969: 3962: 3956: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3923: 3900: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3804: 3797: 3791: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3742: 3736: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3716: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3690: 3682: 3676: 3662: 3656: 3642: 3636: 3620: 3614: 3599: 3593: 3586: 3580: 3573: 3567: 3564: 3558: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3511: 3504: 3483: 3476: 3470: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3416: 3410: 3400: 3394: 3387: 3381: 3368: 3362: 3355: 3349: 3335: 3326: 3310: 3301: 3294: 3237: 3221: 3205: 3181: 3135:Greek Revolution 3104: 3082:Place St-Gervais 3005:Norma Sommerdorf 2869: 2868: 2848: 2847: 2842: 2841: 2651:Unknown artist, 2648: 2628: 2608: 2588: 2568: 2548: 2525: 2510:The American Elm 2506: 2487:Ford Madox Brown 2483: 2460: 2437: 2414: 2394: 2374: 2357:John Constable, 2354: 2342:John Constable, 2339: 2322:John Constable, 2319: 2239:Ulmus parvifolia 2230:Ulmus parvifolia 2062:Mycenaean period 1853:Landscaped parks 1808:maritime climate 1792:Hybrid cultivars 1662:Second World War 1498:Camperdown elm ( 1240:British Columbia 1173: 1157: 1142: 1127:Elm-leaf beetle 1124: 1109: 1096:Elm-bark beetle 1093: 1082:Satyrium w-album 1077: 1067: 1061:Satyrium w-album 1055: 1036: 1024: 1008: 992: 976: 960: 937: 915: 894: 873: 857: 845: 833: 815: 797: 782: 764: 752: 721:micropropagation 551:Ulmus parvifolia 546: 527: 512: 497: 485: 470: 455: 439: 424: 245: 149: 148: 122: 112: 49: 48:Paleocene–Recent 45:Temporal range: 39: 38: 21: 10816: 10815: 10811: 10810: 10809: 10807: 10806: 10805: 10786: 10785: 10784: 10779: 10771: 10766: 10758: 10753: 10745: 10743: 10735: 10730: 10722: 10717: 10709: 10704: 10696: 10691: 10683: 10678: 10670: 10668: 10660: 10655: 10647: 10642: 10634: 10629: 10621: 10616: 10608: 10603: 10595: 10590: 10582: 10577: 10569: 10564: 10556: 10551: 10543: 10538: 10530: 10525: 10517: 10512: 10504: 10499: 10491: 10486: 10478: 10473: 10465: 10460: 10452: 10447: 10439: 10437: 10428: 10427: 10422: 10413: 10412: 10407: 10394: 10384: 10379: 10341: 10327:Frame and panel 10315: 10264: 10208: 10118: 10077:Surface piecing 10072: 10029: 9950:Crown of thorns 9890: 9876:Smoothing plane 9782: 9669: 9611: 9514:Milling machine 9417: 9378:Cross-laminated 9364: 9035: 8945: 8916:Spindle turning 8906:Shingle weaving 8876:Pallet crafting 8769: 8738: 8733: 8703: 8698: 8680: 8646:Scampstoniensis 8390: 8341: 8098: 7999:Morton Stalwart 7876: 7802:Luteo Variegata 7787:Latifolia Aurea 7673: 7655: 7547: 7484: 7435:Viminalis Aurea 7280:Hoersholmiensis 7151: 7103: 6904:Emerald Prairie 6801: 6783: 6749:Skinner Upright 6544:Beebe's Weeping 6495: 6374: 6335: 6258:(September elm) 5877:U. bergmanniana 5866:U. bergmanniana 5858:U. bergmanniana 5815: 5810: 5764: 5749: 5734: 5719: 5704: 5688: 5651: 5642: 5640: 5639:on 3 March 2016 5636: 5629: 5621: 5613:Wayback Machine 5597: 5594: 5583: 5564: 5535: 5534: 5530: 5510: 5494: 5492:Further reading 5468: 5452: 5447: 5446: 5436: 5434: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5407: 5403:, London, 1873) 5391: 5387: 5382: 5378: 5370: 5366: 5361:Wayback Machine 5352: 5348: 5340: 5336: 5331:Wayback Machine 5319: 5312: 5307:Wayback Machine 5298: 5294: 5289: 5285: 5276: 5269: 5259: 5257: 5224: 5220: 5211: 5207: 5197: 5195: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5172: 5170: 5163: 5159: 5150: 5146: 5137: 5133: 5124: 5120: 5111: 5107: 5098: 5094: 5085: 5081: 5072: 5068: 5059: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5033:Pliny the Elder 5031: 5027: 5021:Τα μεθ' `Ομηρον 5015: 5011: 4999: 4995: 4990:Wayback Machine 4978: 4974: 4969:Wayback Machine 4955: 4951: 4945:Hymn to Artemis 4942: 4938: 4926: 4922: 4917:Wayback Machine 4908: 4904: 4895: 4891: 4882: 4878: 4868: 4864: 4854: 4852: 4845: 4829: 4825: 4816: 4812: 4803: 4799: 4790: 4786: 4778: 4756: 4752: 4719: 4715: 4703: 4699: 4688: 4684: 4678:Wayback Machine 4669: 4662: 4648: 4644: 4635: 4631: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4604: 4596: 4592: 4586:Wayback Machine 4572: 4568: 4562:Wayback Machine 4549: 4545: 4529: 4528: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4506:"Archived copy" 4504: 4498: 4494: 4484: 4482: 4443: 4436: 4428: 4426: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4386: 4382: 4370: 4366: 4358: 4343: 4337: 4333: 4323: 4321: 4314: 4296: 4292: 4284: 4273: 4267: 4263: 4254: 4250: 4241: 4237: 4227:Wayback Machine 4217: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4141: 4137: 4127:Wayback Machine 4117: 4113: 4103:Wayback Machine 4093: 4089: 4050: 4046: 4034: 4033: 4024: 4023: 4012: 4010: 3992: 3976: 3972: 3963: 3959: 3952:Wayback Machine 3941: 3937: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3898: 3892: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3875:. 14 April 2008 3873:Scripps College 3863: 3862: 3858: 3848: 3846: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3798: 3794: 3780:Wayback Machine 3769: 3765: 3755: 3753: 3750:Forest Wildlife 3744: 3743: 3739: 3732: 3728: 3706: 3702: 3683: 3679: 3673:Wayback Machine 3664:Price, Terry. " 3663: 3659: 3653:Wayback Machine 3643: 3639: 3632:Wayback Machine 3621: 3617: 3600: 3596: 3587: 3583: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3552: 3542: 3540: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3514: 3505: 3486: 3478:Marren, Peter, 3477: 3473: 3464: 3460: 3417: 3413: 3403:Rackham, Oliver 3401: 3397: 3388: 3384: 3369: 3365: 3356: 3352: 3336: 3329: 3322:Wayback Machine 3311: 3304: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3264: 3248: 3241: 3238: 3229: 3226:'Jefferson' Elm 3222: 3213: 3206: 3197: 3182: 3102: 3013: 2959:Under the elm, 2854:pastoral poetry 2741:mountain nymphs 2731:, is killed by 2691:Hymn to Artemis 2667: 2660: 2649: 2640: 2631:George Inness, 2629: 2620: 2609: 2600: 2589: 2580: 2569: 2560: 2549: 2540: 2526: 2517: 2507: 2498: 2484: 2475: 2461: 2452: 2438: 2429: 2415: 2406: 2395: 2386: 2375: 2366: 2355: 2346: 2340: 2331: 2320: 2287: 2279: 2273: 2268: 2252: 2222: 2206: 2179: 2163: 2147: 2114: 2089: 1996:English longbow 1959: 1954: 1900: 1860: 1855: 1837: 1794: 1716: 1699:Scripps College 1657:Ophiostoma ulmi 1648:First World War 1627:'Camperdownii') 1597:U. × hollandica 1539:'Umbraculifera' 1531: 1518:Fitzroy Gardens 1492: 1483:Ulmus americana 1449: 1419:Japanese beetle 1412:elm leaf beetle 1405:elm leaf beetle 1397: 1361: 1286:Ulmus americana 1281:Ophiostoma ulmi 1263:, which act as 1209: 1203: 1198: 1192: 1185: 1174: 1165: 1158: 1149: 1143: 1134: 1125: 1116: 1110: 1101: 1094: 1085: 1078: 1069: 1065: 1056: 1047: 1037: 1028: 1025: 1016: 1009: 1000: 993: 984: 977: 968: 961: 952: 949:Tetraneura ulmi 944:on a wych elm ( 938: 929: 922: 916: 907: 895: 886: 874: 865: 858: 849: 846: 837: 834: 825: 816: 807: 798: 789: 783: 774: 765: 756: 753: 668: 663: 576: 564:Main articles: 562: 555: 547: 538: 528: 519: 513: 504: 498: 489: 486: 477: 471: 462: 456: 447: 440: 431: 425: 373:perfect flowers 362: 244: 143: 113: 111: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 47: 46: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10814: 10804: 10803: 10798: 10781: 10780: 10778: 10777: 10773:wfo-4000039733 10764: 10751: 10741: 10728: 10715: 10702: 10689: 10676: 10666: 10653: 10640: 10627: 10614: 10601: 10588: 10575: 10562: 10549: 10536: 10523: 10510: 10497: 10484: 10471: 10458: 10445: 10435: 10420: 10404: 10402: 10396: 10395: 10381: 10380: 10378: 10377: 10367: 10357: 10346: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10323: 10321: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10313: 10308: 10306:Quarter sawing 10303: 10298: 10296:Wood splitting 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10272: 10270: 10266: 10265: 10263: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10216: 10214: 10210: 10209: 10207: 10206: 10204:Wood finishing 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10164:Paint stripper 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10130: 10128: 10124: 10123: 10120: 10119: 10117: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10080: 10078: 10074: 10073: 10071: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10039: 10037: 10031: 10030: 10028: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9911: 9909: 9900: 9896: 9895: 9892: 9891: 9889: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9871:Shoulder plane 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9846:Moulding plane 9843: 9838: 9836:Japanese plane 9833: 9828: 9826:Grooving plane 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9792: 9790: 9784: 9783: 9781: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9679: 9677: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9640:Flooring clamp 9637: 9632: 9627: 9621: 9619: 9613: 9612: 9610: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9597:Winding sticks 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9577:Timber-framing 9574: 9569: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9435: 9429: 9423: 9422: 9419: 9418: 9416: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9403:Particle board 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9383:Glue laminated 9380: 9374: 9372: 9366: 9365: 9363: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9045: 9043: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8964: 8962: 8953: 8947: 8946: 8944: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8921:Timber framing 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8891:Relief carving 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8791:Bush carpentry 8788: 8783: 8777: 8775: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8767: 8757: 8752: 8746: 8744: 8740: 8739: 8732: 8731: 8724: 8717: 8709: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8696: 8688: 8686: 8682: 8681: 8679: 8678: 8673: 8671:Variegata Nova 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8466:Crispa Pendula 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8395: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8357: 8355: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8137:Canadian Giant 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8108: 8106: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8069:Sapporo Gold 2 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7994:Morton Red Tip 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7895: 7889: 7882: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7687:Albo-Variegata 7683: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7671: 7665: 7663: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7653: 7651:Zhonghua Jinye 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7631:Pinnato-ramosa 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7557: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7494: 7492: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7161: 7159: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7117:Aureovariegata 7113: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7004:Prince Richard 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6844:Burnley Select 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6793: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6515: 6513: 6504: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6493: 6482: 6471: 6456: 6444: 6433: 6422: 6411: 6400: 6384: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6365: 6353: 6345: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6326:U. wallichiana 6322: 6315:U. wallichiana 6311: 6304:U. wallichiana 6300: 6296:U. wallichiana 6292: 6284: 6276: 6268: 6264:U. szechuanica 6260: 6252: 6250:(Slippery elm) 6244: 6242:(Siberian elm) 6236: 6228: 6220: 6208: 6200: 6189: 6178: 6170: 6162: 6154: 6143: 6132: 6124: 6120:U. lanceifolia 6116: 6108: 6097: 6086: 6075: 6067: 6055: 6047: 6040: 6036:U. harbinensis 6032: 6024:U. glaucescens 6020: 6013:U. glaucescens 6009: 6005:U. glaucescens 6001: 5993: 5985: 5977: 5975:(Japanese elm) 5965: 5954: 5946: 5942:U. crassifolia 5938: 5931: 5923: 5911: 5900: 5898:(Hangzhou elm) 5892: 5884: 5873: 5862: 5854: 5842: 5840:(American elm) 5834: 5825: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5809: 5808: 5801: 5794: 5786: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5762: 5747: 5732: 5717: 5702: 5678: 5657: 5649: 5619: 5603: 5593: 5592:External links 5590: 5589: 5588: 5581: 5568: 5562: 5549: 5528: 5515: 5508: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5473: 5466: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5414: 5405: 5385: 5376: 5364: 5346: 5334: 5324:, www.paris.fr 5310: 5292: 5283: 5267: 5218: 5205: 5180: 5157: 5144: 5131: 5118: 5105: 5092: 5079: 5066: 5064:(London, 1934) 5060:Lucas, F. L., 5053: 5041: 5025: 5009: 4993: 4972: 4949: 4936: 4932:Δειπνοσοφισταί 4920: 4902: 4889: 4876: 4872:Forest Science 4862: 4843: 4823: 4821:, 1983: 27-38. 4810: 4797: 4784: 4776: 4750: 4713: 4697: 4682: 4660: 4655:Works and Days 4642: 4629: 4590: 4566: 4543: 4518:on 29 May 2014 4492: 4393: 4380: 4364: 4354:(1): 161–177. 4331: 4312: 4290: 4261: 4248: 4235: 4208: 4176: 4135: 4111: 4087: 4060:(7): 977–987. 4054:Plant Cell Rep 4044: 3990: 3970: 3957: 3935: 3886: 3856: 3823: 3814: 3805: 3799:Edlin, H. L., 3792: 3763: 3737: 3726: 3700: 3677: 3657: 3637: 3615: 3594: 3581: 3579:(London, 1979) 3568: 3559: 3550: 3524: 3512: 3484: 3471: 3458: 3411: 3395: 3389:Neeland, R.W. 3382: 3363: 3350: 3327: 3315:Flora of China 3302: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3263: 3260: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3239: 3232: 3230: 3223: 3216: 3214: 3207: 3200: 3198: 3183: 3176: 3166:Spring Gardens 3162:King Charles I 3094:Hôtel Matignon 3012: 3009: 2988: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2924: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2913: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2891:Sibyl of Cumae 2831: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2715: 2714: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2661: 2650: 2643: 2641: 2630: 2623: 2621: 2610: 2603: 2601: 2590: 2583: 2581: 2570: 2563: 2561: 2550: 2543: 2541: 2527: 2520: 2518: 2508: 2501: 2499: 2485: 2478: 2476: 2462: 2455: 2453: 2439: 2432: 2430: 2416: 2409: 2407: 2396: 2389: 2387: 2376: 2369: 2367: 2356: 2349: 2347: 2341: 2334: 2332: 2321: 2314: 2292:John Constable 2286: 2283: 2275:Main article: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2256:European Union 2251: 2248: 2221: 2218: 2205: 2202: 2178: 2175: 2162: 2159: 2146: 2143: 2113: 2110: 2088: 2085: 1975:John Constable 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1899: 1896: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1836: 1833: 1793: 1790: 1769:colonization. 1728:'Valley Forge' 1715: 1712: 1611:Japanese elm ( 1503:'Camperdownii' 1491: 1488: 1448: 1445: 1396: 1393: 1360: 1357: 1244:western Canada 1205:Main article: 1202: 1199: 1194:Main article: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1175: 1168: 1166: 1159: 1152: 1150: 1144: 1137: 1135: 1126: 1119: 1117: 1111: 1104: 1102: 1095: 1088: 1086: 1079: 1072: 1070: 1057: 1050: 1048: 1044:Eriophyes ulmi 1038: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1019: 1017: 1013:E. lanuginosum 1010: 1003: 1001: 994: 987: 985: 978: 971: 969: 962: 955: 953: 939: 932: 928: 925: 924: 923: 917: 910: 908: 896: 889: 887: 875: 868: 866: 859: 852: 850: 847: 840: 838: 835: 828: 826: 817: 810: 808: 799: 792: 790: 784: 777: 775: 771:Ulmus thomasii 766: 759: 757: 754: 747: 729:'Horizontalis' 667: 664: 662: 659: 602:Oliver Rackham 561: 558: 557: 556: 548: 541: 539: 529: 522: 520: 514: 507: 505: 502:U. crassifolia 499: 492: 490: 487: 480: 478: 472: 465: 463: 457: 450: 448: 441: 434: 432: 426: 419: 381:doubly serrate 366:hermaphroditic 361: 358: 344:, caused by a 301:in the family 293:semi-deciduous 280: 279: 278: 277: 272: 267: 256: 255: 251: 250: 237: 233: 232: 227: 223: 222: 217: 213: 212: 207: 200: 199: 194: 187: 186: 181: 174: 173: 168: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 137: 136: 124: 123: 115: 114: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10813: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10793: 10791: 10774: 10769: 10765: 10761: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10742: 10738: 10733: 10729: 10725: 10720: 10716: 10712: 10707: 10703: 10699: 10694: 10690: 10686: 10681: 10677: 10673: 10667: 10663: 10658: 10654: 10650: 10645: 10641: 10637: 10632: 10628: 10624: 10619: 10615: 10611: 10606: 10602: 10598: 10593: 10589: 10585: 10580: 10576: 10572: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10541: 10537: 10533: 10528: 10524: 10520: 10515: 10511: 10507: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10489: 10485: 10481: 10476: 10472: 10468: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10450: 10446: 10442: 10436: 10431: 10425: 10421: 10416: 10410: 10406: 10405: 10403: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10388: 10376: 10368: 10366: 10358: 10356: 10348: 10347: 10344: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10324: 10322: 10318: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10276:Chainsaw mill 10274: 10273: 10271: 10267: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10213:Organizations 10211: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10169:Steam bending 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10139:French polish 10137: 10135: 10132: 10131: 10129: 10125: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10075: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10040: 10038: 10036: 10032: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10010:Rabbet/Rebate 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9995:Mason's mitre 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9912: 9910: 9908: 9904: 9901: 9897: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9841:Jointer plane 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9811:Compass plane 9809: 9807: 9806:Chamfer plane 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9796:Bedrock plane 9794: 9793: 9791: 9789: 9785: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9680: 9678: 9676: 9672: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9614: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9582:Veneer hammer 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9567: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9494:Impact driver 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9436: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9424: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9375: 9373: 9371: 9367: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9310:Red Quebracho 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9255: 9254: 9249: 9248: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9227: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9038: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8981: 8980: 8975: 8974: 8969: 8966: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8948: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8786:Bow and arrow 8784: 8782: 8781:Boat building 8779: 8778: 8776: 8772: 8765: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8730: 8725: 8723: 8718: 8716: 8711: 8710: 8707: 8695: 8694: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8683: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8551:Klemmer Blanc 8549: 8547: 8546:Kansas Hybrid 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8397: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8353: 8349: 8344: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8182:Elegantissima 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8105: 8101: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7984:Morton Glossy 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7954:Fuente Umbria 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7883: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7762:Grandidentata 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7707:Concavaefolia 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7676: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7662: 7658: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7554: 7550: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7513:JFS-Bieberich 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7487: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7425:Umbraculifera 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7215:Concavaefolia 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7154: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7106: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7049:Stone's Dwarf 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6999:Prairie Shade 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6984:Orange Ribbon 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6949:King's Choice 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6804: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6786: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6559:JFS Prince II 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6470: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6443: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6410: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6321: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6285: 6283: 6282:(Alishan elm) 6281: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6224:U. prunifolia 6221: 6219: 6217: 6213: 6212:U. parvifolia 6209: 6207: 6205: 6204:U. parvifolia 6201: 6199: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6169: 6168:(Tibetan elm) 6167: 6166:U. microcarpa 6163: 6161: 6160:(Mexican elm) 6159: 6155: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6147:U. macrocarpa 6144: 6142: 6141: 6137: 6136:U. macrocarpa 6133: 6131: 6129: 6128:U. macrocarpa 6125: 6123: 6122:(Vietnam elm) 6121: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6048: 6046: 6045: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5922: 5921:(Kunming elm) 5920: 5916: 5912: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5853: 5852:(Florida elm) 5851: 5847: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5807: 5802: 5800: 5795: 5793: 5788: 5787: 5784: 5774: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5698: 5692: 5687: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5635: 5628: 5626: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5584: 5582:0-09-921280-3 5578: 5574: 5569: 5565: 5563:0-7923-7724-9 5559: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5539: 5531: 5525: 5522:. Edinburgh. 5521: 5516: 5511: 5509:0-434-13900-9 5505: 5501: 5500:After the Elm 5496: 5495: 5486: 5485:9789050112819 5482: 5478: 5474: 5469: 5467:0-521-24916-3 5463: 5459: 5454: 5453: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5418: 5409: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5389: 5380: 5373: 5368: 5362: 5358: 5355: 5350: 5343: 5338: 5332: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5317: 5315: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5296: 5287: 5280: 5274: 5272: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5231: 5222: 5215: 5209: 5194: 5190: 5184: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5151:Shakespeare, 5148: 5141: 5135: 5128: 5122: 5115: 5109: 5102: 5096: 5089: 5083: 5076: 5070: 5063: 5057: 5050: 5045: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4959: 4953: 4946: 4943:Callimachus, 4940: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4918: 4914: 4911: 4906: 4899: 4893: 4886: 4880: 4873: 4866: 4850: 4846: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4827: 4820: 4814: 4807: 4801: 4794: 4788: 4779: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4763: 4754: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4695: 4694:De Re Rustica 4691: 4686: 4679: 4675: 4672: 4667: 4665: 4657: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4639: 4633: 4614: 4610: 4603: 4602: 4594: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4563: 4559: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4539: 4533: 4514: 4507: 4502: 4496: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4442: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4375: 4368: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4335: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4265: 4258: 4252: 4245: 4239: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4215: 4213: 4193: 4186: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4115: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4048: 4040: 4028: 4020: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3991:9781461568728 3987: 3983: 3982: 3974: 3967: 3961: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3939: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3890: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3835: 3827: 3818: 3809: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3789:9781108069380 3786: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3767: 3752:. 10 May 2022 3751: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3730: 3722: 3721: 3715: 3710: 3709:Gilman, D. C. 3704: 3696: 3695: 3689: 3681: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3666:Wilt Diseases 3661: 3654: 3650: 3647: 3641: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3626: 3619: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3591: 3585: 3578: 3577:After the Elm 3572: 3563: 3554: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3519: 3517: 3509: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3481: 3475: 3468: 3462: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3347:9789050112819 3344: 3340: 3334: 3332: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3316: 3309: 3307: 3299: 3293: 3289: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3252:Seven Sisters 3236: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3188:) during the 3187: 3180: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3090:Lionel Jospin 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3074:Ancien Régime 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3018: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2994: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2971: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2938:pteleogenesis 2934: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2875: 2871: 2867:το ἱερὸν ὕδωρ 2863: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2836: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2766:and slain by 2765: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2679: 2671: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2468:Home from Sea 2465: 2464:Arthur Hughes 2459: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2420: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2359:The Cornfield 2353: 2348: 2345: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2313: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2308:George Inness 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2282: 2278: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2236:Chinese elm ( 2231: 2226: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2199:, Netherlands 2198: 2193: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2127: 2122: 2119: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2084: 2082: 2081:London Bridge 2076: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2010:-wheel hubs, 2009: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1963: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1916:National Mall 1909: 1904: 1898:National Mall 1895: 1892: 1887: 1885: 1884:urban ecology 1881: 1877: 1869: 1864: 1850: 1848: 1843: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1804: 1798: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1722: 1711: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1695:Princeton elm 1691: 1687: 1685: 1679: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1667: 1666:Späth nursery 1663: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1644: 1638: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1626: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1598: 1592: 1588: 1586: 1580: 1578: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1538: 1530: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1508: 1504: 1502: 1496: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1453: 1444: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1435: 1431:of the genus 1430: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1406: 1401: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1282: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1197: 1183: 1179: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1141: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1076: 1071: 1063: 1062: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1035: 1030: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1007: 1002: 998: 991: 986: 982: 975: 970: 966: 959: 954: 950: 947: 943: 936: 931: 930: 920: 914: 909: 906: 902: 901: 893: 888: 885: 884: 879: 872: 867: 863: 856: 851: 844: 839: 832: 827: 824: 822: 814: 809: 806: 803: 796: 791: 788: 781: 776: 772: 769: 763: 758: 751: 746: 745: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 700: 694: 689: 685: 681: 672: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 631: 628: 626: 620: 618: 614: 613: 607: 603: 599: 598: 593: 589: 588:hybridization 585: 581: 575: 571: 567: 553: 552: 545: 540: 536: 532: 526: 521: 517: 511: 506: 503: 496: 491: 484: 479: 476: 469: 464: 461: 454: 449: 445: 438: 433: 430: 423: 418: 417: 416: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 395:flushed with 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 371: 367: 364:The genus is 357: 355: 351: 348:dispersed by 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 318: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 299: 294: 290: 286: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 262: 261: 257: 252: 248: 243: 242: 238: 235: 234: 231: 228: 225: 224: 221: 218: 215: 214: 211: 208: 205: 202: 201: 198: 195: 192: 189: 188: 185: 182: 179: 176: 175: 172: 171:Tracheophytes 169: 166: 163: 162: 159: 156: 153: 152: 147: 142: 138: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 116: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 40: 37: 33: 19: 10399: 10144:Heat bending 10089:Edge banding 9861:Router plane 9856:Rebate plane 9816:Finger plane 9547: 9251: 9245: 9225: 9219:Lignum vitae 9163: 8977: 8971: 8936:Wood carving 8911:Shipbuilding 8896:Root carving 8856:Log building 8821:Chip carving 8692: 8666:Turkestanica 8626:Rotundifolia 8461:Crispa Aurea 8436:Atropurpurea 8351: 8347: 8267:Muscaviensis 8232:Haarlemensis 8117:Angustifolia 7772:Horizontalis 7697:Camperdownii 7669:Lace Parasol 7636:Poort Bulten 7586:Dwarf Weeper 7553:Siberian elm 7490:Japanese elm 7360:Purpurascens 7330:Monumentalis 7170:Albo-Dentata 7034:Sempervirens 6944:Jade Empress 6764:Valley Forge 6654:L'Assomption 6624:Independence 6609:Great Plains 6574:Creole Queen 6511:American elm 6489: 6485: 6478: 6474: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6451: 6447: 6441:diversifolia 6440: 6436: 6429: 6425: 6418: 6414: 6407: 6403: 6396: 6392: 6389:U. davidiana 6388: 6369:U. elliptica 6368: 6360: 6356: 6350:U. boissieri 6349: 6329: 6325: 6318: 6314: 6307: 6303: 6295: 6287: 6280:U. uyematsui 6279: 6271: 6263: 6255: 6247: 6239: 6231: 6223: 6218:(Korean elm) 6215: 6211: 6203: 6196: 6192: 6185: 6181: 6173: 6165: 6157: 6150: 6146: 6139: 6135: 6127: 6119: 6112:U. lamellosa 6111: 6105:simplicidens 6104: 6100: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6078: 6070: 6062: 6059:U. laciniata 6058: 6051:U. laciniata 6050: 6043: 6038:(Harbin elm) 6035: 6027: 6023: 6016: 6012: 6004: 5996: 5989:U. gaussenii 5988: 5980: 5972: 5969:U. davidiana 5968: 5961: 5958:U. davidiana 5957: 5950:U. davidiana 5949: 5941: 5934: 5926: 5919:kunmingensis 5918: 5914: 5907: 5903: 5895: 5887: 5880: 5876: 5870:bergmanniana 5869: 5865: 5857: 5849: 5846:U. americana 5845: 5838:U. americana 5837: 5832:(Winged elm) 5829: 5812: 5770: 5755: 5740: 5725: 5710: 5695: 5665: 5641:. Retrieved 5634:the original 5624: 5599:"Elm trials" 5572: 5553: 5519: 5499: 5476: 5457: 5435:. Retrieved 5426: 5417: 5408: 5400: 5396: 5388: 5379: 5371: 5367: 5349: 5341: 5337: 5321: 5295: 5286: 5278: 5258:. Retrieved 5239: 5235: 5229: 5221: 5213: 5208: 5196:. Retrieved 5192: 5183: 5173:21 September 5171:. Retrieved 5160: 5152: 5147: 5139: 5134: 5126: 5121: 5113: 5108: 5100: 5095: 5087: 5082: 5074: 5073:Theocritus, 5069: 5061: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5036: 5028: 5020: 5012: 5004: 5001:Philostratus 4996: 4980: 4975: 4960: 4952: 4944: 4939: 4931: 4923: 4905: 4897: 4892: 4884: 4879: 4871: 4865: 4853:. Retrieved 4833: 4826: 4818: 4813: 4805: 4800: 4793:Kew Magazine 4792: 4787: 4761: 4753: 4745: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4708: 4700: 4693: 4685: 4653: 4645: 4637: 4632: 4620:. Retrieved 4613:the original 4600: 4593: 4574: 4569: 4546: 4520:. Retrieved 4513:the original 4500: 4495: 4483:. Retrieved 4451: 4447: 4427:. Retrieved 4423:the original 4406: 4396: 4388: 4383: 4373: 4367: 4351: 4347: 4334: 4322:. Retrieved 4303: 4293: 4277: 4264: 4256: 4251: 4243: 4238: 4230: 4199:. Retrieved 4192:the original 4179: 4152: 4148: 4138: 4133:13: 217–225. 4130: 4114: 4106: 4090: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4019:Google Books 4017:– via 4011:. Retrieved 3980: 3973: 3965: 3960: 3943: 3938: 3926:. Retrieved 3906: 3902: 3889: 3877:. Retrieved 3868: 3859: 3847:. Retrieved 3838: 3833: 3826: 3817: 3808: 3800: 3795: 3771: 3766: 3754:. Retrieved 3749: 3740: 3729: 3718: 3703: 3692: 3680: 3660: 3640: 3623: 3618: 3602: 3597: 3589: 3584: 3576: 3571: 3562: 3553: 3541:. Retrieved 3527: 3507: 3479: 3474: 3466: 3461: 3428: 3424: 3414: 3406: 3398: 3390: 3385: 3376: 3372: 3366: 3358: 3353: 3338: 3313: 3292: 3278:Fab Tree Hab 3273:Elm Conflict 3249: 3185: 3155: 3118: 3116: 3098: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3061: 3055: 3047:Liberty Tree 3040: 3021: 3014: 3000: 2998: 2991: 2989: 2968: 2966: 2937: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2897:down to the 2883:elm and vine 2880: 2862:sacred water 2851: 2832: 2753: 2744: 2727:, father of 2718: 2716: 2690: 2684: 2656: 2652: 2637:U. americana 2636: 2632: 2617:U. americana 2616: 2612: 2597:U. americana 2596: 2592: 2577:U. americana 2576: 2572: 2556: 2552: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2514:U. americana 2513: 2509: 2494: 2490: 2471: 2467: 2448: 2444: 2423:Old Elms in 2422: 2418: 2402: 2398: 2382: 2378: 2362: 2358: 2343: 2327: 2323: 2288: 2280: 2253: 2237: 2235: 2229: 2228:Chinese Elm 2212:, a kind of 2207: 2180: 2164: 2148: 2124: 2118:mucilaginous 2115: 2106:elm and vine 2101: 2097: 2090: 2077: 2074: 2065: 2051: 2035:ancient bows 2019: 2001: 1984: 1978: 1946:insecticides 1939: 1922:, including 1913: 1888: 1876:Central Park 1873: 1868:Central Park 1858:Central Park 1838: 1824: 1822: 1811: 1803:Ulmus pumila 1801: 1799: 1795: 1785: 1773: 1771: 1747:East Lansing 1736: 1721:U. americana 1720: 1717: 1708: 1680: 1673: 1655: 1643:belle époque 1641: 1639: 1635: 1624: 1616: 1613:U. davidiana 1612: 1596: 1584: 1576: 1563:U. americana 1562: 1560: 1536: 1535:narvan elm, 1532: 1501:Ulmus glabra 1500: 1482: 1466: 1450: 1438: 1432: 1421: 1414: 1409: 1384:phytoplasmas 1362: 1352: 1346: 1339: 1331: 1328:O. novo-ulmi 1327: 1323: 1319: 1316:O. novo-ulmi 1315: 1311: 1308:O. novo-ulmi 1307: 1304:O. novo-ulmi 1303: 1299: 1295: 1289: 1285: 1279: 1277: 1254: 1248: 1224: 1177: 1161: 1145: 1128: 1112: 1097: 1081: 1059: 1043: 1012: 996: 980: 964: 948: 919:Aerial roots 899: 882: 820: 804: 786: 770: 741:Siberian elm 725:'Camperdown' 709:root suckers 698: 693:American elm 677: 632: 629: 621: 610: 605: 595: 592:microspecies 583: 577: 549: 535:Dufferin St. 531:U. americana 530: 516:U. laciniata 515: 501: 474: 459: 444:Ulmus glabra 443: 413:American elm 363: 350:bark beetles 319: 297: 296: 284: 283: 259: 240: 239: 203: 190: 177: 164: 127: 36: 10592:iNaturalist 10424:Wikispecies 10365:WikiProject 10311:Rift sawing 10301:Flat sawing 10189:Wood drying 9866:Scrub plane 9851:Razee plane 9801:Block plane 9655:Mitre clamp 9602:Wood scribe 9553:Combination 9295:Purpleheart 8991:Douglas fir 8941:Woodturning 8774:Occupations 8736:Woodworking 8685:Fossil elms 8656:Tiliaefolia 8601:Planeroides 8491:Folia Rubra 8486:Folia Aurea 8406:aff. Plotii 8257:Microphylla 8009:New Horizon 7899:Androssowii 7862:Spectabilis 7812:Macrophylla 7722:Corylifolia 7702:Cebennensis 7400:Silvery Gem 7310:Majadahonda 7200:Bea Schwarz 7147:Urticifolia 7059:The Thinker 6974:Nire-keyaki 6807:Chinese elm 6724:Penn Treaty 6704:New Harmony 6684:Miller Park 6539:Beaverlodge 6454:(Dutch elm) 6430:brandisiana 6319:xanthoderma 6308:wallichiana 6272:U. thomasii 6256:U. serotina 6176:(Field elm) 6158:U. mexicana 6114:(Hebei elm) 6065:(Nikko elm) 6044:U. ismaelis 6017:glaucescens 6007:(Gansu elm) 5981:U. elongata 5927:U. chenmoui 5881:lasiophylla 5691:"Elm" 5670:Brady Haran 5643:18 February 5193:Crystalinks 5169:. ebscohost 5090:, VI. 282–5 5023:, 7.458–462 4855:2 September 4732:); Horace, 4458:: 107–120. 4374:New Forests 4035:|work= 4013:22 November 3879:18 February 3646:Elm Yellows 3543:30 November 3431:: 198–206. 3139:Missolonghi 3101:'Wanoux' = 3028:William III 3011:In politics 2993:Howards End 2950:Ainu people 2946:Kamuy Fuchi 2889:. When the 2760:Protesilaus 2735:during the 2695:Callimachus 2655:, England ( 2377:Constable, 2254:In 1997, a 2167:fossil fuel 2126:Ulmus rubra 2087:Viticulture 2039:Middle Ages 2014:seats, and 1818:elm yellows 1786:Ulmus minor 1767:mycorrhizal 1732:'Jefferson' 1603:English elm 1595:Dutch elm ( 1583:field elm ( 1556:leaf litter 1537:Ulmus minor 1490:Cultivation 1467:Ulmus minor 1378:, southern 1372:leafhoppers 1228:Bea Schwarz 900:U. chenmoui 773:germinating 666:Propagation 597:Ulmus minor 397:chlorophyll 360:Description 354:landscaping 346:microfungus 338:Australasia 184:Angiosperms 10790:Categories 10320:Techniques 10269:Conversion 10199:Wood stain 10127:Treatments 9915:Birdsmouth 9881:Spokeshave 9831:Jack plane 9821:Fore plane 9660:Pipe clamp 9625:Band clamp 9549:Carpenters 9370:Engineered 9320:Rubberwood 9169:Eucalyptus 8973:Calocedrus 8886:Pyrography 8851:Kohlrosing 8606:Planifolia 8596:Nigrescens 8581:Myrtifolia 8561:Lombartsii 8556:Koopmannii 8476:Exoniensis 8411:Acutifolia 8352:intermedia 8287:Serpentina 8227:Groeneveld 8202:Fjerrestad 8197:Fastigiata 8059:San Zanobi 7939:Escaillard 7661:Winged elm 7621:Park Royal 7591:Green King 7543:Validation 7523:Prospector 7395:Schuurhoek 7390:Sarniensis 7385:Rueppellii 7350:Propendens 7305:Lanuginosa 7290:Hunnybunii 7285:Holmstruph 7270:Glandulosa 7175:Amplifolia 7084:Yarralumla 7069:True Green 7044:State Fair 7039:Small Frye 7029:Select 380 6989:Pathfinder 6954:Littleleaf 6934:Hallelujah 6929:Golden Rey 6869:D. B. Cole 6859:Churchyard 6797:Brazos Rim 6779:Washington 6739:Queen City 6734:Pyramidata 6669:Littleford 6629:Iowa State 6589:Exhibition 6569:Columnaris 6479:intermedia 6464:hollandica 6452:hollandica 6288:U. villosa 6151:macrocarpa 6094:parvifolia 6063:nikkoensis 6028:lasiocarpa 5935:U. chumlia 5915:U. changii 5904:U. changii 5896:U. changii 5450:Monographs 5437:26 January 5260:26 October 5049:Anth. Pal. 4819:Bird Study 4622:14 October 4522:30 January 4485:7 February 4480:7347020445 4429:8 February 4324:26 October 3928:26 October 3849:26 October 3284:References 3143:Lord Byron 3123:Montepaone 3106:). In the 2899:Underworld 2858:Theocritus 2737:Trojan War 2729:Andromache 2703:Hephaestus 2687:hamadryads 2536:‘Belgica' 2121:inner bark 1924:sanitation 1829:'Plantijn' 1778:triterpene 1763:transgenic 1575:wych elm ( 1527:See also: 1463:narvan elm 1218:tree with 1216:Golden elm 1182:slime flux 1162:X. luteola 983:), Poland 951:), Germany 942:leaf galls 643:mulberries 604:describes 442:Wych elm ( 336:, notably 134:East Coker 10514:FloraBase 10109:Parquetry 10104:Oystering 10099:Marquetry 9940:Butterfly 9607:Workbench 9539:Sandpaper 9519:Mitre box 9464:Drawknife 9454:Burnisher 9439:Abrasives 9388:Hardboard 9049:Afromosia 8931:Whittling 8881:Parquetry 8866:Marquetry 8811:Certosina 8806:Carpentry 8796:Cabinetry 8743:Overviews 8591:Nemoralis 8576:Monstrosa 8571:Marmorata 8441:Australis 8361:Coolshade 8317:Viminalis 8262:Modiolina 8222:Gaujardii 8162:Dauvessei 8142:Cicestria 8132:Blandford 8104:Dutch elm 7964:Karagatch 7959:Homestead 7924:Columella 7914:Cathedral 7904:Amsterdam 7887:cultivars 7872:Tomentosa 7857:Pyrenaica 7842:Oblongata 7807:Lutescens 7782:Latifolia 7777:Insularis 7757:Gittisham 7692:Australis 7571:Aurescens 7498:Discovery 7430:Viminalis 7340:Picturata 7300:Laciniata 7250:Dicksonii 7230:Cucullata 7225:Cretensis 7157:Field elm 7089:Yatsubusa 6959:Lois Hole 6864:Cork Bark 6789:Cedar elm 6769:Variegata 6754:St. Croix 6729:Princeton 6709:Nigricans 6659:Lake City 6639:Jefferson 6529:Augustine 6524:Ascendens 6502:cultivars 6490:mesocarpa 6468:insularum 6419:arkansana 6408:arbuscula 6361:canescens 6330:tomentosa 6240:U. pumila 6101:U. laevis 6090:U. laevis 6079:U. laevis 6071:U. laevis 5997:U. glabra 5962:davidiana 5850:floridana 5666:Test Tube 5538:cite book 5277:Richens, 5242:: 39–50. 4928:Athenaeus 4734:Epistolae 4690:Columella 4472:0567-7572 4171:1971-7458 4037:ignored ( 4027:cite book 4008:851736058 3915:1362-5128 3611:0953-7562 3453:135184883 3036:Dutch elm 3034:, of the 2749:Scamander 2657:U. atinia 2530:Amsterdam 2497:'Atinia') 2474:'Atinia') 2405:'Atinia') 2197:Oldebroek 2155:livestock 2131:demulcent 2066:pte-re-wa 2033:; of the 1932:fungicide 1774:U. laevis 1725:cultivars 1693:A row of 1625:U. glabra 1607:Australia 1577:U. glabra 1547:cultivars 1522:Melbourne 1452:Sapsucker 1349:d-factors 1336:Himalayas 1320:novo-ulmi 1312:americana 1259:elm-bark 1164:, Germany 883:U. pumila 823:'Dodoens' 802:field elm 787:U. glabra 688:field elm 617:Paleocene 600:) group. 385:acuminate 370:apetalous 368:, having 326:cultivars 307:temperate 289:deciduous 154:Kingdom: 10755:VicFlora 10744:VASCAN: 10737:40021444 10732:Tropicos 10409:Wikidata 10355:Category 10134:Adhesive 10114:Purfling 10094:Intarsia 10035:Profiles 9960:Dovetail 9899:Geometry 9738:Hand saw 9723:Crosscut 9708:Circular 9703:Chainsaw 9650:Holdfast 9315:Rosewood 9247:American 9242:Mahogany 9214:Jelutong 9184:Hornbeam 9149:Cocobolo 9144:Chestnut 9059:Andiroba 8871:Millwork 8836:Intarsia 8831:Fretwork 8826:Ébéniste 8755:Glossary 8661:Tortuosa 8621:Ramulosa 8611:Purpurea 8531:Hillieri 8446:Berardii 8381:Rosehill 8302:Tricolor 8282:Pitteurs 8157:Dampieri 8152:Commelin 7949:Frontier 7944:Fiorente 7929:Den Haag 7817:Maculata 7752:Gigantea 7679:Wych elm 7616:Mr. Buzz 7581:Dropmore 7576:Chinkota 7561:Ansaloni 7480:Webbiana 7415:Suberosa 7405:Sowerbyi 7365:Purpurea 7355:Punctata 7275:Goodyeri 7220:Coritana 7142:Punctata 7122:Colorans 7014:Sabamiki 7009:Red Fall 6969:Milliken 6939:Hokkaido 6854:Chessins 6839:Burgundy 6829:Blizzard 6744:Sheyenne 6584:Delaware 6579:Deadfree 6554:Burgoyne 6500:Species 6397:U. minor 6393:japonica 6357:U. minor 6248:U. rubra 6193:U. minor 6182:U. minor 6174:U. minor 6083:celtidea 5973:japonica 5830:U. alata 5672:for the 5609:Archived 5520:Wych Elm 5431:Archived 5357:Archived 5327:Archived 5303:Archived 5254:Archived 5198:15 March 5086:Vergil, 5075:Eιδύλλιo 5005:̔Ηρωικός 4986:Archived 4965:Archived 4913:Archived 4849:Archived 4742:Catullus 4736:1.16.3: 4722:Georgica 4720:Virgil, 4674:Archived 4582:Archived 4558:Archived 4532:cite web 4356:Archived 4318:Archived 4282:Archived 4223:Archived 4123:Archived 4099:Archived 4082:21780088 4074:17310333 4000:93017484 3948:Archived 3919:Archived 3843:Archived 3776:Archived 3669:Archived 3649:Archived 3628:Archived 3537:Archived 3405:(1980). 3318:Archived 3262:See also 3127:Calabria 2961:Brighton 2764:Laodamia 2733:Achilles 2707:Cyclopes 2705:and the 2495:U. minor 2472:U. minor 2449:U. minor 2403:U. minor 2182:Elm bark 2054:Linear B 2043:longbows 1965:Elm wood 1920:epidemic 1759:Syracuse 1631:cultivar 1617:japonica 1585:U. minor 1581:and the 1567:climates 1426:hepialid 1256:Scolytus 1046:), Spain 1015:), Italy 999:), Italy 905:meristem 878:layering 805:U. minor 768:Rock elm 713:grafting 701:'Atinia' 699:U. minor 680:wych elm 639:cannabis 560:Taxonomy 475:U. rubra 460:U. rubra 429:Florence 311:tropical 303:Ulmaceae 254:Species 230:Ulmaceae 226:Family: 197:Eudicots 129:U. minor 18:Elm Tree 10623:1053605 10610:41029-1 10571:2984510 10415:Q131113 10375:Commons 10291:Whipsaw 10286:Sawmill 10179:Varnish 10174:Thermal 10149:Lacquer 10084:Binding 10053:Chamfer 9920:Biscuit 9886:Surform 9778:Whipsaw 9748:Keyhole 9733:Fretsaw 9713:Compass 9698:Bucksaw 9688:Bandsaw 9683:Backsaw 9665:Sawbuck 9635:F-clamp 9630:C-clamp 9504:Jointer 9408:Plywood 9360:Zebrano 9300:Ovankol 9265:Meranti 9253:African 9224:Linden 9179:Hickory 9134:Cedrela 9129:Camphor 9124:Bubinga 9119:Boxwood 9099:Bilinga 9084:Avodire 9001:Juniper 8986:Cypress 8861:Luthier 8750:History 8651:Sericea 8536:Jalaica 8516:Hamburg 8511:Globosa 8501:Gallica 8421:Alksuth 8376:Lincoln 8366:Fremont 8322:Viscosa 8297:Superba 8292:Smithii 8277:Pioneer 8237:Klemmer 8192:Etrusca 8147:Cinerea 8127:Belgica 8094:Wingham 8074:Stavast 8039:Recerta 8029:Rebella 8019:Plantyn 8014:Patriot 8004:Nanguen 7934:Dodoens 7919:Clusius 7885:Hybrid 7867:Superba 7767:Holgeri 7712:Cornuta 7626:Pendula 7538:Thomson 7528:Reperta 7503:Freedom 7475:Virgata 7410:Stricta 7375:Reverti 7335:Pendula 7255:Dijkwel 7137:Pendula 7094:Zettler 6994:Pendens 6964:Matthew 6899:Emer II 6884:Ed Wood 6879:Dynasty 6719:Pendula 6714:Patmore 6679:Markham 6649:Klehmii 6634:Jackson 6564:College 6549:Brandon 6380:Hybrids 6359:subsp. 6317:subsp. 6306:subsp. 6216:coreana 6197:italica 6184:subsp. 5908:changii 5775:. 1921. 5760:. 1920. 5730:. 1905. 5627:, v. 7" 5051:, 7.141 5039:, 16.88 4887:62: 1–8 4746:Carmina 4724:, I.2: 4711:2.16.41 3433:Bibcode 3170:brother 3112:Ventôse 3080:in the 3060:, too, 3056:In the 3041:In the 3032:Mary II 2846:πτελέoι 2840:Πτελεός 2835:Pteleos 2723:. When 2699:Artemis 2693:, poet 2266:Culture 2161:Biomass 2137:by the 2096:in his 2060:in the 2058:Knossos 2031:bowyers 2016:coffins 1928:pruning 1782:alnulin 1652:Germany 1591:Britain 1571:pruning 1434:Aenetus 1395:Insects 1380:Ontario 1368:disease 1353:O. ulmi 1332:O. ulmi 1324:O. ulmi 1318:subsp. 1310:subsp. 1300:O. ulmi 1296:O. ulmi 1273:tyloses 1265:vectors 1261:beetles 1236:Alberta 1080:Egg of 965:T. ulmi 903:by bud 860:Mutant 661:Ecology 655:nettles 580:species 387:at the 322:forests 315:montane 236:Genus: 220:Rosales 216:Order: 158:Plantae 10706:PLANTS 10669:NZOR: 10558:134116 10532:134116 10467:121251 10441:195717 10438:APDB: 10281:Hewing 10020:Splice 9975:Halved 9970:Groove 9965:Finger 9945:Coping 9930:Bridle 9907:Joints 9788:Planes 9773:Veneer 9763:Scroll 9758:Ripsaw 9743:Jigsaw 9718:Coping 9617:Clamps 9544:Square 9534:Shaper 9529:Router 9509:Mallet 9484:Gimlet 9459:Chisel 9355:Willow 9345:Walnut 9335:Totara 9325:Sapele 9290:Poplar 9275:Padauk 9237:Merbau 9209:Jarrah 9194:Imbuia 9189:Idigbo 9154:Cumaru 9139:Cherry 9064:Anigre 9026:Spruce 8979:Cedrus 8846:Khatam 8801:Caning 8764:lumber 8676:Virens 8641:Rugosa 8506:Glabra 8456:Crispa 8431:Aspera 8386:Willis 8337:Ypreau 8332:Wredei 8312:Vegeta 8177:Dumont 8172:Dovaei 8167:Daveyi 8122:Balder 8089:Wanoux 8079:Toledo 8054:Revera 8049:Repura 8034:Rebona 8024:Plinio 7979:Morton 7974:Morfeo 7837:Nitida 7641:Puszta 7606:Manchu 7601:Harbin 7596:Hansen 7533:Reseda 7380:Rugosa 7370:Retiro 7345:Plotii 7260:Erecta 7205:Biltii 7185:Atinia 7165:Ademuz 7132:Ornata 7127:Helena 7079:Ware's 7054:Taiwan 6919:Geisha 6909:Frosty 6894:Emer I 6849:Catlin 6834:BSNUPF 6699:Morden 6694:Moline 6644:Kimley 6619:Incisa 6594:Fiorei 6140:glabra 5579: 5560: 5526: 5506: 5483: 5464: 5088:Aeneid 4841: 4774: 4709:Amores 4650:Hesiod 4478: 4470: 4310: 4201:26 May 4169: 4080: 4072: 4006: 3998: 3988: 3913: 3787: 3756:1 July 3609: 3451: 3345: 3256:walnut 3196:, 1790 3151:Attica 3086:felled 3084:, was 3066:Vienne 3051:Boston 3045:, the 2963:, 2006 2927:Virgil 2895:Aeneas 2893:leads 2887:Aeneid 2768:Hector 2739:, the 2725:Eetion 2425:Prater 2306:, and 2285:In art 2244:bonsai 2232:bonsai 2220:Bonsai 2186:Norway 2151:fodder 2145:Fodder 2098:Amores 2070:Hesiod 1998:of elm 1936:vector 1870:(2013) 1670:Berlin 1551:avenue 1543:Persia 1388:phloem 1251:fungus 1066:Lutece 940:Pouch 864:graft 733:'Nana' 719:; and 653:, and 572:; and 518:samara 393:samara 377:leaves 330:Europe 210:Rosids 10796:Ulmus 10711:ULMUS 10698:55984 10685:94969 10662:24735 10636:19048 10618:IRMNG 10597:53549 10584:12548 10545:Ulmus 10540:FoAO2 10519:43500 10506:1ULMG 10493:60724 10454:86793 10430:Ulmus 10400:Ulmus 10159:Paint 10068:Ovolo 10063:Ogive 10048:Bevel 10015:Scarf 10000:Miter 9768:Table 9753:Miter 9728:Frame 9645:Gripe 9561:Speed 9557:Miter 9489:Gauge 9479:Float 9474:Fence 9469:Drill 9427:Tools 9350:Wenge 9340:Utile 9305:Ramin 9260:Maple 9232:Lovoa 9204:Iroko 9174:Hazel 9159:Ebony 9104:Birch 9094:Beech 9089:Balsa 9079:Aspen 9074:Apple 9054:Alder 9011:Kauri 9006:Larch 8968:Cedar 8951:Woods 8926:Treen 8631:Rubra 8471:Densa 8416:Alata 8252:Major 8217:Fulva 8212:Freja 8084:Urban 8044:Regal 7969:Lobel 7832:Nigra 7822:Minor 7747:Flava 7742:Firma 7611:Mauro 7566:Aurea 7508:Jacan 7074:UPMTF 7024:Seiju 7019:Sagei 6924:Glory 6889:Elsmo 6874:Drake 6674:Maine 6614:Hines 6534:Aurea 6466:var. 6391:var. 6328:var. 6214:var. 6195:var. 6186:minor 6149:var. 6138:var. 6103:var. 6092:var. 6081:var. 6061:var. 6026:var. 6015:var. 5971:var. 5960:var. 5917:var. 5906:var. 5879:var. 5868:var. 5848:var. 5637:(PDF) 5630:(PDF) 5342:Ulmus 5230:Ulmus 4981:Iliad 4961:Iliad 4934:, III 4658:, 435 4616:(PDF) 4605:(PDF) 4516:(PDF) 4509:(PDF) 4454:(3). 4444:(PDF) 4359:(PDF) 4344:(PDF) 4285:(PDF) 4274:(PDF) 4195:(PDF) 4188:(PDF) 4078:S2CID 3922:(PDF) 3899:(PDF) 3837:[ 3449:S2CID 3373:Ulmus 3147:Tatoi 3099:Ulmus 2942:Embla 2931:vulgo 2745:Iliad 2720:Iliad 2681:Dryad 2027:keels 2021:Taiko 2012:chair 2008:wagon 1825:Ulmus 1640:This 1615:var. 1447:Birds 1429:moths 1366:is a 1269:xylem 1064:, on 946:aphid 612:Ulmus 606:Ulmus 584:Ulmus 403:(454 401:pound 298:Ulmus 241:Ulmus 204:Clade 191:Clade 178:Clade 165:Clade 10747:1801 10719:POWO 10657:NCBI 10631:ITIS 10605:IPNI 10579:GRIN 10566:GBIF 10501:EPPO 10480:84MS 10462:BOLD 10449:APNI 10058:Ogee 10043:Bead 9985:Knee 9955:Dado 9935:Butt 9675:Saws 9587:Vise 9524:Rasp 9449:Adze 9330:Teak 9285:Plum 9280:Pear 9041:Hard 9021:Rimu 9016:Pine 8960:Soft 8760:Wood 8636:Rufa 8272:Odin 8242:Loke 8112:Alba 7909:Arno 7827:Nana 7064:Todd 6979:Ohio 6774:Vase 6759:Star 5645:2008 5577:ISBN 5558:ISBN 5544:link 5524:ISBN 5504:ISBN 5481:ISBN 5462:ISBN 5439:2018 5262:2017 5200:2020 5175:2012 4857:2013 4839:ISBN 4772:ISBN 4748:, 62 4705:Ovid 4624:2010 4538:link 4524:2014 4487:2021 4476:OCLC 4468:ISSN 4437:(2) 4431:2021 4400:(1) 4326:2017 4308:ISBN 4203:2018 4167:ISSN 4070:PMID 4039:help 4015:2019 4004:OCLC 3996:LCCN 3986:ISBN 3930:2017 3911:ISSN 3907:2/96 3881:2021 3851:2017 3785:ISBN 3758:2022 3607:ISSN 3545:2013 3343:ISBN 3103:Vada 3030:and 3015:The 2864:" (" 2491:Work 2177:Food 2116:The 2094:Ovid 2004:wood 2002:Elm 1957:Wood 1952:Uses 1730:and 1403:The 1238:and 1230:and 1041:mite 876:Air 735:and 727:and 682:and 651:hops 647:figs 554:bark 389:apex 309:and 291:and 287:are 285:Elms 260:See 53:PreꞒ 10768:WFO 10644:NBN 10553:FoC 10527:FNA 10488:EoL 10475:CoL 10184:Wax 10154:Oil 9990:Lap 9925:Box 9693:Bow 9565:Try 9444:Axe 9398:OSB 9393:MDF 9270:Oak 9199:Ipê 9164:Elm 9069:Ash 9031:Yew 8996:Fir 8307:Tyr 6819:A-1 5769:". 5767:Elm 5754:". 5752:Elm 5739:". 5737:Elm 5724:". 5722:Elm 5709:". 5707:Elm 5458:Elm 5279:Elm 5244:doi 5240:120 5114:Elm 5101:Elm 4768:586 4671:Elm 4577:. " 4460:doi 4229:". 4157:doi 4129:". 4105:". 4062:doi 3508:Elm 3441:doi 3429:259 3375:', 3149:in 3003:by 2165:As 2047:yew 2045:if 1757:in 1745:in 1701:in 1668:in 1302:to 1242:in 880:of 582:of 42:Elm 10792:: 10770:: 10757:: 10734:: 10721:: 10708:: 10695:: 10682:: 10659:: 10646:: 10633:: 10620:: 10607:: 10594:: 10581:: 10568:: 10555:: 10542:: 10529:: 10516:: 10503:: 10490:: 10477:: 10464:: 10451:: 10426:: 10411:: 9563:, 9559:, 9555:, 9551:, 9250:, 8976:, 8350:× 8348:U. 6488:× 6486:U. 6477:× 6475:U. 6462:× 6460:U. 6450:× 6448:U. 6439:× 6437:U. 6428:× 6426:U. 6417:× 6415:U. 6406:× 6404:U. 6395:× 5694:. 5668:. 5664:. 5540:}} 5536:{{ 5429:. 5425:. 5395:, 5313:^ 5270:^ 5252:. 5238:. 5234:. 5191:. 5035:, 5019:, 5003:, 4930:, 4847:. 4770:. 4744:, 4728:(: 4707:, 4692:, 4663:^ 4652:, 4553:. 4534:}} 4530:{{ 4474:. 4466:. 4452:43 4450:. 4446:. 4417:: 4413:: 4409:. 4405:. 4352:13 4350:. 4346:. 4316:. 4276:. 4211:^ 4165:. 4151:. 4147:. 4076:. 4068:. 4058:26 4056:. 4031:: 4029:}} 4025:{{ 4002:. 3994:. 3917:. 3905:. 3901:. 3871:. 3867:. 3748:. 3717:. 3691:. 3535:. 3515:^ 3487:^ 3447:. 3439:. 3427:. 3423:. 3330:^ 3305:^ 3192:. 3160:, 3153:. 3125:, 3076:, 2778:: 2489:, 2466:, 2443:, 2428:) 2310:. 2302:, 2298:, 2294:, 2216:. 2141:. 2108:. 1977:, 1926:, 1849:. 1780:, 1684:UK 1520:, 1465:, 1338:, 1246:. 821:U. 715:; 657:. 649:, 645:, 641:, 627:. 568:; 533:, 409:pH 356:. 247:L. 206:: 193:: 180:: 167:: 132:, 103:Pg 9568:) 9546:( 9256:) 9244:( 8982:) 8970:( 8766:) 8762:( 8728:e 8721:t 8714:v 5805:e 5798:t 5791:v 5765:" 5750:" 5735:" 5720:" 5705:" 5676:. 5655:. 5647:. 5585:. 5566:. 5546:) 5532:. 5512:. 5470:. 5441:. 5264:. 5246:: 5202:. 5177:. 4859:. 4780:. 4626:. 4564:. 4540:) 4526:. 4489:. 4462:: 4435:. 4433:. 4328:. 4205:. 4173:. 4159:: 4153:8 4084:. 4064:: 4041:) 4021:. 3932:. 3883:. 3853:. 3760:. 3697:. 3644:" 3547:. 3455:. 3443:: 3435:: 2837:( 2659:) 2639:) 2635:( 2619:) 2615:( 2599:) 2595:( 2579:) 2575:( 2555:( 2539:) 2532:( 2516:) 2512:( 2493:( 2470:( 2447:( 2421:( 2401:( 2385:) 2381:( 2365:) 2361:( 2330:) 2326:( 1987:) 1719:( 1705:. 1619:) 1599:) 1587:) 1579:) 405:g 313:- 108:N 98:K 93:J 88:T 83:P 78:C 73:D 68:S 63:O 58:Ꞓ 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index