683:
suitable for use by different classes of equipment. Where both single-phase and three-phase loads are served by an electrical system, the system may be labelled with both voltages such as 120/208 or 230/400 V, to show the line-to-neutral voltage and the line-to-line voltage. Large loads are connected for the higher voltage. Other three-phase voltages, up to 830 volts, are occasionally used for special-purpose systems such as oil well pumps. Large industrial motors (say, more than 250 hp or 150 kW) may operate on medium voltage. On 60 Hz systems a standard for medium voltage equipment is 2,400/4,160 V whereas 3,300 V is the common standard for 50 Hz systems.
557:
735:. No change in voltage was required by either the Central European or the UK system, as both 220 V and 240 V fall within the lower 230 V tolerance bands (230 V ±6%). Usually the voltage of 230 V ±3% is maintained. Some areas of the UK still have 250 volts for legacy reasons, but these also fall within the 10% tolerance band of 230 volts. In practice, this allowed countries to have supplied the same voltage (220 or 240 V), at least until existing supply transformers are replaced. Equipment (with the exception of
134:
33:
675:
conductor material than a 120 V system to deliver a given amount of power because the current, and consequently the resistive loss, is lower. While large heating appliances can use smaller conductors at 230 V for the same output rating, few household appliances use anything like the full capacity of the outlet to which they are connected. Minimum wire size for hand-held or portable equipment is usually restricted by the mechanical strength of the conductors.
828:
660:(RMS) voltage. Voltage tolerances are for steady-state operation. Momentary heavy loads, or switching operations in the power distribution network, may cause short-term deviations out of the tolerance band and storms and other unusual conditions may cause even larger transient variations. In general, power supplies derived from large networks with many sources are more stable than those supplied to an isolated community with perhaps only a single generator.
887:(ANSI) published C84.1 âAmerican National Standard for Electric Power Systems and Equipment â Voltage Ratings (60 Hertz)â. This standard established 120 volt nominal system and two ranges for service voltage and utilization voltage variations. Today, virtually all American homes and businesses have access to 120 and 240 V at 60 Hz. Both voltages are available on the three wires (two "hot" legs of opposite phase and one "neutral" leg).
1002:
939:, again, with on-load tap changers to adjust the ratio depending on the observed voltage changes. At each customer's service, the step-down transformer has up to five taps to allow some range of adjustment, usually ±5% of the nominal voltage. Since these taps are not automatically controlled, they are used only to adjust the long-term average voltage at the service and not to regulate the voltage seen by the utility customer.
258:, did not apply in the first few decades of the 20th century and are still not universal. Industrial plants with three-phase power will have different, higher voltages installed for large equipment (and different sockets and plugs), but the common voltages listed here would still be found for lighting and portable equipment.
974:
sets to provide power when the utility supply is unavailable or unusable. Erratic power supply may be a severe economic handicap to businesses and public services which rely on electrical machinery, illumination, climate control and computers. Even the best quality power system may have breakdowns or
953:
The stability of the voltage and frequency supplied to customers varies among countries and regions. "Power quality" is a term describing the degree of deviation from the nominal supply voltage and frequency. Short-term surges and drop-outs affect sensitive electronic equipment such as computers and
907:
in
Germany decided to standardize their generation equipment on 60 Hz and 50 Hz respectively, eventually leading to most of the world being supplied at one of these two frequencies. Today most 60 Hz systems deliver nominal 120/240 V, and most 50 Hz nominally 230 V. The
894:
electrical utility, decided to greatly increase its distribution capacity by switching to 220 V nominal distribution, taking advantage of the higher voltage capability of newly developed metal filament lamps. The company was able to offset the cost of converting the customer's equipment by the
874:
to the same 110 V customer utilization voltage that Edison used. In 1883 Edison patented a threeâwire distribution system to allow DC generation plants to serve a wider radius of customers to save on copper costs. By connecting two groups of 110 V lamps in series more load could be served
682:
240 V systems to supply large appliances. In this system a 240 V supply has a centre-tapped neutral to give two 120 V supplies which can also supply 240 V to loads connected between the two line wires. Three-phase systems can be connected to give various combinations of voltage,
238:
power is most commonly used today, although two-phase systems were used early in the 20th century. Foreign enclaves, such as large industrial plants or overseas military bases, may have a different standard voltage or frequency from the surrounding areas. Some city areas may use standards different
746:
converted to 230 V as the nominal standard with a tolerance of +10%/â6%, this superseding the old 240 V standard, AS 2926-1987. The tolerance was increased in 2022 to ± 10% with the release of AS IEC 60038:2022. The utilization voltage available at an appliance may be
650:
A distinction should be made between the voltage at the point of supply (nominal voltage at the point of interconnection between the electrical utility and the user) and the voltage rating of the equipment (utilization or load voltage). Typically the utilization voltage is 3% to 5% lower than the
494:
Portable appliances use single-phase electric power, with two or three wired contacts at each outlet. Two wires (neutral and live/active/hot) carry current to operate the device. A third wire, not always present, connects conductive parts of the appliance case to earth ground. This protects users
120:
of electric power differs between regions. In much of the world, a voltage (nominally) of 230 volts and frequency of 50 Hz is used. In North
America, the most common combination is 120 V and a frequency of 60 Hz. Other combinations exist, for example, 230 V at 60 Hz.
898:
In the first decade after the introduction of alternating current in the US (from the early 1880s to about 1893) a variety of different frequencies were used, with each electric provider setting their own, so that no single one prevailed. The most common frequency was 133â
Hz. The rotation
674:
The choice of supply voltage is due more to historical reasons than optimization of the electric power distribution systemâonce a voltage is in use and equipment using this voltage is widespread, changing voltage is a drastic and expensive measure. A 230 V distribution system will use less
539:
between the line and neutral or ground wires or the drawing of more current than the wires are rated to handle (overload protection) to prevent overheating and possible fire. These protective devices are usually mounted in a central panelâmost commonly a distribution board or consumer unitâin a
516:
Small portable electrical equipment is connected to the power supply through flexible cables terminated in a plug, which is inserted into a fixed receptacle (socket). Larger household electrical equipment and industrial equipment may be permanently wired to the fixed wiring of the building. For
934:
or along the distribution line. At a substation, the step-down transformer will have an automatic on-load tap changer, allowing the ratio between transmission voltage and distribution voltage to be adjusted in steps. For long (several kilometres) rural distribution circuits, automatic voltage
504:
In northern and central Europe, residential electrical supply is commonly 400 V three-phase electric power, which gives 230 V between any single phase and neutral; house wiring may be a mix of three-phase and single-phase circuits, but three-phase residential use is rare in the UK.
141:
In the US, mains electric power is referred to by several names including "utility power", "household power", "household electricity", "house current", "powerline", "domestic power", "wall power", "line power", "wall current", "AC power", "city power", "street power", and "120 (one twenty)".
641:
have mixed voltage systems; in residential and light commercial buildings both countries use 127 volts, with 220 volts at 60 Hz in commercial and industrial applications. The Saudi government approved plans in August 2010 to transition the country to a totally 230/400-volt
592:
the nominal supply voltage is 230 V +10%/â6% to accommodate the fact that most transformers are in fact still set to 240 V. The 230 V standard has become widespread so that 230 V equipment can be used in most parts of the world with the aid of an
655:
between equipment and supply. Voltages in this article are the nominal supply voltages and equipment used on these systems will carry slightly lower nameplate voltages. Power distribution system voltage is nearly sinusoidal in nature. Voltages are expressed as
628:
and some parts of northern South
America use a voltage between 100 V and 127 V. However, most of the households in Japan equip split-phase electric power like the United States, which can supply 200 V by using reversed phase at the same time.
895:
resulting saving in distribution conductors cost. This became the model for electrical distribution in
Germany and the rest of Europe and the 220 V system became common. North American practice remained with voltages near 110 V for lamps.
254:(DC) has been displaced by alternating current (AC) in public power systems, but DC was used especially in some city areas to the end of the 20th century. The modern combinations of 230 V/50 Hz and 120 V/60 Hz, listed in
762:) (â5% to +5%). Historically, 110 V, 115 V and 117 V have been used at different times and places in North America. Mains power is sometimes spoken of as 110 V; however, 120 V is the nominal voltage.
975:
require servicing. As such, companies, governments and other organizations sometimes have backup generators at sensitive facilities, to ensure that power will be available even in the event of a power outage or black out.
843:
in 1881. It was an alternating current (AC) system using a
Siemens alternator supplying power for both street lights and consumers at two voltages, 250 V for arc lamps, and 40 V for incandescent lamps.
472:
Includes small electric devices, heating elements, exterior lights, outdoor grills, pool and spa heaters, backup electricity generators, and motors not listed above. Does not include electric vehicle charging.
184:
Worldwide, many different mains power systems are found for the operation of household and light commercial electrical appliances and lighting. The different systems are primarily characterized by:
879:, allowing lamps to be run at around 110 V and major appliances to be connected to 220 V. Nominal voltages gradually crept upward to 112 V and 115 V, or even 117 V. After
867:, the world's first permanent commercial central power plant. The Pearl Street Station also provided DC at 110 V, considered to be a "safe" voltage for consumers, beginning 4 September 1882.
480:
to power the device. This is often capable of operation with a wide range of voltage and with both common power frequencies. Other AC applications usually have much more restricted input ranges.
1303:
875:
by the same size conductors run with 220 V between them; a neutral conductor carried any imbalance of current between the two sub-circuits. AC circuits adopted the same form during the
1110:
990:. In contrast, harmonic distortion is usually caused by conditions of the load or generator. In multi-phase power, phase shift distortions caused by imbalanced loads can occur.
149:, and mains electricity is often referred to as "hydro" in some regions of the country. This is also reflected in names of current and historical electricity utilities such as
747:
below this range, due to voltage drops within the customer installation. As in the UK, 240 V is within the allowable limits and "240 volt" is a synonym for mains in
250:
Many other combinations of voltage and utility frequency were formerly used, with frequencies between 25 Hz and 133 Hz and voltages from 100 V to 250 V.
1366:
109:
in many parts of the world. People use this electricity to power everyday items (such as domestic appliances, televisions and lamps) by plugging them into a wall outlet.
548:âflow of current in other than the neutral and line wires (like the ground wire or a person). When a ground fault is detected, the device quickly cuts off the circuit.
758:
In the United States and Canada, national standards specify that the nominal voltage at the source should be 120 V and allow a range of 114 V to 126 V (
899:
speed of induction generators and motors, the efficiency of transformers, and flickering of carbon arc lamps all played a role in frequency setting. Around 1893 the
908:
significant exceptions are in Brazil, which has a synchronized 60 Hz grid with both 127 V and 220 V as standard voltages in different regions, and
651:
nominal system voltage; for example, a nominal 208 V supply system will be connected to motors with "200 V" on their nameplates. This allows for the
1389:
522:
1296:
1080:
36:
World map showing the percentage of the population in each country with access to mains electricity (as of 2017), a measure of the extent of
1121:
1340:
813:. To accommodate the difference, frequency-sensitive appliances marketed in Japan can often be switched between the two frequencies.
125:
in different regions provide some protection from accidental use of appliances with incompatible voltage and frequency requirements.
855:
in Londonâstarted operation in
January 1882, providing direct current (DC) at 110 V. The Holborn Viaduct station was used as a
1085:], Noel Williams & Jeffrey S Sargent, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2012, p. 249 (retrieved 3 March 2013 from Google Books)
633:
is unusual in having both 127 V and 220 V systems at 60 Hz and also permitting interchangeable plugs and sockets.
521:
unit would be connected to a wall plug, whereas the central air conditioning for a whole home would be permanently wired. Larger
884:
1204:
British
Standard BS 7697: Nominal voltages for low voltage public electricity supply systems â (Implementation of HD 472 S1)
1068:
806:
267:
810:
1225:
17:
909:
1466:
926:
To maintain the voltage at the customer's service within the acceptable range, electrical distribution utilities use
900:
1094:
883:
the standard voltage in the U.S. became 117 V, but many areas lagged behind even into the 1960s. In 1954, the
798:
1248:
121:
Travellers' portable appliances may be inoperative or damaged by foreign electrical supplies. Non-interchangeable
544:, also known as ground-fault circuit interrupters and appliance leakage current interrupters, are used to detect
166:
1279:
1327:
145:
In the UK, mains electric power is generally referred to as "the mains". More than half of power in Canada is
852:
1479:
1146:
870:
AC systems started appearing in the US in the mid-1880s, using higher distribution voltage stepped down via
525:
are used for industrial equipment carrying larger currents, higher voltages, or three phase electric power.
1215:
1171:
987:
967:
669:
178:
794:
231:
556:
247:
may have no central electrical authority, with electric power provided by incompatible private sources.
679:
235:
122:
540:
building, but some wiring systems also provide a protection device at the socket or within the plug.
978:
Power quality can also be affected by distortions of the current or voltage waveform in the form of
769:, the electrical power supply to households is at 100 and 200 V. Eastern and northern parts of
691:
Until 1987, mains voltage in large parts of Europe, including
Germany, Austria and Switzerland, was
1429:
1020:
476:
Electronic appliances such as computers or televisions sets typically use an AC to DC converter or
266:
Electricity is used for lighting, heating, cooling, electric motors and electronic equipment. The
1510:
781:
have a frequency of 50 Hz, whereas western Honshƫ (including Nagoya, Osaka, and
Hiroshima),
736:
541:
105:
supply. It is the form of electrical power that is delivered to homes and businesses through the
1277:
American
National Standard for Electric Power Systems and Equipment â Voltage Ratings (60 Hertz)
802:
463:
Includes televisions, set-top boxes, home theatre systems, DVD players, and video game consoles.
966:
and low reliability of supply generally increase costs to customers, who may have to invest in
959:
218:
All these parameters vary among regions. The voltages are generally in the range 100â240
904:
860:
8:
1375:
876:
98:
1403:
797:(HVDC) substations which interconnect the power between the two grid systems; these are
739:) used in these countries is designed to accept any voltage within the specified range.
707:. Standard ISO IEC 60038:1983 defined the new standard European voltage to be
1065:
955:
793:
operate at 60 Hz. The boundary between the two regions contains four back-to-back
748:
499:
1040:
1462:
1383:
1221:
1015:
927:
916:
532:
489:
208:
117:
1454:
1099:], Brian Scaddan, Routledge, 2011, p. 18 (retrieved 6 March 2013 from Google Books)
971:
856:
759:
657:
518:
223:
146:
1283:
983:
936:
822:
752:
625:
528:
197:
106:
37:
150:
1330:
CAN3-C235-83: Preferred Voltage Levels for AC Systems, 0 to 50 000 V
790:
589:
251:
158:
102:
597:
or a change to the equipment's plug to the standard for the specific country.
133:
1504:
1007:
948:
864:
848:
621:
601:
585:
536:
506:
963:
880:
831:
A 50 Hz ±5 Hz vibrating-reed mains frequency meter for 220 V
652:
634:
617:
510:
678:
Many areas, such as the US, which use (nominally) 120 V, make use of
495:
from electric shock if live internal parts accidentally contact the case.
466:
Includes desktop and laptop computers, monitors, and networking equipment.
1172:"Voltage in Saudi Arabia - Electricity Supply and Power Quality Overview"
871:
836:
827:
581:
274:
U.S. residential sector electricity consumption by major end uses in 2021
204:
560:
World map of mains voltages and frequencies, simplified to country level
32:
935:
regulators may be mounted on poles of the distribution line. These are
931:
477:
1276:
840:
743:
577:
255:
162:
27:
Type of lower-voltage electricity most commonly provided by utilities
177:
For a list of voltages, frequencies, and wall plugs by country, see
979:
778:
154:
1001:
782:
594:
517:
example, in North American homes a window-mounted self-contained
244:
113:
1459:
Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society 1880â1930
891:
786:
770:
638:
630:
613:
605:
569:
565:
1097:
17th Edition IEE Wiring Regulations: Explained and Illustrated
727:
was implemented. From 2009 on, the voltage is permitted to be
513:
may be supplied from the 400 V three-phase power supply.
774:
766:
609:
240:
227:
1436:. Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E). January 1999
1272:
912:: 50 Hz for East Japan and 60 Hz for West Japan.
573:
219:
1249:"Electrical Contractor Update - Issue 04 - February 2023"
226:
voltage). The two commonly used frequencies are 50
982:
of the fundamental (supply) frequency, or non-harmonic
839:
driven system constructed in the small English town of
588:) use a supply that is within 6% of 230 V. In the
1217:
Renewable Energy Integration: Challenges and Solutions
1461:, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1983
1213:
509:, water heaters and household power heavy tools like
997:
890:In 1899, the Berliner ElektrizitÀts-Werke (BEW), a
137:
A table lamp connected to a wall socket (the mains)
1480:"Power plug, socket & mains voltage in Brazil"
1378:, 1987, archived from the original on 1 April 2017
1147:"Power plug, socket & mains voltage in Brazil"
835:The world's first public electricity supply was a
239:from that of the surrounding countryside (e.g. in
1502:
1388:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
715:. From 1987 onwards, a step-wise shift towards
1289:
1195:CENELEC Harmonisation Document HD 472 S1:1988
1111:"Voltage and Equipment Standard Misalignment"
261:
1108:
1071:, 3 March 2022, (retrieved 11 November 2022)
847:The world's first large scale central plantâ
1214:Hossain, J.; Mahmud, A. (29 January 2014).
1083:Electrical Inspection Manual, 2011 Edition
1067:, How is electricity used in U.S. homes?,
384:Furnace fans and boiler circulation pumps
194:Plugs and sockets (receptacles or outlets)
1041:"Access to electricity (% of population)"
1368:Electricity Supply in the United Kingdom
1033:
859:for the construction of the much larger
853:steam powered station at Holborn Viaduct
826:
608:use a supply voltage of 120 volts ± 6%.
555:
132:
31:
1408:Engineering and Technology History Wiki
1404:"Milestones:Pearl Street Station, 1882"
14:
1503:
1309:from the original on 10 November 2019
921:
885:American National Standards Institute
207:damage (e.g., due to short circuit),
1069:US Energy Information Administration
663:
645:
268:US Energy Information Administration
243:). Regions in an effective state of
811:Higashi-Shimizu Frequency Converter
24:
686:
483:
362:Televisions and related equipment
25:
1522:
1109:Halliday, Chris; Urquhart, Dave.
551:
1000:
942:
910:Japan, which has two frequencies
373:Computers and related equipment
172:
1472:
1448:
1422:
1410:. United Engineering Foundation
1396:
1359:
1333:
1321:
1266:
1241:
1207:
469:Does not include water heating.
167:Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro
93:, or, in some parts of Canada,
1286:, NEMA (costs $ 95 for access)
1198:
1189:
1164:
1139:
1102:
1088:
1074:
1059:
564:Most of the world population (
505:High-power appliances such as
128:
13:
1:
1026:
958:. Longer-term power outages,
901:Westinghouse Electric Company
1430:"Voltage Tolerance Boundary"
1302:. PG&E. 1 January 1999.
1297:"Voltage Tolerance Boundary"
988:electromagnetic interference
984:(inter)modulation distortion
968:uninterruptible power supply
670:Mains electricity by country
523:plug and socket combinations
179:Mains electricity by country
7:
993:
795:high-voltage direct-current
10:
1527:
946:
914:
820:
816:
667:
497:
487:
262:Common uses of electricity
176:
903:in the United States and
1341:"Godalming: Electricity"
1253:us5.campaign-archive.com
1220:. Springer. p. 71.
1021:Maximum demand indicator
542:Residual-current devices
1347:. Surrey County Council
1345:Exploring Surrey's Past
986:such as that caused by
680:three-wire, split-phase
97:, is a general-purpose
932:electrical substations
832:
642:50/60 Hz system.
561:
138:
71:
830:
559:
498:Further information:
270:(EIA) has published:
222:(always expressed as
214:Parameter tolerances.
136:
35:
1282:27 July 2007 at the
928:regulating equipment
861:Pearl Street Station
1376:Electricity Council
956:flat-panel displays
877:war of the currents
535:are used to detect
203:Protection against
99:alternating-current
1434:Power Quality Blog
922:Voltage regulation
833:
699:while the UK used
562:
500:Ground and neutral
450:Total consumption
211:, and fire hazards
139:
72:
18:Electricity supply
1016:Electricity meter
917:Utility frequency
664:Choice of voltage
646:Measuring voltage
490:Electrical wiring
460:
459:
286:(Terawatt-hours)
123:plugs and sockets
75:Mains electricity
16:(Redirected from
1518:
1495:
1494:
1492:
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1476:
1470:
1455:Thomas P. Hughes
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1132:
1127:on 11 March 2018
1126:
1120:. Archived from
1115:
1106:
1100:
1092:
1086:
1078:
1072:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1047:. The World Bank
1037:
1010:
1005:
1004:
937:autotransformers
857:proof of concept
807:Minami-Fukumitsu
734:
732:
726:
724:
723:
714:
712:
706:
704:
698:
696:
658:root mean square
529:Circuit breakers
417:Clothes washers
278:
277:
230:and 60 Hz.
224:root-mean-square
147:hydroelectricity
68:
62:
56:
50:
44:
21:
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687:Standardization
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626:Central America
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519:air conditioner
502:
492:
486:
484:Building wiring
340:Clothes dryers
290:
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264:
198:Earthing system
182:
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165:(Ontario), and
131:
107:electrical grid
70:
66:
64:
60:
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54:
52:
48:
46:
42:
38:electrification
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1511:Electric power
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1484:WorldStandards
1471:
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1332:
1320:
1288:
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1240:
1227:978-9814585279
1226:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1163:
1151:WorldStandards
1138:
1118:powerlogic.com
1101:
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947:Main article:
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737:filament bulbs
688:
685:
668:Main article:
665:
662:
647:
644:
590:United Kingdom
584:, and much of
553:
552:Voltage levels
550:
537:short circuits
507:kitchen stoves
485:
482:
474:
473:
470:
467:
464:
458:
457:
454:
453:5,470 (1,519)
451:
447:
446:
443:
440:
436:
435:
432:
429:
425:
424:
421:
418:
414:
413:
410:
407:
403:
402:
399:
396:
392:
391:
388:
385:
381:
380:
377:
374:
370:
369:
366:
363:
359:
358:
355:
352:
348:
347:
344:
341:
337:
336:
333:
330:
329:Refrigeration
326:
325:
322:
319:
318:Water heating
315:
314:
311:
308:
307:Space heating
304:
303:
300:
297:
296:Space cooling
293:
292:
287:
282:
263:
260:
252:Direct current
216:
215:
212:
209:electric shock
201:
195:
192:
189:
174:
171:
159:Manitoba Hydro
130:
127:
103:electric power
87:domestic power
65:
59:
53:
47:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1523:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1468:
1467:0-8018-2873-2
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1391:
1385:
1377:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1008:Energy portal
1003:
998:
991:
989:
985:
981:
976:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
950:
949:Power quality
943:Power quality
940:
938:
933:
929:
918:
913:
911:
906:
902:
896:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
849:Thomas Edison
845:
842:
838:
829:
824:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
763:
761:
756:
754:
750:
745:
740:
738:
684:
681:
676:
671:
661:
659:
654:
643:
640:
636:
632:
627:
623:
622:North America
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:United States
598:
596:
591:
587:
586:South America
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
558:
549:
547:
546:ground faults
543:
538:
534:
530:
526:
524:
520:
514:
512:
511:log splitters
508:
501:
496:
491:
481:
479:
471:
468:
465:
462:
461:
455:
452:
449:
448:
444:
441:
438:
437:
433:
430:
427:
426:
422:
419:
416:
415:
411:
408:
405:
404:
400:
397:
394:
393:
389:
386:
383:
382:
378:
375:
372:
371:
367:
364:
361:
360:
356:
353:
350:
349:
345:
342:
339:
338:
334:
331:
328:
327:
323:
320:
317:
316:
312:
309:
306:
305:
301:
298:
295:
294:
288:
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:
271:
269:
259:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
213:
210:
206:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
185:
180:
173:Power systems
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
135:
126:
124:
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:utility power
76:
45: 80â100%
39:
34:
30:
19:
1487:. Retrieved
1483:
1474:
1458:
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1433:
1424:
1412:. Retrieved
1407:
1398:
1367:
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1344:
1335:
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1291:
1268:
1256:. Retrieved
1252:
1243:
1231:. Retrieved
1216:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1179:. Retrieved
1175:
1166:
1154:. Retrieved
1150:
1141:
1129:. Retrieved
1122:the original
1117:
1104:
1096:
1090:
1082:
1076:
1061:
1049:. Retrieved
1044:
1035:
977:
970:or stand-by
952:
925:
897:
889:
881:World War II
872:transformers
869:
846:
834:
799:Shin Shinano
764:
757:
741:
690:
677:
673:
653:voltage drop
649:
635:Saudi Arabia
618:Saudi Arabia
599:
563:
545:
527:
515:
503:
493:
475:
442:1,900 (520)
428:Dishwashers
273:
272:
265:
249:
232:Single-phase
217:
183:
151:Hydro-Québec
144:
140:
111:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
73:
63: 20â40%
57: 40â60%
51: 60â80%
29:
1489:27 November
1313:22 November
1181:27 November
1156:27 November
837:water wheel
773:(including
705:14.4 V
582:New Zealand
439:Other uses
236:three-phase
205:overcurrent
200:(grounding)
129:Terminology
69: 0â20%
1414:6 December
1351:6 December
1233:13 January
1027:References
915:See also:
809:, and the
803:Sakuma Dam
749:Australian
488:See also:
478:AC adapter
321:630 (176)
310:750 (207)
299:850 (235)
284:Petajoules
91:wall power
83:grid power
1051:5 October
980:harmonics
972:generator
964:blackouts
960:brownouts
841:Godalming
744:Australia
742:In 2000,
733:23 V
713:23 V
697:22 V
578:Australia
395:Freezers
376:130 (36)
365:200 (56)
354:210 (59)
351:Lighting
343:230 (64)
332:310 (87)
256:IEC 60038
191:Frequency
163:Hydro One
118:frequency
1505:Category
1440:7 August
1384:citation
1304:Archived
1280:Archived
1131:14 March
994:See also
865:New York
779:HokkaidĆ
420:40 (11)
409:58 (16)
406:Cooking
398:72 (20)
387:86 (24)
289:Share of
281:End use
155:BC Hydro
1275:C84.1:
1258:4 March
1176:Sinalda
817:History
791:Okinawa
783:Shikoku
725: V
595:adapter
431:29 (8)
245:anarchy
188:Voltage
114:voltage
1469:p. 193
1465:
1374:, The
1224:
892:Berlin
787:Kyƫshƫ
777:) and
771:Honshƫ
639:Mexico
631:Brazil
614:Taiwan
606:Canada
570:Africa
566:Europe
291:total
89:, and
67:
61:
55:
49:
43:
1372:(PDF)
1307:(PDF)
1300:(PDF)
1125:(PDF)
1114:(PDF)
775:Tokyo
767:Japan
720:+13.8
610:Japan
533:fuses
456:100%
241:Libya
101:(AC)
95:hydro
1491:2020
1463:ISBN
1442:2022
1416:2017
1390:link
1353:2017
1315:2019
1273:ANSI
1260:2024
1235:2018
1222:ISBN
1183:2020
1158:2020
1133:2014
1053:2019
1045:Data
962:and
789:and
751:and
637:and
604:and
600:The
574:Asia
531:and
445:34%
324:12%
313:14%
302:15%
116:and
112:The
1328:CSA
930:at
905:AEG
863:in
851:'s
765:In
760:RMS
729:230
722:â23
717:230
709:230
701:240
693:220
434:1%
423:1%
412:1%
401:1%
390:2%
379:2%
368:4%
357:4%
346:4%
335:6%
234:or
77:or
1507::
1482:.
1457:,
1432:.
1406:.
1386:}}
1382:{{
1343:.
1251:.
1174:.
1149:.
1116:.
1043:.
805:,
801:,
785:,
755:.
624:,
620:,
616:,
612:,
580:,
576:,
572:,
568:,
228:Hz
169:.
161:,
157:,
153:,
85:,
81:,
40:.
1493:.
1444:.
1418:.
1392:)
1355:.
1317:.
1262:.
1237:.
1185:.
1160:.
1135:.
1055:.
731:±
711:±
703:±
695:±
220:V
181:.
20:)
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