1014:
prosecution apparently seeking to establish whether or not she could have been sustained for a month by the bread she claimed to have been given. On the third day of the trial, Mrs
Canning was brought to the stand. One possible line of defence for her daughter was simply that she was too stupid to have ever invented the tale, but under cross-examination by Davy Mrs Canning demonstrated that her daughter was capable of writing "a little". This, in Davy's view, was sufficient to demonstrate that she was certainly no imbecile. Scarrat was questioned next, and admitted that he had been to Wells's house before Canning had disappeared. Two of Canning's neighbours testified to her "deplorable condition". Her employer was questioned, as was her apothecary, who thought that Canning would have been quite able to survive on the pitcher of water and crusts of bread she claimed to have been given. The defence responded with three witnesses, who each believed that they had encountered a "poor, miserable wretch" at the end of January, when she claimed to have escaped.
1010:
escort
Canning away from the building. On 1 May therefore the trial continued not with a resumption of the first day's examination, but with concern over the attack on Gascoyne. A guard was found to protect him and the jury, a member of Canning's defence was forced to apologise, and the Canningites later that day printed a notice appealing to the crowd to not interfere. Alderman Thomas Chitty was sworn in and, guided by Bamber Gascoyne, gave his account of his first meeting with Canning on 31 January 1753. Davy questioned several witnesses, who described the discrepancies in Canning's account of her prison. One of them told of his disgust at Virtue Hall's testimony against Squires. Along with several other witnesses including Sarah Howit, Fortune and Judith Natus testified that Canning had never been in the loft before 1 February and that it was in fact Howit and Virtue Hall who had been in the loft in January. The end of the day's proceedings was again overshadowed by the mob outside, and Gascoyne was accorded an escort of "a Body of Constables".
607:
her "if I chose to go their way". Canning's refusal had prompted
Squires to cut off her stays, slap her face, and push her up the stairs into a darkened room. She told the court she "saw nothing brought uphen day-light appeared, I could see about the room; there was a fire-place and a grate in it, no bed nor bedstead, nothing but hay to lie upon; there was a black pitcher not quite full of water, and about twenty-four pieces of bread ... about a quartern loaf". She claimed to have escaped by removing a board from a window at the north end of the loft, climbing out, and jumping down to the soft clay below. She fled along a lane behind the house, through some fields, and on finding a road set out for London. When asked if she had seen or spoken to anyone on the way back, she replied that she had not, explaining that she had shied away from contact for fear of meeting somebody from the house she had escaped from. Canning was cross-examined by
365:. Despite her poor physical condition, Canning's supporters wanted her to identify her captors and the room she claimed to have been held in. Although worrying she might die before then, they took the risk of moving her. Wintlebury, Scarrat and Joseph Adamson (a neighbour) were the first to arrive, on horseback. They met the warrant officer and several peace officers, and waited for Susannah Wells to appear. Wells' house had served a variety of functions, including that of a carpenter's shop, a butcher's, and an ale-house. The old woman kept animals in the house and occasionally had lodgers. She had twice been widowed; her first husband was a carpenter and her second had been hanged for theft. She had also been imprisoned in 1736 for perjury. Sarah Howit, her daughter by her first husband, had lived there for about two years. Howit's brother John was a carpenter like his father, and lived nearby.
1268:
Wells's home. He suggests that Robert
Scarrat implanted the suggestion that Canning had been held at the Wells's house, as a useful decoy, and that he had somehow been involved in an unwanted pregnancy. Treherne also suggests that Canning was suffering from partial amnesia, and that she may not have lied intentionally at the trial of Squires and Wells. He calls Canning "the first media product." Although some early authors adopted the same stance as Fielding or Hill, who actively took sides in the affair, most later writers believe that Canning did not tell the truth. Moore (1994), however, believes that Canning was probably innocent. Moore explains discrepancies between Canning and the Squires' testimonies as understandable omissions and modifications, and placing much emphasis on the ability of those men in power to follow their own pursuits—often at the expense of others.
728:
Reverend was able to corroborate
Gibbons's testimony and offer new witnesses who could claim to have seen Squires well away from Enfield Wash. Gascoyne also thought that some of the Canningites doubted the girl's veracity and had colluded in her version of events to spite him; this, he thought, was a political attack on a public official and he refused to let the matter rest. He justified his activities by comparing his apparent compassion for the victim, Mary Squires, with his outrage for the deceit of her accuser, Elizabeth Canning, but his fervour was influenced in part by the attitudes of the time. He considered the behaviour of the Canningites inappropriate for their low station and was more impressed by the assurances of people such as Alderman Chitty and Reverend Harris, who as gentlemen and public advocates were presumed more reliable.
306:. They had partially stripped her, robbed her and hit her in the temple, rendering her unconscious. She awoke "by a large road, where was water, with the two men that robbed me" and was forced to walk to a house, where an old woman asked if she would "go their way" (become a prostitute). Canning had refused, and the woman cut off her corset, slapped her face and pushed her upstairs into a loft. There the young maidservant had remained for almost a month, with no visitors and existing only on bread and water. The clothing she wore she had scavenged from a fireplace in the loft. Canning had eventually made her escape by pulling some boards away from a window and walking the five-hour journey home. She recalled hearing the name "Wills or Wells", and as she had seen through the window a coachman she recognised, thought she had been held on the
2170:
1826:
516:
of Mary) and another man had brought
Canning to Wells's house early on the morning of 2 January. There, before the two kidnappers, Lucy Squires and Hall, the old woman had assaulted Canning and forced her upstairs, where she remained until her escape. Hall said that Fortune Natus and his wife Judith had been at the house for some weeks but were moved into the loft to make it appear as though they had stayed there throughout January. Hall's and Canning's evidence now tallied almost perfectly, and Fielding turned to Judith Natus. Although she corroborated Hall's claim that she and her husband had slept in Wells's loft throughout January, Fielding was unconvinced and urged her to reconsider her statement. Although not charged with any crime, Hall meanwhile was committed to the
397:
1340:, although evidence for this is unclear. Treherne (1989) describes Virtue Hall as "the frightened little whore", and a deposition collected by Canning's supporters, in the wake of her trial, reports the story of a labourer named Barrison. He claimed that his daughter asked to stay at Wells's house one night in 1752, but had no money. Wells was reported to have given the girl food and board at no charge, but then introduced her to "a gentleman in a laced waistcoat" who apparently viewed her as a prostitute. The unnamed daughter refused his advances and was locked by Wells in the loft, before she was released the next morning by a passing friend who heard her cries for help. Barrison's account is second-hand, and its veracity is impossible to prove.
786:, where the Canningites continued to support her until they learnt that "particular persons only" were allowed to visit. Hall was again questioned on 7 March, by both Gascoyne and Canning's supporters. When asked why she had lied to the court, she said "when I was at Mr Fielding's I at first spoke the truth, but was told it was not the truth. I was terrified and threatened to be sent to Newgate, and prosecuted as a felon, unless I should speak the truth." She was asked by one of her supporters if she was still lying, but her replies were deemed inconclusive and having confessed to and denied most of the things about which she was questioned, each side began to see her as a liability.
832:
963:. After her indictment was read by the Clerk of Arraigns the story of Canning's supposed abduction and imprisonment was retold by Bamber Gascoyne. Then Davy spoke at length. He attacked Canning's story and told how Squires and her family had travelled through England with smuggled goods to sell. He offered new evidence to support Squires' alibi and rubbished Canning's description of her prison, before questioning her account of her escape. He concluded with Virtue Hall's recantation of her earlier testimony. Willes was the next to speak, picking over the discrepancies between the various accounts offered by Canning of her disappearance.
628:
return thanks for telling me, for I am as innocent as the child unborn". Susannah Wells used the opportunity to ask how long
Squires and her family were supposed to have been at the house, and was answered by Hall "They were there six or seven weeks in all; they had been there about a fortnight before the young woman was brought in". Amongst others, Thomas Colley and Mrs Canning also gave testimony. Canning's former employer, John Wintlebury, told the court how he had deduced that it was Wells's house where Canning had been held. Mary Myers and James Lord also claimed to have heard Canning say "Wills or Wells", as did Robert Scarrat, a
1018:
799:
about their travels early in 1753; George was unable to recall all the places they had visited, and so
Gascoyne sent him to Dorset to help him remember. Gascoyne then met with Elizabeth Long (Wells's daughter), who had been prevented by the mob from testifying for her mother, and on 23 March three of Canning's former witnesses expressed to Gascoyne their doubts about the young maid's story. Another witness, who swore that Squires had been in Abbotsbury in January, was interviewed two days later. Gascoyne instructed him to visit Squires in Newgate, where the two recognised one another immediately.
689:
967:
348:
898:
100 people were present to testify on their behalf, but the
Canningites stayed away; they were unaware of Gascoyne's withdrawal and feared an embarrassing release of evidence to the public from an appearance by Canning. They also kept their witnesses away; with the exception of one of Mrs Canning's neighbours, none were present. Myles had not been paid by his employers, and to delay proceedings, his brother Thomas sent a clerk to deliver to the court a selection of writs, but nevertheless Gibbons, Clark, and Greville were found not guilty, and released.
475:
Compassion and
Charitable contributions of all public-spirited people, and anyone who has any regard for the Safety of their Children and Relations, who are equally liable to the same inhuman and cruel Usage...all these circumstances being duly considered, it is not doubted but a Subscription or Contribution will soon be raised, to enable the Persons who have undertaken to detect this notorious Gang to prosecute their good Intentions with the utmost Vigour, as such a nest of Villains is of the greatest Danger to the Safety of his Majesty's good Subjects.
33:
615:
249:
front room, while Canning's family lived in the back room. Her schooling was limited to only a few months at a writing school, and aged 15 or 16 she worked as a maidservant in the household of nearby publican John Wintlebury, who considered her an honest but shy girl. From October 1752 she lived at the neighbouring home of a carpenter Edward Lyon, who shared Wintlebury's opinion of the young maidservant. Canning was described as a plump 18-year-old, about 5 feet (1.5 m) tall with a face pitted by
1061:
975:
allegations, and seized upon the prosecution's unwillingness to call Virtue Hall to the stand. Morton highlighted how unlikely it was that Canning could so profoundly fool her supporters and countered the prosecution's complaint about Canning's description of the loft. The third attorney, George Nares, concentrated on the societal problems of prosecuting Canning for perjury, implying that other victims of crime would be less likely to pursue their assailants, for fear of being prosecuted themselves.
660:. Insier claimed he knew Squires by sight and that in the three weeks before her arrest he had seen her telling fortunes in the neighbourhood of Wells's house. Wells, whose witnesses had been unable to pass by the mob outside, was able to offer only two sentences in her defence. She told the court that she had not seen Canning before 1 February, and that "as to Squires, I never saw her above a week and a day before we were taken up." According to a contemporary report in the
277:. The next morning Mrs Canning also travelled to the Colleys' house, but to no avail, as Elizabeth was still missing. Neighbours were asked if they knew of her whereabouts, and weeks passed as Mrs Canning searched the neighbourhood for her daughter, while her relatives scoured the city. An advertisement was placed in the newspapers, prayers were read aloud in churches and meeting houses, but other than a report of a "woman's shriek" from a
3490:
408:
investigating the crime. This was an expensive proposition and she would therefore require the help of her friends and neighbours to pursue her case. An additional complication was that rather than send such matters to trial, justices preferred to reconcile the parties concerned. Therefore, although it was the state in which she returned to them on 29 January which most offended Canning's friends, it was the theft of her
380:, and claimed that Virtue Hall and a woman presumed to be Squires' daughter had been present at the time. Canning was then taken upstairs where she identified the loft as the room in which she had been imprisoned —although it contained more hay than she recalled. Boards covering the window appeared to have only recently been fastened there. With such damning evidence against them, the suspects were taken to a nearby
1036:, and the woman was unable to discern the exact day on which she claimed to have seen Squires. She was not alone; several of the defence's witnesses were also unable to manage the 11-day correction required by the calendar change. Others were illiterate, and struggled similarly. The court also heard from three witnesses present solely to discredit the testimony offered by the Natuses.
1190:
standing had any right to be taken notice of. The author Kristina Straub compares the case with the more general debate over the sexuality of female servants; Canning may have been either a "childlike innocent, victimized by brutally criminal outlaws", or "a wily manipulator of the justice system who uses innocent bystanders to escape the consequences of her own sexual misdeeds".
1153:, where the incidents are so various, and yet so consistent with themselves, and with nature, that the more the reader is acquainted with nature, the more he is deceived into a belief of its being true; and is with difficulty recall'd from that belief by the author's confession from time to time of its being all a fiction. But what is there plausible in the adventures of
648:, muslins, and checks, to sell about town" from 1–9 January. This was corroborated by his neighbour, William Clarke. Squires's last witness, Thomas Greville, claimed that he had accommodated Mary and "her sister and her brother" under his roof in Coombe, on 14 January, where they sold "handkerchiefs, lawns, and such things". This was contradicted by John Iniser, a
1115:. Among her visitors was Mr Justice Ledinard, who had helped deliver Virtue Hall to Gascoyne. Ledinard asked Canning to confess but was told by Canning that "I have said the whole truth in court, and nothing but the truth; and I don't choose to answer any questions, unless it be in court again." Despite calls for clemency, she was taken to the convict ship
524:, her stay paid for by the Canningites. Fielding left London for a short while before returning to interview Squires, Wells and the others. Wells and Squires denied any knowledge of Canning or her travails, and strongly protested their innocence. This had little credence, due to the long-standing habit of the accused of breaking the law and lying about it.
1040:
impious and detestable the human heart can conceive". The recorder, William Moreton, stated the defence's case, and asked the jury to consider if they thought that Canning had answered the charges against her to their satisfaction, and if it was possible she could have survived for almost a month on "no more than a quartern-loaf, and a pitcher of water".
204:, was unhappy with the verdict and began his own investigation. He spoke with witnesses whose testimony implied that Squires and her family could not have abducted Canning, and he interviewed several of the prosecution's witnesses, some of whom recanted their earlier testimony. He ordered Canning's arrest, following which she was tried and found guilty of
979:
road since their coming to Enfield Wash". Robert Willis, who had accompanied Squires to retrace the gypsy family's steps, was also called to testify; his evidence was judged as hearsay and ruled inadmissible. As in the trial of Squires and Wells, the reliability of the prosecutor's witnesses was considered dependent upon their character. Three men from
828:
anti-gypsy sentiment with a range of pamphlets and advertisements, one of which named the now deeply unpopular Gascoyne "the King of the Gipsies". Reports began to emerge, of sinister goings-on; one such claimed that several men on horseback threatened that "they would burn all the people's houses, barns and corn thereabouts", should Squires be hanged.
454:
impressed with her modesty and genteel manner, and issued a warrant against all the occupants of Wells's house, "that they might appear before me, give Security for their good Behaviour". Virtue Hall and Judith Natus were thus seized, but George Squires, his sisters, and Wells's daughter Sarah Howit, had by then left the house and remained at large.
611:, who questioned her recollection of events in the house. Asked why she had not attempted escape earlier she replied: "Because I thought they might let me out; it never came into my head till that morning." Squires, who had been quietly muttering to herself in the dock, shouted "I never saw that witness in my lifetime till this day three weeks".
990:
dignity, and that the magistracy of this court should not be treated in such a manner as to lessen the weight of the Civil Power. After the court adjourned there was so great a mob at the gate of the Session-House threatening Sir Crisp Gascoyne, that Mr. Sheriff Chitty, with a number of Constables, escorted him as far as the Royal-Exchange.
782:, although still not charged with any crime. Hill immediately communicated his concerns to Gascoyne, who sent for the young woman. Accompanied by a contingent of Canningites, her answers were at first noncommittal, but once isolated from Canning's friends she soon admitted to Gascoyne that she had perjured herself. She was committed to the
1081:
Those on Squires's side were not the only ones to come under such attacks; John Hill wrote a short song celebrating his and Gascoyne's role in the affair, and pictures of Canning in the loft, her bodice loosened to reveal her bosom, were readily available. Another showed Wells and Squires held aloft by a broomstick, an obvious allusion to
866:, which ridiculed his enemy with such comments as: "Who Sir, are you, that are thus dictating unto the Government? Retire into yourself and know your station." Fielding, however, played little part in the saga from thereon, believing that Canning's supporters had begun to see him as an obstacle to their case.
1049:
verdict was delivered; he had been advised to leave earlier, to avoid any trouble outside the court. The defence tried unsuccessfully for a retrial. Canning, held at Newgate prison, was sentenced on 30 May. By a majority of nine to eight, she was given a month's imprisonment, to be followed by seven years'
912:
Gentlemen, the prisoner stands indicted of one of the most heinous crimes; an endeavour, by wilful and corrupt foreswearing herself, to take away the life of a guiltless person; and with aggravation, in the black catalogue of offences, I know not one of a deeper dye. It is a perversion of the laws of
869:
About half of those condemned to death during the 18th century went not to the gallows, but to prison, or colonies abroad. Although pardons were not common, it was possible to bypass the judge and petition the king directly, and although Gascoyne had some concerns about the character of the witnesses
802:
Meanwhile, John Myles, who had replaced Salt and who now led the Canningites, had been gathering witnesses who could claim they had seen Mary Squires in the vicinity of Enfield Wash. One said he had seen two men dragging a woman towards Enfield early in January. Others told him they had on 29 January
261:
Canning disappeared on 1 January 1753. With no work that day, she spent time with her family and made plans to go shopping with her mother after visiting her aunt and uncle (Alice and Thomas Colley), but changed her mind and instead remained with them for the evening. At about 9 pm, accompanied
1027:
On 6 May more witnesses for the prosecution were called. As Squires and her family watched, several of Wells's neighbours insisted they had, about the beginning of 1753, seen the old gypsy in the area. More witnesses claimed to have seen her in various places around Enfield Wash, including one woman
926:
Canning's trial began at the Old Bailey on Monday 29 April 1754, continuing on Wednesday 1 May, 3–4 May, 6–7 May and ending on 8 May—an unusually long trial for the time. During jury selection the defence objected to three potential jurors (much less than the Crown's 17 objections) but were too
735:
of Dorset, who knew John Gibbons and William Clarke. The Undersheriff wrote back claiming that they "would not have given evidence had it not been true". Clarke may have been in a relationship with Lucy Squires, and claimed that he had stayed with the Squires in Ridgeway. Fifteen prominent residents
700:
Not everybody was satisfied with the verdict. The trial judge Sir Crisp Gascoyne and some of his colleagues on the bench found Canning's story extremely unlikely. Gascoyne had been disgusted by Canning's supporters, who while outside the court had prevented witnesses from giving evidence, and he was
606:
As she arrived at the court Canning was cheered by the large crowd gathered outside the building. Inside, she testified that she was taken by two men "to the prisoner Wells's house" at about 4 a.m. on the morning of 2 January. In the kitchen, the old woman (Squires) was sat in a chair and asked
368:
When at about 9 a.m. Wells entered her house, the officers immediately moved to secure the building. Inside they found Wells, an old woman named Mary Squires, her children, Virtue Hall, and a woman they supposed was Wells' daughter. Another woman, Judith Natus, was brought down from the loft to
1267:
theorised that she was an amnesiac, and that her former employer, John Wintlebury, was to blame for her imprisonment at the Wells house. Treherne (1989) considers this theory very unlikely however, and instead concludes that Canning was almost certainly at Enfield Wash, but was not kept prisoner at
1013:
Friday saw yet more witnesses for the prosecution, bringing the total brought by Davy to about 60. The defence questioned several of those present at the original search of Wells's house. Canning's uncle, Thomas Colley, was cross-examined about what his niece ate on her visit of New Year's Day, the
1009:
At the end of the first day's proceedings the mob outside, expecting a short trial and a not guilty verdict, were presented not with the young maid but rather with Crisp Gascoyne. Infuriated, they threw dirt and stones at him, forcing him to retreat to a nearby inn, before returning to the court to
978:
Morton questioned George Squires, who could not recall with absolute certainty the path he claimed his family took through the south of England while Canning was missing. His sister Lucy was not called to the stand, as she was considered "rather more stupid than her brother, and has not been on the
639:
Although both were subpoenaed as witnesses neither Fortune nor Judith Natus were called to the stand, the attorney responsible later explaining that the mob outside may have intimidated several witnesses. Susannah Wells's neighbours were turned away by the mob and her daughter and half-brother were
515:
Fielding prided himself upon his fairness—no matter what the social standing of the witness—he subjected Hall to repeated questioning and, frustrated at her contradictory answers, threatened her with imprisonment. This had the desired effect because on 14 February Hall stated that John Squires (son
506:
Therefore, for a while, the public were firmly on Canning's side. An 18-year-old servant girl threatened with prostitution and held captive by a remarkably ugly old gypsy of bad repute, having escaped, emaciated, to return to her loving mother; it was a story that the vast bulk of general public as
1048:
The jury took almost two hours to find Canning "Guilty of perjury, but not wilful and corrupt." The recorder refused to accept the verdict as it was partial, and the jury then took a further 20 minutes to find her "Guilty of Wilful and Corrupt Perjury." Crisp Gascoyne was not present when the
1039:
The final day's proceedings were taken up by Davy, who produced more prosecution witnesses, and proceeded to pick apart the testimony of those who claimed to have seen Squires in Enfield Wash, in January. He summarised the prosecution's case by telling the jury that Canning was guilty of "the most
798:
on 9 March, Gascoyne also interviewed Susannah Wells, who confirmed Hall's new version of events. He then performed several interviews from 12 to 13 March, including Fortune and Judith Natus, and a witness who could cast doubt on John Iniser's testimony. Gascoyne also asked George and Lucy Squires
679:
in her hand and spend six months in prison. For stealing Canning's stays, Squires was to be hanged. By March 1753 pamphlets on Canning's story were being read in the coffee-houses of London. There was widespread outrage over Squires' treatment of her, exacerbated when Little Jemmy, "a poor man who
529:
Mother Wells expressed herself with all the Art and affected Innocence of those wicked Wretches, who are deliberately and methodically taught the methods of evading Justice; and the old Gipsy behaved as a Person traditionally and hereditarily versed in the ancient Egyptian Cunning, making the most
493:
it was revealed that Canning had suffered a fit after being struck on the head. Squires was called an "old Gypsy Woman", who "robbed the girl of her stays; and then in a miserable naked Condition, because she would not become a common Prostitute, confined her in an old Back Room or loft". Although
289:
Canning reappeared at about 10 pm on 29 January 1753. At the sight of her daughter, whom she had not seen for almost a month, Elizabeth Canning fainted. Once recovered she sent James Lord to fetch several neighbours, and inside only a few minutes the house was full. Elizabeth was described as
248:
to Fore Street; it no longer exists) in London. Aldermanbury was a respectable but not particularly wealthy neighbourhood. Canning was born into poverty. Her father died in 1751 and her mother and four siblings shared a two-room property with James Lord, an apprentice. Lord occupied the building's
1242:
Canning's trial was marked by the prosecution's inability to find any evidence whatsoever that she had been anywhere but in Wells's home, and where Canning was in January 1753 remains unknown. Similarly, mystery surrounds the precise movements of the Squires family, when it was supposed they were
1194:
posited that Canning either suffered imprisonment to protect her virtue, or lied to conceal "her own criminal Transactions in the Dark". Straub opines that the debate was not merely about Canning's guilt or innocence, but rather "the kinds of sexual identity that were attributable to women of her
1080:
was filled with satirical letters between such authors as Aristarchus, Tacitus, and T. Trueman, Esq. One such, a Canningite called Nikodemus, complained that without gypsies, "what would become of your young nobility and gentry, if there were no bawds to procure young girls of pleasure for them?"
989:
Several persons were taken into custody that made a riot at the Old Bailey Gate and were committed to Newgate. William Moreton Esq recorder, recommended to all persons who were concerned in the most pathetic manner, to consider the dignity of the Court of Justice, the necessity of keeping up that
1075:
The verdict did nothing to assuage the ferocity of the debate. Transcripts of the trial were extremely popular, and portraits of the implacable young maid were offered for sale from shop windows. A reward was offered for information on anyone who had attacked Gascoyne, but mainly the Grub Street
893:
with a warrant for the arrest of Gibbons, Clark and Greville, the three Abbotsbury men who had testified for Squires. With a small armed party he captured Gibbons and Clarke at the local inn and took them back to Dorchester, but his warrant was incorrectly worded and Gibbons was released by the
827:
Gascoyne's investigation caused a press frenzy. The output of the writers and publishers of Grub Street emboldened opinions about the case, and in some instances reinforced long-held stereotypes of "wicked Gypsies and a poor innocent girl refusing to yield her honour". The Canningites stirred up
627:
Next to appear on the stand was Virtue Hall, who recounted much of her earlier statement to Fielding. Squires again interrupted, asking "What day was it that the young woman was robbed?" The answer came back, from the court: "She says on the morning of the 2nd of January", and Squires replied "I
453:
Fielding believed he understood the depths to which humans could descend. Thus when Salt divulged the case to him on 6 February Fielding's curiosity was piqued, and he agreed to take Canning's sworn testimony the next day. Although Fielding was disinclined to believe a simple servant-girl he was
748:
Fielding and Gascoyne had each issued contradictory pamphlets on the case, but it was Virtue Hall's testimony, fundamental in the prosecution of Squires and Wells, which became central to Gascoyne's investigation. Hall had given her testimony to Fielding under threat of imprisonment and when by
1189:
For Georgian Britain, the story of Elizabeth Canning was fascinating. Little attention was paid in the trial to Squires's request for Canning to "go their way"; according to Moore (1994), overtly the saga questioned Canning's chastity, while covertly it questioned whether someone of her social
545:
contact him. On 15 February a reward was offered for the capture and conviction of John Squires and his unnamed associate. Also listed were the locations at which donations could be left, "either applied to the carrying on of the Prosecution, or given to the poor Girl as a Recompence [
544:
had already aroused the public's interest. Fielding had left London believing that he had "ended all the trouble which I thought it necessary for me to give myself in this affair", but on his return he learnt that during his brief absence, amongst others, several "Noble Lords" had attempted to
727:
Gascoyne at once began a private enquiry and wrote to the Anglican minister at Abbotsville, James Harris. He thought it unlikely that the three witnesses found by George Squires would travel so far "to foreswear themselves on behalf of this miserable object" and Harris did not disappoint. The
474:
The house of that notorious woman well known by the name of Mother Wells, between Enfield Wash and Waltham Cross, was immediately suspected; and from many Circumstances appears to be the dismal Prison of the unhappy sufferer, whose melancholy Situation since her miraculous Escape is worthy of
674:
Character witnesses in 18th-century English trials were, according to author Douglas Hay, "extremely important, and very frequently used ... in character testimony too, the word of a man of property had the greatest weight. Judges respected the evidence of employers, farmers and neighbouring
498:
this identification had, on occasion, been called into question. Being named a gypsy could carry certain legal penalties and although these were rarely applied, gypsies were nevertheless treated as pariahs. Moore (1994) described Squires as a "dark, tall, but stooping, elderly woman, with an
407:
Assault in 18th-century England was viewed by the authorities not as a breach of the peace, but rather as a civil action between two parties in dispute. The onus therefore was on Canning to take legal action against those she claimed had imprisoned her, and she would also be responsible for
369:
be questioned with the rest. The warrant officer who searched the loft was puzzled when he discovered that it did not resemble the room described by Canning, nor could he find evidence of her having jumped from the window. The rest of the party, who had by then arrived in a hired coach and
974:
Canning's defence began with opening statements from Williams and Morton. The latter emphasised her misfortune at twice being subjected to such anguish, firstly for prosecuting her assailants and secondly for being punished for doing so. He complimented the jury and poured scorn on Davy's
901:
At this point Canning had not been seen publicly for some time, and she was proclaimed an outlaw. When in November 1753 a new Lord Mayor was installed she remained out of sight, but at the February Sessions in 1754 she reappeared at the Old Bailey and presented herself to the authorities.
897:
The three were charged with "wilful corrupt perjury" and tried on 6 September 1753 at the Old Bailey. As Lord Mayor, and fearing accusations of bias, Gascoyne excused himself from the case. The defendants were represented by William Davy, who had earlier defended Squires and Wells. Over
680:
cries sticks about the streets" was supposedly robbed and then stamped on by five gypsies. Canning was celebrated by the mob and gentry, several of whom contributed to her purse, enabling her to move to better accommodation in the house of a Mr Marshall, a cheesemonger in Aldermanbury.
983:
testified that they had seen the Squires family enter the village on 30 December. The three Abbotsbury men then stepped up and gave their evidence. 39 witnesses for the prosecution were heard on the first day alone; most of them establishing briefly the Squires family's alibi.
807:
his opinion of seven of Gascoyne's witnesses, who claimed they had seen Squires in Coombe. Cooper wrote back affirming the good character of Thomas Greville (who had testified for Squires at her trial), but later sent the same information to Gascoyne, offering his support.
599:(appointed Recorder of London in 1753). The gallery was packed with interested spectators. The charge of theft was extremely serious; the value of Canning's stays (about 10 shillings) meant that if she was found guilty, Squires would almost certainly be hanged at the
850:, asking its readers "to suspend their judgement in the Case of the Gypsy Woman till a full State of the whole, which is now being prepared by Mr. Fielding, is published." Fielding had learnt of Hall's questioning by Gascoyne and had brought Canning to his house in
192:
became involved in the case, taking Canning's side. Further arrests were made and several witness statements were taken, and Wells and Squires were ultimately tried and found guilty—Squires of the more serious and potentially capital charge of theft.
1198:
The partisan nature of the Canningites and the Egyptians ensured that the trial of Elizabeth Canning became one of the most notorious criminal mysteries in 18th-century English law. For years the case was a regular feature in such publications as
803:
seen "a miserable poor wretch" travelling toward London. Myles found witnesses who claimed they had seen Squires at Enfield Wash in December and January. Myles unwittingly made Gascoyne aware of his investigation when he asked a John Cooper of
499:
estimated age ranging from sixty to eighty, sometimes depicted as exceptionally hearty", continuing "all accounts do agree that she was an exceptionally ugly woman, with a very large nose and a lower lip swollen and disfigured by
1057:, Canning spoke, and "hoped they would be favourable to her; that she had no intent of swearing the gypsey's life away; and that what had been done, was only defending herself; and desired to be considered unfortunate".
744:
swore that the Squires were in Dorset in January and that their witnesses were trustworthy men. A further six Abbotsbury men walked 20 miles (32 km) to sign an affidavit corroborating their neighbours' evidence.
640:
quickly recognised and stopped. However, three witnesses found in Dorset by George Squires, to testify for his mother, passed by unrecognised. The first, John Gibbons, said that the Squires had visited his house in
240:, the eldest of five surviving children born to William (a carpenter) and Elizabeth Canning. The family lived in two rooms in Aldermanbury Postern (a northern extension of Aldermanbury that formerly ran from a
1231:, who retold the story but with several glaring mistakes. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries several authors offered their own interpretations of the case. Caulfield's essay was followed in 1852 by
1175:
in such stories, except their meeting with any degree of belief; and that surprise commonly ceases, whenever we set ourselves coolly to examine into their origin, and trace them to their fountain head.
169:
who claimed to have been kidnapped and held against her will in a hayloft for almost a month. She ultimately became central to one of the most famous English criminal mysteries of the 18th century.
412:—valued then at about 10 shillings—that was the most promising aspect of the case. The theft could be tried under a capital statute, making the assault charge less worthy of legal attention.
1389:
Howit and Hall apparently conversed with gardeners outside the house during this time. These men are some of the "several other witnesses" but their names are excluded from the text for brevity.
675:
gentlemen, not mere neighbours and friends." The jury were apparently unimpressed by the defence's case and pronounced both defendants guilty. They were sentenced on 26 February; Wells would be
757:
heard from a Magistrate that she had showed signs of remorse, he was presented with a perfect opportunity to settle an old score. A prodigious writer and author of a renowned newspaper column,
854:, to "sift the truth out of her, and to bring her to confession if she was guilty." Satisfied with her account, and unconcerned with Hall, his critique of Squires' supporters was published as
666:, as the three witnesses left the court the mob, waiting in the yard, "beat them, kicked them rolled them in the Kennel and otherwise misused them before they suffered them to get from them".
336:
1139:) on 24 November 1756, had a son (Joseph Canning Treat) in June 1758, and a daughter (Elizabeth) in November 1761. She had two more sons (John and Salmon), but died suddenly in June 1773.
858:, in which he espoused the virtuous nature of the young maid and attacked those of her detractors. Copies sold so quickly that a second print run was ordered two days later. John Hill saw
1159:
robbing, knocking down—cry'd out murder—stopt my mouth with a handkerchief—you bitch, why don't you go faster?—carrying to a bawdy house—offer of fine cloaths—cut your throat if you stir?
881:
and the Attorney and Solicitor-General. Squires would receive her pardon on 30 May 1753, but Wells was less fortunate; she served her sentence and was released from Newgate on 21 August.
384:, Merry Tyshemaker, who examined Canning alone, and then those from Wells's house. Squires and Wells were committed, the former for removing Canning's stays and the latter for "keeping a
1135:. She was not employed as a servant, but was taken in as a member of Williams's family. Williams died in 1755, and Canning married John Treat (a distant relation of the former governor
376:
Canning, who had arrived in the chaise with her mother and two other people, was carried into the house by Adamson. There she identified Mary Squires as the woman who had cut off her
1981:
A Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors from the Earliest Period to the Year 1783: With Notes and Other Illustrations
927:
late to argue the choice of foreman, who, it was claimed, had publicly called Canning "a LYING B——H, a CHEAT, or an IMPOSTER". Presiding over the courtroom was the new Lord Mayor,
894:
justice. Clarke was taken to London and interrogated by Myles at his house, for two days, but the cordwainer refused to cooperate. He was granted bail and returned to Abbotsbury.
1263:
claimed that Canning's initial story was "exceedingly stupid", and false. He viewed the lack of detail in her testimony as unsurprising to a more analytical mind. The US author
874:
to request that Squires be pardoned. On 10 April 1753 therefore the king granted a stay of execution of six weeks, while new evidence on both sides of the case was sent to the
811:
At this point it appeared certain to Gascoyne that Canning had not told the truth. Through January, he thought, the Squireses had very likely been travelling through Dorset,
219:". Gascoyne was openly abused and attacked in the street, while interested authors waged a fierce war of words over the fate of the young, often implacable maid. She died in
265:
When she failed to return to her lodgings at Edward Lyon's house, her employer twice went looking for her at her mother's home. Mrs Canning sent her other three children to
1207:
717:
662:
319:
551:] for her Virtue, and Miseries she has gone through". A rather embellished account of the story was later sent to the press. George Squires could not be found.
940:
584:
568:
708:
before he married the daughter of a wealthy physician. He had progressed through the ranks to become Master of the Brewer's Company, then served as Alderman of
1092:, and suffered not only literary but physical attacks, as well as death threats. The Canningites published several responses to Gascoyne's thoughts, including
3494:
184:, who then issued an arrest warrant for Susannah Wells, the woman who occupied the house in which Canning was supposed to have been held. At Wells' house in
1286:(1948), based on the Canning case, and set in a modern garb. Tey regarded the whole story as a tissue of lies from start to end, and her book reflects this.
559:
Squires, charged with assault and theft, and Wells, with "well-knowing" what her accomplice had done, were tried on 21 February at the Session House of the
1453:
889:
While Squires's eventual pardon was being deliberated upon, Myles was busy building Canning's defence. He was far from complacent; on 20 April he was in
2927:
317:
Her reappearance and subsequent explanation (including the assumption that she had been held at Wells's house) were the following day printed in the
415:
While Canning's medical treatment continued, her supporters, mostly men, prepared the case against Squires and Wells. They took legal advice from a
388:". George Squires and Virtue Hall, who both denied any involvement in the kidnapping, were set free; Canning and her supporters were allowed home.
1294:
449:, a story of a young woman dragged into vice and folly by her abusive husband. Although the book was poorly received, with his experience of
188:, Canning identified Mary Squires as another of her captors, prompting the arrest and detention of both Wells and Squires. London magistrate
302:. A dirty rag tied around her head was soaked with blood from a wounded ear. According to her story she had been attacked by two men near
180:, emaciated and in a "deplorable condition". After being questioned by concerned friends and neighbours, she was interviewed by the local
1107:, an unfortunate accusation for her side. On the same day this report appeared, handbills were circulated asserting that the Rector of
310:. On this evidence, John Wintlebury and a local journeyman, Robert Scarrat, identified the house as that of "Mother" Susannah Wells at
701:
particularly sympathetic to Mary Squires, whom he named "the poor creature". Then 52 years old, Gascoyne had started life as a
3566:
1088:
Gascoyne had stood for Parliament during Canning's trial, but came bottom of the poll. To justify his pursuit of Canning, he wrote
327:, but with her pulse faint, and so weak she could scarcely speak, she vomited up the medicine he gave her. He administered several
3571:
3385:
The investigator: Containing the following tracts: I. On ridicule. II. On Elizabeth Canning. III. On naturalization. IV. On taste
1239:. Paget's apt summary of the case read: "in truth, perhaps, the most complete and most inexplicable Judicial Puzzle on record".
932:
269:
to search for her, while James Lord went to the Colleys, who told him that they had left Elizabeth at about 9:30 pm near
3404:
720:
after presenting an address to the king. He had argued on behalf of the city's orphans and was known for his benevolence in
3536:
761:, Hill had squabbled with several of his peers, notably so in Fielding's case, as Fielding had closed that argument in his
3576:
3526:
1227:(1762), who shared Ramsay's opinion that Canning had gone missing to hide a pregnancy. The case was revisited in 1820 by
878:
842:
Canning's honesty (or lack of it) and Fielding's handling of the case were raised in a deeply critical attack printed by
487:, Wells was clearly identified as "that Monster of a Woman", and in an edited version which appeared a week later in the
443:, he had, with "volcanic energy", concerned himself with the activities of criminals. In December 1751 he had published
819:, and had not been in Enfield Wash to kidnap Canning. On 13 March, he therefore ordered Canning arrested, for perjury.
495:
215:
Canning's case pitted two groups of believers against one another: the pro-Canning "Canningites", and the pro-Squires "
1358:
Perhaps, in the opinion of author Judith Moore, by John Myles—who had replaced Salt as the Canningites' legal advisor.
3556:
3541:
3422:
3364:
3335:
3313:
3293:
1028:
who swore she had seen her on Old Christmas Day. Britain's calendar had in September 1752 changed from the old-style
913:
her country to the worst of purposes; it is wrestling the sword out of the hands of justice to shed innocent blood.
3551:
1484:
1368:
1108:
944:
713:
572:
262:
by her aunt and uncle for about two-thirds of the journey, she left to return to her lodgings in Aldermanbury.
3396:
Domestic affairs: intimacy, eroticism, and violence between servants and masters in eighteenth-century Britain
956:
918:
396:
1282:
928:
1149:
It is not an artful, but on the contrary, an exceeding stupid story. An artful story, is such a story as
952:
794:
Reverend Harris had several of his witnesses sent to London, where they were interviewed by Gascoyne. In
580:
483:, an independently printed pamphlet designed to raise support for the prosecution of her captors. In the
331:
until satisfied with the results, following which Canning was taken by her friends and neighbours to the
530:
religious Protestations of her Innocence; though she was afterwards heard to say, Damn the young Bitch!
3546:
871:
835:
347:
1098:
A refutation of Sir Crisp Gascoyne's of his conduct in the cases of Elizabeth Canning and Mary Squires
3473:
The mystery of Elizabeth Canning as found in the testimony of the Old Bailey trials and other records
1128:
763:
220:
77:
1327:
Fielding had initially hesitated over the case; suffering from fatigue, he wanted to take a holiday.
3254:
63:
1169:
to the senseless manner in which they have been, with respect to time and place, jumbled together.
3451:
Canning's magazine: or, A review of the whole evidence for, or against E. Canning, and M. Squires
596:
270:
216:
1232:
1217:
A Letter to the Right Honourable the Earl of — Concerning the Affair of Elizabeth Canning
996:
588:
1988:
1984:
1398:
One such mistake Caulfield made was in claiming that Canning became a teacher, and married a
1260:
1212:
1181:
1123:. Several threats made by the ship's crew, however, meant she eventually sailed on board the
1100:, the latter presenting the trial as the culmination of a Gascoyne vendetta against Canning.
960:
608:
208:. Squires was pardoned, and Canning sentenced to one month's imprisonment and seven years of
172:
She disappeared on 1 January 1753 and returned almost a month later to her mother's home in
3531:
3521:
3345:
1201:
1050:
948:
936:
737:
620:
432:
381:
209:
201:
146:
846:. On the same day that Gascoyne ordered Canning's arrest an advertisement appeared in the
8:
1289:
1264:
1244:
1068:
353:
3357:
The Appearance of Truth: The Story of Elizabeth Canning and Eighteenth-Century Narrative
1033:
890:
754:
592:
290:
being in a "deplorable condition"; her face and hands were black with dirt, she wore a
81:
3418:
3400:
3360:
3331:
3309:
3289:
1112:
489:
332:
1458:
779:
676:
633:
576:
517:
385:
1477:
1131:, and by arrangement with her supporters went to live with the Methodist Reverend
3471:
3449:
3394:
3383:
3323:
3303:
3283:
1228:
1132:
1120:
1029:
875:
783:
303:
85:
1259:
operated (although Gulliver was, at the time, a child). The 18th-century artist
831:
3561:
2929:
Old Bailey Proceedings supplementary material, Elizabeth Canning, 30th May 1754
1256:
795:
693:
564:
445:
420:
400:
237:
197:
189:
177:
1462:
688:
600:
3515:
3500:
3458:
1447:
1277:
1252:
1067:(1753). Canning, Fielding, Gascoyne, Hill, and Squires, share the stage with
1017:
980:
966:
653:
427:
authors and a lifetime of drink, was approaching the end of his life. Since "
307:
278:
3504:
1136:
970:
A contemporary sketch of the loft in which it was supposed Canning was held
732:
362:
311:
241:
185:
173:
1380:
He later asserted that other members of the bench had shared his concerns.
1090:
An Address to the Liverymen of the City of London, from Sir Crisp Gascoyne
423:. Fielding was 45 years old, and after years of arguments with other
361:
Chitty issued the warrant and on 1 February Canning's friends took her to
1371:, although the names of counsel for defence or prosecution are not known.
750:
731:
Gascoyne's colleague on the bench, Mr Justice Gundry, had written to the
702:
521:
467:
450:
440:
424:
274:
245:
223:
in 1773, but the mystery surrounding her disappearance remains unsolved.
166:
32:
1104:
1082:
851:
649:
645:
641:
560:
324:
266:
130:
1111:
had visited her and was satisfied that she was still a member of the
838:
issued a stay of execution on Squires's sentence, and later a pardon.
812:
804:
657:
629:
479:
Meanwhile Canning's supporters were soliciting donations through the
436:
428:
416:
295:
1060:
943:(Baron of the Exchequer), William Moreton (Recorder of London), and
535:
account of Wells's protestations of innocence, 16 February 1753
1248:
1220:
500:
419:, a Mr Salt, who advised them to consult the Magistrate and author
281:
on 1 January, no clues were found as to Elizabeth's disappearance.
250:
181:
3489:
567:
presided over the court with a panel of other justices, including
741:
705:
299:
291:
205:
136:
1983:, Volume 19 (27 George II), Thomas Jones Howell, David Jardine,
1157:
What is there strange or poetically fancied in the incidents of
1103:
Canning, held at Newgate, was reported to be in the presence of
951:, John Morton and a Mr Williams. Prosecuting was Gascoyne's son
1399:
816:
709:
614:
409:
377:
370:
778:
Supported by the Canningites, Hall was by then staying at the
1076:
press concerned itself with the fallout from the affair. The
721:
328:
1318:
Presumably submitted by those present when she had returned.
351:"A Plan of the house of Susanna Wells at Enfield Wash" from
1337:
862:
as a direct attack on Gascoyne, and blasted Fielding with
1796:
1794:
696:
was convinced that a miscarriage of justice had occurred.
547:
1349:
Known then as Katherine Squires, and thereafter as Lucy.
947:, alderman. Canning was represented by three attorneys,
870:
upon whom he was able to call, he nevertheless wrote to
3305:
Henry Fielding at work: magistrate, businessman, writer
618:
A 19th-century portrait of Mary Squires, as printed in
1791:
1251:, and that it was significant they had passed through
16:
English maidservant who claimed to have been kidnapped
1043:
636:
who had visited Wells's house on previous occasions.
339:, to ask that he issue a warrant for Wells's arrest.
1243:
travelling through Dorset early in 1753. The writer
775:, and had long before been levelled with the dirt."
1673:
1671:
1094:
A liveryman's reply to Sir Crisp Gascoyne's address
3282:Battestin, Martin C.; Battestin, Ruthe R. (1993),
3281:
2508:
1800:
1446:
856:A Clear Statement of the Case of Elizabeth Canning
3359:, New Jersey: Associated University Presses Inc,
2222:
2220:
1336:Susannah Wells has variously been described as a
3513:
3375:Judicial puzzles, gathered from the state trials
2972:
2970:
2360:
2358:
2297:
2295:
1668:
165:; 17 September 1734 – June 1773) was an English
3495:A Clear State of the Case of Elizabeth Canning
2594:
2592:
2579:
2577:
2217:
2152:
2150:
2137:
2135:
1999:
1997:
1658:
1656:
1631:
1629:
1225:Histoire d'Elisabeth Canning, et de Jean Calas
935:having died in office in November 1753), with
884:
2967:
2355:
2292:
1556:
1554:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
554:
236:Canning was born on 17 September 1734 in the
3322:Hay, Douglas (1980), Mike Fitzgerald (ed.),
3308:(illustrated ed.), Palgrave Macmillan,
3288:(reprint, illustrated ed.), Routledge,
1457:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
253:, a long, straight nose, and wide-set eyes.
3430:
2589:
2574:
2307:
2147:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2081:
1994:
1949:
1947:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1653:
1641:
1626:
1192:The Case of Elizabeth Canning Fairly Stated
683:
632:-rasper and previously a servant in nearby
510:
391:
3469:
1551:
1427:
31:
3301:
2460:
2364:
1976:
1974:
1897:
1873:
1812:
864:The Story of Elizabeth Canning Considered
3412:
3216:
3204:
3120:
3096:
3048:
3036:
3012:
3000:
2988:
2976:
2961:
2878:
2866:
2842:
2818:
2782:
2770:
2746:
2706:
2598:
2583:
2568:
2556:
2496:
2472:
2448:
2436:
2424:
2412:
2400:
2376:
2337:
2325:
2313:
2286:
2238:
2226:
2195:
2193:
2156:
2117:
2111:
2063:
2033:
2003:
1965:
1944:
1927:
1849:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1713:
1635:
1608:
1560:
1521:
1165:of these incidents, which owe all their
1059:
1016:
965:
830:
736:of Abbotsbury, including churchwardens,
687:
613:
507:well as the gentry, found irresistible.
395:
346:
314:, nearly 10 miles (16 km) distant.
1454:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3514:
3457:
3392:
3381:
3252:
3108:
3084:
3060:
1971:
1444:
470:publication, reported on 10 February:
457:
3372:
3354:
3240:
3228:
3192:
3180:
3168:
3156:
3144:
3132:
3072:
3024:
2949:
2914:
2902:
2890:
2854:
2830:
2806:
2794:
2758:
2718:
2694:
2682:
2670:
2658:
2646:
2634:
2622:
2610:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2484:
2388:
2349:
2301:
2274:
2262:
2250:
2211:
2190:
2141:
2126:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2051:
2039:
2027:
2015:
1953:
1938:
1921:
1909:
1885:
1861:
1785:
1737:
1725:
1701:
1689:
1677:
1662:
1647:
1620:
1596:
1572:
1545:
1533:
1497:
1142:
3447:
3343:
2168:
1824:
1584:
1509:
1421:
540:The story as it had appeared in the
431:" four years earlier and becoming a
3330:(illustrated ed.), Routledge,
3321:
2199:
1295:List of solved missing person cases
1127:in August 1754. Canning arrived in
494:Squires was often referred to as a
13:
3440:
3399:, Johns Hopkins University Press,
2932:, oldbaileyonline.org, 30 May 1754
2175:London Daily Advertiser, Issue 611
1367:Proceedings were written down by
1044:Verdict, repercussions, later life
905:
14:
3588:
3482:
3470:Wellington, Barrett Rich (1940),
1448:"Canning , Elizabeth (1734–1773)"
3488:
3246:
3234:
3222:
3210:
3198:
3186:
3174:
3162:
3150:
3138:
3126:
3114:
3102:
3090:
3078:
3066:
3054:
3042:
3030:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2982:
2955:
2943:
2920:
2908:
2896:
2884:
2872:
2860:
2848:
2836:
2824:
2812:
2800:
2788:
2776:
2764:
2752:
2740:
2737:, 30 April 1754, issue 1282
2724:
2712:
2700:
2688:
2676:
2664:
1392:
1383:
1219:, which was the inspiration for
724:, where he owned large estates.
256:
3567:Missing person cases in England
3350:, London: Smith, Elder & Co
3274:
2652:
2640:
2628:
2616:
2604:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2526:
2514:
2502:
2490:
2478:
2466:
2454:
2442:
2430:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2343:
2331:
2319:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2244:
2232:
2205:
2162:
2105:
2093:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2021:
2009:
1959:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1855:
1843:
1818:
1806:
1779:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1731:
1719:
1707:
1695:
1683:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1374:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1247:suspected that the family were
1195:position in the social order."
939:(Justice of the Common Pleas),
822:
563:. The Lord Mayor of London Sir
342:
284:
3572:People from the City of London
3465:, London: Chatto & Windus.
2509:Battestin & Battestin 1993
1801:Battestin & Battestin 1993
1566:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1415:
1022:The Trial of Elizabeth Canning
921:, extract of opening statement
1:
3431:de la Torre, Lillian (1945),
3253:Waters, Sarah (30 May 2009),
1300:
403:investigated Canning's claims
231:
120:William and Elizabeth Canning
38:
1478:UK public library membership
1409:
1004:, Tuesday 30 April 1754
931:(Crisp Gascoyne's successor
373:, were similarly surprised.
7:
3537:18th-century English people
1271:
885:Trial of the Abbotsbury men
844:The London Daily Advertiser
581:Justice of the Common Pleas
573:Justice of the King's Bench
10:
3593:
3577:Unexplained disappearances
3527:1750s missing person cases
3501:Works by Elizabeth Canning
3377:, San Francisco: S Whitney
789:
669:
555:Trial of Squires and Wells
226:
3417:, London: Jonathan Cape,
3393:Straub, Kristina (2009),
3302:Bertelsen, Lance (2000),
2169:Anon (23 February 1753),
1825:Anon (10 February 1753),
1129:Wethersfield, Connecticut
481:Case of Elizabeth Canning
323:. She was visited by the
221:Wethersfield, Connecticut
152:
142:
128:
124:
116:
108:
100:
92:
70:
48:
30:
23:
3557:Kidnapped British people
3542:English domestic workers
3388:, A Millar in the Strand
1305:
684:Gascoyne's investigation
511:Virtue Hall's confession
392:Fielding's investigation
3552:Formerly missing people
3413:Treherne, John (1989),
2186:(subscription required)
1831:London Daily Advertiser
740:, a schoolmaster and a
663:London Daily Advertiser
542:London Daily Advertiser
464:London Daily Advertiser
320:London Daily Advertiser
3382:Ramsay, Allan (1762),
3355:Moore, Judith (1994),
3285:Henry Fielding: A Life
2731:Whitehall Evening Post
1445:Fraser, Angus (2004).
1208:Malefactor's Registers
1178:
1072:
1024:
997:Whitehall Evening Post
992:
971:
915:
839:
767:by stating that "this
697:
624:
589:Baron of the Exchequer
532:
477:
404:
358:
3344:Lang, Andrew (1905),
1485:registration required
1463:10.1093/ref:odnb/4555
1147:
1063:
1020:
987:
969:
910:
834:
764:Covent Garden Journal
738:Overseers of the Poor
691:
644:"with handkerchiefs,
617:
591:since 1753; formerly
527:
472:
399:
350:
3433:Elizabeth Is Missing
3373:Paget, John (1876),
3347:Historical Mysteries
2735:London Intelligencer
1283:The Franchise Affair
1202:The Newgate Calendar
1002:London Intelligencer
621:The Newgate Calendar
433:Justice of the Peace
429:taking the sacrament
382:justice of the peace
202:Lord Mayor of London
2797:, pp. 115, 147
1991:, col 283–680, 1418
1987:, col 261–276, and
1900:, pp. 103, 105
1290:List of kidnappings
1265:Lillian Bueno McCue
1245:F. J. Harvey Darton
1069:The Bottle Conjuror
1053:. According to the
458:Early press reports
354:The London Magazine
74:June 1773 (aged 38)
3463:The Canning Wonder
3415:The Canning Enigma
3243:, pp. 256–262
3231:, pp. 233–234
3219:, pp. 144–148
3207:, pp. 139–140
3183:, pp. 210–213
3147:, pp. 195–225
3051:, pp. 149–155
3039:, pp. 131–134
2991:, pp. 127–129
2917:, pp. 161–162
2893:, pp. 156–157
2881:, pp. 122–123
2869:, pp. 116–122
2845:, pp. 112–114
2833:, pp. 149–151
2821:, pp. 108–109
2785:, pp. 100–103
2673:, pp. 151–153
2649:, pp. 148–149
2625:, pp. 136–141
2613:, pp. 134–135
2352:, pp. 102–103
2304:, pp. 100–101
1143:Views and theories
1119:for her voyage to
1073:
1034:Gregorian calendar
1025:
972:
840:
771:was only a paltry
698:
625:
593:Recorder of London
405:
359:
200:, trial judge and
159:Elizabeth Canning
82:Connecticut Colony
3547:English perjurers
3493:Works related to
3406:978-0-8018-9049-9
3328:Crime and Society
3324:"Part 1: History"
2773:, pp. 99–100
1476:(Subscription or
1237:Elizabeth Canning
1171:There is nothing
1113:Church of England
860:A Clear Statement
848:Public Advertiser
714:Sheriff of London
490:Public Advertiser
156:
155:
59:17 September 1734
25:Elizabeth Canning
3584:
3492:
3477:
3466:
3454:
3435:
3427:
3409:
3389:
3378:
3369:
3351:
3340:
3318:
3298:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3111:, pp. 66–67
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3063:, pp. 16–17
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2965:
2964:, p. plates
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2857:, pp. 46–50
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2749:, pp. 94–95
2744:
2738:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2697:, pp. 94–96
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2587:
2581:
2572:
2571:, pp. 84–86
2566:
2560:
2559:, pp. 65–66
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2535:, pp. 96–97
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2499:, pp. 67–72
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2439:, pp. 47–48
2434:
2428:
2427:, pp. 54–64
2422:
2416:
2415:, pp. 52–53
2410:
2404:
2403:, pp. 48–50
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2379:, pp. 50–52
2374:
2368:
2362:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2328:, pp. 42–43
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2290:
2289:, pp. 40–41
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2265:, pp. 90–91
2260:
2254:
2253:, pp. 87–88
2248:
2242:
2241:, pp. 28–29
2236:
2230:
2229:, pp. 38–39
2224:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2145:
2144:, pp. 75–76
2139:
2130:
2124:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2090:, pp. 43–44
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2066:, pp. 31–32
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2030:, pp. 33–34
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1992:
1978:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1942:
1936:
1925:
1924:, pp. 67–69
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1888:, pp. 39–40
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1864:, pp. 37–38
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1789:
1788:, pp. 64–65
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1752:, pp. 16–17
1747:
1741:
1740:, pp. 50–51
1735:
1729:
1728:, pp. 62–63
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1704:, pp. 59–60
1699:
1693:
1692:, pp. 36–37
1687:
1681:
1680:, pp. 56–58
1675:
1666:
1665:, pp. 51–52
1660:
1651:
1650:, pp. 42–43
1645:
1639:
1633:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1450:
1442:
1425:
1419:
1403:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1185:
1109:St Mary Magdalen
1005:
929:Thomas Rawlinson
922:
780:Gatehouse Prison
577:Nathaniel Gundry
536:
518:Gatehouse Prison
386:disorderly house
335:to see Alderman
143:Criminal penalty
133:
58:
56:
43:
40:
35:
21:
20:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3512:
3511:
3485:
3480:
3443:
3441:Further reading
3438:
3425:
3407:
3367:
3338:
3316:
3296:
3277:
3272:
3263:
3261:
3255:"The lost girl"
3251:
3247:
3239:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3191:
3187:
3179:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3155:
3151:
3143:
3139:
3131:
3127:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3095:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3059:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3023:
3019:
3011:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2975:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2935:
2933:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2841:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2729:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2597:
2590:
2582:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2300:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2148:
2140:
2133:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1995:
1979:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1835:
1833:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1475:
1467:
1465:
1443:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1274:
1229:James Caulfield
1187:
1180:
1170:
1145:
1133:Elisha Williams
1121:British America
1046:
1030:Julian calendar
1007:
994:
933:Edward Ironside
924:
917:
908:
906:Canning's trial
887:
876:Lord Chancellor
825:
792:
784:Poultry Compter
686:
672:
597:William Moreton
557:
538:
534:
513:
460:
394:
345:
304:Bedlam Hospital
287:
259:
234:
229:
129:
88:
86:British America
75:
66:
60:
54:
52:
44:
41:
37:As illustrated
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3590:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3508:
3507:
3498:
3484:
3483:External links
3481:
3479:
3478:
3467:
3459:Machen, Arthur
3455:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3428:
3423:
3410:
3405:
3390:
3379:
3370:
3365:
3352:
3341:
3336:
3319:
3314:
3299:
3294:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3245:
3233:
3221:
3209:
3197:
3185:
3173:
3161:
3149:
3137:
3125:
3113:
3101:
3089:
3077:
3065:
3053:
3041:
3029:
3017:
3005:
2993:
2981:
2966:
2954:
2942:
2919:
2907:
2895:
2883:
2871:
2859:
2847:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2799:
2787:
2775:
2763:
2751:
2739:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2687:
2675:
2663:
2651:
2639:
2627:
2615:
2603:
2588:
2573:
2561:
2549:
2537:
2525:
2513:
2501:
2489:
2477:
2465:
2461:Bertelsen 2000
2453:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2405:
2393:
2381:
2369:
2365:Bertelsen 2000
2354:
2342:
2330:
2318:
2306:
2291:
2279:
2267:
2255:
2243:
2231:
2216:
2204:
2189:
2161:
2146:
2131:
2116:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2044:
2032:
2020:
2008:
1993:
1970:
1958:
1943:
1926:
1914:
1902:
1898:Bertelsen 2000
1890:
1878:
1874:Bertelsen 2000
1866:
1854:
1842:
1817:
1813:Bertelsen 2000
1805:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1730:
1718:
1706:
1694:
1682:
1667:
1652:
1640:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1589:
1587:, pp. 4–5
1577:
1565:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1502:
1490:
1426:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1329:
1320:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1273:
1270:
1257:Isaac Gulliver
1146:
1144:
1141:
1051:transportation
1045:
1042:
986:
945:Samuel Fludyer
909:
907:
904:
886:
883:
879:Lord Hardwicke
824:
821:
796:Newgate Prison
791:
788:
694:Crisp Gascoyne
685:
682:
671:
668:
565:Crisp Gascoyne
556:
553:
526:
512:
509:
459:
456:
421:Henry Fielding
401:Henry Fielding
393:
390:
344:
341:
286:
283:
271:Aldgate church
258:
255:
238:City of London
233:
230:
228:
225:
210:transportation
198:Crisp Gascoyne
190:Henry Fielding
178:City of London
161:(married name
154:
153:
150:
149:
147:Transportation
144:
140:
139:
134:
126:
125:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
76:
72:
68:
67:
61:
50:
46:
45:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3589:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3497:at Wikisource
3496:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3475:
3474:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3448:Anon (1753),
3446:
3445:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3424:0-224-02630-5
3420:
3416:
3411:
3408:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3366:0-87413-494-3
3362:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3337:0-203-47878-9
3333:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3317:
3315:0-312-23336-1
3311:
3307:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:0-415-09715-0
3291:
3287:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3237:
3230:
3225:
3218:
3217:Treherne 1989
3213:
3206:
3205:Treherne 1989
3201:
3194:
3189:
3182:
3177:
3171:, p. 164
3170:
3165:
3158:
3153:
3146:
3141:
3135:, p. 195
3134:
3129:
3123:, p. 141
3122:
3121:Treherne 1989
3117:
3110:
3105:
3099:, p. 125
3098:
3097:Treherne 1989
3093:
3086:
3081:
3075:, p. 235
3074:
3069:
3062:
3057:
3050:
3049:Treherne 1989
3045:
3038:
3037:Treherne 1989
3033:
3027:, p. 186
3026:
3021:
3015:, p. 129
3014:
3013:Treherne 1989
3009:
3002:
3001:Treherne 1989
2997:
2990:
2989:Treherne 1989
2985:
2979:, p. 158
2978:
2977:Treherne 1989
2973:
2971:
2963:
2962:Treherne 1989
2958:
2952:, p. 163
2951:
2946:
2931:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2911:
2905:, p. 158
2904:
2899:
2892:
2887:
2880:
2879:Treherne 1989
2875:
2868:
2867:Treherne 1989
2863:
2856:
2851:
2844:
2843:Treherne 1989
2839:
2832:
2827:
2820:
2819:Treherne 1989
2815:
2809:, p. 146
2808:
2803:
2796:
2791:
2784:
2783:Treherne 1989
2779:
2772:
2771:Treherne 1989
2767:
2761:, p. 145
2760:
2755:
2748:
2747:Treherne 1989
2743:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2721:, p. 143
2720:
2715:
2708:
2707:Treherne 1989
2703:
2696:
2691:
2685:, p. 140
2684:
2679:
2672:
2667:
2661:, p. 104
2660:
2655:
2648:
2643:
2637:, p. 142
2636:
2631:
2624:
2619:
2612:
2607:
2600:
2599:Treherne 1989
2595:
2593:
2585:
2584:Treherne 1989
2580:
2578:
2570:
2569:Treherne 1989
2565:
2558:
2557:Treherne 1989
2553:
2547:, p. 103
2546:
2541:
2534:
2529:
2523:, p. 111
2522:
2517:
2511:, p. 574
2510:
2505:
2498:
2497:Treherne 1989
2493:
2487:, p. 110
2486:
2481:
2474:
2473:Treherne 1989
2469:
2463:, p. 104
2462:
2457:
2450:
2449:Treherne 1989
2445:
2438:
2437:Treherne 1989
2433:
2426:
2425:Treherne 1989
2421:
2414:
2413:Treherne 1989
2409:
2402:
2401:Treherne 1989
2397:
2390:
2385:
2378:
2377:Treherne 1989
2373:
2367:, p. 106
2366:
2361:
2359:
2351:
2346:
2339:
2338:Treherne 1989
2334:
2327:
2326:Treherne 1989
2322:
2315:
2314:Treherne 1989
2310:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2288:
2287:Treherne 1989
2283:
2276:
2271:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2247:
2240:
2239:Treherne 1989
2235:
2228:
2227:Treherne 1989
2223:
2221:
2213:
2208:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2157:Treherne 1989
2153:
2151:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2113:
2112:Treherne 1989
2108:
2101:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2077:
2072:
2065:
2064:Treherne 1989
2060:
2053:
2048:
2041:
2036:
2029:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2005:
2004:Treherne 1989
2000:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1967:
1966:Treherne 1989
1962:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1923:
1918:
1911:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1876:, p. 103
1875:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1850:Treherne 1989
1846:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1815:, p. 105
1814:
1809:
1803:, p. 572
1802:
1797:
1795:
1787:
1782:
1775:
1774:Treherne 1989
1770:
1763:
1762:Treherne 1989
1758:
1751:
1750:Treherne 1989
1746:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1714:Treherne 1989
1710:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1636:Treherne 1989
1632:
1630:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1609:Treherne 1989
1605:
1598:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1561:Treherne 1989
1557:
1555:
1547:
1542:
1535:
1530:
1523:
1522:Treherne 1989
1518:
1511:
1506:
1499:
1494:
1486:
1479:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1401:
1395:
1386:
1377:
1370:
1369:Thomas Gurney
1364:
1355:
1346:
1339:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1278:Josephine Tey
1276:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:Enfield Wash?
1152:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1065:The Conjurers
1062:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1003:
999:
998:
991:
985:
982:
981:Litton Cheney
976:
968:
964:
962:
958:
957:Edward Willes
954:
950:
946:
942:
941:Heneage Legge
938:
934:
930:
923:
920:
919:Edward Willes
914:
903:
899:
895:
892:
882:
880:
877:
873:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
837:
833:
829:
820:
818:
814:
809:
806:
800:
797:
787:
785:
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
765:
760:
759:The Inspector
756:
752:
746:
743:
739:
734:
729:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
704:
695:
690:
681:
678:
667:
665:
664:
659:
655:
654:Waltham Cross
651:
647:
643:
637:
635:
631:
623:
622:
616:
612:
610:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
585:Richard Adams
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:Martin Wright
566:
562:
552:
550:
549:
543:
537:
531:
525:
523:
519:
508:
504:
502:
497:
492:
491:
486:
482:
476:
471:
469:
465:
455:
452:
448:
447:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
402:
398:
389:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
366:
364:
356:
355:
349:
340:
338:
337:Thomas Chitty
334:
330:
326:
322:
321:
315:
313:
309:
308:Hertford Road
305:
301:
297:
293:
282:
280:
279:hackney coach
276:
272:
268:
263:
257:Disappearance
254:
252:
247:
243:
239:
224:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
168:
164:
160:
151:
148:
145:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:Conviction(s)
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
73:
69:
65:
64:Great Britain
51:
47:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3509:
3505:Open Library
3476:, J. R. Peck
3472:
3462:
3450:
3432:
3414:
3395:
3384:
3374:
3356:
3346:
3327:
3304:
3284:
3275:Bibliography
3262:, retrieved
3259:The Guardian
3258:
3248:
3236:
3224:
3212:
3200:
3195:, p. 35
3188:
3176:
3164:
3152:
3140:
3128:
3116:
3104:
3092:
3087:, p. 67
3080:
3068:
3056:
3044:
3032:
3020:
3008:
3003:, p. 97
2996:
2984:
2957:
2945:
2934:, retrieved
2928:
2922:
2910:
2898:
2886:
2874:
2862:
2850:
2838:
2826:
2814:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2766:
2754:
2742:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2714:
2709:, p. 90
2702:
2690:
2678:
2666:
2654:
2642:
2630:
2618:
2606:
2601:, p. 87
2586:, p. 86
2564:
2552:
2540:
2528:
2516:
2504:
2492:
2480:
2475:, p. 46
2468:
2456:
2451:, p. 69
2444:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2396:
2391:, p. 92
2384:
2372:
2345:
2340:, p. 44
2333:
2321:
2316:, p. 42
2309:
2282:
2277:, p. 93
2270:
2258:
2246:
2234:
2214:, p. 77
2207:
2178:, retrieved
2174:
2164:
2159:, p. 36
2129:, p. 94
2114:, p. 34
2107:
2102:, p. 73
2095:
2083:
2078:, p. 75
2071:
2059:
2054:, p. 46
2047:
2042:, p. 41
2035:
2023:
2018:, p. 61
2011:
2006:, p. 29
1980:
1968:, p. 22
1961:
1956:, p. 72
1941:, p. 71
1917:
1912:, p. 98
1905:
1893:
1881:
1869:
1857:
1852:, p. 20
1845:
1834:, retrieved
1830:
1820:
1808:
1781:
1776:, p. 19
1769:
1764:, p. 17
1757:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1716:, p. 15
1709:
1697:
1685:
1643:
1638:, p. 12
1623:, p. 29
1616:
1611:, p. 11
1604:
1599:, p. 13
1592:
1580:
1575:, p. 33
1568:
1563:, p. 10
1548:, p. 28
1541:
1536:, p. 27
1529:
1517:
1505:
1500:, p. 24
1493:
1466:. Retrieved
1452:
1417:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1363:
1354:
1345:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1281:
1261:Allan Ramsay
1241:
1236:
1224:
1216:
1213:Allan Ramsay
1206:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1182:Allan Ramsay
1179:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1161:Such is the
1158:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1137:Robert Treat
1124:
1116:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1077:
1074:
1064:
1055:State Trials
1054:
1047:
1038:
1026:
1021:
1012:
1008:
1001:
995:
993:
988:
977:
973:
961:William Davy
949:George Nares
937:Edward Clive
925:
916:
911:
900:
896:
888:
868:
863:
859:
855:
847:
843:
841:
826:
823:Public spats
810:
801:
793:
777:
772:
768:
762:
758:
747:
733:Undersheriff
730:
726:
699:
673:
661:
638:
626:
619:
609:William Davy
605:
558:
546:
541:
539:
533:
528:
514:
505:
488:
484:
480:
478:
473:
463:
461:
444:
414:
406:
375:
367:
363:Enfield Wash
360:
352:
343:Enfield Wash
318:
316:
312:Enfield Wash
288:
285:Reappearance
264:
260:
242:postern gate
235:
214:
195:
186:Enfield Wash
174:Aldermanbury
171:
162:
158:
157:
78:Wethersfield
18:
3532:1773 deaths
3522:1734 births
3159:, p. 9
3109:Straub 2009
3085:Straub 2009
3061:Ramsay 1762
2202:, p. 8
2180:27 February
1836:28 February
1524:, p. 2
1512:, p. 3
1468:26 December
1424:, p. 2
1167:strangeness
815:, and then
751:Grub Street
749:chance the
742:tithing man
716:, and been
710:Vintry Ward
703:Houndsditch
601:Tyburn Tree
522:Westminster
468:Grub Street
451:criminology
441:Westminster
425:Grub Street
275:Houndsditch
246:London Wall
167:maidservant
96:Maidservant
42: 1820
3516:Categories
3241:Moore 1994
3229:Moore 1994
3193:Moore 1994
3181:Moore 1994
3169:Moore 1994
3157:Paget 1876
3145:Moore 1994
3133:Moore 1994
3073:Moore 1994
3025:Moore 1994
2950:Moore 1994
2915:Moore 1994
2903:Moore 1994
2891:Moore 1994
2855:Moore 1994
2831:Moore 1994
2807:Moore 1994
2795:Moore 1994
2759:Moore 1994
2719:Moore 1994
2695:Moore 1994
2683:Moore 1994
2671:Moore 1994
2659:Moore 1994
2647:Moore 1994
2635:Moore 1994
2623:Moore 1994
2611:Moore 1994
2545:Moore 1994
2533:Moore 1994
2521:Moore 1994
2485:Moore 1994
2389:Moore 1994
2350:Moore 1994
2302:Moore 1994
2275:Moore 1994
2263:Moore 1994
2251:Moore 1994
2212:Moore 1994
2142:Moore 1994
2127:Moore 1994
2100:Moore 1994
2088:Moore 1994
2076:Moore 1994
2052:Moore 1994
2040:Moore 1994
2028:Moore 1994
2016:Moore 1994
1954:Moore 1994
1939:Moore 1994
1922:Moore 1994
1910:Moore 1994
1886:Moore 1994
1862:Moore 1994
1786:Moore 1994
1738:Moore 1994
1726:Moore 1994
1702:Moore 1994
1690:Moore 1994
1678:Moore 1994
1663:Moore 1994
1648:Moore 1994
1621:Moore 1994
1597:Moore 1994
1573:Moore 1994
1546:Moore 1994
1534:Moore 1994
1498:Moore 1994
1480:required.)
1301:References
1233:John Paget
1173:surprising
1105:Methodists
1083:witchcraft
891:Dorchester
852:Bow Street
650:fishmonger
642:Abbotsbury
561:Old Bailey
325:apothecary
267:Moorfields
232:Background
104:John Treat
93:Occupation
55:1734-09-17
1585:Lang 1905
1510:Lang 1905
1422:Lang 1905
1410:Citations
1249:smugglers
1211:. Artist
1151:Tom Jones
1032:, to the
872:George II
836:George II
813:Hampshire
805:Salisbury
755:John Hill
658:Theobalds
630:hartshorn
437:Middlesex
417:solicitor
333:Guildhall
296:petticoat
217:Egyptians
196:However,
117:Parent(s)
3461:(1925),
3264:19 March
2200:Hay 1980
2171:"London"
1989:case 532
1985:case 530
1827:"London"
1272:See also
1255:, where
1253:Eggardon
1221:Voltaire
1205:and the
1125:Myrtilla
1078:Gazeteer
773:dunghill
718:knighted
634:Edmonton
501:scrofula
329:clysters
298:, and a
251:smallpox
182:alderman
109:Children
62:London,
2936:7 March
1163:variety
790:Perjury
753:writer
677:branded
670:Verdict
652:around
595:), and
485:Case of
300:bedgown
227:History
206:perjury
176:in the
137:Perjury
3421:
3403:
3363:
3334:
3312:
3292:
1474:
1400:Quaker
1215:wrote
1184:(1762)
1096:, and
953:Bamber
817:London
706:brewer
446:Amelia
371:chaise
357:, 1754
101:Spouse
3562:Maids
1338:madam
1306:Notes
1117:Tryal
722:Essex
646:lawns
496:gypsy
410:stays
378:stays
292:shift
163:Treat
3419:ISBN
3401:ISBN
3361:ISBN
3332:ISBN
3310:ISBN
3290:ISBN
3266:2010
2938:2010
2182:2010
1838:2010
1470:2009
959:and
769:hill
692:Sir
656:and
466:, a
462:The
439:and
435:for
294:, a
71:Died
49:Born
3503:at
2733:or
1459:doi
1280:'s
1235:'s
1223:'s
1000:or
583:),
575:),
548:sic
520:in
503:."
273:in
244:on
3518::
3326:,
3257:,
2969:^
2591:^
2576:^
2357:^
2294:^
2219:^
2192:^
2173:,
2149:^
2134:^
2119:^
1996:^
1973:^
1946:^
1929:^
1829:,
1793:^
1670:^
1655:^
1628:^
1553:^
1451:.
1429:^
1085:.
955:,
712:,
603:.
212:.
84:,
80:,
39:c.
1487:)
1483:(
1472:.
1461::
1402:.
1071:.
587:(
579:(
571:(
112:4
57:)
53:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.