Electronic paper - Knowledge

982: 372:, sandwiched between two arrays of electrodes, the upper of which is transparent. The two arrays are aligned to divide the sheet into pixels, and each pixel corresponds to a pair of electrodes situated on either side of the sheet. The sheet is laminated with transparent plastic for protection, resulting in an overall thickness of 80 micrometers, or twice that of ordinary paper. The network of electrodes connects to display circuitry, which turns the electronic ink 'on' and 'off' at specific pixels by applying a voltage to specific electrode pairs. A negative charge to the surface electrode repels the particles to the bottom of local capsules, forcing the black dye to the surface and turning the pixel black. Reversing the voltage has the opposite effect. It forces the particles to the surface, turning the pixel white. A more recent implementation of this concept requires only one layer of electrodes beneath the microcapsules. These are commercially referred to as Active Matrix Electrophoretic Displays (AMEPD). 533:

different colors depending on the thickness of the insulator. The standard RGB color schema can be used as pixels for full-color displays. The second part is a polymer with optical absorption controllable by an electrochemical potential. After growing the polymer on the plasmonic metasurfaces, the reflection of the metasurfaces can be modulated by the applied voltage. This technology presents broad range colors, high polarization-independent reflection (>50 %), strong contrast (>30 %), the fast response time (hundreds of ms), and long-term stability. In addition, it has ultralow power consumption (< 0.5 mW/cm2) and potential for high resolution (>10000 dpi). Since the ultrathin metasurfaces are flexible and the polymer is soft, the whole system can be bent. Desired future improvements for this technology include bistability, cheaper materials and implementation with TFT arrays.

415:) is based on controlling the shape of a confined water/oil interface by an applied voltage. With no voltage applied, the (colored) oil forms a flat film between the water and a hydrophobic (water-repellent) insulating coating of an electrode, resulting in a colored pixel. When a voltage is applied between the electrode and the water, the interfacial tension between the water and the coating changes. As a result, the stacked state is no longer stable, causing the water to move the oil aside. This makes a partly transparent pixel, or, if a reflective white surface is under the switchable element, a white pixel. Because of the small pixel size, the user only experiences the average reflection, which provides a high-brightness, high-contrast switchable element. 326:"It has for many years been an ambition of researchers in display media to create a flexible low-cost system that is the electronic analog of paper. In this context, microparticle-based displays have long intrigued researchers. Switchable contrast in such displays is achieved by the electromigration of highly scattering or absorbing microparticles (in the size range 0.1–5 μm), quite distinct from the molecular-scale properties that govern the behavior of the more familiar liquid-crystal displays. Micro-particle-based displays possess intrinsic bistability, exhibit extremely low power d.c. field addressing and have demonstrated high contrast and reflectivity. These features, combined with a near- 724: 279: 423:

reflective display types and approach the visual qualities of paper. In addition, the technology offers a unique path toward high-brightness full-color displays, leading to displays that are four times brighter than reflective LCDs and twice as bright as other emerging technologies. Instead of using red, green, and blue (RGB) filters or alternating segments of the three primary colors, which effectively result in only one-third of the display reflecting light in the desired color, electrowetting allows for a system in which one sub-pixel can switch two different colors independently.

27: 148:). The spheres are embedded in a transparent silicone sheet, with each sphere suspended in a bubble of oil so that it can rotate freely. The polarity of the voltage applied to each pair of electrodes then determines whether the white or black side is face-up, thus giving the pixel a white or black appearance. At the FPD 2008 exhibition, Japanese company Soken demonstrated a wall with electronic wall-paper using this technology. In 2007, the Estonian company Visitret Displays was developing this kind of display using 947: 591: 295: 4161: 1020:. They are most commonly used as employees' ID cards or as production labels to track manufacturing changes and status. E-paper tags are also increasingly being used as shipping labels, especially in the case of reusable boxes. An interesting feature provided by some e-paper Tags manufacturers is batteryless design. This means that the power needed for a display's content update is provided wirelessly and the module itself doesn't contain any battery. 577:

marketed as a film that can be integrated into architectural design such as "wall, ceiling panel, or entire room instantly." The disadvantage of these current color displays is that they are considerably more expensive than standard E Ink displays. The jetBook Color costs roughly nine times more than other popular e-readers such as the Amazon Kindle. As of January 2015, Prism had not been announced to be used in the plans for any e-reader devices.

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the reservoir and spread it as a film directly behind the viewing substrate. As a result, the display takes on color and brightness similar to that of conventional pigments printed on paper. When voltage is removed liquid surface tension causes the pigment dispersion to rapidly recoil into the reservoir. The technology can potentially provide greater than 85% white state reflectance for electronic paper.

287: 161: 212:(TFT) technology. TFTs are often used to form a high-density image in an EPD. A common application for TFT-based EPDs are e-readers. Electrophoretic displays are considered prime examples of the electronic paper category, because of their paper-like appearance and low power consumption. Examples of commercial electrophoretic displays include the high-resolution 869:

In 2020, Onyx released the first frontlit 13.3 inch electronic paper Android tablet, the Boox Max Lumi. At the end of the same year, Bigme released the first 10.3 inch color electronic paper Android tablet, the Bigme B1 Pro. This was also the first large electronic paper tablet to support 4g cellular

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viewing characteristic, result in an 'ink on paper' look. But such displays have to date suffered from short lifetimes and difficulty in manufacture. Here we report the synthesis of an electrophoretic ink based on the microencapsulation of an electrophoretic dispersion. The use of a microencapsulated

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is a variation of an electrowetting display that place an aqueous pigment dispersion inside a tiny reservoir. The reservoir comprises less than 5-10% of the viewable pixel area and therefore the pigment is substantially hidden from view. Voltage is used to electromechanically pull the pigment out of

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E-paper based electronic shelf labels (ESL) are used to digitally display the prices of goods at retail stores. Electronic-paper-based labels are updated via two-way infrared or radio technology and powered by a rechargeable coin cell. Some variants use ZBD (zenithal bistable display) which is more

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nanostructures with conductive polymers have also been suggested as one kind of electronic paper. The material has two parts. The first part is a highly reflective metasurface made by metal-insulator-metal films tens of nanometers in thickness including nanoscale holes. The metasurfaces can reflect

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to the plate that bears the opposite charge from that on the particles. When the particles are located at the front (viewing) side of the display, it appears white, because the light is scattered back to the viewer by the high-index titania particles. When the particles are located at the rear side

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was announced. In July 2010 the third-generation Kindle was announced, with notable design changes. The fourth generation of Kindle, called Touch, was announced in September 2011 that was the Kindle's first departure from keyboards and page turn buttons in favor of touchscreens. In September 2012,

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at Kyushu University. Advantages of electronic paper include low power usage (power is only drawn when the display is updated), flexibility and better readability than most displays. Electronic ink can be printed on any surface, including walls, billboards, product labels and T-shirts. The ink's

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provide several attractive features. The switching between white and colored reflection is fast enough to display video content. It is a low-power, low-voltage technology, and displays based on the effect can be made flat and thin. The reflectivity and contrast are better than or equal to other

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was released in 2012 as the first colored electronic ink device, which used E Ink's Triton display technology. E Ink in early 2015 also announced another color electronic ink technology called Prism. This new technology is a color changing film that can be used for e-readers, but Prism is also

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Electronic ink can be applied to flexible or rigid materials. For flexible displays, the base requires a thin, flexible material tough enough to withstand considerable wear, such as extremely thin plastic. The method of how the inks are encapsulated and then applied to the substrate is what

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announced the official launch of an electronic version of the paper on a subscription basis in September 2007. Two offers were available, combining a one-year subscription and a reading device. The offer included either a light (176g) reading device (adapted for Les Echos by Ganaxa) or the

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Several companies are simultaneously developing electronic paper and ink. While the technologies used by each company provide many of the same features, each has its own distinct technological advantages. All electronic paper technologies face the following general challenges:

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E-paper displays at bus or trams stops can be remotely updated. Compared to LED or liquid-crystal displays (LCDs), they consume lower energy and the text or graphics stays visible during a power failure. Compared to LCDs, it easily visible under full sunshine.

958:, have used electronic paper to display status information, such as available storage space. Once the image on the electronic paper has been set, it requires no power to maintain, so the readout can be seen even when the flash drive is not plugged in. 2586: 347:

controlled whether the white particles were at the top of the capsule (so it looked white to the viewer) or at the bottom of the capsule (so the viewer saw the color of the oil). This was essentially a reintroduction of the well-known

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This results in the availability of two-thirds of the display area to reflect light in any desired color. This is achieved by building up a pixel with a stack of two independently controllable colored oil films plus a color filter.

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display technology, but microcapsules meant the display could be made on flexible plastic sheets instead of glass. One early version of the electronic paper consists of a sheet of very small transparent capsules, each about 40

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Other proposed applications include clothes, digital photo frames, information boards, and keyboards. Keyboards with dynamically changeable keys are useful for less represented languages, non-standard keyboard layouts such as

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electrophoretic medium solves the lifetime issues and permits the fabrication of a bistable electronic display solely by means of printing. This system may satisfy the practical requirements of electronic paper."

549:, including attempts to build them into conventional paper. Simple color e-paper consists of a thin colored optical filter added to the monochrome technology described above. The array of pixels is divided into 305:

In the 1990s another type of electronic ink based on a microencapsulated electrophoretic display was conceived and prototyped by a team of undergraduates at MIT as described in their Nature paper. J.D. Albert,

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in electronic displays available as of 2008 approaches newspaper, and newly developed displays are slightly better. An ideal e-paper display can be read in direct sunlight without the image appearing to fade.

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On May and June 2020, Hisense released the Hisense A5c and A5 pro cc, the first color electronic ink smartphones. With a single color display, with a togglable front light running android 9 and Android 10.

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e-book reader in the USA. On October 2, 2007, Sony announced the PRS-505, an updated version of the Reader. In November 2008, Sony released the PRS-700BC, which incorporated a backlight and a touchscreen.

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announced the first "YotaPhone" prototype and was later released in December 2013, a unique double-display smartphone. It has a 4.3-inch, HD LCD on the front and an electronic ink display on the back.

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distinguishes each company from others. These processes are complex and are carefully guarded industry secrets. Nevertheless, making electronic paper is less complex and costly than LCDs.

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There are many approaches to electronic paper, with many companies developing technology in this area. Other technologies being applied to electronic paper include modifications of

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launched a hybrid smartwatch called the Hybrid HR, integrating an always on electronic ink display with physical hands and dial to simulate the look of a traditional analog watch.

34:, devices meant to replace traditional books, utilize electronic paper for their displays in order to further resemble paper books; one such example is the Kindle series by Amazon. 1705:

Rogers, John A; Bao, Zhenan; Baldwin, Kirk; Dodabalapur, Ananth; Crone, Brian; Raju, V R; Kuck, Valerie; Katz, Howard; Amundson, Karl; Ewing, Jay; Drzaic, Paul (24 April 2001).

251:/Delta. SiPix is now part of E Ink Corporation. The SiPix design uses a flexible 0.15 mm Microcup architecture, instead of E Ink's 0.04 mm diameter microcapsules. 1494: 61:

which need additional energy to emit their own light. This may make them more comfortable to read, and provide a wider viewing angle than most light-emitting displays. The

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Huitema, H. E. A.; Gelinck, G. H.; van der Putten, J. B. P. H.; Kuijk, K. E.; Hart, C. M.; Cantatore, E.; Herwig, P. T.; van Breemen, A. J. J. M.; de Leeuw, D. M. (2001).

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provide a control to dim backlight LCD brightness to 0% in internal monitors, while crystals keep working so that the display is lighted by ambient light as it was paper.

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and charging agents that cause the particles to take on an electric charge. This mixture is placed between two parallel, conductive plates separated by a gap of 10 to 100

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operating system. It differs from other e-readers in having a replaceable battery, and a separate touch-screen color LCD below the main electronic paper reading screen.

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mobile phone incorporates electronic ink from E Ink into the keypad, which allows the keypad to change character sets and orientation while in different display modes.

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panel is substituted by a reflective surface. A comparable technology is also obtainable in backlight LCDs by software or hardware deactivating the backlight control.

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Comiskey, Barrett; Albert, J. D.; Yoshizawa, Hidekazu; Jacobson, Joseph (1998-07-16). "An electrophoretic ink for all-printed reflective electronic displays".

910:. Two different processing platforms were used to deliver readable information of the daily, one based on the newly developed GPP electronic ink platform from 197:

of the display, it appears dark, because the light is absorbed by the colored dye. If the rear electrode is divided into a number of small picture elements (

2504: 557:(although using subtractive primary colors as opposed to additive primary colors). The display is then controlled like any other electronic color display. 201:), then an image can be formed by applying the appropriate voltage to each region of the display to create a pattern of reflecting and absorbing regions. 3035: 1295: 184:(titania) particles approximately one micrometer in diameter are dispersed in a hydrocarbon oil. A dark-colored dye is also added to the oil, along with 89:. Many electronic paper technologies hold static text and images indefinitely without electricity. Flexible electronic paper uses plastic substrates and 2560: 74: 3328: 2531: 2369: 1835: 696:

electrophoretic display and in March 2010 Seiko released a second generation of this famous electronic ink watch with an active matrix display. The

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like Lenovo ThinkBook Plus use e-paper as a secondary screen. Other common laptops use reflective LCD panels with no backlight. Furthermore some

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Amazon announced the fifth generation of the Kindle called the Paperwhite, which incorporates a LED frontlight and a higher contrast display.

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Corp.'s Advanced Materials Division cooperated with Delta Optoelectronics Inc. in developing Quick Response Liquid Powder Display technology.

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two years later to develop and market the technology. In 2005, Philips sold the electronic paper business as well as its related patents to

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Gelinck, G. H.; et al. (2004). "Flexible active-matrix displays and shift registers based on solution-processed organic transistors".

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Comiskey, B.; Albert, J. D.; Yoshizawa, H.; Jacobson, J. (1998). "An electrophoretic ink for all-printed reflective electronic displays".

2982: 2183:"Ebook reader for education - ebook for schools, students, middle school. Educational ebook reader for learning - jetBook k-12 - ECTACO" 1465: 2321: 938:

with an embedded display was developed by Innovative Card Technologies and nCryptone in 2005. The cards were manufactured by Nagra ID.

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distributed an electronic version of the paper to select subscribers in a limited marketing study, using a pre-release version of the

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composed of negatively charged black plastic on one side and positively charged white plastic on the other (each bead is thus a

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Because of its energy-saving properties, electronic paper has proved a technology suited to digital signage applications.

152:(PVDF) as the material for the spheres, dramatically improving the video speed and decreasing the control voltage needed. 3103: 3302: 2228: 2477: 4056: 4051: 3017: 2976: 1426: 1381: 489: 20: 2115:

Andersson, P.; Nilsson, D.; Svensson, P. O.; Chen, M.; Malmström, A.; Remonen, T.; Kugler, T.; Berggren, M. (2002).

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Fujitsu Develops World's First Film Substrate-based Bendable Color Electronic Paper featuring Image Memory Function

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across. Each capsule contains an oily solution containing black dye (the electronic ink), with numerous white

3985: 3312: 3307: 3297: 3185: 2744: 2564: 1856: 1077: 4195: 2914: 1937: 476:. Because the optically active layer can be less than 15 micrometres thick, there is strong potential for 4200: 3636: 2757: 1819: 1096: 1348: 3932: 3853: 3097: 2827: 2821: 1030: 852: 600: 299: 2587:"Characterisation and optimisation of the zenithal bistable device | Sheffield Hallam University" 3233: 2944: 1787: 1230: 495: 2395: 1256:

Crowley, Joseph M.; Sheridon, Nicholas K.; Romano, Linda (2002). "Dipole moments of gyricon balls".

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released the first electronic ink based watch called the Spectrum SVRD001 wristwatch, which has a

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Heikenfeld (2011). "A critical review of the present and future prospects for electronic paper".

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e-readers. These displays are constructed from an electrophoretic imaging film manufactured by

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Typically, e-paper electronic tags integrate e-ink technology with wireless interfaces like

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SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers -- May 2007 -- Volume 38, Issue 1, pp. 1599-1602

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

3743: 3589: 3318: 3192: 3114: 3109: 3072: 2637: 2561:"LEXAR ADDS INNOVATIVE STORAGE CAPACITY METER WITH ELECTRONIC PAPER DISPLAY FROM E INK" 2421: 2097: 2046: 1656: 1605: 1183: 1132: 930:

and transaction fraud. Electronic paper offers a flat and thin alternative to existing

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Plasmonic Metasurfaces with Conjugated Polymers for Flexible Electronic Paper in Color

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in 1997 to commercialize the technology. E Ink subsequently formed a partnership with

4111: 3656: 3499: 3390: 3271: 3067: 2999: 2719: 2641: 2627: 2510: 2375: 2089: 2038: 1850: 1738: 1733: 1706: 1660: 1648: 1609: 1548: 1377: 923: 892:. This was the first recorded application of electronic ink to newspaper publishing. 801: 705: 565: 311: 237: 26: 1540: 1136: 553:, typically consisting of the standard cyan, magenta and yellow, in the same way as 4136: 3995: 3833: 3641: 3611: 3404: 3323: 3062: 2810: 2619: 2136: 2101: 2081: 2050: 2028: 1909: 1728: 1718: 1640: 1597: 1265: 1124: 1061: 1033:, or for special non-alphabetical applications such as video editing or games. The 817: 773: 766: 693: 676: 665: 550: 477: 469: 431: 358: 307: 181: 2165: 835:, an e-book reader with an e-paper display. In February 2009, Amazon released the 4146: 4030: 4015: 3970: 3889: 3843: 3813: 3753: 3738: 3579: 3519: 3469: 3417: 3412: 3228: 3218: 3165: 2926: 2532:"Sony and reMarkable's dueling e-paper tablets are strange but impressive beasts" 2304: 2285: 1994: 1983: 1823: 1367: 1323: 999: 955: 946: 896: 362: 349: 193: 98: 1756: 365:, and each one is naturally white. The screen holds microcapsules in a layer of 4215: 4164: 4121: 3808: 3773: 3549: 3524: 3459: 3356: 2832: 2780: 1056: 950:

USB flash drive with E Ink-implemented capacity meter of available flash memory

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of reflected light. The color is selected with an electrically switched light

4189: 4010: 4000: 3917: 3803: 3793: 3763: 3728: 3691: 3626: 3594: 3559: 2713: 1652: 1552: 832: 660: 241: 217: 213: 1914: 1897: 4126: 4025: 3942: 3899: 3798: 3708: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3616: 3584: 3564: 3539: 2422:"Lenovo ThinkBook Plus review: Second E-Ink screen adds an extra dimension" 2093: 2042: 1742: 1723: 1082: 712: 454: 229: 2623: 2142:

10.1002/1521-4095(20021016)14:20<1460::aid-adma1460>3.0.co;2-s

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Flexible display cards enable financial payment cardholders to generate a

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The core technology was invented at the Novel Devices Laboratory at the

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Electrophoretic Display technology has also been developed by SiPix and

176:) forms images by rearranging charged pigment particles with an applied 4078: 4005: 3927: 3884: 3858: 3848: 3778: 3758: 3733: 3698: 3661: 3574: 3554: 3175: 3170: 3152: 3092: 1874: 1034: 935: 907: 889: 859: 825: 465: 354: 233: 189: 185: 133: 102: 86: 2727:"Fuji Xerox Exhibits Color Electronic Paper w/ Optical Writing System" 804:

like the 13.3 inch Dasung Paperlike 3 HD and 25.3 inch Paperlike 253.

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e-book reader equipped with an e-paper display visible in the sunlight

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Electronic paper was first developed in the 1970s by Nick Sheridon at

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Introduction to Thin Film Transistors: Physics and Technology of TFTs

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This used tiny microcapsules filled with electrically charged white

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particles suspended within. The particles are slightly negatively

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Macro photograph of Kindle 3 screen; microcapsules are evident at

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that reflects ambient light, mimicking the appearance of ordinary

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and there are working prototypes developed by collaboration with

369: 315: 263: 123: 70: 1929: 1349:"Parametric analysis of amorphous silicon thin film transistors" 769:, uses an alphanumeric black-and-white electrophoretic display. 2893: 1622: 1579: 1046: 863: 624: 366: 267: 205: 145: 1788:"Oil-based color pixels could let you watch videos on e-paper" 671: 3828: 3823: 3529: 3379: 2869: 2730: 2426: 2182: 1336:

PVDF as material for active element of twisting-ball displays

749: 727: 689: 569: 259: 198: 129: 54: 2279:"The first watch that uses flexible e-paper hits the stores" 2114: 1959:"Make Brighter, Full-Color Electronic Readers? — Brilliant!" 1816: 1423:"E-Paper (E Ink) introduction and basic e-paper information" 985:

Tram timetables on e-paper. Prague, prototype from May 2019.

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similar to LCD but does not need power to retain an image.

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in Japan, the first e-book reader with an electronic paper

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for the display backplane. Applications of e-paper include

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Wired article on E Ink-Philips partnership, and background

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tokens for data security. The world's first ISO compliant

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manufacturing plants to create flexible plastic displays.

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An e-paper display on a watch refreshes to remove ghosts.

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able to display digital versions of books and magazines.

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Other research efforts into e-paper have involved using

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Scheme of an electrophoretic display using color filters

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Journal, Alec Klein Staff Reporter of The Wall Street.

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In late 2007, Amazon began producing and marketing the

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Electrophoretic displays can be manufactured using the

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display. In September 2006, Sony released the PRS-500

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Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology

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An ink or active material to fill the encapsulation

2155: 862:offered e-books tailored for writing with a smart 568:of E Ink Holdings Inc. released the first colored 101:, bus station time tables, electronic billboards, 3329:Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays 2177: 2175: 1346: 1037:is a writer tablet for reading and taking notes. 603:may be compromised due to out-of-date information 464:It has a wide margin in critical aspects such as 240:. A mobile phone that used the technology is the 4187: 1281: 1279: 847:In November 2009, Barnes and Noble launched the 2009:"Plastic transistors in active-matrix displays" 1815:LiquaVista electrowetting display technologies 1575: 1573: 572:displays to be used in a marketed product. The 524: 260:Electronics on Plastic by Laser Release (EPLaR) 2688:Roll-up digital displays move closer to market 2222: 2220: 2172: 976: 659:displays, and the electronic equivalent of an 3364: 2765: 2057: 1975:Xiong, Kunli; Emilsson, Gustav; Maziz, Ali. " 1276: 2108: 1570: 1249: 180:. In the simplest implementation of an EPD, 2983:Surface-conduction electron-emitter display 2678:Most flexible electronic paper yet revealed 2217: 2194: 2192: 700:smart watch (2013) uses a low-power memory 3426: 3371: 3357: 2894:Active-Matrix Organic light-emitting diode 2772: 2758: 1365: 1114: 961: 679:uses an e-paper display instead of an LCD. 2226: 2140: 2032: 1913: 1732: 1722: 274:Microencapsulated electrophoretic display 2189: 1396: 980: 945: 722: 670: 623: 293: 285: 277: 159: 25: 2502: 2063: 1895: 1516:"53.4: Ultra-Thin Flexible OLED Device" 1466:"製品情報（タイヤ/化工品/スポーツ用品/自転車） - 株式会社ブリヂストン" 4188: 2779: 2724: 2563:. Eink - Press Release. Archived from 2324:from the original on 17 September 2016 2235:from the original on 30 September 2017 1767:from the original on February 25, 2021 1673: 1285: 765:Motorola's low-cost mobile phone, the 3352: 2753: 2613: 2484:from the original on 29 November 2012 1374:Springer Science & Business Media 536: 386:This technology is similar to common 136:. The first electronic paper, called 4170: 3030:Ferroelectric liquid crystal display 2529: 2402:from the original on 24 October 2020 2367: 2227:Liszewski, Andrew (6 January 2015). 1898:"May 2009 issue of Nature Photonics" 1798:from the original on 15 October 2015 1785: 1309: 795: 584: 343:. In early versions, the underlying 282:Scheme of an electrophoretic display 3104:Light-emitting electrochemical cell 2453:"Amazon Media Room: Press Releases" 2156:Duncan Graham-Rowe (June 6, 2001). 1986:"Advanced Materials: sid. n/a–n/a. 1538: 1328: 498:that can create various colors via 484:Interferometric modulator (Mirasol) 204:EPDs are typically addressed using 13: 3303:Large-screen television technology 2607: 2506:Taking Your Kindle Fire to the Max 1997:. ISSN 1521-4095. 28 October 2016. 1347:Srikanth, G; Kariyappa, B (2016). 1298:from the original on 7 August 2012 1007: 993: 941: 510:that is switched on and off using 155: 14: 4227: 2977:Organic light-emitting transistor 2697: 1686:from the original on 9 March 2011 718: 517:similar to those used to address 490:Interferometric modulator display 437: 397: 375: 21:Electronic paper (disambiguation) 4169: 4160: 4159: 3340:Comparison of display technology 1873:. Gamma Dynamics. Archived from 1231:"The Future of Electronic Paper" 918:Displays embedded in smart cards 760: 589: 2971:Electroluminescent Quantum Dots 2614:Yang, Bo-Ru, ed. (2022-09-06). 2593:from the original on 2023-01-28 2579: 2553: 2542:from the original on 2017-12-23 2523: 2496: 2470: 2445: 2434:from the original on 2020-08-13 2414: 2388: 2361: 2350:from the original on 2020-03-29 2336: 2310: 2291: 2272: 2247: 2206:from the original on 2019-03-28 2149: 1969: 1951: 1940:from the original on 2009-05-02 1922: 1889: 1863: 1828: 1809: 1779: 1749: 1698: 1667: 1616: 1559:from the original on 2015-12-08 1532: 1508: 1497:from the original on 2010-11-19 1483: 1458: 1450:. epapercentral. Archived from 1440: 1429:from the original on 2019-03-27 1415: 1397:Willings, Adrian (2022-02-03). 1390: 1359: 1340: 1286:Daviss, Bennett (15 May 1999), 1237:from the original on 2020-08-17 683: 643:Electronics to activate the ink 580: 112: 3042:Laser-powered phosphor display 2659:E-paper may offer video images 2396:"Dasung Paperlike 3 HD Review" 1222: 1197: 1172: 1143: 1108: 779: 1: 3986:Environmental impact of paper 3308:Optimum HDTV viewing distance 3298:History of display technology 3186:Computer-generated holography 1674:Sample, Ian (24 April 2001). 1294:, Reed Business Information, 1270:10.1016/S0304-3886(01)00208-X 1102: 1078:History of display technology 873: 16:Paper-like display technology 2888:Organic light-emitting diode 2882:Light-emitting diode display 2725:Tanaka, Naoki (2007-12-06). 2710:How Electronic Ink Will Work 2503:Rollins, Mark (2012-06-11). 2368:Owen, Lynette (2014-10-17). 1896:Graydon, Oliver (May 2009). 1157:. 2008-09-23. Archived from 800:Electronic paper is used on 525:Plasmonic electronic display 7: 4211:Electronic paper technology 1786:Zyga, Lisa (26 July 2010), 1448:"Epaper technologies guide" 1317:Soken electronic wall-paper 1229:Genuth, Iddo (2007-10-15). 1205:"magink e-paper billboards" 1097:Serial Peripheral Interface 1040: 977:Public transport timetables 839:and in May 2009 the larger 10: 4232: 3933:Surface chemistry of paper 3436:(Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso Tzǔ-yi) 3098:Vacuum fluorescent display 2822:Electroluminescent display 1988:doi:10.1002/adma.201603358 1871:"Gamma Dynamic Technology" 1366:Brotherton, S. D. (2013). 1151:"IRex Takes On The Kindle" 997: 965: 733: 637:A method for encapsulation 560: 496:electronic visual displays 487: 401: 379: 121: 117: 18: 4155: 4094: 4039: 3951: 3908: 3867: 3512: 3482: 3452: 3403: 3386: 3378: 3337: 3285: 3247: 3206: 3151: 3055: 2954: 2945:Liquid crystal on silicon 2849: 2796: 2787: 1855:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1817:http://www.liquavista.com 1258:Journal of Electrostatics 1228: 807: 708:for its e-paper display. 432:cyan, magenta, and yellow 134:Palo Alto Research Center 3465:Friedrich Gottlob Keller 3136:Fourteen-segment display 2939:Digital Light Processing 1233:. The Future Of Things. 1072:Hardware Attached on Top 1023: 668:for electronic devices. 451:University of Cincinnati 320:Prime View International 3981:Elemental chlorine free 3938:Units of paper quantity 3142:Sixteen-segment display 2828:Rear-projection display 1915:10.1038/nphoton.2009.66 962:Electronic shelf labels 849:Barnes & Noble Nook 736:Comparison of e-readers 653:liquid-crystal displays 519:liquid-crystal displays 494:The technology used in 339:suspended in a colored 222:Barnes & Noble Nook 170:electrophoretic display 150:polyvinylidene fluoride 95:electronic shelf labels 4206:Electronic engineering 3961:Bleaching of wood pulp 2989:Field-emission display 2904:Liquid-crystal display 2716:, retrieved 2007-08-26 1724:10.1073/pnas.091588098 1180:"SiPix pricing labels" 986: 968:Electronic shelf label 951: 878:In February 2006, the 784:On December 12, 2012, 731: 680: 629: 443:Electrofluidic display 409:Electrowetting display 382:Liquid-crystal display 333: 302: 291: 283: 262:process, developed by 165: 57:- unlike conventional 35: 3880:Corrugated fiberboard 3637:Electrical insulation 3490:Thomas Francis Carter 3126:Eight-segment display 3120:Seven-segment display 2624:10.1002/9781119745624 1934:www.gammadynamics.net 1288:"Paper goes electric" 1161:on September 27, 2008 984: 949: 726: 674: 627: 324: 297: 289: 281: 266:, to enable existing 216:displays used in the 163: 69:Technologies include 29: 3248:Display capabilities 3131:Nine-segment display 2833:Plasma display panel 2708:Bosner, Kevin. 2480:. 6 September 2012. 1129:10.1889/JSID19.2.129 1117:J. Soc. Inf. Display 1067:Flexible electronics 574:Ectaco jetBook Color 461:and Gamma Dynamics. 210:thin-film transistor 164:Appearance of pixels 19:For other uses, see 4196:American inventions 3277:See-through display 3181:Holographic display 2859:Quantum dot display 2255:"About E Ink Prism" 2158:"Read all about it" 2133:2002AdM....14.1460A 2078:2004NatMa...3..106G 2025:2001Natur.414..599H 1930:"gammadynamics.net" 1761:Merriam-Webster.com 1757:"Definition of LCD" 1637:1998Natur.394..253C 1594:1998Natur.394..253C 1545:Wall Street Journal 1052:Embedded controller 954:Some devices, like 547:flexible substrates 543:organic transistors 515:integrated circuits 194:electrophoretically 91:plastic electronics 59:flat panel displays 4201:Display technology 3319:Color Light Output 3313:High Dynamic Range 3115:Dot-matrix display 3110:Lightguide display 2781:Display technology 2720:MIT ePaper Project 2567:on 14 October 2013 2303:2010-03-25 at the 2284:2009-08-12 at the 1993:2016-10-30 at the 1982:2019-03-27 at the 1822:2019-11-02 at the 1676:"Roll The Presses" 1353:IEEE International 1322:2019-03-27 at the 987: 952: 858:In 2017, Sony and 732: 688:In December 2005, 681: 630: 537:Other technologies 508:microscopic cavity 418:Displays based on 316:Philips Components 303: 292: 284: 166: 36: 4183: 4182: 3508: 3507: 3500:Tsien Tsuen-hsuin 3478: 3477: 3448: 3447: 3391:Paper engineering 3346: 3345: 3272:Always-on display 3063:Electromechanical 3051: 3050: 2669:Paper comes alive 2633:978-1-119-74558-7 2530:Coldewey, Devin. 2516:978-1-4302-4264-2 2381:978-1-317-61180-6 2320:. 12 March 2013. 2318:"Pebble Teardown" 2127:(20): 1460–1464. 1631:(6690): 253–255. 1588:(6690): 253–255. 924:one-time password 818:operating systems 802:computer monitors 796:Computer monitors 666:rollable displays 622: 621: 566:E Ink Corporation 478:rollable displays 312:E Ink Corporation 238:E Ink Corporation 43:intelligent paper 4223: 4173: 4172: 4163: 4162: 4147:Beverage cartons 4137:Watercolor paper 3996:Hollander beater 3480: 3479: 3450: 3449: 3424: 3423: 3373: 3366: 3359: 3350: 3349: 3324:Flexible display 3286:Related articles 3166:Autostereoscopic 2865:Electronic paper 2811:Cathode-ray tube 2794: 2793: 2774: 2767: 2760: 2751: 2750: 2741: 2739: 2738: 2645: 2616:E-Paper Displays 2602: 2601: 2599: 2598: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2547: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2464: 2455:. Archived from 2449: 2443: 2442: 2440: 2439: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2398:. 4 April 2020. 2392: 2386: 2385: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2355: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2314: 2308: 2295: 2289: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2267: 2266: 2257:. Archived from 2251: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2224: 2215: 2214: 2212: 2211: 2196: 2187: 2186: 2179: 2170: 2169: 2164:. Archived from 2153: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2086:10.1038/nmat1061 2066:Nature Materials 2061: 2055: 2054: 2036: 2004: 1998: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1945: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1917: 1902:Nature Photonics 1893: 1887: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1854: 1846: 1844: 1843: 1832: 1826: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1803: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1736: 1726: 1717:(9): 4835–4840. 1702: 1696: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1577: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1564: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1527: 1526: 1512: 1506: 1505: 1503: 1502: 1487: 1481: 1480: 1478: 1477: 1468:. Archived from 1462: 1456: 1455: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1435: 1434: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1410: 1409: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1344: 1338: 1332: 1326: 1313: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1303: 1283: 1274: 1273: 1264:(3–4): 247–259. 1253: 1247: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1226: 1220: 1219: 1217: 1216: 1207:. Archived from 1201: 1195: 1194: 1192: 1191: 1182:. Archived from 1176: 1170: 1169: 1167: 1166: 1147: 1141: 1140: 1112: 1062:Flexible display 956:USB flash drives 704:manufactured by 617: 614: 608: 601:factual accuracy 593: 592: 585: 470:color saturation 359:titanium dioxide 308:Barrett Comiskey 264:Philips Research 182:titanium dioxide 75:electrophoretics 39:Electronic paper 4231: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4151: 4090: 4035: 4031:Sulfite process 4016:Paper recycling 3971:Conical refiner 3953: 3947: 3904: 3890:Paper chemicals 3863: 3504: 3474: 3470:Charles Fenerty 3444: 3422: 3418:Missal of Silos 3413:Battle of Talas 3399: 3382: 3377: 3347: 3342: 3333: 3281: 3243: 3229:Slide projector 3219:Movie projector 3202: 3147: 3047: 2957: 2950: 2851: 2845: 2798: 2783: 2778: 2736: 2734: 2700: 2634: 2610: 2608:Further reading 2605: 2596: 2594: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2570: 2568: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2545: 2543: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2501: 2497: 2487: 2485: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2462: 2460: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2437: 2435: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2405: 2403: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2382: 2366: 2362: 2353: 2351: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2327: 2325: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2305:Wayback Machine 2296: 2292: 2286:Wayback Machine 2277: 2273: 2264: 2262: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2238: 2236: 2225: 2218: 2209: 2207: 2198: 2197: 2190: 2181: 2180: 2173: 2154: 2150: 2113: 2109: 2062: 2058: 2034:10.1038/414599a 2005: 2001: 1995:Wayback Machine 1984:Wayback Machine 1974: 1970: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1943: 1941: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1894: 1890: 1880: 1878: 1877:on 3 March 2012 1869: 1868: 1864: 1848: 1847: 1841: 1839: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1824:Wayback Machine 1814: 1810: 1801: 1799: 1784: 1780: 1770: 1768: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1703: 1699: 1689: 1687: 1672: 1668: 1621: 1617: 1578: 1571: 1562: 1560: 1537: 1533: 1524: 1522: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1500: 1498: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1475: 1473: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1432: 1430: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1407: 1405: 1395: 1391: 1384: 1364: 1360: 1345: 1341: 1333: 1329: 1324:Wayback Machine 1314: 1310: 1301: 1299: 1284: 1277: 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3946: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3914: 3912: 3910:Specifications 3906: 3905: 3903: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3749:Plastic-coated 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3695: 3694: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3486: 3484: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3460:Matthias Koops 3456: 3454: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3442: 3437: 3430: 3428: 3421: 3420: 3415: 3409: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3397: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3376: 3375: 3368: 3361: 3353: 3344: 3343: 3338: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3157: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3079: 3078: 3075: 3070: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3020: 3009: 3008: 3007: 3005:Liquid crystal 3002: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2960: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2923: 2922: 2917: 2901: 2900: 2899: 2898: 2897: 2879: 2878: 2877: 2872: 2862: 2855: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2842: 2841: 2830: 2825: 2819: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2800: 2791: 2789:Video displays 2785: 2784: 2777: 2776: 2769: 2762: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2742: 2722: 2717: 2706: 2699: 2698:External links 2696: 2695: 2694: 2685: 2675: 2666: 2656: 2649:Electric paper 2646: 2632: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2603: 2578: 2552: 2522: 2515: 2495: 2469: 2444: 2413: 2387: 2380: 2371:Selling Rights 2360: 2335: 2309: 2290: 2271: 2246: 2216: 2188: 2171: 2168:on 2007-09-30. 2148: 2107: 2072:(2): 106–110. 2056: 1999: 1968: 1950: 1921: 1888: 1862: 1827: 1808: 1778: 1748: 1697: 1666: 1615: 1569: 1531: 1507: 1493:. 2009-10-29. 1482: 1457: 1454:on 2012-09-19. 1439: 1414: 1389: 1382: 1358: 1339: 1327: 1308: 1275: 1248: 1221: 1196: 1171: 1142: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1080: 1075: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1057:Electrofluidic 1054: 1049: 1042: 1039: 1025: 1022: 1009: 1006: 998:Main article: 995: 992: 978: 975: 966:Main article: 963: 960: 943: 940: 928:online banking 919: 916: 875: 872: 809: 806: 797: 794: 781: 778: 762: 759: 734:Main article: 720: 719:E-book readers 717: 685: 682: 657:electrochromic 645: 644: 641: 638: 620: 619: 597: 595: 588: 582: 579: 562: 559: 545:embedded into 538: 535: 526: 523: 488:Main article: 485: 482: 459:Polymer Vision 439: 438:Electrofluidic 436: 420:electrowetting 404:Electrowetting 402:Main article: 399: 398:Electrowetting 396: 380:Main article: 377: 376:Reflective LCD 374: 275: 272: 178:electric field 157: 154: 142:Janus particle 122:Main article: 119: 116: 114: 111: 105:displays, and 83:interferometry 79:electrowetting 63:contrast ratio 47:display device 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4228: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4176: 4168: 4166: 4158: 4157: 4154: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4080: 4077: 4073: 4072:United States 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4011:Paper machine 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 4001:Kraft process 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3901: 3898: 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