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346:. Aronson refined the theory, which posits that when attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent (dissonant), psychological discomfort results. This discomfort motivates the person experiencing it to either change the behavior or the attitude so that consonance is restored. In a classic experiment, Aronson demonstrated that people who undergo an embarrassing initiation to gain admission to a group develop more favorable evaluations of the group than people who are admitted after a mild or easy initiation. In Aronson's
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262:. After attending this lecture, he realized that there was an entire science devoted to exploring the kinds of questions that had intrigued him as a child. His undergraduate years at Brandeis brought him closer to a number of respected psychologists, but Maslow was his primary mentor and had the biggest impact on his early academic career.
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sections. They then return to their own groups and take turns to present what they have learned. They are then assessed individually on all sections of the material. This division of responsibilities means that students are motivated to listen to each other and each of them experiences a role in which they are valuable to others.
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and by ability, to work co-operatively on a task. The classroom material—for example a biography of a historical figure—is broken into sections, and one member of each group is responsible for reading each section. Members with the same role from each group gather in "expert groups" to discuss their
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Comparisons with traditional classroom environments showed that the jigsaw classroom has positive effects on academic performance, self-esteem and attitudes towards other ethnic groups. The technique has since been applied in hundreds of schools across North
America. From its initial application at
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In 1965, Aronson proposed that interpersonal attraction and liking could be understood in terms of the balance of reward and cost. This implied that contrast—a gain or loss of positive feedback from the other person—has more effect on liking than the absolute level of feedback. An example is how
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faced a crisis of violence between ethnic groups. Aronson, then at the
University of Texas, was called in as a consultant by a school administrator who was also a former student. Aronson noticed that the schools' highly competitive atmosphere was exacerbating the already tense ethnic rivalry.
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Aronson has written more than twenty books, including textbooks, popularizations and one book of children's fiction with his granddaughter Ruth
Aronson. In 2010, Psychology Press published a book of essays and scholarly articles by his friends, colleagues, and former students celebrating his
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third- to fifth-grade school level, it has been expanded to other educational levels. This success encouraged
Aronson to apply his research to other policy issues including energy conservation and the treatment of the elderly. In the aftermath of the
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in 2010. In
January 2011 he began a three-week training session with his new guide dog, Desilu, nicknamed Desi. He graduated from the program on February 12, 2011. He said, "They worked us 14 hours a day, until we were almost as smart as our dogs."
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compliments are more meaningful when they come from someone who is usually critical, rather than from a reliable supporter. Another example is that a couple may feel more dedicated to their relationship if they initially disliked each other.
350:(1973), he states: "Dissonance theory does not rest upon the assumption that man is a rational animal; rather, it suggests that man is a rationalizing animal – that he attempts to appear rational, both to others and to himself."
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Aronson led the development of a classroom technique for defusing inter-group tension and promoting self-esteem. It was discovered that it is rare for classrooms of students to cooperate towards a common goal. In 1971 the newly
212:, he stated Aronson's First Law: "People who do crazy things are not necessarily crazy", thus asserting the importance of situational factors in bizarre behavior. He is the only person in the 120-year history of the
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Influenced by his father, he began his college career majoring in economics. However, he promptly changed his major to psychology after accidentally wandering into an
Introductory Psychology lecture taught by
329:. He also won the Gordon Allport Prize for his work on reducing prejudice. In 1981 he was one of five academics awarded "Professor of the Year" by the Council for the Advancement and Support of Education.
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is the tendency for attractiveness to increase or decrease after an individual makes a mistake, depending on the individual's perceived competence, or ability to perform well in a general sense.
305:. He also served as distinguished visiting professor at Stanford University. He was included in a list of the 100 most influential psychologists of the 20th century published by the
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Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson. Aronson advanced
Festinger's theory by showing that it is most powerful when the self-concept is involved; see Tavris, C., & Aronson, E. (2007),
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Gonzales, Marti Hope; Tavris, Carol; Aronson, Joshua (2010), "Elliot
Aronson's Awards, Books, and Publications", in Gonzales, Marti Hope; Tavris, Carol; Aronson, Joshua (eds.),
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Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; et al. (2002).
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gangs. He believes that every life's progress is based on a combination of luck, opportunity, talent, and intuition. Although his high school grades were mediocre, his
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to have won all three of its major awards: for writing, for teaching, and for research. In 2007, he received the
William James Award for Lifetime Achievement from the
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survey, published in 2002, ranked
Aronson as the 78th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. He officially retired in 1994 but continues to teach and write.
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208:, a cooperative teaching technique that facilitates learning while reducing interethnic hostility and prejudice. In his 1972 social psychology textbook,
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Gonzales, Marti Hope; Tavris, Carol; Aronson, Joshua (2010), "Editor's Introduction", in Gonzales, Marti Hope; Tavris, Carol; Aronson, Joshua (eds.),
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Aronson published a paper in 1966, where he described an experiment testing the effects of a simple blunder on perceived attraction. The so-called
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Together with his graduate students, he developed a model of teaching practice to encourage a culture of shared goals and mutual support. In the
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685:. Together they have had four children: Hal, Neal, Julie and Joshua, who is himself a social psychologist. In 2000, Aronson was diagnosed with
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Aronson, E., Willerman, B., & Floyd, J. (1966). The effect of a pratfall on increasing interpersonal attractiveness. Psychonomic Science.
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The core statement from this quote is often mis-attributed to Leon Festinger. The earliest known expression of this concept appears in
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and, by 2003, had lost all of his central vision. To cope with his blindness, Aronson decided to get a guide dog, and applied at
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1244:"UCSC Professor Emeritus Elliot Aronson receives lifetime achievement award from the Association for Psychological Science"
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Aronson, Elliot; Bridgeman, Diane (1979), "Jigsaw Groups and the Desegregated Classroom: In Pursuit of Common Goals",
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Zimbardo, Philip (2010), "Honoring Elliot Aronson", in Gonzales, Marti Hope; Tavris, Carol; Aronson, Joshua (eds.),
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family in the neighborhood, and it was not rare for Aronson to be bullied on the way home from Hebrew school by
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Elliot is married to Vera Aronson, whom he met while they were both undergraduate research assistants under
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220:, in which he was cited as the scientist who "fundamentally changed the way we look at everyday life". A
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Aronson, E. (2002). "Drifting my own way: Following my nose and my heart." In R. Sternberg (Ed.) (2003)
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1983:
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Aronson earned his bachelor's degree from Brandeis in 1954. He went on to earn a master's degree from
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Mistakes were made (but not by ME): Why we justify foolish beliefs, bad decisions, and hurtful acts.
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Haggbloom, Steven J.; et al. (2002). "The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century".
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1963:
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Mistakes were made (but not by Me): Why we justify foolish beliefs, bad decisions, and hurtful acts
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2013:
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Aronson, E., & Mills, J. (1959). The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group.
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Aronson, Elliot (2007), "Elliot Aronson", in Lindzey, Gardner; McKinley Runyan, William (eds.),
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Aronson, Elliot (2007), "Elliot Aronson", in Lindzey, Gardner; McKinley Runyan, William (eds.),
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1754:"Storm and Crisis: Coping; Storm Will Have a Long-Term Emotional Effect on Some, Experts Say"
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William James Fellow Award for Distinguished Lifetime Contributions to Scientific Psychology
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APA Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology recipients
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for his lifetime achievements. His honors include distinguished research awards from the
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Psychologists defying the crowd: Stories of those who battled the establishment and won.
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in 1959, where his doctoral advisor and mentor was the experimental social psychologist
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who has carried out experiments on the theory of cognitive dissonance and invented the
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1907:: Interview with Aronson on National Public Radio, 20 July 2007 (audio and transcript)
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scores were high enough to earn him a work-study scholarship at Brandeis University.
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1913:: Elliot Aronson in conversation with Carol Tavris and Joshua Aronson, 2008 (video)
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Aronson's interests and research have paid particular attention to the theory of
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Sheehy, Noel; Chapman, Antony J.; Conroy, Wendy A. (1997), "Aronson, Elliot",
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Donald T. Campbell Award for distinguished contributions in social psychology
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Vils, Ursula (August 10, 1978). "'Jigsaw Method' Cuts Desegregation Strife".
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1892:: site created by Elliot Aronson and hosted by the Social Psychology Network
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Improving academic achievement: impact of psychological factors on education
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2018:
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Aronson, E., Ellsworth, P., Carlsmith, J. M., & Gonzales, M. (1990).
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The Scientist and the Humanist: A Festschrift in Honor of Elliot Aronson.
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The scientist and the humanist: A Festschrift in honor of Elliot Aronson
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The scientist and the humanist: A Festschrift in honor of Elliot Aronson
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The scientist and the humanist: A Festschrift in honor of Elliot Aronson
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Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D., Akert, R. M., & Sommers S. R. (2015).
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Gilbert, Susan (April 1, 2001). "School violence target of method".
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Aronson in 2001, shortly after he began to lose his eyesight to
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1502:"OVERVIEW." The Jigsaw Classroom. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 June 2016.
1362:"Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory and Research Examples"
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1686:, vol. 30, no. 6, American Psychological Association
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Levinson, David; Cookson, Peter W.; Sadovnik, Alan R. (2002),
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Insufficient justification § The forbidden toy experiment
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Age of propaganda: The everyday use and abuse of persuasion.
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American Psychologist (November 1999), 54 (11), pg. 873-875
1057:(Association for Psychological Science) Accessed 2009-07-19
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Nobody left to hate: Teaching compassion after Columbine.
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approach, pupils are divided into small groups, mixed by
251:
1901:
about the Jigsaw Classroom, August 14, 2001 (transcript)
1069:"The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century"
588:
Award for Distinguished Research in the Social Sciences
1436:
903:
The Adventures of Ruthie and a Little Boy Named Grandpa
1772:"Page May Have Falsely Confessed, Psychologist Says".
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Not by chance alone: My life as a social psychologist.
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Not by chance alone: My life as a social psychologist.
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Award for Distinguished Research in Social Psychology
420:
1838:, American Psychological Association, pp. 3–42,
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867:, American Psychological Association, pp. 3–42,
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Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues
533:
Council for the Advancement and Support of Education
460:
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1854:"Elliot Aronson nominated for book, emeriti awards"
1706:"Elliot Aronson nominated for book, emeriti awards"
969:
446:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
323:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
1836:A History of psychology in autobiography, volume 9
1306:"KU's Bricker recognised for outstanding teaching"
865:A History of psychology in autobiography, volume 9
715:Lindzey, G., & Aronson, E. (1968 & 1985).
399:
2918:
1581:
1511:
1282:, New York: Psychology Press, pp. 345–346,
745:Social psychology: The most outstanding research
1885:Profile of Aronson on Social Psychology Network
785:Cooperation in the Classroom: The Jigsaw Method
543:Gordon Allport Prize for Inter-Group Relations
1816:"Jigsaw Classrooms to Avert Future Columbines"
1120:, New York: Psychology Press, pp. 15–18,
813:Aronson, J., & Aronson, E. (Ed.). (2011).
787:(3rd ed.). New York: Pinter & Martin Ltd.
1932:
719:(2nd & 3rd eds.). New York: Random House.
2957:University of California, Santa Cruz faculty
1028:, New York: Psychology Press, pp. 7–8,
757:Pratkanis, A. R., & Aronson, E. (2001).
743:Aronson, E., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1993).
618:Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award
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1048:William James Fellow Award – Elliot Aronson
229:
1939:
1925:
1514:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
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1430:
1428:
1426:
1401:"No One Left to Hate: Averting Columbines"
1237:
1235:
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1141:"Elliot Aronson and the life of becoming."
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104:AAAS Prize for Behavioral Science Research
29:
1633:. American Academy of Arts & Sciences
1349:Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology
1203:
1171:Aronson, Joshua Michael (15 April 2002),
1084:
1019:
1017:
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607:Society of Experimental Social Psychology
562:John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
327:Society of Experimental Social Psychology
313:and won the William James Award from the
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1440:Education and sociology: an encyclopedia
1387:
1262:
1177:, Emerald Group Publishing, p. 15,
1115:
974:, Taylor & Francis, pp. 23–24,
747:(Vol. 1, 2, & 3). London: Elgar Ltd.
738:Methods of research in social psychology
722:Stern, P. C., & Aronson, E. (1984).
668:
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1624:"Book of Members, 1780-2010, chapter A"
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901:Aronson, E., & Aronson, R. (2005).
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783:Aronson, E., & Patnoe, S. (2011).
603:Distinguished Scientific Career Award
234:Aronson grew up in extreme poverty in
200:(born January 9, 1932) is an American
2992:American scientists with disabilities
1920:
1905:Why It's Hard to Admit to Being Wrong
1800:
1752:Carey, Benedict (September 4, 2005).
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1443:, Taylor & Francis, p. 117,
972:Biographical dictionary of psychology
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951:
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943:
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817:(11th ed.). New York: Worth/Freeman.
803:(11th ed.). New York: Worth/Freeman.
652:Association for Psychological Science
577:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
315:Association for Psychological Science
311:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
218:Association for Psychological Science
1733:
1659:. American Psychological Association
1604:. American Psychological Association
1338:New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
831:(9th ed.). New York: Prentice Hall.
729:Pines, A. & Aronson, E. (1988).
673:Aronson with his Labrador Retriever
592:University of California, Santa Cruz
303:University of California, Santa Cruz
152:University of California, Santa Cruz
2952:21st-century American psychologists
2932:20th-century American psychologists
1858:University of California Santa Cruz
1554:Reisman, John M. (September 1979).
1295:
1241:
421:Awards and professional recognition
353:
13:
2937:American educational psychologists
1803:"Motivating People To Save Energy"
1781:Vedantam, Shankar (July 9, 2007).
1726:
1145:American Psychological Association
932:
637:American Psychological Association
622:American Psychological Association
519:American Psychological Association
504:American Psychological Association
474:American Psychological Association
408:
332:
319:American Psychological Association
273:, and a Ph.D. in psychology from
214:American Psychological Association
14:
3013:
2947:Jewish American social scientists
2927:People from Revere, Massachusetts
1873:
1814:Gilbert, Susan (March 29, 2001).
1399:Gilbert, Susan (March 27, 2001).
1332:A theory of cognitive dissonance.
740:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
717:The handbook of social psychology
709:
348:Theories of Cognitive Consistency
16:American psychologist (born 1932)
2148:
1801:Foote, Carol (August 21, 1980).
1560:. Ardent Media. pp. 79–80.
842:
815:Readings about the social animal
724:Energy use: The human dimension.
664:
95:, gain–loss theory of attraction
1852:Lasnier, Guy (March 30, 2011).
1704:Lasiner, Guy (March 30, 2011).
1697:
1671:
1645:
1616:
1590:
1505:
1496:
1476:, Routledge, pp. 203–204,
1354:
1341:
1324:
1246:. UC Santa Cruz. Archived from
905:(a children's book). iUniverse.
697:
91:, high-impact experimentation,
1946:
1911:The Scientist and The Humanist
1783:"Bush: Naturally, Never Wrong"
1598:"The Donald T. Campbell Award"
1133:
1109:
1060:
1041:
773:(Rev. ed) New York: Harcourt.
400:Gain–loss theory of attraction
394:Columbine High School massacre
269:in 1956, where he worked with
1:
2942:American social psychologists
2244:Industrial and organizational
1896:Aronson interviewed by CNN's
500:Teaching Award in Psychology
128:, applied social psychology,
2987:Blind scholars and academics
2485:Human factors and ergonomics
1473:Motivating Students to Learn
1206:Review of General Psychology
1073:Review of General Psychology
921:List of social psychologists
767:, & Aronson, E. (2015).
307:Review of General Psychology
223:Review of General Psychology
7:
909:
852:Washington, DC: APA Books.
10:
3018:
2967:Wesleyan University alumni
2962:Brandeis University alumni
1653:"Master Lecturers Program"
1526:10.1177/014616727900500405
895:
2871:
2808:
2515:
2425:
2337:
2174:Applied behavior analysis
2157:
2146:
1982:
1954:
1745:San Diego Union - Tribune
1218:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139
1095:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139
703:influence on their work:
191:
169:
157:
135:
121:
114:
99:
83:
65:
40:
28:
21:
1312:. 28 May 1981. p. 6
1002:New York: Basic Books.
926:
726:New York: W. H. Freeman.
691:Guide Dogs for the Blind
309:. He was elected to the
230:Early life and education
2450:Behavioral neuroscience
2014:Behavioral neuroscience
884:New York: Basic Books.
295:University of Minnesota
144:University of Minnesota
109:APS William James Award
2500:Psychology of religion
2440:Behavioral engineering
2377:Human subject research
2033:Cognitive neuroscience
1999:Affective neuroscience
1680:"Lowered expectations"
1381:Assignment in Eternity
1330:Festinger, L. (1957).
1310:Lawrence Journal-World
678:
530:Professor of the Year
366:
289:Aronson has taught at
58:Chelsea, Massachusetts
2997:American blind people
2876:Wiktionary definition
2412:Self-report inventory
2407:Quantitative research
1774:San Jose Mercury News
1684:Monitor on Psychology
1678:Stambor, Zak (2006),
1557:Anatomy of friendship
1470:Brophy, Jere (2004),
761:New York: Henry Holt.
754:New York: Henry Holt.
733:New York: Free Press.
672:
557:Guggenheim Fellowship
470:National Media Award
463:1970–1971, 1977–1978
361:
236:Revere, Massachusetts
2402:Qualitative research
2357:Behavior epigenetics
1890:The Jigsaw Classroom
998:Aronson, E. (2010).
880:Aronson, E. (2010).
797:Aronson, E. (2011).
750:Aronson, E. (2000).
687:macular degeneration
364:macular degeneration
344:cognitive dissonance
338:Cognitive dissonance
285:Professional history
89:cognitive dissonance
2881:Wiktionary category
2445:Behavioral genetics
2417:Statistical surveys
2274:Occupational health
2009:Behavioral genetics
1880:Aronson's home page
1411:on January 26, 2011
1242:McNulty, Jennifer.
1139:Chibnall, John T.,
489:University of Texas
299:University of Texas
275:Stanford University
267:Wesleyan University
242:. His was the only
148:University of Texas
78:Stanford University
74:Wesleyan University
70:Brandeis University
2853:Schools of thought
2756:Richard E. Nisbett
2636:Donald T. Campbell
2314:Sport and exercise
1376:Robert A. Heinlein
1053:2016-03-03 at the
679:
367:
291:Harvard University
186:Alexander Gonzalez
140:Harvard University
2914:
2913:
2891:Wikimedia Commons
2818:Counseling topics
2781:Ronald C. Kessler
2771:Shelley E. Taylor
2696:Lawrence Kohlberg
2671:Stanley Schachter
2470:Consumer behavior
2352:Archival research
2120:Psycholinguistics
2004:Affective science
1845:978-1-59147-796-9
1820:New Straits Times
1776:. March 31, 1988.
1736:Los Angeles Times
1567:978-0-89197-646-2
1483:978-1-4106-1021-8
1450:978-0-8153-1615-2
1289:978-1-84872-867-7
1184:978-0-12-064455-1
1127:978-1-84872-867-7
1035:978-1-84872-867-7
1008:978-0-465-01833-8
981:978-0-415-09997-4
890:978-0-465-01833-8
874:978-1-59147-796-9
858:978-1-55798-919-2
829:Social psychology
800:The Social Animal
779:978-0-54-457478-6
662:
661:
210:The Social Animal
195:
194:
182:Anthony Greenwald
174:Merrill Carlsmith
170:Doctoral students
126:Social psychology
116:Scientific career
3009:
2848:Research methods
2791:Richard Davidson
2786:Joseph E. LeDoux
2661:George A. Miller
2651:David McClelland
2646:Herbert A. Simon
2546:Edward Thorndike
2367:Content analysis
2152:
2125:Psychophysiology
1941:
1934:
1927:
1918:
1917:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1848:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1810:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1777:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1748:
1739:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1628:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1434:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1407:. Archived from
1396:
1385:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1358:
1352:
1345:
1339:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1275:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1148:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1088:
1064:
1058:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1021:
1010:
996:
985:
984:
967:
877:
633:Master Lecturer
425:
424:
381:jigsaw classroom
354:Jigsaw Classroom
271:David McClelland
240:Great Depression
206:Jigsaw Classroom
159:Doctoral advisor
130:media psychology
93:Jigsaw Classroom
54:
50:
48:
33:
19:
18:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2867:
2843:Psychotherapies
2804:
2761:Martin Seligman
2726:Daniel Kahneman
2666:Richard Lazarus
2616:Raymond Cattell
2520:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2421:
2333:
2160:
2153:
2144:
2105:Neuropsychology
1985:
1978:
1950:
1945:
1876:
1871:
1862:
1860:
1846:
1824:
1822:
1791:
1789:
1787:Washington Post
1771:
1762:
1760:
1729:
1727:Further reading
1724:
1714:
1712:
1702:
1698:
1689:
1687:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1552:
1548:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1435:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1397:
1388:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1346:
1342:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1290:
1276:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1250:on 13 June 2010
1240:
1233:
1202:
1198:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1151:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1114:
1110:
1086:10.1.1.586.1913
1065:
1061:
1055:Wayback Machine
1046:
1042:
1036:
1022:
1013:
997:
988:
982:
968:
933:
929:
912:
898:
875:
845:
731:Career burnout.
712:
700:
677:Desi-Lu in 2011
667:
485:Teaching Award
423:
415:pratfall effect
411:
409:Pratfall effect
402:
356:
340:
335:
333:Research topics
287:
232:
150:
146:
142:
107:
76:
72:
66:Alma mater
61:
55:
52:
51:January 9, 1932
46:
44:
36:
35:Aronson in 1972
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3015:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:Roy Baumeister
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2736:Michael Posner
2733:
2728:
2723:
2721:Elliot Aronson
2718:
2716:Walter Mischel
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2681:Albert Bandura
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2656:Leon Festinger
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2626:Neal E. Miller
2623:
2621:Abraham Maslow
2618:
2613:
2608:
2606:Ernest Hilgard
2603:
2601:Donald O. Hebb
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2581:J. P. Guilford
2578:
2576:Gordon Allport
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2556:John B. Watson
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2347:Animal testing
2343:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2050:Cross-cultural
2047:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2030:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1893:
1887:
1882:
1875:
1874:External links
1872:
1870:
1869:
1849:
1844:
1831:
1811:
1807:New York Times
1798:
1778:
1769:
1758:New York Times
1749:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1696:
1670:
1644:
1615:
1589:
1580:
1566:
1546:
1520:(4): 438–446,
1504:
1495:
1482:
1462:
1449:
1422:
1405:New York Times
1386:
1353:
1351:, 59, 177–181.
1340:
1323:
1294:
1288:
1261:
1231:
1212:(2): 139–152.
1196:
1183:
1163:
1149:
1132:
1126:
1108:
1079:(2): 139–152.
1059:
1040:
1034:
1011:
986:
980:
930:
928:
925:
924:
923:
918:
911:
908:
907:
906:
897:
894:
893:
892:
878:
873:
860:
844:
841:
840:
839:
825:
811:
795:
781:
762:
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
711:
710:Academic books
708:
699:
696:
683:Abraham Maslow
666:
663:
660:
659:
657:
654:
649:
645:
644:
642:
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627:
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511:
509:
506:
501:
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491:
486:
482:
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479:
476:
471:
467:
466:
464:
461:
458:
454:
453:
451:
448:
443:
439:
438:
435:
432:
431:Awarding body
429:
422:
419:
410:
407:
401:
398:
355:
352:
339:
336:
334:
331:
286:
283:
279:Leon Festinger
260:Abraham Maslow
231:
228:
198:Elliot Aronson
193:
192:
189:
188:
171:
167:
166:
164:Leon Festinger
161:
155:
154:
137:
133:
132:
123:
119:
118:
112:
111:
101:
97:
96:
85:
84:Known for
81:
80:
67:
63:
62:
56:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
23:Elliot Aronson
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3014:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:Living people
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
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2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2838:Psychologists
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:Organizations
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:John Anderson
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:Ulric Neisser
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2691:Endel Tulving
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2676:Robert Zajonc
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:Jerome Bruner
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:B. F. Skinner
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:Clark L. Hull
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:Sigmund Freud
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2531:William James
2529:
2527:
2526:Wilhelm Wundt
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:Psychologists
2514:
2506:
2505:Psychometrics
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2465:Consciousness
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2397:Psychophysics
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2339:Methodologies
2336:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2299:Psychotherapy
2297:
2295:
2294:Psychometrics
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
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2255:
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2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
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2232:
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2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2156:
2151:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:Developmental
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1759:
1755:
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1746:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1711:
1710:news.ucsc.edu
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1441:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1378:'s 1953 book
1377:
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1357:
1350:
1344:
1337:
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887:
883:
879:
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870:
866:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
846:
843:Autobiography
838:
837:0-1339-3654-6
834:
830:
826:
824:
823:1-4292-3342-7
820:
816:
812:
810:
809:1-4292-3341-9
806:
802:
801:
796:
794:
793:1-9051-7722-4
790:
786:
782:
780:
776:
772:
771:
766:
763:
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753:
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732:
728:
725:
721:
718:
714:
713:
707:
706:
695:
692:
688:
684:
676:
671:
665:Personal life
658:
655:
653:
650:
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643:
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632:
631:
628:
625:
623:
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2641:Hans Eysenck
2611:Harry Harlow
2591:Erik Erikson
2490:Intelligence
2387:Neuroimaging
2130:Quantitative
2095:Mathematical
2090:Intelligence
2080:Experimental
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2823:Disciplines
2796:Susan Fiske
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2586:Carl Rogers
2571:Jean Piaget
2536:Ivan Pavlov
2392:Observation
2372:Experiments
2319:Suicidology
2214:Educational
2169:Anomalistic
2140:Theoretical
2115:Personality
2045:Comparative
2028:Cognitivism
2019:Behaviorism
1715:January 31,
1637:12 February
573:Fellowship
457:Fellowship
374:schools of
178:John Darley
2921:Categories
2886:Wikisource
2731:Paul Ekman
2566:Kurt Lewin
2460:Competence
2382:Interviews
2362:Case study
2239:Humanistic
2219:Ergonomics
2204:Counseling
2179:Assessment
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2110:Perception
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1986:psychology
1964:Philosophy
1948:Psychology
1631:amacad.org
765:Tavris, C.
566:1981–1982
301:, and the
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2906:Wikibooks
2896:Wikiquote
2766:Ed Diener
2551:Carl Jung
2455:Cognition
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2194:Community
2024:Cognitive
1573:2 January
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1534:0146-1672
1226:145668721
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2475:Emotions
2435:Behavior
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1994:Abnormal
1898:Newsroom
1863:30 March
1051:Archived
910:See also
325:and the
2833:Outline
2329:Traffic
2324:Systems
2259:Medical
2085:Gestalt
1959:History
1690:11 July
1663:11 July
1657:APA.org
1608:11 July
1602:APA.org
1489:11 July
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1316:11 July
1190:11 July
896:Fiction
437:Source
2863:Topics
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2810:Lists
2269:Music
2254:Media
2249:Legal
2100:Moral
1627:(PDF)
1538:S2CID
1368:5 Mar
1222:S2CID
1099:S2CID
927:Notes
656:2007
641:2001
626:1999
611:1994
596:1992
581:1992
549:1981
536:1981
523:1980
508:1980
493:1973
478:1973
450:1970
434:Year
2495:Mind
1865:2011
1840:ISBN
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