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track that has been heavily sanded by a previous tram, and the tram loses electrical contact with the rails. In this event, the underframe of the tram, by virtue of a circuit path through ancillary loads (such as interior lighting), is live at the full supply voltage, typically 600 volts DC. In
British terminology, such a tram was said to be 'grounded'ânot to be confused with the US English use of the term, which means the exact opposite. Any person stepping off the tram and completing the earth return circuit with their body could receive a serious electric shock. If "grounded", the driver was required to jump off the tram (avoiding simultaneous contact with the tram and the ground) and pull down the trolley pole, before allowing passengers off the tram. Unless derailed, the tram could usually be recovered by running water down the running rails from a point higher than the tram, the water providing a conducting bridge between the tram and the rails. With improved technology, this ceased to be an problem.
2181:
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3082:, a French inventor who developed improvements in tram and rail equipment, and helped develop tram lines in New York City and Paris. The invention of grooved rail enabled tramways to be laid without causing a nuisance to other road users, except unsuspecting cyclists, who could get their wheels caught in the groove. The grooves may become filled with gravel and dirt (particularly if infrequently used or after a period of idleness) and need clearing from time to time, this being done by a "scrubber" tram. Failure to clear the grooves can lead to a bumpy ride for the passengers, damage to either wheel or rail and possibly derailing.
1766:
1574:
inertia, for example when crossing another cable line. The cable then had to be "picked up" to resume progress, the whole operation requiring precise timing to avoid damage to the cable and the grip mechanism. Breaks and frays in the cable, which occurred frequently, required the complete cessation of services over a cable route while the cable was repaired. Due to overall wear, the entire length of cable (typically several kilometres) had to be replaced on a regular schedule. After the development of reliable electrically powered trams, the costly high-maintenance cable car systems were rapidly replaced in most locations.
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51:
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5615:). This scale/gauge hybrid is called OO scale. O scale trams are also very popular among tram modellers because the increased size allows for more detail and easier crafting of overhead wiring. In the US these models are usually purchased in epoxy or wood kits and some as brass models. The Saint Petersburg Tram Company produces highly detailed polyurethane non-powered O Scale models from around the world which can easily be powered by trucks from vendors like Q-Car.
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1074:, UK. The British Parliament passed the Mumbles Railway Act in 1804, and horse-drawn service started in 1807. The service closed in 1827, but was restarted in 1860, again using horses. It was worked by steam from 1877, and then, from 1929, by very large (106-seat) electric tramcars, until closure in 1960. The Swansea and Mumbles Railway was something of a one-off however, and no street tramway appeared in Britain until 1860 when one was built in
3801:
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123:
318:
82:
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969:
268:
225:
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2788:(APS), is an updated version of the original stud type system. APS uses a third rail placed between the running rails, divided electrically into eight-metre powered segments with three-metre neutral sections between. Each tram has two power collection skates, next to which are antennas that send radio signals to energize the power rail segments as the tram passes over them.
4903:. However, Canadian cities excluding Toronto, removed their streetcar systems in the mid-20th century. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, light rail systems were introduced in Calgary and Edmonton; with another light rail system established in Ottawa in 2001. There has been something of a renaissance for light railways in mid-sized cities with
4749:, though "tram" may be used colloquially in Canada. Streetcar systems were developed in late 19th to early 20th centuries in a number of cities throughout North America. However, most North American cities saw their streetcar lines removed in the mid-20th century for a variety of financial, technological and social reasons. Exceptions included
2941:, the remnant of the system comprises three isolated radial routes, not connecting in the ancient city centre, but linked by a ring route. Some apparently anomalous lines continue in operation where a new line would not on rational grounds be built, because it is much more costly to build a new line than to continue operating an existing one.
4449:. The tram reached its zenith in 1932 when 82 rail companies operated 1,479 kilometres of track in 65 cities. The tram declined in popularity through the remaining years of the 1930s and during the 1960s many of the remaining operational tramways were shut down or converted into commuter railway lines.
5621:
It is thought that the first example of a working model tramcar in the UK built by an amateur for fun was in 1929, when Frank E. Wilson created a replica of London County
Council Tramways E class car 444 in 1:16 scale, which he demonstrated at an early Model Engineer Exhibition. Another of his models
3739:
Tram tracks can be hazardous for cyclists, as bikes, particularly those with narrow tyres, may get their wheels caught in the track grooves. It is possible to close the grooves of the tracks on critical sections by rubber profiles that are pressed down by the wheelflanges of the passing tram but that
2634:
There are two main types of tramways, the classic tramway built in the early 20th century with the tram system operating in mixed traffic, and the later type which is most often associated with the tram system having its own right of way. Tram systems that have their own right of way are often called
1484:
in stages between 1859 and 1892. New York City developed multiple cable car lines, that operated from 1883 to 1909. Los
Angeles also had several cable car lines, including the Second Street Cable Railroad, which operated from 1885 to 1889, and the Temple Street Cable Railway, which operated from 1886
9648:
Seeing these beautiful behemoths rolling through
Toronto might force us to reconsider the complaint heard over and over that streetcars are forever in the way. Once all 204 new vehicles have been deployed in four or five years, they will be the undisputed masters of the streets; it will be cars that
9608:
Normally, the
Bombardier plant produces one light rail vehicle (LRV) every three weeks, said spokesperson Marc Laforge. That's not happening while a strike at the company's Thunder Bay plant is in its eighth week. Once production resumes, however, Bombardier can accelerate its schedule to three LRVs
4408:
The
Semarang tram network was constructed between 1882 and 1883, essentially as an inner suburb extension of the Samarang Joana Railway (SJS) network. The company already had an extensive rural tram network to the east of Semarang. Due to financial difficulties that hampered the SJS railway company,
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Tramway systems were well established in the Asian region at the start of the 20th century but started a steady decline during the mid to late 1930s. The 1960s marked the end of its dominance in public transportation with most major systems closed and the equipment and rails sold for scrap; however,
4234:
in Berlin operated a very large network with 634 km (394 mi) of route. Before its system was converted to trolleybus (and later bus) services in the 1930s (last tramway closed 6 July 1952), the first-generation London network had 555 km (345 mi) of route in 1931. In 1958 trams in
2271:
There was one particular hazard associated with trams powered from a trolley pole off an overhead line on the early electrified systems. Since the tram relies on contact with the rails for the current return path, a problem arises if the tram is derailed or (more usually) if it halts on a section of
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and lengthy underground vault structures beneath the rails had to be provided. They also required physical strength and skill to operate, and alert operators to avoid obstructions and other cable cars. The cable had to be disconnected ("dropped") at designated locations to allow the cars to coast by
5478:
in fares from driver Thomas Taylor, and ÂŁ21 19/- from eight passengers. One passenger was injured. The bandits were never caught. Contemporary newspapers hypothesised that the bandits were after a specific commuter who travelled regularly on this particular tram and who was in the habit of carrying
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In many
European cities, tramway infrastructure was lost during the mid-20th century, though not always on the same scale as in other parts of the world such as North America. Most of Central and Eastern Europe retained the majority of its tramway systems and it is here that the largest and busiest
3849:
Since 1980 trams have returned to favour in many places, partly because their tendency to dominate the roadway, formerly seen as a disadvantage, is considered to be a merit since it raises the visibility of public transport (encouraging car users to change their mode of travel), and enables streets
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Where tracks diverge, the driver chooses the route, usually either by flicking a switch on the dashboard or by use of the power pedal â generally if power is applied the tram goes straight on, whereas if no power is applied the tram turns. Some systems use automatic point-setting systems, where the
1413:
Tram engines usually had modifications to make them suitable for street running in residential areas. The wheels, and other moving parts of the machinery, were usually enclosed for safety reasons and to make the engines quieter. Measures were often taken to prevent the engines from emitting visible
1202:
Limitations of horsecars included the fact that any given animal could only work so many hours on a given day, had to be housed, groomed, fed and cared for day in and day out, and produced prodigious amounts of manure, which the streetcar company was charged with storing and then disposing. Since a
4158:
The longest systems are in
Melbourne (254 km or 158 mi), Saint Petersburg (228 km or 142 mi), Katowice (Upper Silesian Industrial Region) (200 km or 120 mi), Cologne (193 km or 120 mi), Berlin (192 km or 119 mi), Milan (182 km or 113 mi),
4412:
Surabaya's tram network was built in 1886. Initially consisting of steam trams only, electric trams were added in 1923. They served
Surabaya commuters well into the independence era. The electric tram bowed out from service in 1968, while its steam counterpart outlived the electrics, becoming the
4221:
was, at its peak, the world's largest system, with 1,111 km (690 mi) of track in 1925 (according to other sources, ca. 640 km (400 mi) of route length in 1930). However it was completely closed in 1938. The next largest system appears to have been 857 km (533 mi), in
3820:
Trams are in a period of growth, with about 800 tram systems operating around the world, 10 or so new systems being opened each year, and many being gradually extended. Some of these systems date from the late 19th or early 20th centuries. In the past 20 years their numbers have been augmented by
3681:
As tram lines are permanent this allows local authorities to redevelop and revitalise their towns and cities provided suitable planning changes are made. Melbourne will allow higher buildings (5 to 6 story) along tram routes leaving the existing suburbs behind unchanged whilst doubling the cities
3138:
Another factor favoring standard gauge is that low-floor vehicles are becoming popular, and there is generally insufficient space for wheelchairs to move between the wheels in a narrow gauge layout. Standard gauge also enables â at least in theory â a larger choice of manufacturers and thus lower
2988:. It automatically sends trams arriving at stand A to the correct platform. The indicator on the right displays "Lijn 24, Spoor 4". The points are accordingly set to send the next tram, on route 24 to De Boelelaan/VU, into the platform 4 on the left. Meanwhile, a tram 4 to RAI waits at platform 2.
2204:
cities of
Bendigo and Ballarat. In recent years the Melbourne system, generally recognised as the largest urban tram network in the world, has been considerably modernised and expanded. The Adelaide line has been extended to the Entertainment Centre, and work is progressing on further extensions.
2267:
The convenience and economy of electricity resulted in its rapid adoption once the technical problems of production and transmission of electricity were solved. Electric trams largely replaced animal power and other forms of motive power including cable and steam, in the late 19th and early 20th
3688:
Trams produce less air pollution than rubber tyred transport which produce tyre, asphalt and brake based pollutants. The use of regenerative electric motor braking in trams lowers mechanical brake use. Steel wheel and rail particulates are produced but regular wheel alignment and flexible track
1792:
in 1875. Later, using a similar technology, Pirotsky put into service the first public electric tramway in St. Petersburg, which operated only during September 1880. The second demonstration tramway was presented by Siemens & Halske at the 1879 Berlin Industrial Exposition. The first public
4955:
Pittsburgh had kept most of its streetcar system serving the city and suburbs, making it the longest-lasting large-network streetcar system in the United States. However, most of the city's streetcar lines had been abandoned by the early 1970s, and the handful of surviving streetcar lines were
4392:
In Batavia (Jakarta), the capital of the former Dutch colony of the Netherlands East Indies, a horse tram service started in 1869. A steam tram ran from 1881, and electrification followed in 1897. All Jakarta trams were discontinued in the 1960s by an independent Indonesia due to pressure from
3601:
Tram vehicles are very durable, with some being in continuous revenue service for more than fifty years. This is especially true compared to internal combustion buses, which tend to require high amounts of maintenance and break down after less than 20 years, mostly due to the vibrations of the
1750:
Comparatively little has been published about gas trams. However, research on the subject was carried out for an article in the October 2011 edition of "The Times", the historical journal of the Australian Association of Timetable Collectors, later renamed the Australian Timetable Association.
4416:
In 2012, there was talk of reviving Surabaya's tram network as a part of Surabaya Mass Rapid Transit project, which will see parts of the old electric tram right of way reactivated, and it will be combined with the future monorail network. The project is aimed to alleviate Surabaya's traffic
6877:
3594:
There is a well studied effect that the installation of a tram service â even if service frequency, speed and price all remain constant â leads to higher ridership and mode shift away from cars compared to buses. Conversely, the abandonment of tram service leads to measurable declines in
3135:. An important advantage of standard gauge is that standard railway maintenance equipment can be used on it, rather than custom-built machinery. Using standard gauge also allows light rail vehicles to be delivered and relocated conveniently using freight railways and locomotives.
5562:
has produced white metal models for over 50 years. There are many boutique vendors offering limited run epoxy and wood models. At the high end are highly detailed brass models which are usually imported from Japan or Korea and can cost in excess of $ 500. Many of these run on
2232:
In Japan, the Kyoto Electric railroad was the first tram system, starting operation in 1895. By 1932, the network had grown to 82 railway companies in 65 cities, with a total network length of 1,479 km (919 mi). By the 1960s the tram had generally died out in Japan.
5153:
The Sydney system, which closed in 1961, was the most extensive and the largest passenger carrier of any Australian public transport system then or since, moving over 400 million passengers per annum, at its peak. In 1997, Sydney reintroduced tram services on a modern
3077:
or grassed surfaces (grassed track or track in a lawn). The rail has the railhead on one side and the guard on the other. The guard provides accommodation for the flange. The guard carries no weight, but may act as a checkrail. Grooved rail was invented in 1852 by
1942:
Earlier electric trains proved difficult or unreliable and experienced limited success until the second half of the 1880s, when new types of current collectors were developed. Siemens' line, for example, provided power through a live rail and a return rail, like a
2480:
for most of their route. However, on one steep segment of track, they are assisted by cable tractors, which push the trams uphill and act as brakes for the downhill run. For safety, the cable tractors are always deployed on the downhill side of the tram vehicle.
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remained extant. The 21st century has seen a resurgence in the development of tram transport as China struggles with urban traffic congestion and pollution with at least 15 systems operating. Hong Kong has an exclusive fleet of double-decker trams. As of 2019,
5622:
was London E/1 1800, which was the only tramway exhibit in the Faraday Memorial Exhibition of 1931. Together with likeminded friends, Frank Wilson went on to found the Tramway & Light Railway Society in 1938, establishing tramway modelling as a hobby.
2791:
Older systems required mechanical switching systems which were susceptible to environmental problems. At any one time no more than two consecutive segments under the tram should be live. Wireless and solid state switching eliminate mechanical problems.
4259:, before it was closed on 25 February 1961, had 291 km (181 mi) of route, and was thus the largest in Australia. Since 1961, the Melbourne system (recognised as the world's largest) assumed Sydney's title as the largest network in Australia.
4165:
They carry 13.5 billion passengers a year, 3% of all public transport passengers. The highest-volume systems are Budapest (396 million passengers a year), Prague (372 m), Bucharest (322 m), Saint Petersburg (312 m), and Vienna
1023:
The history of passenger trams, streetcars and trolley systems, began in the early nineteenth century. It can be divided into several distinct periods defined by the principal means of power used. Precursors to the tramway included the wooden or stone
5462:
was hit and killed by a Sydney horse tram when his clothing was caught in the door, whilst he was attempting to alight. Nathan is reputed to be one of the first tram fatalities in the Southern Hemisphere (many sources claim that it was the first such
1426:
were used to avoid emitting visible steam. A major drawback of this style of tram was the limited space for the engine, so that these trams were usually underpowered. Steam trams faded out around the 1890s to 1900s, being replaced by electric trams.
2826:
Most systems start by building up a strongly nucleated radial pattern of routes linking the city centre with residential suburbs and traffic hubs such as railway stations and hospitals, usually following main roads. Some of these, such as those in
7717:
2928:
being the prime example, as trams survived the city's political division only in the Eastern part. Other systems have ended up with a rather random route map, for instance when some previous operating companies have ceased operation (as with the
2275:
In the 2000s, several companies introduced catenary-free designs: Alstom's Citadis line uses a third rail, Bombardier's PRIMOVE LRV is charged by contactless induction plates embedded in the trackway and CAF URBOS tram uses ultracaps technology
2431:
and, if this was so, the length of the tramway would have been more than doubled. The tramway carried passengers and freight, and ran on wooden rails. The gauge is unknown. The date of closure is unknown, but it was certainly prior to 1877.
5165:
Ballarat and Bendigo have retained some trams as heritage vehicles operating on limited trackage. In 2008 and 2009, Bendigo trialled using its heritage trams for regular public transport, but the service was too infrequent to be useful for
3692:
Tram networks can link to other operational heavy rail and rapid transit systems, allowing vehicles to move directly from one to the other without passengers needing to alight. Trams that are compatible with heavy rail systems are called
4594:
Urban public transportation has been experiencing a sustained revival since the 1990s. Many European cities are rehabilitating, upgrading, expanding and reconstructing their old tramway lines and building new tramway lines. In 2014, the
1258:
railway station to Fintona Junction one mile away on the main Omagh to Enniskillen railway in Northern Ireland. The tram made its last journey on 30 September 1957 when the Omagh to Enniskillen line closed. The "van" is preserved at the
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The resulting route patterns are very different. Some have a rational structure, covering their catchment area as efficiently as possible, with new suburbs being planned with tramlines integral to their layout â such is the case in
5161:
Melbourne and Adelaide were the only major cities in Australia to retain trams (although Adelaide only retained a single line and dismantled the rest of its network). Other cities had largely dismantled their tram networks by the
3750:
of trams. Though such increases may be temporary, long-term conflicts between motorists and light rail operations can be alleviated by segregating their respective rights-of-way and installing appropriate signage and warning
3850:
to be reconfigured to give more space to pedestrians, making cites more pleasant places to live. New systems have been built in the United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy, France, Australia and many other countries.
1963:, opened in 1887, and it was considered quite successful. While this line proved quite versatile as one of the earliest fully functional electric streetcar installations, it required horse-drawn support while climbing the
3605:
In many cases tram networks have a higher capacity than similar buses. This has been cited as a reason for the replacement of one of Europe's busiest bus lines (with three-minute headways in peak times) with a tram by
2300:, a Vermont blacksmith, had invented a battery-powered electric motor which he later patented. The following year he used it to operate a small model electric car on a short section of track four feet in diameter.
10021:
car alighted from the car at the southern end, but before he got clear of the rails the car moved onwards he was thus whirled round by the sudden motion of the carriage and his body was brought under the front
2740:. Washington's was the last of these to close, in 1962. No commercial tramway uses this system anymore. More recently, an equivalent to these systems has been developed which allows for the safe installation of a
2377:
between Kings Cross and Holloway, London (1883), achieved acceptable results but were found not to be economic because of the combined coal consumption of the stationary compressor and the onboard steam boiler.
5309:
once had one of the most extensive tramway networks in the world with over 857 km (533 mi) of track, but most of it was dismantled during the 1960s in favour of bus transportation. A new line, the
3869:
had similarly become an iconic symbol of the city, operating the largest network in the Americas as well as the only large-scale tram system in Canada (not including light rail systems, or heritage lines).
2839:, still essentially comprise a single route. Some suburbs may be served by loop lines connecting two adjacent radial roads. Some modern systems have started by reusing existing radial railway tracks, as in
9423:
As per the direction of the apex court, he said, the civil works of the project will be completed by end of July 2019. But the project will not enter into commercial operations by August or November 2019.
7709:
9685:
Torontonians taking the Spadina streetcar might have noticed something different when they stepped on board today. That's because the Toronto Transit Commission has finally launched the first of its new
4915:. In the late 20th century, several Canadian locales restored portions of their defunct streetcar lines, operating them as a heritage feature for tourists. Heritage streetcar lines in Canada include the
1457:
by a moving steel cable, the cable usually running in a slot below the street level. The power to move the cable was normally provided at a "powerhouse" site a distance away from the actual vehicle. The
4987:; However, these streetcar systems were designed as heritage streetcar lines, and used vintage or replica-vintage vehicles. The first "second-generation streetcar system" in North America was opened in
4820:, the system consists of both street-running and grade-separated tramways. The streetcar system was established in 1861, and used a variety of vehicles in its history, including horse-drawn streetcars,
3623:
ULR Ultra Light Rail developments with prefabricated track and onboard power (no OHL Over Head Line) in the UK are aiming for ÂŁ10 m per km as opposed to convention tram rail and OHL at ÂŁ20âÂŁ30 m per km.
4251:
in 1960 had 340 km (211 mi), before the expansion of bus services and the opening of a subway (1976). Substituting subway services for tram routes continues. 320 km (199 mi) was in
3613:
Due to the above-mentioned capacity advantage, labor costs (which form the biggest share of operating costs of many public transit systems) per passenger can be significantly lower compared to buses.
3758:
strategies to minimise these effects. Most of all, the potential for decreased private motor vehicle operations along the tram's service line because of the service provision could result in lower
1230:
Horses continued to be used for light shunting well into the 20th century, and many large metropolitan lines lasted into the early 20th century. New York City had a regular horsecar service on the
2944:
In some places, the opportunity is taken when roads are being repaved to lay tramlines (though without erecting overhead cables) even though no service is immediately planned: such is the case in
1203:
typical horse pulled a streetcar for about a dozen miles a day and worked for four or five hours, many systems needed ten or more horses in stable for each horsecar. In 1905 the British newspaper
4964:
heritage streetcar line. In the late 20th century, several cities installed modern light rail systems, some along the same corridors as their old streetcars systems, the first of these being the
6061:
3879:
4431:
system began operation in August 2011 and is being extended, with the full system expected to be in operation by 2023. A significant portion of it will be underground. A light rail system for
3839:) were common throughout the industrialised world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries but they had disappeared from most British, Canadian, French and US cities by the mid-20th century.
1504:, Victoria, Australia operated one of the largest cable systems in the world, at its peak running 592 trams on 75 kilometres (47 mi) of track. There were also two isolated cable lines in
9802:
3570:
Trams (and road public transport in general) can be much more efficient in terms of road usage than cars â one vehicle replaces about 40 cars (which take up a far larger area of road space).
1593:
as they climbed or descended a steep hill. The moving cable pulled the car up the hill at a steady pace, unlike a low-powered steam or horse-drawn car. Cable cars do have wheel brakes and
5699:
refers to the wooden beams the railway tracks were initially made of before the railroad pioneers switched to the much more wear-resistant tracks made of iron and, later, steel. The word
9223:
1093:, which were then common on the well-paved streets of European cities. Running the horsecars on rails allowed for a much smoother ride. There are records of a street railway running in
9585:
4991:
in 2001. The system utilizes modern vehicles that feature low-floor streetcars. These newer streetcar systems were built in several American cities in the early 21st century including
2289:
5618:
In the US, one of the best resources for model tram enthusiasts is the East Penn Traction Club of Philadelphia and Trolleyville a website of the Southern California Traction Club.
9635:
8610:
1683:
as being a cable car it actually operates using a diesel motor. The tram, which runs on a circular route around the town of Portland, uses dummies and salons formerly used on the
8285:"Novel highly durable rubber safety profiles for rail-based traffic systems such as tram lines which make cycling safer in inner cities by closing gaps to prevent bike accidents"
7639:
2732:(New York City), and Washington, D.C., used live rails, like those on third-rail electrified railways, but in a conduit underneath the road, from which they drew power through a
9952:
4291:
some extensive original systems still remain in service in Japan. In recent years there has been renewed interest in the tram with modern systems being built in Japan and China.
2512:
was a case study of the decline of trams in the United States. In the 21st century, trams have been re-introduced in cities where they had been closed down for decades (such as
1865:
9662:
3746:
The opening of new tram and light rail systems has sometimes been accompanied by a marked increase in car accidents, as a result of drivers' unfamiliarity with the physics and
1597:, but the cable also helps restrain the car to going downhill at a constant speed. Performance in steep terrain partially explains the survival of cable cars in San Francisco.
3821:
modern tramway or light rail systems in cities that had abandoned this form of transport. There have also been some new tram systems in cities that never previously had them.
8309:
4152:
Since 2000, 78 systems have opened while 13 have closed. The countries that have opened the most systems since 2000 are the US (23), France (20), Spain (16), and Turkey (8);
3210:
Approximately 5,000 new trams are manufactured each year. As of February 2017, 4,478 new trams were on order from their makers, with options being open for a further 1,092.
2326:
in the Netherlands. The first trams in Bendigo, Australia, in 1892, were battery-powered, but within as little as three months they were replaced with horse-drawn trams. In
5916:, a rubber-tired vehicle running on hard pavement, which draws its power from pairs of overhead wires. These electric buses, which use twin trolley poles, are also called
3714:
Many modern tram systems plant low growing vegetation â mostly grasses â between the tracks which has a psychological effect on perceived noise levels and the benefits of
2924:
have built comprehensive networks, based on radial routes with numerous interconnections, within the last two decades. Some systems serve only parts of their cities, with
2855:. Later developments often include tangential routes linking adjacent suburbs directly, or multiple routes through the town centre to avoid congestion (as in Manchester's
3736:
Installing rails for tram tracks and overhead lines for power means a higher up-front cost than using buses which require no modifications to streets to begin operations.
2630:
Several trams in Toronto on a dedicated right of way lane. The tram in the left foreground is about to enter a portion of the tram network that operates in mixed traffic.
9832:
4172:
Just over 36,000 trams and light rail vehicles are in operation. The largest fleets are in Prague (788), Vienna (782), Warsaw (756), Saint-Petersburg (750), Moscow (632)
3190:
in design and use, particularly in street-running sections, where in some cases other vehicles are legally required to stop clear of the tram doors. Some stops may have
11241:
Rowsome, Frank; Stephan McGuire, tech. ed. (1956). A Trolley Car Treasury: A Century of American StreetcarsâHorsecars, Cable Cars, Interurbans, and Trolleys. New York:
9707:
5828:), a four-wheeled device that was dragged along dual overhead wires by a cable that connected the troller to the top of the car and collected electrical power from the
9141:
8587:
5222:, with the governing coalition supporting the project and the opposition against it. The government was returned and Stage 1 of the light rail launched in April 2019.
2192:
By the 1970s, the only full tramway system remaining in Australia was the Melbourne tram system. However, there were also a few single lines remaining elsewhere: the
9526:
1136:
who had previously worked on American streetcar lines. The tram was developed in numerous cities of Europe (some of the most extensive systems were found in Berlin,
9922:
9263:
8516:
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10866:
The Bowery boys : adventures in Old New York : an unconventional exploration of Manhattan's historic neighborhoods, secret spots and colorful characters
5270:
New Zealand's tram gauges were not standardised; the 15 systems used no less than five gauges, making swapping of rolling stock from system to system impractical.
6487:
1032:
with unflanged wheels since the 1500s, and the paved limestone trackways designed by the Romans for heavy horse and ox-drawn transportation. By the 1700s, paved
10147:
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gauge). This system commenced operations about 1900 and was discontinued by 1960. However, a new tram system is being brought to Colombo as part of the plan of
5543:(1:48 in the US and generally 1:43,5 and 1:45 in Europe and Asia). They are typically powered and will accept plastic figures inside. Common manufacturers are
3743:
When wet, tram tracks tend to become slippery and thus dangerous for bicycles and motorcycles, especially in traffic. In some cases, even cars can be affected.
1931:
control, first demonstrated in Chicago in 1897, allowing multiple cars to be coupled together and operated by a single motorman. This gave rise to the modern
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Collins English Dictionary â Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014
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15,618 km (9,705 mi) of track is in operation, with 850 km (530 mi) in construction and a further 2,350 km (1,460 mi) planned;
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1861:
was opened in Blackpool, UK on 29 September 1885 using conduit collection along Blackpool Promenade. This system is still in operation in modernised form.
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is used. If necessary, they may have dual power systemsâelectricity in city streets and diesel in more rural environments. Occasionally, trams also carry
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2877:
A third, weakly nucleated, route pattern may grow up where a number of nearby small settlements are linked, such as in the coal-mining areas served by
1900:, and operated for a period of one year by the East Cleveland Street Railway Company. The first city-wide electric streetcar system was implemented in
1367:(from 1885) and the Dublin & Blessington Steam Tramway (from 1888) in Ireland. Steam tramways also were used on the suburban tramway lines around
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3118:
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1760:
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1129:. Other American cities did not follow until the 1850s, after which the "animal railway" became an increasingly common feature in the larger towns.
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the Semarang tram network was closed in 1940 (despite public protest in Semarang) and their rolling stock transferred to the Surabaya tram network.
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8008:
2427:. By most definitions, the tramway was the first passenger-carrying railway/tramway in Australia. An unconfirmed report says that it continued to
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The alternative North American term 'trolley' may strictly speaking be considered incorrect, as the term can also be applied to cable cars, or
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8238:
5150:. They ranged from extensive systems to single lines. Virtually all known types of motive power have been utilised in Australia at some stage.
4397:, who saw tram network as "antiquated" and a "relic of colonial era". The other cities in Indonesia who used to have urban tram network were
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A sign advising cyclists to dismount due to tram tracks. Tram tracks pose a hazard for cyclists, as their wheels may get caught in the track.
2008:
9626:"Toronto rides new streetcars to its urban future: Hume Getting there will be half the fun now that Toronto's new streetcars are in service"
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Latest technology will be employed for fabricating these trains and the rolling-stock will be fully computerised, automatic and driverless.
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system is the largest surviving streetcar system in the United States, and has even revived previously closed streetcar lines such as the
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Passengers can reach surface stations quicker than underground stations. Subjective safety at surface stations is often seen to be higher.
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of horses. Electric trams largely replaced animal power in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Improvements in other vehicles such as
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4122:, with its 42 km (26 mi). The world's longest urban intracity tram line is 33 km (21 mi) counter-ring routes 5/5a in
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The overhead power lines and supporting poles utilized by trams (except for those using a third rail) can be unsightly and contribute to
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Being guided by rails means that even very long tram units can navigate tight, winding city streets that are inaccessible to long buses.
1805:
who contacted Pirotsky. This was the world's first commercially successful electric tram. It drew current from the rails at first, with
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rails, allowing the trams to haul a greater load for a given effort. Another factor which contributed to the rise of trams was the high
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The busiest junction in any tram network is the LazarskĂĄ x SpĂĄlenĂĄ junction in Prague with appx. 150 vehicles passing through per hour.
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Trams have been used for two main purposes: for carrying passengers and for carrying cargo. There are several types of passenger tram:
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In the UK, most of the old Victorian era tramways were decommissioned from the 1950sâ70s and replaced by buses. The exceptions were
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Other new systems, particularly those in large cities which already have well-developed metro and suburban railway systems, such as
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some minor lines also used storage batteries. Then, more recently during the 1950s, a longer battery-operated tramway line ran from
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Rail transport can expose neighbouring populations to moderate levels of low-frequency noise. However, transportation planners use
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route for each journey is downloaded from a central computer, and an onboard computer actuates each point as it comes to it via an
2870:, have started by building isolated suburban lines feeding into railway or metro stations. In Paris these have then been linked by
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before 19 February 1963. The third largest was Chicago, with over 850 km (530 mi) of track, but it was all converted to
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due to the city's hurricane-prone location, which would have resulted in frequent damage to an electrical supply system. Although
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He was to produce the first motor that operated without gears of any sort, having its armature direct-connected to the car axle.
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in Austria. It was the first tram in the world in regular service that was run with electricity served by an overhead line with
1604:, though significantly reduced in number, continue to provide regular transportation service, in addition to being a well-known
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are called tramways or simply trams/streetcars. Due to their close similarities, trams are commonly included in the wider term
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3001:. If the powered system breaks down, most points may be operated manually, by inserting a metal lever ('point iron') into the
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at a track switch cuts off power from the tram for a short distance along the line, the tram can use energy stored in a large
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in 1887, and its ring line has grown to be the busiest tram line in Europe, with a tram running once per minute at rush hour.
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systems. The differences between these modes of rail transport are often indistinct and systems may combine multiple features.
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a month. The two sides are back in bargaining, and Bombardier will discuss a revised delivery schedule with the TTC, he said.
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5392:, there are plans for a tramway that will connect the comunes of Las Condes, Lo Barnechea y Vitacura. (tranvĂa de Las Condes)
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to people and animals crossing the tracks. Siemens later designed his own version of overhead current collection, called the
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1620:"). Another system, with two separate cable lines and a shared power station in the middle, operates from the Welsh town of
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in the UK) at the head of a line of one or more carriages, similar to a small train. Systems with such steam trams included
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The Cable Car in America: A New Treatise upon Cable or Rope Traction As Applied to the Working of Street and Other Railways
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and, in many countries, as tourist transport to major destinations. The term may also apply to an aerial ropeway, e.g. the
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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries a number of systems in various parts of the world employed trams powered by gas,
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rails were introduced in England for transporting coal, stone or iron ore from the mines to the urban factories and docks.
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but this does not always hold true. Though these two systems differ in their operation, their equipment is much the same.
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Until the 1930s a small number of tramways in Japan were operated by human power. Tramcar from Matsuyama Handcar Tramway,
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Since the early 2000s, tramways have been restored in many cities to reduce commuters' dependency on cars. These include
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congestion and provide cheap public transportation for Surabaya commuters. In 2014, the project entered the tender phase.
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3105:, just west of Mitcham Station, where the formation is narrowed by an old landslip causing an obstruction. (See photo in
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Melbourne Tram system in 1979. Melbourne remained the only city to operate a tram network in Australia through the 1970s.
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1118:
11332:). 1995. Berlin: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Blickpunkt StraĂenbahn, in conjunction with Light Rail Transit Association, London.
11304:). 1996. Berlin: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Blickpunkt StraĂenbahn, in conjunction with Light Rail Transit Association, London.
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cannot be lowered by the weight of a cyclist. If not well-maintained, however, these lose their effectiveness over time.
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Tram stops can range from purpose-built, tram-exclusive facilities (left), to simple stops within a public road (right).
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as a source of electricity were made from the 1880s and 1890s, with unsuccessful trials conducted in among other places
1993:
for the driving force. Short pioneered "use of a conduit system of concealed feed" thereby eliminating the necessity of
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St. Petersburg in Focus: Photographers of the Turn of the Century; in Celebration of the Tercentenary of St. Petersburg
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tram systems in the world are found. Germany and France have the most tram systems, with over 50 and over 30 networks.
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5551:, with many custom models being made as well. The German firm Hödl and the Austrian Halling specialise in 1:87 scale.
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City of Portland; TriMet; Portland Streetcar, Inc. (January 2015). "History of Streetcar Manufacturing in the U.S.".
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5424:, a tram line started operating since March 2019 as the main public transportation system in the city. The L1 of the
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1982:
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376:
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109:
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5848:, and cognate uses of the word were well established for handcarts and horse drayage, as well as for nautical uses.
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1254:, survived until 1954. The last horse-drawn tram to be withdrawn from public service in the UK took passengers from
340:
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is the only active service, with a gauge up to 30 km (19 mi) across the city. Trams were discontinued in
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developed the system primarily to avoid intrusive power supply cables in the sensitive area of the old city of old
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1916:
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in that city. The first commercial installation of an electric streetcar in the United States was built in 1884 in
1508:, New South Wales, Australia; the North Sydney line from 1886 to 1900, and the King Street line from 1892 to 1905.
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187:
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and is the first tram/light rail system in the state of Queensland since Brisbane closed its tram network in 1969.
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9142:"Providing Public Transportation Alternatives for the Greater Phoenix Metro Area â Valley Metro â Press Releases"
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In North America, these vehicles are called "streetcars" (or "trolleys" in parts of the United States); the term
3620:. In Berlin the commonly cited figure is that one kilometer of subway costs as much as ten kilometers of tramway.
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are used to provide power for most electric trams. Overhead wires are used for both trams and light rail systems.
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Trams were traditionally operated with separate levers for applying power and brakes. More modern vehicles use a
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continued to be used by many cities, although there were declines in some countries, including the Netherlands.
2001:
for street cars and railways. While at the University of Denver he conducted experiments which established that
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The role of transport in counter-cyclical policy (report of the forty-first Round Table on Transport Economics)
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5593:) (standard gauge) in HO scale as in US and Japan, but incorrect in 4 mm (1:76.2) scale, as it represents
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train. Following the improvement of an overhead "trolley" system on streetcars for collecting electricity from
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1394:(US). The most notable system to adopt such trams was in Paris. French-designed steam trams also operated in
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existed in several cities during the 20th century; however, by the end of the century, only the systems in
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mechanism, to grab and release the moving cable without damage. The second city to operate cable trams was
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led to decline of trams in early to mid 20th century. However, trams have seen resurgence since the 1980s.
10228:
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1238:, had its Sarah Street line drawn by horses until 1923. The last regular mule-drawn cars in the US ran in
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10251:"Home HO O N S New Products Price List Miscellaneous Join Email List Dealer Orders Retail Orders Contact"
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9919:"Ayacucho Tram Begins Operation, Metro de Medellin Discuss Further Expansion Plans « Metro Americas"
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The tram with its fixed route gives developers confidence to invest as opposed to a changeable bus route.
2965:
2465:
2297:
2109:; afterwards, this was installed as a commercial venture operating between the outer Melbourne suburb of
1909:
1547:
1496:, 1885. From its founding to 1940, Melbourne operated one of the largest cable car networks in the world.
1419:
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100 years of the Belgian vicinal: SNCV/NMVB, 1885â1985: a century of secondary rail transport in Belgium
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have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English; North Americans prefer
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ran in Bangkok from 1888, until it was suspended in 1968. A smaller single-route tram route tram in
3718:. This is not possible for buses as they deviate too much from an "ideal" track in daily operations.
2225:
opened on 20 April 2019. This is the first time that there have been trams in Canberra, even though
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1842:) in 1884, remains in service as the oldest operating electric tramway in the world. Also in 1883,
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made to resemble a streetcar are often referred to as "trolleys". To avoid further confusion with
4295:
4247:; however Saint Petersburg's tram system has declined in size since the fall of the Soviet Union.
4169:
The most busy networks (passengers per km, per year) are: Istanbul, Hong Kong, Tokyo and Sarajevo.
4021:
2229:'s 1914â1920 plans for the capital then in the planning stage did propose a Canberra tram system.
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in 1947: There streetcars ended 31 October 1953 in Minneapolis and 19 June 1954 in St. Paul. The
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allowing hands-free operation, particularly when the driver was responsible for fare collection.
2456:, Liang Jianying, said that the company is studying how to reduce the running costs of the tram.
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on 20 July 2014, with a major extension completed in December 2017. That system is known as the
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in 2022. The system was once the world's largest, before it was surpassed by Melbourne's system.
2937:) or where isolated outlying lines have been preserved (as on the eastern fringe of Berlin). In
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Bigon, Liora. 2007, "Tracking Ethno-Cultural Differences: The Lagos Steam Tramway (1902â1933)"
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Tram and light rail systems operate in 388 cities across the world, 206 of which are in Europe;
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Cable cars remained especially effective in hilly cities, since their nondriven wheels did not
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was opened in 1902, with the steepest section of the route being negotiated with the help of a
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The longest single tram line and route in the world is the 68 km (42 mi) interurban
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has reconstructed a turn of the century tramway using original rails and preserved tramcars.
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vehicles family allows expansion of length up to 72 metres (236 ft) with 539 passengers.
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1469:, in 1873. Part of its success is attributed to the development of an effective and reliable
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The other style of steam tram had the steam engine in the body of the tram, referred to as a
1161:
795:
732:
140:
95:
31:
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5352:, which will have a route of 12.5 km (7.8 mi) and will link five districts of the
4178:
As of October 2015, Hong Kong has the world's only exclusively double-decker tramway system.
3085:
In narrow situations double-track tram lines sometimes reduce to single track, or, to avoid
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to accommodate the various operating environments of the vehicle. They may be embedded into
1105:, in New York City which began service in the year 1832. The New York and Harlem Railroad's
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Latin America by Streetcar: A Pictorial Survey of Urban Rail Transport South of the U.S.A.
10721:
Rails, Roads & Runways: The 20-Year Saga of Santa Clara County's Transportation Agency
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4307:. The city is one of several in China to invest in tram systems in the early 21st century.
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8:
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10199:"StraĂenbahnmodelle, Eisenbahnmodelle, Werkzeugbau und KonstruktionsbĂŒro Leopold Halling"
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in 1909, two armed robbers hijacked a tram and were chased by the police in another tram.
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was closed in 1968. During a period in the 1980s, the world's largest tram system was in
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Rio de Jainero were employed on (433 km; 269 mi) of track. The final line, the
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re-introduced trams (or light rail) on 31 August 1997. A completely new system, known as
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69:
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Moving the masses: urban public transit in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia, 1880â1912
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8262:
8184:"1 tram light rail track installation costs ÂŁ20-ÂŁ30 m per km is a good ball-park figure"
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3194:, particularly in private right-of-way sections and where trams are boarded at standard
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operates a hybrid funicular tramway system. Conventional electric trams are operated in
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In the 1980s, some cities in the United States brought back streetcar lines, including
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4243:(St. Petersburg) with 350 km (220 mi), USSR, and was included as such in the
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2110:
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1964:
1920:
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1343:. Generally, there were two types of steam tram. The first and most common had a small
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Light Rail Vehicles, Worldwide rail market report (Report). SCI/Verkehr. October 2003.
9316:"Welcome to the Shore Line Interurban Historical Society | Chicago Surface Lines"
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8371:, p. 67 Besides recounting statistics and anecdotes, this source also reprints a
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Trams and light rail systems can be cheaper to install than subways or other forms of
3139:
procurement costs for new vehicles. However, other factors such as electrification or
2101:
The first electric tramway in Australia was a Sprague system demonstrated at the 1888
1207:
reported that, "A large number of London's discarded horse tramcars have been sent to
66:
62:
50:
12823:
12472:
12138:
12073:
12039:
11664:
11607:
11490:
11421:
11355:
11340:
11337:
The Directory of British Tramways: Every Passenger-Carrying Tramway, Past and Present
11325:
11311:
11297:
11283:
11268:
11253:
11231:
11196:
11182:
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11154:
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11116:
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11084:
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11014:
10992:
10977:
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10903:
10869:
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10831:
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10780:
10743:
10724:
10653:
10618:
10593:
10574:
10555:
10545:
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9900:
9740:
9242:
8778:
8751:
8450:
8444:
7811:
7131:
7119:
6993:
6482:
6212:
6178:
5925:
5851:
5483:
5367:
5290:
5219:
5071:
5063:
5024:
4992:
4965:
4932:
4904:
4860:
4856:
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4673:
4654:
4619:
4524:
4467:
4236:
4115:
3958:
3934:
2934:
2897:
2836:
2832:
2676:
2609:
2544:
2517:
2445:
2350:, England adopted battery-powered trams on sections through the city centre close to
2312:
2304:
2193:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2071:
2013:
1974:
1858:
1854:
1570:
1380:
1328:
9289:
8857:
8627:
8553:"MusĂ©e des Transports Urbains â Histoire â Histoire GĂ©nĂ©rale des Transports Urbains"
8224:
8096:
5711:
3978:
Other large transit networks that operate streetcar and light rail systems include:
3143:
for which there is more variation may require costly custom built units regardless.
2903:
Occasionally a modern tramway system may grow from a preserved heritage line, as in
12783:
12699:
12663:
12653:
12610:
12605:
12585:
12580:
12462:
12407:
12377:
11868:
11828:
11766:
11647:
11632:
11627:
11547:
11505:
11457:
10760:
10628:
10474:
10007:
9837:
9621:
8378:
8210:
7686:
7359:
7111:
6979:
6971:
6222:
5953:
5833:
5635:
5475:
5449:
5091:
5067:
5004:
4692:
4688:
4538:
4516:
4367:
4329:
4213:
was the world's largest, with over 1,111 kilometres (690 mi) of track in 1925.
4184:
World's longest 9-sectioned 56 metres (184 ft)-meter articulated tram vehicle
4119:
4053:
4039:
4009:
3987:
3766:
3755:
3715:
3655:
3191:
2917:
2848:
2766:
2660:
2339:
2308:
2249:
2138:
2126:
1968:
1960:
1924:
1785:
1462:, which opened for passengers in east London, England, in 1840 used such a system.
1344:
1145:
1132:
The first permanent tram line in continental Europe was opened in Paris in 1855 by
984:
958:
859:
785:
636:
537:
520:
9353:
8933:
5898:
government in Australia has decided to use the term "light rail" for their trams.
5058:
Historically, there have been trams in the following Australian cities and towns:
4951:
was the first (non-heritage) tram network established in North America in decades.
3435:
2728:
to drive the tram past the gap in the power feed. The old tram systems in London,
2397:
180:
12498:
12332:
12168:
11989:
11873:
11843:
11786:
11674:
11659:
11418:(British Transport Films, 1953) showing changeover from conduit to overhead power
10354:
7773:
7643:
7235:
6770:
6385:
6381:
6002:
5895:
5880:
5872:
5810:
5716:
5692:
5638:
that reads "go by streetcar". Trams are often called streetcars in North America.
5421:
5353:
5172:, introduced a tourist tram line in 1996, which uses two replicas of a Melbourne
5143:
5095:
4984:
4868:
4852:
4750:
4600:
4596:
4584:
4333:
4256:
4003:
3983:
3970:
3946:
3893:
Map of Melbourne's tram system in 2011. The tram system is the largest the world.
3843:
3828:
3643:
3549:
3086:
3079:
2961:
2925:
2818:
Route patterns vary greatly among the world's tram systems, leading to different
2387:
2370:
2351:
2166:
2142:
1897:
1869:
1789:
1736:
1356:
1283:
1188:
1176:
1133:
998:
978:
589:
584:
569:
42:
10436:
9748:
8377:
cartoon of one such accident, in which a bemused tow truck driver quips, "Dang!
5490:
4699:, which opened in 1971 but dates back to 1949. Other preserved tramways include
4645:
3678:. They hence sometimes take advantage of high speed track while on train tracks.
2240:, which was widely used in London, Washington, D.C., and New York City, and the
1971:
was not available. It continued in service in its original form into the 1950s.
1728:
1724:
1097:
as early as 1828, however the first authenticated streetcar in America, was the
12714:
12615:
12595:
12431:
12352:
12143:
12068:
11997:
11791:
11582:
9876:"El tranvĂa de Puerto Madero, una postal de la desidia que se empezĂł a demoler"
9264:"Je to nejzatĂĆŸenÄjĆĄĂ tramvajovĂĄ kĆiĆŸovatka na svÄtÄ, hĂĄjĂ DPP opravy v centru"
9036:
8417:
8392:"Light Rail Service: Pedestrian and Vehicular Safety | Blurbs | Main"
8391:
8198:
7868:
7275:
7214:
6286:
6121:
5837:
5778:
5651:
5429:
5371:
5131:
4908:
4742:
4720:
4716:
4708:
4696:
4623:
4312:
4159:
Budapest (172 km or 107 mi), and Vienna (170 km or 110 mi).
4015:
3952:
3747:
3199:
3132:
3098:
3018:
2994:
2782:
A ground-level power supply system, also called surface current collection or
2717:
2604:
2569:
2529:
2525:
2489:
2477:
2473:
2428:
2404:
The Convict Tramway was hauled by human power in the form of convicts from the
2162:
1978:
1952:
1558:
1251:
904:
604:
478:
397:
11413:
11208:
10613:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.; London, U.K.: General Electric Company;
10590:
The first electric road : a history of the Box Hill and Doncaster tramway
9532:. American Public Transportation Association. 30 November 2015. Archived from
8906:
8880:"UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Austria > WIEN (Vienna) StraĂenbahn â Tram"
8556:
7337:
6911:
5335:, Buenos Aires, operated from 2007 to 2012, when it was closed and dismantled.
2549:
1876:
in 1883, introducing electric trams in 1892. In the US, multiple experimental
918:
332:
242:
12797:
12764:
12709:
12304:
12289:
12269:
12264:
12007:
11893:
11776:
11736:
11724:
11617:
11483:
11393:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 159â167.
11384:
10559:
10124:
9904:
9744:
8959:
8702:
8153:
7939:
7842:
7123:
6975:
6237:
6165:
6151:
5967:
5829:
5762:
5548:
5501:
5407:
5374:, In 2016, a new tram line started operating in Rio de Janeiro, known as the
5332:
5180:
4700:
4508:
Several Tram systems are under construction or proposed in Taiwan, mostly in
4304:
4279:
4189:
3997:
3140:
3047:
3014:
3002:
2938:
2888:
A fourth starting point may be a loop in the city centre, sometimes called a
2709:
2697:
2689:
2656:
2505:
2500:
In the mid-20th century many tram systems were disbanded, replaced by buses,
2408:
convict settlement. and was created to replace the hazardous sea voyage from
2327:
2245:
2041:
2027:
2002:
1994:
1956:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1806:
1773:
1740:
1664:
1590:
1577:
1223:
1196:
1165:
892:
884:
876:
851:
847:
653:
579:
574:
552:
501:
461:
449:
405:
10077:
8454:
8215:
7815:
7441:
7265:
7206:
7100:"The Early Years of Electric Traction: Invention, Development, Exploitation"
5505:
4193:
2948:
in Berlin, the Haarlemmer Houttuinen in Amsterdam, and Botermarkt in Ghent.
1816:
was opened in 1883 in Brighton. This two kilometer line along the seafront,
1585:'s effectiveness in hilly environments partially explains its continued use.
1453:
Another motive system for trams was the cable car, which was pulled along a
997:
to the section by replacing the section with a link and a summary or by
12778:
12749:
12734:
12534:
12518:
12508:
12477:
12457:
12441:
12402:
12362:
12357:
12342:
12299:
12022:
11801:
11709:
11622:
11537:
11500:
11398:
10674:
10649:
9667:
9630:
9590:
9091:. DopravnĂ podnik hlavnĂho mÄsta Prahy, WDF â Web Design Factory, s. r. o.
5947:
5910:
for tram was not adopted in Europe, the term was later associated with the
5677:
5665:
5459:
5306:
5298:
5032:
5012:
4976:
4912:
4746:
4513:
3074:
3066:
3054:
on high-speed sections. A more ecological solution is to embed tracks into
3051:
3039:
3027:
2871:
2705:
2185:
1998:
1352:
1340:
1208:
1086:
896:
888:
780:
742:
532:
11252:, Band 2: Nordostschweiz, Mittelland, Zentralschweiz, GraubĂŒnden, Tessin (
7026:
3545:. Trams typically have longer service life than internal combustion buses.
1732:
1407:
12754:
12392:
12254:
12224:
12214:
12002:
11969:
11949:
11806:
11567:
11272:
11242:
10018:
8446:
A Study of Visual Pollution from Overhead Wires and Associated Structures
8158:. Washington, D.C.: OECD Publications and Information Center. p. 63.
7892:
6984:
6678:
6356:
6126:
5860:
5794:
5669:
5661:
5467:
5425:
5075:
4884:
4134:
3940:
3694:
3558:
3124:
3059:
2560:
2095:
1944:
1939:
by Sprague, electric tram systems were rapidly adopted across the world.
1781:
1629:
1594:
1536:
1423:
1415:
1391:
1387:
1348:
1324:
1314:
1310:
1298:
1271:
1247:
473:
10406:
8170:"Target cost and timescale revealed for Coventry very light rail scheme"
7115:
5863:
that instead draw power from an underground supply. Conventional diesel
5403:
2020:
Electric tramways spread to many European cities in the 1890s, such as:
1319:
1287:
12694:
12564:
12284:
12279:
12199:
12101:
11979:
11959:
11911:
11878:
11848:
11813:
11756:
11684:
11679:
11642:
11572:
11557:
11532:
11515:
11478:
9088:
8381:
was right! The trolley does reduce the number of vehicles on the road!"
8128:
7385:
7308:
6183:
6062:
List of largest currently operating tram and light rail transit systems
5912:
5845:
5466:
On the morning of 18 August 1901, four masked men, described as "urban
5375:
5176:
4957:
4227:
3910:
3880:
List of largest currently operating tram and light rail transit systems
3857:" trams are considered a "symbol" of the city. The same can be said of
3796:
The driver's seat in the tram of the Russian model «Lvionok» («Lionet»)
3627:
3617:
3402: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3131:
common in many early systems. However, most light rail systems are now
2741:
2648:
2636:
2614:
2501:
2366:
2347:
1889:
1625:
1609:
1539:
from 1897 to 1929 (cable car 72/73 is the sole survivor of the fleet).
1528:
1470:
1454:
1399:
1291:
1212:
1062:, 1870. Established in 1804, the railway service was the world's first.
912:
908:
900:
864:
648:
643:
515:
488:
11080:
8934:"UrbanRail.Net > USA > Dallas Light Rail & Streetcar (DART)"
8907:"UrbanRail.Net > USA > Dallas Light Rail & Streetcar (DART)"
7078:
7051:
5406:, A tram line began operation on 15 October 2015, as a revival of old
3889:
2423:
It opened in 1836 and ran for 8 km (5.0 mi) from Oakwood to
2172:
1441:
12397:
12347:
12294:
12209:
12163:
12133:
12123:
12063:
12017:
11974:
11964:
11883:
11853:
11838:
11781:
11637:
11495:
11294:
StraĂenbahnatlas ehem. Sowjetunion / Tramway Atlas of the former USSR
11095:
10776:
9975:
9315:
6657:
6439:"The Swansea and Mumbles Railway â the world's first railway service"
6232:
6217:
5933:
5883:
generally used to ferry tourists short distances, for example on the
5494:
5471:
5345:
4969:
4900:
4892:
4666:
4432:
4324:
4320:
4185:
4127:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3800:
3702:
3698:
3635:
3562:
3152:
3090:
2729:
2725:
2316:
2083:
2075:
1986:
1712:
1621:
1613:
1562:
1551:
1535:
Hill in South London. They also worked around "Upper Douglas" in the
1403:
1094:
1037:
1029:
929:
is the largest in the world, with 250 km (160 mi) of track.
444:
101:
11818:
10797:
Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880â1940
9859:(Press release). Transport for NSW. 26 December 2014. Archived from
9089:"dpp.cz > Company Profile â DopravnĂ podnik hlavnĂho mÄsta Prahy"
6808:
4353:
3541:
Produced in 1923 and 1924, the 900 Series tram is still used by the
3373:
1085:
Street railways developed in America before Europe, due to the poor
911:, may have segments that run on mainline railway tracks, similar to
122:
12229:
12219:
12204:
12194:
12173:
12153:
12118:
12096:
12058:
12049:
12012:
11926:
11699:
11669:
11426:
10148:"10 weird and wonderful derailleurs â and how they changed cycling"
10078:"19 Aug 1901 â A DARING RAID. ROBBERY UNDER ARMS. TRAMCAR STUCK..."
9194:
6197:
6188:
5747:
5536:
5456:
5452:
5389:
5262:
5059:
5028:
4872:
4813:
4802:
4402:
4398:
4111:
3187:
3106:
3102:
3043:
2878:
2863:
2799:
2775:
2749:
2513:
2253:
2079:
2063:
1700:
1652:
1137:
1090:
1049:
1033:
1025:
769:
55:
11230:, Band 1: Berner Oberland, Jura, Westschweiz, Genfer See, Wallis (
10847:
Railway Transportation Systems: Design, Construction and Operation
10723:. San Jose: Santa Clara County Transportation Agency. p. 67.
10380:
7617:"The Rebirth of Trams: The Promise of Light Railway Transit (LRT)"
6885:
5680:
4162:
These lines have 32,345 stops at an average spacing of 484 metres;
2365:
Paris and Berne (Switzerland) operated trams that were powered by
2016:
in 1908. The city established a network of electric trams in 1894.
1054:
12544:
12421:
12259:
12189:
12091:
11931:
11903:
11833:
11823:
11719:
11310:(compiled by Andreas GĂŒnter, Sergei Tarknov and Christian Blank;
11052:
Tramways and Trolleys: The Rise of Urban Mass Transport in Europe
7934:
6170:
5929:
5540:
4809:
4542:
4481:
4413:
world's last urban steam tram service before its closure in 1978.
4394:
4379:
4371:
4358:
4337:
4300:
2685:
2553:
2469:
2449:
2424:
2335:
1948:
1873:
1720:
1716:
1696:
1660:
1543:
1532:
1512:
1255:
1179:, 1894. The city saw Australia's first tram service open in 1860.
1089:
of the streets in American cities which made them unsuitable for
843:
10173:"Auto-Modellbahn-Welt Hödl StraĂenbahn und Oldtimertram Modelle"
6833:
3574:
2484:
Similar systems were used elsewhere in the past, notably on the
933:
One of the advantages over earlier forms of transit was the low
12244:
12239:
12158:
11863:
11689:
11542:
10012:
9560:"TTC retiring last of older streetcar fleet vehicles on Sunday"
9473:"Aubagne aura le premier tramway au monde entiĂšrement gratuit!"
9341:
Annual Report (Report). London Passenger Transport Board. 1938.
8677:"UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Russia> St. Petersburg Tram"
8199:"The renaissance of tramways and urban redevelopment in France"
7910:
7896:
6962:
Guarnieri, M. (2020). "Electric tramways of the 19th century".
6908:"Cieplice lĆĄskie ZdrĂłj is one of the best known Silesian towns"
6751:
Robertson, Andrew (March 1848). "Blackwall Railway Machinery".
5816:
A widely held belief holds the word trolley to derive from the
5786:
5322:
has been operating since 1987 on the outskirts of Buenos Aires.
5191:
5087:
4876:
4460:
4375:
4341:
4316:
4248:
4138:
3711:
Trams can be tourist attractions in ways buses usually are not.
3675:
3667:
3663:
3162:
2814:
The fragmented tram routes of Paris are slowly being joined up.
2795:
2733:
2409:
2210:
2024:
Prague, Bohemia (then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire), in 1891;
2005:
powered cars were a better way to operate trains and trolleys.
1847:
1566:
1505:
1360:
1295:
1149:
1110:
665:
11378:
11143:
World Gazetteer of Tram, Trolleybus, and Rapid Transit Systems
10999:). Wellington: New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society Inc.
10302:
10172:
7792:. Vol. 2, no. 10. Chicago. August 1886. p. 384.
5233:
on 25 December 2014, and the railway line was replaced by the
3587:
compared to similar vehicles that use rubber tyres, since the
1801:
near Berlin in Germany, which opened in 1881. It was built by
11954:
9586:"TTC's Spadina launch inspires streetcar envy on other lines"
7739:"The Mekarski Compressed Air Tramway at Berne, Switzerland".
5474:, just past Power Street. For their trouble the men received
5079:
5008:
4175:
Between 1997 and 2014, 400â450 vehicles were built each year.
4142:
4123:
2716:
has become a more recent innovation. Another technology uses
2331:
1772:
in 1882. Early electric trams operated by the company lacked
1372:
1368:
1195:
on 8 January 1863. The first trams in Asia opened in 1869 in
1071:
938:
854:
on urban public streets; some include segments on segregated
564:
527:
11318:). 2004. Berlin: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Blickpunkt StraĂenbahn.
9063:"UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Romania > BUCHAREST Tram"
8310:"Trams/Light Rail â Road Safety Authority Rules of the Road"
7334:"Sarajevo Official Web Site : Sarajevo through history"
7172:
7170:
7168:
6614:"The Cable Car Home Page â Miscellaneous Newspaper Articles"
6594:. British Newspaper Archive. 23 August 1905. p. 6 col.5
5685:("beam, handle of a barrow, bar, rung"). The identical word
5206:. The development of light rail became a major issue in the
4445:
The first Japanese tram line was inaugurated in 1895 as the
2970:
line linking Hasselt (Belgium) with Maastricht (Netherlands)
2851:
by a section of street track through the city centre, as in
2520:
in Stockholm). Most trams made since the 1990s (such as the
2059:
Helsinki, Finland; and Madrid and Barcelona, Spain, in 1899.
2033:
Dresden, Germany; Lyon, France; and Milan and Genoa, Italy,
1703:
in particular. Gas trams are known to have operated between
868:, which also includes systems separated from other traffic.
12319:
12274:
11888:
10328:
10225:"MarktĂŒbersicht â StraĂenbahnen â StraĂenbahnfreunde Hemer"
8475:
8418:"Wheel/Rail Noise Control Manual | Blurbs | Main"
7893:"Port Arthur Historic Sites Statutory Management Plan 2008"
5920:(particularly in the northeastern US), or sometimes simply
5544:
5428:
is 20.4 km (12.7 mi) long with 20 stops and uses
2091:
1990:
1981:
that operated a streetcar without gears. The motor had its
1901:
9771:"Results â ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)"
9731:"Return of the (modern) streetcar: Portland leads the way"
5961:
5571:) gauge track, which is correct for the representation of
4832:. Since 29 December 2019, the system exclusively uses the
4230:
and bus services by 21 June 1958. Before its decline, the
3089:, have the tracks interlaced, e.g. in the Leidsestraat in
879:
trains. Most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a
11473:
10515:
das Herkunftswörterbuch: Etymologie der deutschen Sprache
10280:
10198:
10052:"Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot: Melbourne's horse trams"
9700:"Next-generation streetcars arrive in Toronto for trials"
7189:
7187:
7185:
7165:
6731:"Cinquant'anni fa Milano diceva addio al "Gamba de legn""
5864:
5790:
3055:
2696:
Electric trams use various devices to collect power from
2373:. Trials on street tramways in Britain, including by the
946:
10570:
Tokyo in Transit: Japanese Culture on the Rails and Road
8541:– via Landscape Architecture Department, UC Davis.
8500:
Claydon, Geoffry (August 2017). "80 Years of the LRTA".
8129:"Why are trams different from buses from Trams for Bath"
6067:
List of largest tram and light rail transit systems ever
4816:
in terms of track length and ridership. Operated by the
3917:) networks in the world by route length as of 2016 are:
2744:
on city streets, known as surface current collection or
1355:, New Zealand; Sydney, Australia; other city systems in
9436:"Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan"
8239:"Transforming Australian Cities : Urban corridors"
7977:"China Presents the World's First Hydrogen-Fueled Tram"
7528:
Light rail in Newcastle opening from Monday 18 February
6556:
6554:
5867:
decorated to look like streetcars are sometimes called
5470:", held up an eastbound horse tram in Riversdale Road,
5158:; the 2010s saw a significant expansion of the network.
4907:
the first to come on line and construction underway in
4550:
Other countries with discontinued tram systems include
2117:
from 1889 to 1896. Electric systems were also built in
1480:
The most extensive cable system in the US was built in
1286:. New horse-drawn systems have been established at the
10941:
Tramways and Light Railways of Switzerland and Austria
10411:
A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue (up to 1700)
9614:
9037:"UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Poland > ĆĂłdĆș Tram"
8154:
European Conference of Ministers of Transport (1978).
7182:
6624:
6514:
5855:
A trackless train is also called tram in U.S. English.
5746:
is first recorded in 1840, and originally referred to
4956:
converted to light rail in the 1980s. San Francisco's
1888:, but they were not deemed good enough to replace the
1197:
Batavia (Jakarta), Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia)
7743:. Vol. 34. New York. 20 April 1893. p. 380.
7289:
7207:"Professor Sidney Howe Short experiments with motors"
5348:, a new tramway system is on service since 2012, the
3697:, while those that can use subway tunnels are called
3500:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
2047:
Bristol, United Kingdom; and Munich, Germany in 1895;
9945:"MedellĂn: Ayacucho tram will begin service in 2015"
8811:(in Italian). Azienda Trasporti Milanesi S.p.A. 2017
7991:"China Develops World's First Hydrogen-Powered Tram"
7930:"Taranna â Tiny township on the road to Port Arthur"
7685:. the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Archived from
7360:"City of Belgrade â Important Years in City History"
6566:
6551:
5943:
5789:. In parts of the United States, internally powered
4657:, opened in 1885 and one of the few tramways to use
4463:, Pakistan, where construction started in late 2011.
3873:
1793:
electric tramway used for permanent service was the
9697:
9557:
7309:"STB SA | Societatea de Transport Bucuresti STB SA"
6502:
6457:
3101:. There is a UK example of interlaced track on the
2984:A 3-way Hanning & Kahl point-setting system at
2066:built a citywide system of electric trams in 1895.
871:Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than
147:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
10984:). Broxbourne, UK: Light Rail Transit Association.
10827:Urban Mass Transit: The Life Story of a Technology
10537:
9976:"The trams and trolleybuses of MedellĂn, Colombia"
9654:
9577:
8603:"Toronto rides new streetcars to its urban future"
7213:. Fort Worth, Texas. 11 November 1894 – via
7081:"Milestones in U.S. Public Transportation History"
7054:"Milestones in U.S. Public Transportation History"
6585:
5879:has instead been applied to open-sided, low-speed
5240:There are tentative plans for new tram systems in
4843:Streetcars once existed in the Canadian cities of
4641:List of town tramway systems in the United Kingdom
3591:of steel on steel is lower than rubber on asphalt.
2053:Copenhagen, Denmark; and Vienna, Austria, in 1897;
2040:Rome, Italy: Plauen, Germany; Bucharest, Romania;
1418:rather than coal as fuel to avoid emitting smoke;
1266:Horse-drawn trams still operate on the 1876-built
1183:The first tram in South America opened in 1858 in
1066:The world's first passenger train or tram was the
58:is the most widely produced tram model in history.
11028:(No ISBN). Johannesburg: published by the author.
9739:. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Publishing Ltd.
7865:"Local History â History of the Tasman Peninsula"
6077:List of tram systems by gauge and electrification
5691:with the meaning "crossbeam" is also used in the
3119:List of tram systems by gauge and electrification
2748:; the main example of this is the new tramway in
2681:List of tram systems by gauge and electrification
2196:, connecting Adelaide to the beachside suburb of
1780:The world's first electric tram line operated in
1761:List of tram systems by gauge and electrification
1465:The first practical cable car line was tested in
1406:, Sweden, had a steam tram line at the island of
1187:. The first trams in Australia opened in 1860 in
1117:in New York City. It was followed in 1835 by the
12795:
11021:). Stanford (CA), US: Stanford University Press.
9803:"Thanks for joining us to launch the Light Rail"
9620:
7006:
3648:Manchester South Junction and Altrincham Railway
2956:Tram systems operate across national borders in
1864:The earliest tram system in Canada was built by
30:"Streetcar" redirects here. For other uses, see
11322:Tramway & Light Railway Atlas: Germany 1996
10505:
10253:. Bowser-trains.com. 1 May 1961. Archived from
10035:Isaac Nathan: the Biographical Puzzle: Part One
8622:
8620:
7741:Engineering News & American Railway Journal
7274:. Topeka, Kansas. 14 November 1894 – via
6649:
6203:Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts
5813:, which are unrelated to other kinds of trams.
5769:being the preferred term in the eastern US and
4149:Since 1985, 120 light rail systems have opened;
11352:British & Irish Tramway Systems since 1945
10227:. Strassenbahnfreunde-hemer.de. Archived from
10041:, Volume XXIII Part 4, June 2018, AJHS Sydney.
9583:
9527:"Transit Ridership Report: Third Quarter 2015"
8334:
7487:Innovation in the worldâs largest tram network
7440:. Ljubljanski potniĆĄki promet . Archived from
7412:"RATB â Regia Autonoma de Transport BucureĆti"
6957:
6955:
6953:
6858:. Markthefitter.blogspot.com. 17 November 2008
6636:Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture
5558:is a mass supplier of HO streetcars and kits.
5265:in 1889 with horse-drawn trams on the roadway.
4480:The Northern and Central areas of the City of
3198:, as opposed to using steps at the doorway or
3046:for street-running operation, or use standard
2444:(CSR) demonstrated the world's first hydrogen
2342:and has been running since 2014. In 2019, the
1246:issued in 1983. The last mule tram service in
1028:that were used in central Europe to transport
11442:
10592:. East Brighton, Victoria: John Mason Press.
9882:
9212:International Association of Public Transport
6478:"Could the Mumbles Railway make a come back?"
5660:, referring respectively to a type of truck (
5281:List of town tramway systems in South America
4812:operates the largest streetcar system in the
4459:A tram system is planned for construction in
4378:in 1960. Tram service was started in 1884 in
2516:in London), or kept in heritage use (such as
1301:, first built in 1902, was reopened in 2012.
858:. The tramlines or tram networks operated as
803:
339:. Unsourced categories may be challenged and
11350:Waller, Michael H., and Peter Walker. 1992.
11203:). 1998. London: Rapid Transit Publications.
11189:). 1993. London: Rapid Transit Publications.
11175:). 1987. London: Rapid Transit Publications.
10610:Men and volts; the story of General Electric
10039:Australian Jewish Historical Society Journal
10017:Sydney: Mr. Nathan was a passenger by No. 2
9722:
9519:
9405:
8617:
8436:
8253:
8251:
7147:"Nashville now and then: From here to there"
7079:American Public Transportation Association.
7052:American Public Transportation Association.
6697:
5686:
5625:
2960:(from Switzerland into France and Germany),
2783:
2755:
1959:. One of the first systems to use it was in
1868:, brother of the famous mining entrepreneur
1521:Eugen Langen one-railed floating tram system
11081:"The Tramways of Brazil: A 130-Year Survey"
11006:(No ISBN). Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill.
10989:Cane Train: The Sugar-Cane Railways of Fiji
10863:
10683:. Vol. 17. London, UK; New York, USA:
8960:"Dallas M-Line (McKinney Avenue Streetcar)"
7336:. Sarajevo.ba. 29 June 1914. Archived from
7240:Grace's Guide to British Industrial History
7199:
7029:. Fylde Tramway Society. 3 September 2004.
6950:
6795:
6087:List of tram and light rail transit systems
6057:List of tram and light rail transit systems
5844:, meaning "roll" and probably derived from
5840:. "Trolley" and variants refer to the verb
5672:and the tracks on which they ran. The word
5655:
5186:A completely new tram system opened on the
4687:Many decommissioned trams are preserved at
3784:List of tram and light rail transit systems
2452:. The chief engineer of the CSR subsidiary
2256:in the UK (the Dolter stud system), and in
2236:Two rare but significant alternatives were
2113:and the then tourist-oriented country town
1339:The first mechanical trams were powered by
245:into consolidated sections based on topics.
110:Learn how and when to remove these messages
11449:
11435:
10864:Young, Greg; Meyers, Tom (18 April 2016).
10527:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7466:. AS Oslo Sporveier, Oslo 1975, pp. 49â50.
7258:
6753:The Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal
5799:American Public Transportation Association
4603:became the first tram system in the world
4519:. The First LRT system was established in
3578:A Nantes tram in front of the Bouffay stop
1523:started operating. Cable cars operated on
1222:Horse-drawn trams continued to be used in
1211:where they are used as sleeping rooms for
810:
796:
11290:). Wellington: Grantham House Publishing.
11275:). Wellington: Grantham House Publishing.
10767:
10495:
9698:National Post Staff (27 September 2012).
9660:
8703:"Köln (Cologne) Underground Tram Network"
8261:. Bv.com.au. 14 July 2004. Archived from
8248:
8214:
8097:"Special Report 257: Making Transit Work"
8034:Allez le Tram from Railway-Technology.com
6983:
6961:
6750:
6723:
5809:has sometimes been used for rubber-tired
4344:have new tram systems under construction.
3520:Learn how and when to remove this message
3462:Learn how and when to remove this message
3073:designed for tramway or railway track in
2659:had also seen trams use automobile-style
2420:oversaw the construction of the tramway.
1414:smoke or steam. Usually the engines used
1191:. Africa's first tram service started in
377:Learn how and when to remove this message
359:Learn how and when to remove this message
300:Learn how and when to remove this message
207:Learn how and when to remove this message
10844:
10573:. Stanford University Press. p. 6.
10566:
10145:
9558:Canadian Post Staff (29 December 2019).
8442:
8259:"Crossing tram tracks â Bicycle Network"
7963:Australian Railway Atlas: No.1 -Tasmania
7788:"Compressed Air for Street Car Motors".
7754:"Compressed Air as a Street Car Motor".
7603:
6932:
5850:
5710:
5629:
5522:
5289:
5256:
5197:
4942:
4792:
4644:
4614:
4352:
4294:
4204:
4141:tram at longest intracity tram route in
4133:
4052:
3888:
3861:in general, but particularly the iconic
3799:
3791:
3726:
3573:
3548:
3536:
3026:
2979:
2809:
2765:
2684:
2625:
2559:
2543:
2391:
2315:in Australia, and for about 14 years as
2283:
2179:
2171:
2007:
1764:
1735:in Poland (from 1897); and in the UK at
1639:
1576:
1487:
1440:
1318:
1242:, until 1926 and were commemorated by a
1217:
1170:
1053:
917:
61:
49:
11161:). 1980. Exeter, UK: Quail Map Company.
10814:
10745:A Popular History of American Invention
10718:
10606:
10485:from the original on 12 September 2015.
9187:
8601:Hume, Christopher (14 September 2015).
8590:from the original on 15 September 2015.
8499:
8368:
8045:
8011:. Facstaff.bucknell.edu. Archived from
7193:
7097:
6944:
6262:New Zealand used the following gauges:
6097:List of railway electrification systems
5297:is a tram network that has operated in
4801:is the largest streetcar system in the
1715:, Australia (1886â1888); in Berlin and
1608:. A single cable line also survives in
14:
12796:
11376:
10895:(No ISBN). Lyon: Editions Omni-Presse.
10737:
10673:
10638:
10535:
9728:
9470:
9247:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
8613:from the original on 9 September 2014.
8577:
8514:
8196:
7965:(Map). Exeter U.K.: Quail Map Company.
7916:
7295:
7176:
7153:from the original on 28 September 2007
6572:
6560:
6520:
6508:
6475:
6463:
5761:are often used interchangeably in the
4741:is more likely to be understood as an
4545:was also suspended in the early 1960s.
4269:List of town tramway systems in Africa
3630:alignments. Some examples include the
3127:has had considerable variations, with
2968:(from France into Germany). A planned
2651:-style controller which incorporate a
2098:, starting operation on 2 March 1894.
1967:and for two months of the winter when
11430:
11265:When Trams Were Trumps in New Zealand
10898:Bett, W. C., and J. C. Gillam. 1962.
10587:
10512:
10423:
10381:"Tramway & Light Railway Society"
10335:from the original on 22 February 2015
10329:"East Penn Traction Club â Home Page"
10179:from the original on 22 February 2015
9955:from the original on 4 September 2015
9925:from the original on 25 February 2017
9889:"Mendoza light rail service begins".
9873:
9833:"Last train leaves Newcastle station"
9663:"New TTC streetcars make their debut"
9638:from the original on 9 September 2014
9261:
9095:from the original on 19 February 2017
8868:from the original on 8 February 2017.
8683:from the original on 23 February 2017
7960:
7475:
7228:
6243:Worldwide examples of gauntlet tracks
5695:. Etymologists believe that the word
5504:(pen name VĂ©locio), godfather of the
5183:motor, and two restored trailer cars.
4828:and its articulated counterpart, the
4466:Trams are also under construction in
3815: Countries without tram networks
3023:Worldwide examples of gauntlet tracks
2951:
2495:
2200:, and tourist trams in the Victorian
1892:fireless engines then propelling the
1655:and some other tramways, for example
1635:
1379:("Peg-Leg") tramway ran on the Milan-
1101:developed by the Irish coach builder
11456:
11031:King, B. R., and J. H. Price. 1995.
10987:Dyer, Peter, and Peter Hodge. 1988.
10823:
10461:
9986:from the original on 8 December 2015
9973:
9710:from the original on 30 January 2013
9513:"New addition to Beamish tram fleet"
9408:"OLMT project to face further delay"
8931:
8904:
8886:from the original on 21 January 2017
8807:[ATM Mobility Charter 2017]
8713:from the original on 18 August 2016.
8600:
8580:"Streetcars are our neglected stars"
8578:Keenan, Edward (14 September 2015).
8443:Schodorf, Robert J. (1973). "1, 2".
7720:from the original on 14 January 2018
7501:
7366:from the original on 11 January 2015
6964:IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine
6900:
6658:"The Indomitable Tramways of Celaya"
6655:
4069:
3844:trams in parts of continental Europe
3496:Relevant discussion may be found on
3473:
3400:adding citations to reliable sources
3390:Relevant discussion may be found on
3367:
2292:, Pont de Puteaux, Paris, late 1890s
2288:Recharging battery-powered trams of
1561:costs, since an expensive system of
962:
337:adding citations to reliable sources
311:
284:Please help consolidate the article.
261:
218:
145:adding citations to reliable sources
116:
75:
10793:
10413:. Dictionary of the Scots Language.
9980:Electric Transport in Latin America
9776:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
9584:Tess Kalinoski (8 September 2014).
8838:from the original on 20 August 2017
8785:from the original on 20 August 2017
8312:. Rulesoftheroad.ie. Archived from
8085:from the original on 31 March 2015.
7669:
7657:"Caf's ACR for catenary-free trams"
6490:from the original on 13 August 2022
6137:Tram and light rail transit systems
6042:Comparison of train and tram tracks
4622:is the largest tram network in the
3884:
3780:Tram and light rail transit systems
3626:Tramways can take advantage of old
2964:(from Switzerland into France) and
2564:Siemens tram in Almada near Lisbon.
2510:General Motors streetcar conspiracy
2448:tramcar at an assembly facility in
2221:opened in February 2019, while the
2056:Florence and Turin, Italy, in 1898;
1951:that could be used, and delivering
1927:had built. Sprague later developed
1383:-Castano Primo route in late 1957.
1119:New Orleans and Carrollton Railroad
54:With more than 14,000 units built,
24:
12621:Transit-oriented development (TOD)
11026:Tramway Systems of Southern Africa
10884:
10309:from the original on 13 March 2015
9841:. 26 December 2014. Archived from
9387:from the original on 19 March 2017
9360:from the original on 6 August 2017
9296:from the original on 6 August 2017
9262:BereĆ, Michael (4 November 2018).
9175:from the original on 19 March 2017
9122:from the original on 19 March 2017
9069:from the original on 23 March 2017
8966:from the original on 10 March 2017
8940:from the original on 13 March 2017
8913:from the original on 13 March 2017
8657:from the original on 25 April 2017
8526:. pp. 108â110. Archived from
8449:(MA thesis). ScholarWorks at WMU.
8109:from the original on 8 August 2017
8046:Bickell, David (2 December 2014).
7710:"Battery trams running in Nanjing"
7362:. Beograd.org.rs. 5 October 2000.
7246:from the original on 12 March 2017
6834:"Australian Timetable Association"
6392:from the original on 9 April 2015.
5985:
5881:segmented vehicles on rubber tires
5875:). Furthering confusion, the term
5805:". In the United States, the term
5508:was killed by a tram in St Ătienne
5366:A historic tram line known as the
4223:
3809: Countries with tram networks
3097:); this is known as interlaced or
2375:North Metropolitan Tramway Company
2090:in 1901 â it closed in 1958.
1690:
1250:ended in 1932, and a mule tram in
25:
12835:
11370:
11004:Europe's Greatest Tramway Network
10748:. Vol. 1. London; New York:
10387:from the original on 2 April 2015
10361:from the original on 2 March 2015
10355:"A Warm Welcome to Trolleyville!"
10205:from the original on 2 April 2015
10058:from the original on 1 March 2015
9783:from the original on 9 March 2017
9378:
9351:
9322:from the original on 2 April 2015
9287:
9229:from the original on 4 March 2016
9166:
9113:
9043:from the original on 1 March 2017
8984:
8829:
8776:
8749:
8648:
7530:Transport for NSW 3 February 2019
7392:from the original on 2 March 2015
7033:from the original on 17 July 2011
6445:from the original on 26 June 2007
5512:
5489:On 7 June 1926 Catalan architect
4634:
4484:had an electric Tram Car system (
4303:, whose line forms a part of the
3874:Major tram and light rail systems
3658:. Other examples can be found in
3217:Trams on order as February 2017
3038:Tramway track can have different
2931:tramways vicinaux/buurtspoorwegen
2778:with powered and neutral sections
2360:
2082:ran a regular service from 1894.
1776:, drawing current from the rails.
1363:, Germany (from August 1883 on),
91:This article has multiple issues.
12777:
12631:Transportation demand management
11282:(revised and enlarged edition) (
11097:The Tramways of Chile: 1858â1978
10969:(Harvard University Press, 1980)
10607:Hammond, John Winthrop (2011) .
10489:
10467:
10455:
10443:from the original on 10 May 2015
10429:
10417:
10399:
10373:
10347:
10321:
10295:
10277:"St.-Petersburg Tram Collection"
10269:
10243:
10217:
10201:. Halling.at. 25 February 2015.
10191:
10165:
10161:– via www.theguardian.com.
10139:
10117:
10095:
10070:
10044:
10027:
9998:
9967:
9937:
9911:
9867:
9849:
9825:
9795:
9763:
9691:
9551:
9505:
9491:
9464:
9453:
9428:
9399:
9372:
9345:
9334:
9308:
9281:
9255:
9201:
9160:
9134:
9107:
9081:
9055:
9029:
9005:
8993:from the original on 6 July 2017
8978:
8952:
8925:
8898:
8872:
8850:
8823:
8797:
8770:
8758:from the original on 6 July 2017
8743:
8717:
8695:
8669:
8642:
8638:from the original on 5 May 2016.
8594:
8571:
8545:
8515:Spivak, Jeffrey (January 2008).
8424:from the original on 1 June 2008
8398:from the original on 1 June 2008
8335:Andrew Heasley (29 April 2004).
8135:from the original on 8 June 2013
7386:"Trams of Hungary and much more"
7279:
7218:
7144:
7104:The Journal of Transport History
7015:. Hearst Magazines. p. 750.
6856:"mark the fitter: November 2008"
6256:
5960:
5946:
5274:
5179:or dummy, driven by a concealed
4938:
4726:
4074:
3897:The largest tram (classic tram,
3804:Tram networks around the world:
3722:
3478:
3372:
3205:
3170:
3161:
2975:
2700:. The most common device is the
2459:
1977:designed and produced the first
1917:Richmond Union Passenger Railway
1788:invented and tested by inventor
967:
842:consisting of either individual
779:
404:
327:contains unreferenced categories
316:
266:
223:
121:
80:
10960:Trolley Through the Countryside
10919:Journal of Historical Geography
8805:"Carta della mobilitĂ ATM 2017"
8508:
8493:
8468:
8410:
8384:
8362:
8328:
8302:
8277:
8231:
8190:
8176:
8162:
8147:
8121:
8089:
8071:
8058:
8039:
8027:
8009:"An Introduction To Capacitors"
8001:
7983:
7969:
7954:
7922:
7796:
7781:
7764:
7747:
7732:
7701:
7675:
7663:
7649:
7630:
7609:
7597:
7571:
7559:
7533:
7521:
7495:
7480:
7469:
7464:Sporveier i Oslo gjennom 100 Ă„r
7456:
7430:
7404:
7378:
7352:
7326:
7301:
7138:
7091:
7072:
7045:
7019:
7000:
6938:
6926:
6870:
6848:
6836:. austta.org.au. 10 August 2012
6826:
6801:
6789:
6763:
6759:. New York: Wiley & Putnam.
6744:
6671:
6606:
6578:
6526:
6476:Turner, Robin (26 March 2015).
6408:Edmonton Radial Railway Society
6158:
5820:(said to derive from the words
5706:
5225:The railway into the centre of
3833:street railways with streetcars
3383:needs additional citations for
2704:, while some older systems use
2666:
2290:Paris and Seine Tramway Company
2103:Melbourne Centennial Exhibition
1912:Company, and ran for 50 years.
1644:The only petrol-driven tram of
1515:, Germany, in 1901 an elevated
1500:From 1885 to 1940, the city of
1430:
1058:A horse-drawn tram operated by
132:needs additional citations for
99:or discuss these issues on the
11415:The Elephant Will Never Forget
11406:New International Encyclopedia
11220:Federal Transit Administration
11045:Light Rail Transit Association
10962:(No ISBN). Denver: Sage Books.
10953:Light Rail Transit Association
10912:Light Railway Transport League
10900:Great British Tramway Networks
10830:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
10738:Martin, T. Commerford (1924).
10146:Sweatman, Mike (7 June 2018).
9899:. December 2012. p. 451.
9729:Taplin, M. R. (October 2001).
9471:Robert, Marcel (6 July 2011).
7771:"Compressed Air on Tramways".
7707:
7566:Kyoto Tram from Kyoto City Web
6679:"History of trams, light rail"
6469:
6431:
6422:
6396:
6374:
6349:
6208:Railway electrification system
6117:Railway electrification system
6037:Battery electric multiple unit
5974:
5885:Universal Studios backlot tour
5252:
5218:became the major issue of the
4830:Articulated Light Rail Vehicle
4059:Saint Petersburg's tram system
3955:(181.8 km; 113.0 mi)
3943:(191.6 km; 119.1 mi)
3937:(194.8 km; 121.0 mi)
3931:(205.5 km; 127.7 mi)
3689:mounting can reduce emissions.
3561:on the TimiÈoara Boulevard in
3112:
3093:on three short stretches (see
2673:Railway electrification system
2381:
1685:Melbourne cable tramway system
1557:Cable cars suffered from high
1494:cable car service in Melbourne
1125:, which still operates as the
1043:
13:
1:
11603:Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit
11138:). Krefeld: Röhr Verlag GMBH.
10936:). Sydney: Dreamweaver Books.
10740:Kaempffert, Waldemar Bernhard
10475:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
10437:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
10279:. Sptc.spb.ru. Archived from
10005:"THE LATE MR. ISAAC NATHAN".
9874:Gabot, Diego (26 July 2017).
9406:Adnan, Imran (1 April 2019).
9381:"Minneapolis â St. Paul 1947"
9277:– via prazsky.denik.cz.
8725:"Kölner Verkehrs-Betriebe AG"
8036:. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
7568:. Retrieved 12 February 2009.
7007:Hearst Magazines (May 1929).
6809:"Portland Cable Tram website"
6337:
6024:
5906:Although the use of the term
5901:
4929:Whitehorse Waterfront Trolley
4824:, the PCC streetcar, and the
4719:(opened 1995). Additionally,
4200:
4112:Belgian Coast Tram (Kusttram)
4065:
4048:(133.1 km; 82.7 mi)
4036:(142.4 km; 88.5 mi)
4018:(147.1 km; 91.4 mi)
4012:(148.3 km; 92.1 mi)
4000:(153.6 km; 95.4 mi)
3532:
3186:Tram stops may be similar to
2600:Double ended and Single ended
1877:
1743:, Manchester (1897â1908) and
1398:, in the Australian state of
595:Passenger traffic terminology
12659:Passenger information system
11362:). Shepperton (Surrey), UK:
11280:The End of the Penny Section
11128:Tram & Trolley in Africa
11002:Gragt, Frits van der. 1968.
10719:McCaleb, Charles S. (1994).
10506:General and cited references
10083:. Nla.gov.au. 19 August 1901
10054:. Hawthorntramdepot.org.au.
9892:Tramways & Urban Transit
9736:Tramways & Urban Transit
9661:Kim Brown (31 August 2014).
8555:. Amtuir.org. Archived from
8504:. No. 956. p. 301.
7810:. 31 July 1944. p. 43.
7808:Office of Strategic Services
7804:Civil Affairs Handbook Japan
7760:. 5 August 1876. p. 82.
6538:Mid-Continent Railway Museum
6534:"The John Stephenson Car Co"
6342:
6052:List of town tramway systems
5448:In January 1864, well-known
5436:
5285:
5052:
4705:East Anglia Transport Museum
4474:
4386:
3788:List of town tramway systems
3773:
3213:The main manufacturers are:
3146:
2972:was cancelled in June 2022.
2621:
2595:Drop-centre (or drop-center)
2442:China South Rail Corporation
1894:St. Charles Avenue Streetcar
1844:Mödling and HinterbrĂŒhl Tram
1659:in Sweden and some lines in
1460:London and Blackwall Railway
1290:Museum in Japan and also in
1099:New York and Harlem Railroad
27:Street-running light railcar
7:
11797:Demand-responsive transport
11695:Medium-capacity rail system
11260:). Aachen: Schweers + Wall.
11238:). Aachen: Schweers + Wall.
10617:; Literary Licensing, LLC.
10540:Buses, Trolleys & Trams
10125:"Biography of Antoni Gaudi"
9878:(in Portuguese). La NaciĂłn.
8068:no. 952, April 2017, 0. 131
7266:"Street Railways his hobby"
6013:Streetcars in North America
5939:
5924:(in the UK, as well as the
5535:Model trams are popular in
5497:tram and subsequently died.
5396:
5208:2016 ACT general elections.
4917:High Level Bridge Streetcar
4899:, Winnipeg, St. John's and
4826:Canadian Light Rail Vehicle
4733:Streetcars in North America
4531:
4527:Transit in Northern Taiwan.
4453:
3973:(170 km; 110 mi).
2642:
2435:
2044:; Belgrade, Serbia in 1894;
1910:Capital City Street Railway
1880:were exhibited at the 1884
1754:
1711:in the northern suburbs of
1234:until its closure in 1917.
1068:Swansea and Mumbles Railway
1060:Swansea and Mumbles Railway
1018:
981:the scope of other articles
10:
12840:
12560:Public transport timetable
11591:Passenger rail terminology
11250:Schmalspurparadies Schweiz
11228:Schmalspurparadies Schweiz
11212:TriMet Streetcar Prototype
10615:J. B. Lippincott & Co.
9499:"Blackpool heritage trams"
8502:Tramways and Urban Transit
8394:. Trb.org. 30 March 2014.
8066:Tramways and Urban Transit
7790:The Street Railway Journal
7502:Division, Infrastructure.
6775:www.dunedincablecars.co.nz
6032:Acumulador de Carga RĂĄpida
5801:(APTA) refers to them as "
5516:
5440:
5414:
5278:
5041:
5037:
4818:Toronto Transit Commission
4730:
4638:
4610:
4582:
4277:
4266:
3967:(171 km; 106 mi)
3961:(172 km; 107 mi)
3949:(183 km; 114 mi)
3925:(256 km; 159 mi)
3877:
3853:In Milan, Italy, the old "
3777:
3150:
3116:
3012:
2986:Amsterdam Centraal station
2759:
2738:conduit current collection
2670:
2567:
2385:
2279:
2242:surface contact collection
2238:conduit current collection
1919:began to operate trams in
1795:Gross-Lichterfelde tramway
1758:
1648:, on line 19, in the 1920s
1434:
1331:, pulling a train through
1308:
1127:St. Charles Streetcar Line
1047:
956:
952:
887:; older systems may use a
40:
36:Streetcar (disambiguation)
29:
12773:
12677:
12644:
12591:Green transport hierarchy
12573:
12527:
12491:
12450:
12328:Automated fare collection
12313:
12182:
12082:
12048:
11988:
11940:
11902:
11765:
11581:
11464:
11308:StraĂenbahnatlas RumĂ€nien
11123:). New York: Bonde Press.
11108:). New York: Bonde Press.
11091:). New York: Bonde Press.
10958:Chandler, Allison. 1963.
10926:The Tramways of Australia
10536:Dunbar, Chas. S. (1967).
8342:The Sydney Morning Herald
8337:"Slippery issue on track"
8289:Enterprise Europe Network
7838:The Sydney Morning Herald
7777:. 7 July 1883. p. 3.
7646:, "The transport politic"
7414:. Ratb.ro. Archived from
7098:Robbins, Michael (2000).
6813:portlandcabletrams.com.au
6705:"1876 â 1964 (Ăberblick)"
6632:"Sulphur Rock Street Car"
6592:Newcastle Daily Chronicle
6112:Rapid transit track gauge
6092:List of tram track gauges
6082:List of transport museums
6047:Ground-level power supply
5836:is, however, most likely
5626:Etymology and terminology
5527:A model of a town with a
5360:
4838:Bombardier Transportation
4788:
4695:. The first of these was
4661:in the 21st century, and
4589:
4578:
4502:
4421:
4262:
4083:This section needs to be
4042:(134 km; 83 mi)
4030:(143 km; 89 mi)
4024:(145 km; 90 mi)
4006:(150 km; 93 mi)
3994:(155 km; 96 mi)
3608:Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe
3363:
2805:
2762:Ground-level power supply
2756:Ground-level power supply
2746:ground-level power supply
2714:Ground-level power supply
2539:
2486:Queen Anne Counterbalance
2340:Nanjing battery Tram line
2262:ground-level power supply
2094:had the first tramway in
1809:being installed in 1883.
1268:Douglas Bay Horse Tramway
1205:Newcastle Daily Chronicle
708:List of high-speed trains
12626:Transportation authority
11347:). Somerset, UK: Haynes.
11193:Part Four, North America
11033:The Tramways of Portugal
11009:Hilton, George W. 1997.
10845:Pyrgidis, C. N. (2016).
10824:Post, Robert C. (2007).
10567:Freedman, Alisa (2011).
7211:Fort Worth Daily Gazette
6976:10.1109/MIE.2020.2966810
6683:Bath & Bristol Trams
6318:3 ft 6 in
6297:4 ft 8 in
6249:
6142:Tramway (disambiguation)
5889:Roosevelt Island Tramway
5519:Rail transport modelling
5382:
5320:Buenos Aires Underground
4799:Toronto streetcar system
4521:Kaohsiung (Circular LRT)
4496:Western Region Megapolis
4487:3 ft 6 in
4439:
4348:
4284:
3867:Toronto streetcar system
3652:Oldham and Rochdale Line
3559:tracks embedded in grass
3008:
2213:, was introduced on the
1985:direct-connected to the
1669:Galveston Island Trolley
1602:San Francisco cable cars
1519:cable car following the
1304:
1294:. A horse-tram route in
1274:, and at the 1894-built
1236:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
279:too many section headers
41:Not to be confused with
12690:Bus rapid transit creep
12636:Transportation planning
11422:Battery tram in Yucatan
11390:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
11263:Stewart, Graham. 1985.
11151:Part One, Latin America
11111:Morrison, Allen. 1996.
11094:Morrison, Allen. 1992.
11079:Morrison, Allen. 1989.
11072:). Milwaukee (WI), US:
11062:The Time of the Trolley
11024:Howarth, W. Des. 1971.
10972:Davies, W. K. J. 1986.
10924:Brimson, Samuel. 1983.
10779:: Kalmbach Publishing.
10773:The Time of the Trolley
10750:Charles Scribner's Sons
10685:Charles Scribner's Sons
10544:. London: Paul Hamlyn.
9857:"New era for Newcastle"
9438:. The News. 26 May 2016
8609:. Torstar Corporation.
8586:. Torstar Corporation.
8216:10.1515/mgrsd-2017-0005
8203:Miscellanea Geographica
7642:29 January 2009 at the
7541:"Routes for Light Rail"
7438:"Historical Highlights"
6796:Young & Meyers 2016
5715:Trackless Train at the
5703:is attested from 1873.
5681:
5656:
5350:MetrotranvĂa of Mendoza
4921:Nelson Electric Tramway
4447:Kyoto Electric Railroad
4382:but was closed in 1975.
4368:tram service in Kolkata
4273:
3640:East Lancashire Railway
3543:New Orleans tram system
3196:railway platform height
3058:, an approach known as
2785:alimentation par le sol
2466:TriesteâOpicina tramway
2217:, on 20 July 2014. The
2050:Bilbao, Spain, in 1896;
1882:World Cotton Centennial
1814:Volk's Electric Railway
1770:Gross-Lichterfelde Tram
1583:San Francisco cable car
1548:TriesteâOpicina tramway
1410:between 1887 and 1901.
1402:between 1909 and 1939.
1261:Ulster Transport Museum
943:total cost of ownership
907:. Some trams, known as
610:Railway nationalization
12388:Manual fare collection
12368:Farebox recovery ratio
11859:Personal rapid transit
11400:"Street Railway"
11377:Garcke, Emile (1911).
11278:Stewart, Graham. 1993
11248:Schweers, Hans. 1988.
11167:/ Africa / Australia (
10951:). Milton Keynes, UK:
10891:Arrivetz, Jean. 1956.
10815:Petrova, Mark (2003).
10794:Nye, David E. (1992).
10588:Green, Robert (1989).
9649:will have to make way.
9501:. Blackpool Transport.
8048:"Signalling Metrolink"
7579:"The Rebirth of Trams"
6228:Traction current pylon
6132:Traction current pylon
6018:Trams in South America
5981:Category:Tram vehicles
5856:
5834:portmanteau derivation
5719:
5687:
5676:probably derived from
5639:
5532:
5493:was knocked down by a
5479:large amounts of cash.
5443:List of tram accidents
5378:transportation system.
5302:
5266:
5237:line in February 2019.
5216:light rail in Canberra
5210:
5204:light rail in Canberra
4962:F Market & Wharves
4952:
4806:
4665:which has operated at
4650:
4649:Blackpool tram in 2003
4627:
4427:The 13-kilometre-long
4362:
4313:Tram services in China
4308:
4253:MinneapolisâSaint Paul
4245:Guinness World Records
4214:
4145:
4062:
3965:Katowice agglomeration
3894:
3837:North American English
3825:Tramways with tramcars
3817:
3797:
3732:
3579:
3566:
3546:
3035:
3034:of a grooved tram rail
2997:. Such is the case at
2989:
2815:
2784:
2779:
2693:
2631:
2565:
2557:
2532:with features such as
2492:wharf line in Sydney.
2401:
2338:. In China there is a
2293:
2215:Gold Coast, Queensland
2189:
2177:
2017:
1886:New Orleans, Louisiana
1777:
1649:
1616:but still called the "
1612:(rebuilt in 1979 as a
1586:
1497:
1450:
1449:cable-operated railway
1336:
1240:Sulphur Rock, Arkansas
1227:
1180:
1123:New Orleans, Louisiana
1063:
930:
927:Melbourne tram network
923:Melbourne E-Class Tram
718:Longest train services
600:Named passenger trains
73:
59:
12819:Sustainable transport
12745:Sustainable transport
12725:Passenger load factor
12540:Clock-face scheduling
12373:Free public transport
12225:Bus turnout (bus bay)
11922:Real-time ridesharing
11715:Platform screen doors
11335:Turner, Kevin. 1996.
11126:Pabst, Martin. 1989.
11058:Middleton, William D.
10939:Buckley, R. J. 1984.
10893:Les Tramways Français
10769:Middleton, William D.
10105:. londonremembers.com
9354:"Rio de Janeiro 1958"
9208:Light Rail in Figures
8752:"BERLIN POTSDAM 2016"
8517:"Streetcars are back"
8374:San Jose Mercury News
8197:Boquet, Yves (2017).
8081:. 21 September 2012.
7504:"City Tram Extension"
7242:. Grace's Guide Ltd.
6618:www.cable-car-guy.com
6238:Trams and roundabouts
6072:List of tram builders
5854:
5803:trolley-replica buses
5714:
5650:are derived from the
5633:
5526:
5500:On 27 February 1930,
5441:Further information:
5293:
5260:
5201:
4946:
4822:Peter Witt streetcars
4796:
4648:
4618:
4510:Kaohsiung (Phase III)
4356:
4298:
4208:
4137:
4056:
3892:
3803:
3795:
3730:
3577:
3552:
3540:
3065:Tramway tracks use a
3030:
2983:
2849:joining them together
2813:
2769:
2688:
2655:. The success of the
2629:
2563:
2547:
2414:Port Arthur, Tasmania
2395:
2287:
2248:(the Lorain system),
2227:Walter Burley Griffin
2183:
2175:
2011:
1768:
1747:, Wales (1896â1920).
1723:(1921â1951); between
1643:
1624:up to the top of the
1580:
1491:
1477:, from 1881 to 1957.
1445:Winding drums of the
1444:
1322:
1221:
1174:
1057:
999:splitting the content
993:and help introduce a
921:
733:Platform screen doors
65:
53:
32:Tram (disambiguation)
12784:Transport portal
12720:Outline of transport
12413:Reduced fare program
12383:Integrated ticketing
12338:Contract of carriage
12149:Personal transporter
11705:Narrow-gauge railway
11553:Rail replacement bus
11226:Röhr, Gustav. 1986.
10652:. pp. 407â408.
10357:. Trolleyville.com.
9863:on 26 December 2014.
9845:on 25 December 2014.
9751:on 27 September 2013
9624:(1 September 2014).
8172:. 25 September 2019.
7961:Yonge, John (2004).
7833:"Taranna â Tasmania"
7271:Topeka Daily Capital
6914:on 29 September 2006
6441:. Welshwales.co.uk.
6147:Tramway (industrial)
6102:List of track gauges
6008:Trams in New Zealand
5560:Bowser Manufacturing
5340:Also in the city of
5235:Newcastle Light Rail
5214:The construction of
5048:Trams in New Zealand
4947:Opened in 2001, the
4909:Mississauga, Ontario
4678:Manchester Metrolink
4429:Jerusalem Light Rail
3760:ambient noise levels
3632:Manchester Metrolink
3489:factual accuracy is
3396:improve this article
2999:Manchester Metrolink
2883:Silesian Interurbans
2857:Second City Crossing
2534:regenerative braking
2418:Charles O'Hara Booth
2355:Birmingham Town Hall
2219:Newcastle Light Rail
2035:Douglas, Isle of Man
1687:and since restored.
1657:Stockholms SpÄrvÀgar
1646:Stockholms SpÄrvÀgar
1618:Wellington Cable Car
1527:in North London and
1447:London and Blackwall
1335:marketplace, c. 1900
1329:Cologne-Bonn Railway
1232:Bleecker Street Line
1080:George Francis Train
848:multiple unit trains
786:Transport portal
738:Railway speed record
333:improve this article
141:improve this article
12760:Transport economics
12555:On-time performance
12550:Night (owl) service
12250:Interchange station
12129:Horse-drawn vehicle
11917:Flexible carpooling
11725:Metro/Rapid Transit
11165:Part Two, Asia+USSR
11074:Kalmbach Publishing
11013:, Revised Edition (
10965:Cheape, Charles W.
10383:. Tramwayinfo.com.
10283:on 18 December 2014
10175:. Hoedl-linie8.de.
10103:"Tottenham Outrage"
9921:. 15 October 2015.
9675:on 1 September 2014
9598:on 9 September 2014
9412:The Express Tribune
9148:on 26 February 2017
8533:on 25 February 2009
8316:on 29 November 2007
7757:Scientific American
7236:"Sidney Howe Short"
7179:, pp. 122â123.
7116:10.7227/TJTH.21.1.6
7009:"Popular Mechanics"
6888:on 30 December 2012
6777:. Dunedin Cable Car
6771:"Dunedin Cable Car"
6711:on 24 February 2011
6404:"Streetcars vs LRT"
6361:The Free Dictionary
5773:in the western US.
5722:Although the terms
5556:Bachmann Industries
5314:system feeding the
4715:(opened 1980), and
4659:double decker trams
4605:not to charge fares
4257:Sydney tram network
3288:PKTS/Metrovagonmash
3218:
2890:downtown circulator
2488:in Seattle and the
2344:West Midlands Metro
2223:Canberra light rail
1906:Montgomery, Alabama
1437:Cable car (railway)
1001:into a new article.
937:of metal wheels on
895:. In some cases, a
713:List of train songs
590:High-speed railways
543:Couplers by country
392:Part of a series on
70:multiple-unit train
12514:Standing passenger
11777:Auto rickshaw taxi
11747:Suspension railway
11730:Rubber-tyred metro
11653:Heritage streetcar
11558:Share taxi/Taxibus
11179:Part Three, Europe
11141:Peschkes, Robert.
10439:. Etymonline.com.
9807:Transport Canberra
9539:on 31 January 2016
9515:. 25 January 2024.
9318:. Shore-line.org.
9116:"Los Angeles 2016"
8932:Schwandl, Robert.
8905:Schwandl, Robert.
8350:on 8 November 2012
7919:, pp. 407â408
7689:on 16 October 2008
7683:"Thomas Davenport"
7340:on 23 October 2014
6685:. 19 February 2017
6191:, also known as a
6175:Cater MetroTrolley
6107:Narrow gauges used
5998:Trams in Australia
5918:trackless trolleys
5857:
5720:
5642:The English terms
5640:
5533:
5303:
5267:
5211:
5170:Portland, Victoria
5156:light rail network
5044:Trams in Australia
4953:
4949:Portland Streetcar
4807:
4713:Telford steam tram
4682:Nottingham Tramway
4663:Great Orme Tramway
4651:
4628:
4523:, followed by the
4363:
4309:
4237:Santa Teresa route
4217:Historically, the
4215:
4188:started operation
4146:
4063:
3992:heritage streetcar
3895:
3859:trams in Melbourne
3818:
3798:
3733:
3589:rolling resistance
3583:Vehicles run more
3580:
3567:
3557:tram running down
3547:
3216:
3123:Historically, the
3036:
2990:
2952:Cross-border trams
2820:network topologies
2816:
2780:
2694:
2632:
2566:
2558:
2556:, Finland, in 2022
2528:) are articulated
2522:Bombardier Flexity
2496:Modern development
2454:CSR Sifang Co Ltd.
2402:
2296:As early as 1834,
2294:
2190:
2178:
2072:its tramway system
2018:
1965:Niagara Escarpment
1921:Richmond, Virginia
1866:John Joseph Wright
1855:current collectors
1803:Werner von Siemens
1778:
1677:Portland, Victoria
1671:in Texas operated
1650:
1636:Liquid fossil fuel
1606:tourist attraction
1587:
1571:stationary engines
1498:
1451:
1337:
1244:U.S. postage stamp
1228:
1181:
1107:Fourth Avenue Line
1064:
991:discuss this issue
935:rolling resistance
931:
846:or self-propelled
840:urban rail transit
548:Coupler conversion
74:
60:
12791:
12790:
12483:Transport network
12473:Non-revenue track
12139:Inclined elevator
12074:Inclined elevator
12040:Inclined elevator
11665:Higher-speed rail
11608:Airport rail link
11491:Bus rapid transit
11222:. pp. 30â45.
10868:. Ulysses Press.
10837:978-0-313-33916-5
10819:(Palac ed.).
10807:978-0-262-64030-5
10680:Sidney Howe Short
10624:978-1-258-03284-5
10580:978-0-8047-7145-0
10305:. Q-Car Company.
10015:. 25 March 1864.
9974:Morrison, Allen.
9951:. 18 March 2015.
9949:metroamericas.com
9013:"Stastiques 2018"
7942:. 8 February 2004
7845:. 8 February 2014
7806:. Washington DC:
7774:The Star (London)
7145:Wood, E. Thomas.
7027:"Blackpool Trams"
7013:Popular Mechanics
6882:www.google.com.au
6656:Morrison, Allen.
6523:, pp. 16â17.
6213:Rubber-tyred tram
6179:Dual-mode vehicle
5926:Pacific Northwest
5484:Tottenham Outrage
5368:Santa Teresa Tram
5229:was truncated at
5220:2016 ACT election
4966:San Diego Trolley
4919:in Edmonton, the
4913:Hamilton, Ontario
4905:Waterloo, Ontario
4693:heritage railways
4689:transport museums
4674:Edinburgh Tramway
4655:Blackpool Tramway
4620:Cologne Stadtbahn
4525:Danhai Light Rail
4517:(New Taipei City)
4468:DHA City, Karachi
4219:Paris Tram System
4211:Paris tram system
4209:At its peak, the
4118:agglomeration of
4116:Valley Metro Rail
4104:
4103:
3530:
3529:
3522:
3472:
3471:
3464:
3446:
3361:
3360:
3192:railway platforms
2677:Current collector
2653:dead man's switch
2504:, automobiles or
2446:fuel cell vehicle
2194:Glenelg tram line
1975:Sidney Howe Short
1859:Blackpool Tramway
1016:
1015:
826:(also known as a
820:
819:
538:Railway couplings
521:Steam locomotives
387:
386:
379:
369:
368:
361:
310:
309:
302:
260:
259:
217:
216:
209:
191:
114:
16:(Redirected from
12831:
12814:Public transport
12782:
12781:
12700:Destination sign
12664:Platform display
12654:Destination sign
12611:Transit district
12606:Street hierarchy
12586:Complete streets
12581:Airport security
12463:Cross-city route
12408:Proof-of-payment
12378:Free travel pass
11869:Public light bus
11829:Hackney carriage
11648:Heritage railway
11633:Elevated railway
11628:Cross-city route
11548:Public light bus
11506:Cross-city route
11458:Public transport
11451:
11444:
11437:
11428:
11427:
11410:
11402:
11394:
11382:
11223:
11217:
10879:
10860:
10841:
10820:
10811:
10790:
10764:
10761:Internet Archive
10758:
10756:
10734:
10715:
10709:
10705:
10703:
10695:
10693:
10691:
10670:
10668:
10666:
10635:
10629:Internet Archive
10603:
10584:
10563:
10543:
10532:
10526:
10518:
10499:
10493:
10487:
10486:
10471:
10465:
10459:
10453:
10452:
10450:
10448:
10433:
10427:
10421:
10415:
10414:
10403:
10397:
10396:
10394:
10392:
10377:
10371:
10370:
10368:
10366:
10351:
10345:
10344:
10342:
10340:
10331:. Eastpenn.org.
10325:
10319:
10318:
10316:
10314:
10299:
10293:
10292:
10290:
10288:
10273:
10267:
10266:
10264:
10262:
10247:
10241:
10240:
10238:
10236:
10221:
10215:
10214:
10212:
10210:
10195:
10189:
10188:
10186:
10184:
10169:
10163:
10162:
10160:
10158:
10143:
10137:
10136:
10134:
10132:
10121:
10115:
10114:
10112:
10110:
10099:
10093:
10092:
10090:
10088:
10074:
10068:
10067:
10065:
10063:
10048:
10042:
10031:
10025:
10024:
10008:Jewish Chronicle
10002:
9996:
9995:
9993:
9991:
9971:
9965:
9964:
9962:
9960:
9941:
9935:
9934:
9932:
9930:
9915:
9909:
9908:
9886:
9880:
9879:
9871:
9865:
9864:
9853:
9847:
9846:
9838:Newcastle Herald
9829:
9823:
9822:
9820:
9818:
9813:on 23 April 2019
9809:. Archived from
9799:
9793:
9792:
9790:
9788:
9767:
9761:
9760:
9758:
9756:
9747:. Archived from
9726:
9720:
9719:
9717:
9715:
9695:
9689:
9688:
9682:
9680:
9671:. Archived from
9658:
9652:
9651:
9645:
9643:
9622:Christopher Hume
9618:
9612:
9611:
9605:
9603:
9594:. Archived from
9581:
9575:
9574:
9572:
9570:
9555:
9549:
9548:
9546:
9544:
9538:
9531:
9523:
9517:
9516:
9509:
9503:
9502:
9495:
9489:
9488:
9486:
9484:
9468:
9462:
9461:
9457:
9451:
9450:
9445:
9443:
9432:
9426:
9425:
9420:
9418:
9403:
9397:
9396:
9394:
9392:
9376:
9370:
9369:
9367:
9365:
9349:
9343:
9342:
9338:
9332:
9331:
9329:
9327:
9312:
9306:
9305:
9303:
9301:
9285:
9279:
9278:
9276:
9274:
9259:
9253:
9252:
9246:
9238:
9236:
9234:
9228:
9221:
9205:
9199:
9198:
9191:
9185:
9184:
9182:
9180:
9164:
9158:
9157:
9155:
9153:
9144:. Archived from
9138:
9132:
9131:
9129:
9127:
9111:
9105:
9104:
9102:
9100:
9085:
9079:
9078:
9076:
9074:
9059:
9053:
9052:
9050:
9048:
9033:
9027:
9026:
9024:
9022:
9017:
9009:
9003:
9002:
9000:
8998:
8982:
8976:
8975:
8973:
8971:
8956:
8950:
8949:
8947:
8945:
8929:
8923:
8922:
8920:
8918:
8902:
8896:
8895:
8893:
8891:
8876:
8870:
8869:
8854:
8848:
8847:
8845:
8843:
8827:
8821:
8820:
8818:
8816:
8810:
8801:
8795:
8794:
8792:
8790:
8774:
8768:
8767:
8765:
8763:
8747:
8741:
8740:
8738:
8736:
8727:. Archived from
8721:
8715:
8714:
8699:
8693:
8692:
8690:
8688:
8673:
8667:
8666:
8664:
8662:
8651:"Melbourne 2014"
8646:
8640:
8639:
8628:"World Tramways"
8624:
8615:
8614:
8607:The Toronto Star
8598:
8592:
8591:
8584:The Toronto Star
8575:
8569:
8568:
8566:
8564:
8559:on 19 March 2015
8549:
8543:
8542:
8540:
8538:
8532:
8521:
8512:
8506:
8505:
8497:
8491:
8490:
8488:
8486:
8472:
8466:
8465:
8463:
8461:
8440:
8434:
8433:
8431:
8429:
8414:
8408:
8407:
8405:
8403:
8388:
8382:
8366:
8360:
8359:
8357:
8355:
8346:. Archived from
8332:
8326:
8325:
8323:
8321:
8306:
8300:
8299:
8297:
8295:
8281:
8275:
8274:
8272:
8270:
8265:on 31 March 2012
8255:
8246:
8245:
8243:
8235:
8229:
8228:
8218:
8194:
8188:
8187:
8180:
8174:
8173:
8166:
8160:
8159:
8151:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8140:
8131:. Bathtram.org.
8125:
8119:
8118:
8116:
8114:
8108:
8101:
8093:
8087:
8086:
8075:
8069:
8062:
8056:
8055:
8043:
8037:
8031:
8025:
8024:
8022:
8020:
8005:
7999:
7998:
7997:. 24 March 2015.
7987:
7981:
7980:
7979:. 21 March 2015.
7973:
7967:
7966:
7958:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7947:
7926:
7920:
7914:
7908:
7907:
7905:
7903:
7889:
7880:
7879:
7877:
7875:
7861:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7850:
7829:
7820:
7819:
7800:
7794:
7793:
7785:
7779:
7778:
7768:
7762:
7761:
7751:
7745:
7744:
7736:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7725:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7694:
7679:
7673:
7667:
7661:
7660:
7653:
7647:
7634:
7628:
7627:
7625:
7623:
7613:
7607:
7601:
7595:
7594:
7592:
7590:
7575:
7569:
7563:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7552:
7543:. Archived from
7537:
7531:
7525:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7514:
7499:
7493:
7484:
7478:
7473:
7467:
7460:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7449:
7434:
7428:
7427:
7425:
7423:
7418:on 18 March 2015
7408:
7402:
7401:
7399:
7397:
7382:
7376:
7375:
7373:
7371:
7356:
7350:
7349:
7347:
7345:
7330:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7319:
7305:
7299:
7293:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7283:
7262:
7256:
7255:
7253:
7251:
7232:
7226:
7225:
7223:
7222:
7203:
7197:
7191:
7180:
7174:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7158:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7095:
7089:
7088:
7087:on 3 March 2009.
7083:. Archived from
7076:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7065:
7056:. Archived from
7049:
7043:
7042:
7040:
7038:
7023:
7017:
7016:
7004:
6998:
6997:
6987:
6959:
6948:
6942:
6936:
6930:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6919:
6910:. Archived from
6904:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6893:
6884:. Archived from
6874:
6868:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6852:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6841:
6830:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6819:
6805:
6799:
6793:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6782:
6767:
6761:
6760:
6748:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6737:
6727:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6716:
6707:. Archived from
6701:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6690:
6675:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6664:
6653:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6642:
6628:
6622:
6621:
6610:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6599:
6589:
6582:
6576:
6570:
6564:
6558:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6530:
6524:
6518:
6512:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6473:
6467:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6435:
6429:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6415:
6410:. 1 January 2018
6400:
6394:
6393:
6378:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6353:
6331:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6298:
6293:
6289:
6283:
6281:
6280:
6276:
6273:
6265:
6260:
6223:Streetcar suburb
5970:
5965:
5964:
5956:
5954:Transport portal
5951:
5950:
5811:trackless trains
5785:is preferred in
5777:is preferred in
5690:
5684:
5659:
5614:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5592:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5570:
5566:
5450:Anglo-Australian
5329:TranvĂa del Este
5312:PreMetro line E2
5295:PreMetro line E2
5202:Construction of
5033:Washington, D.C.
4493:
4488:
4435:is also planned.
4120:Phoenix, Arizona
4099:
4096:
4090:
4078:
4077:
4070:
3988:modern streetcar
3929:Saint Petersburg
3885:Existing systems
3814:
3808:
3767:visual pollution
3756:noise mitigation
3656:Oldham Loop Line
3646:was part of the
3638:was part of the
3525:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3505:
3502:reliably sourced
3482:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3404:
3376:
3368:
3219:
3215:
3174:
3165:
2787:
2736:. It was called
2548:A modern design
2303:Attempts to use
2298:Thomas Davenport
2244:method, used in
2014:tram in Budapest
1969:hydroelectricity
1961:Thorold, Ontario
1925:Frank J. Sprague
1884:World's Fair in
1846:was opened near
1841:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1786:Saint Petersburg
1554:and its cables.
1345:steam locomotive
1146:Saint Petersburg
1078:by the American
1011:
1008:
1002:
985:History of trams
971:
970:
963:
959:History of trams
860:public transport
812:
805:
798:
784:
783:
484:Gauge conversion
408:
389:
388:
382:
375:
364:
357:
353:
350:
344:
320:
319:
312:
305:
298:
294:
291:
285:
270:
269:
262:
255:
252:
246:
236:pro and con list
227:
226:
219:
212:
205:
201:
198:
192:
190:
149:
125:
117:
106:
84:
83:
76:
21:
12839:
12838:
12834:
12833:
12832:
12830:
12829:
12828:
12794:
12793:
12792:
12787:
12776:
12769:
12673:
12646:
12640:
12569:
12523:
12499:Checked baggage
12487:
12446:
12333:Bus advertising
12317:
12309:
12178:
12169:Trackless train
12112:Scooter-sharing
12107:Bicycle-sharing
12084:
12078:
12044:
11984:
11936:
11898:
11874:Pulled rickshaw
11844:Motorcycle taxi
11787:Combination bus
11768:
11761:
11675:Inter-city rail
11660:High-speed rail
11577:
11460:
11455:
11397:
11380:"Tramway"
11373:
11368:
11215:
11050:McKay, John P.
11035:(4th Edition) (
10902:(4th Edition),
10887:
10885:Further reading
10882:
10876:
10857:
10838:
10808:
10787:
10754:
10752:
10731:
10707:
10706:
10697:
10696:
10689:
10687:
10664:
10662:
10660:
10645:The Fatal Shore
10625:
10600:
10581:
10552:
10520:
10519:
10508:
10503:
10502:
10494:
10490:
10473:
10472:
10468:
10460:
10456:
10446:
10444:
10435:
10434:
10430:
10422:
10418:
10405:
10404:
10400:
10390:
10388:
10379:
10378:
10374:
10364:
10362:
10353:
10352:
10348:
10338:
10336:
10327:
10326:
10322:
10312:
10310:
10301:
10300:
10296:
10286:
10284:
10275:
10274:
10270:
10260:
10258:
10257:on 12 June 2002
10249:
10248:
10244:
10234:
10232:
10231:on 2 April 2015
10223:
10222:
10218:
10208:
10206:
10197:
10196:
10192:
10182:
10180:
10171:
10170:
10166:
10156:
10154:
10144:
10140:
10130:
10128:
10127:. casabatllo.es
10123:
10122:
10118:
10108:
10106:
10101:
10100:
10096:
10086:
10084:
10076:
10075:
10071:
10061:
10059:
10050:
10049:
10045:
10033:David Crowden,
10032:
10028:
10004:
10003:
9999:
9989:
9987:
9972:
9968:
9958:
9956:
9943:
9942:
9938:
9928:
9926:
9917:
9916:
9912:
9897:LRTA Publishing
9888:
9887:
9883:
9872:
9868:
9855:
9854:
9850:
9831:
9830:
9826:
9816:
9814:
9801:
9800:
9796:
9786:
9784:
9769:
9768:
9764:
9754:
9752:
9727:
9723:
9713:
9711:
9696:
9692:
9678:
9676:
9659:
9655:
9641:
9639:
9619:
9615:
9601:
9599:
9582:
9578:
9568:
9566:
9556:
9552:
9542:
9540:
9536:
9529:
9525:
9524:
9520:
9511:
9510:
9506:
9497:
9496:
9492:
9482:
9480:
9469:
9465:
9459:
9458:
9454:
9441:
9439:
9434:
9433:
9429:
9416:
9414:
9404:
9400:
9390:
9388:
9377:
9373:
9363:
9361:
9350:
9346:
9340:
9339:
9335:
9325:
9323:
9314:
9313:
9309:
9299:
9297:
9286:
9282:
9272:
9270:
9260:
9256:
9240:
9239:
9232:
9230:
9226:
9219:
9217:"Archived copy"
9215:
9206:
9202:
9193:
9192:
9188:
9178:
9176:
9165:
9161:
9151:
9149:
9140:
9139:
9135:
9125:
9123:
9112:
9108:
9098:
9096:
9087:
9086:
9082:
9072:
9070:
9061:
9060:
9056:
9046:
9044:
9035:
9034:
9030:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9011:
9010:
9006:
8996:
8994:
8983:
8979:
8969:
8967:
8958:
8957:
8953:
8943:
8941:
8930:
8926:
8916:
8914:
8903:
8899:
8889:
8887:
8878:
8877:
8873:
8858:"Katowice Tram"
8856:
8855:
8851:
8841:
8839:
8832:"Budapest 2016"
8828:
8824:
8814:
8812:
8808:
8803:
8802:
8798:
8788:
8786:
8775:
8771:
8761:
8759:
8748:
8744:
8734:
8732:
8723:
8722:
8718:
8701:
8700:
8696:
8686:
8684:
8675:
8674:
8670:
8660:
8658:
8647:
8643:
8626:
8625:
8618:
8599:
8595:
8576:
8572:
8562:
8560:
8551:
8550:
8546:
8536:
8534:
8530:
8519:
8513:
8509:
8498:
8494:
8484:
8482:
8474:
8473:
8469:
8459:
8457:
8441:
8437:
8427:
8425:
8416:
8415:
8411:
8401:
8399:
8390:
8389:
8385:
8367:
8363:
8353:
8351:
8333:
8329:
8319:
8317:
8308:
8307:
8303:
8293:
8291:
8283:
8282:
8278:
8268:
8266:
8257:
8256:
8249:
8241:
8237:
8236:
8232:
8195:
8191:
8186:. 30 July 2019.
8182:
8181:
8177:
8168:
8167:
8163:
8152:
8148:
8138:
8136:
8127:
8126:
8122:
8112:
8110:
8106:
8099:
8095:
8094:
8090:
8079:"Human Transit"
8077:
8076:
8072:
8063:
8059:
8054:. No. 122.
8044:
8040:
8032:
8028:
8018:
8016:
8015:on 9 March 2015
8007:
8006:
8002:
7989:
7988:
7984:
7975:
7974:
7970:
7959:
7955:
7945:
7943:
7928:
7927:
7923:
7915:
7911:
7901:
7899:
7891:
7890:
7883:
7873:
7871:
7863:
7862:
7858:
7848:
7846:
7831:
7830:
7823:
7802:
7801:
7797:
7787:
7786:
7782:
7770:
7769:
7765:
7753:
7752:
7748:
7738:
7737:
7733:
7723:
7721:
7714:Railway Gazette
7708:UK, DVV Media.
7706:
7702:
7692:
7690:
7681:
7680:
7676:
7668:
7664:
7655:
7654:
7650:
7644:Wayback Machine
7635:
7631:
7621:
7619:
7615:
7614:
7610:
7602:
7598:
7588:
7586:
7585:. December 2007
7577:
7576:
7572:
7564:
7560:
7550:
7548:
7547:on 2 April 2019
7539:
7538:
7534:
7526:
7522:
7512:
7510:
7500:
7496:
7485:
7481:
7474:
7470:
7462:Fasting, KĂ„re:
7461:
7457:
7447:
7445:
7444:on 4 March 2012
7436:
7435:
7431:
7421:
7419:
7410:
7409:
7405:
7395:
7393:
7384:
7383:
7379:
7369:
7367:
7358:
7357:
7353:
7343:
7341:
7332:
7331:
7327:
7317:
7315:
7307:
7306:
7302:
7294:
7290:
7278:
7264:
7263:
7259:
7249:
7247:
7234:
7233:
7229:
7217:
7205:
7204:
7200:
7192:
7183:
7175:
7166:
7156:
7154:
7143:
7139:
7096:
7092:
7077:
7073:
7063:
7061:
7060:on 3 March 2009
7050:
7046:
7036:
7034:
7025:
7024:
7020:
7005:
7001:
6960:
6951:
6943:
6939:
6931:
6927:
6917:
6915:
6906:
6905:
6901:
6891:
6889:
6876:
6875:
6871:
6861:
6859:
6854:
6853:
6849:
6839:
6837:
6832:
6831:
6827:
6817:
6815:
6807:
6806:
6802:
6794:
6790:
6780:
6778:
6769:
6768:
6764:
6749:
6745:
6735:
6733:
6729:
6728:
6724:
6714:
6712:
6703:
6702:
6698:
6688:
6686:
6677:
6676:
6672:
6662:
6660:
6654:
6650:
6640:
6638:
6630:
6629:
6625:
6612:
6611:
6607:
6597:
6595:
6584:
6583:
6579:
6571:
6567:
6559:
6552:
6542:
6540:
6532:
6531:
6527:
6519:
6515:
6507:
6503:
6493:
6491:
6474:
6470:
6462:
6458:
6448:
6446:
6437:
6436:
6432:
6427:
6423:
6413:
6411:
6402:
6401:
6397:
6386:Merriam Webster
6380:
6379:
6375:
6365:
6363:
6355:
6354:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6334:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6296:
6291:
6285:
6278:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6268:4 ft
6267:
6263:
6261:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6161:
6156:
6027:
6022:
6003:Trams in Europe
5993:Trams in Africa
5988:
5986:Trams by region
5977:
5966:
5959:
5952:
5945:
5942:
5904:
5896:New South Wales
5873:tourist trolley
5717:Desert of Maine
5709:
5693:French language
5628:
5612:
5605:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5595:4 ft
5594:
5590:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5573:4 ft
5572:
5568:
5564:
5521:
5515:
5445:
5439:
5417:
5399:
5385:
5363:
5354:Greater Mendoza
5288:
5283:
5277:
5255:
5055:
5050:
5040:
4941:
4834:Flexity Outlook
4791:
4735:
4729:
4711:(opened 1979),
4707:(opened 1965),
4703:(opened 1963),
4643:
4637:
4613:
4601:Southern France
4597:Aubagne tramway
4592:
4587:
4585:Trams in Europe
4581:
4534:
4505:
4491:
4486:
4477:
4456:
4442:
4424:
4389:
4374:in 1954 and in
4351:
4287:
4282:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4203:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4051:
3984:DART light rail
3976:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3829:British English
3816:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3790:
3778:Main articles:
3776:
3725:
3644:Altrincham Line
3535:
3526:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3495:
3487:This section's
3483:
3479:
3468:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3405:
3403:
3389:
3377:
3366:
3331:Ć koda Transtech
3309:Stadler-Vossloh
3208:
3200:low-floor trams
3184:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3167:
3166:
3155:
3149:
3121:
3115:
3080:Alphonse Loubat
3025:
3013:Main articles:
3011:
2978:
2954:
2946:LeipzigerstraĂe
2808:
2764:
2758:
2718:supercapacitors
2683:
2671:Main articles:
2669:
2645:
2624:
2619:
2572:
2542:
2530:low-floor trams
2498:
2462:
2440:In March 2015,
2438:
2390:
2388:Convict tramway
2384:
2371:Mekarski system
2363:
2282:
2088:its tram system
1953:electric shocks
1947:, limiting the
1898:Cleveland, Ohio
1870:Whitaker Wright
1839:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1822:2 ft
1821:
1790:Fyodor Pirotsky
1763:
1757:
1737:Lytham St Annes
1693:
1691:Gas fossil fuel
1638:
1439:
1433:
1357:New South Wales
1317:
1307:
1284:South Australia
1185:Santiago, Chile
1134:Alphonse Loubat
1103:John Stephenson
1052:
1046:
1021:
1012:
1006:
1003:
988:
983:, specifically
972:
968:
961:
955:
838:) is a type of
816:
778:
675:
624:Special systems
619:
585:Inter-city rail
570:Passenger train
495:
450:Railway station
427:
426:
383:
372:
371:
370:
365:
354:
348:
345:
330:
321:
317:
306:
295:
289:
286:
283:
271:
267:
256:
250:
247:
240:
228:
224:
213:
202:
196:
193:
150:
148:
138:
126:
85:
81:
46:
43:trackless train
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12837:
12827:
12826:
12821:
12816:
12811:
12806:
12804:Tram transport
12789:
12788:
12774:
12771:
12770:
12768:
12767:
12762:
12757:
12752:
12747:
12742:
12737:
12732:
12727:
12722:
12717:
12715:Land transport
12712:
12707:
12702:
12697:
12692:
12687:
12681:
12679:
12675:
12674:
12672:
12671:
12666:
12661:
12656:
12650:
12648:
12642:
12641:
12639:
12638:
12633:
12628:
12623:
12618:
12616:Transit police
12613:
12608:
12603:
12598:
12596:Rail subsidies
12593:
12588:
12583:
12577:
12575:
12571:
12570:
12568:
12567:
12562:
12557:
12552:
12547:
12542:
12537:
12531:
12529:
12525:
12524:
12522:
12521:
12516:
12511:
12506:
12501:
12495:
12493:
12489:
12488:
12486:
12485:
12480:
12475:
12470:
12468:Network length
12465:
12460:
12454:
12452:
12448:
12447:
12445:
12444:
12439:
12434:
12432:Ticket machine
12429:
12415:
12410:
12405:
12400:
12395:
12390:
12385:
12380:
12375:
12370:
12365:
12360:
12355:
12353:Fare avoidance
12350:
12345:
12340:
12335:
12330:
12324:
12322:
12311:
12310:
12308:
12307:
12302:
12297:
12292:
12287:
12282:
12277:
12272:
12267:
12262:
12257:
12252:
12247:
12242:
12237:
12235:Ferry terminal
12232:
12227:
12222:
12217:
12212:
12207:
12202:
12197:
12192:
12186:
12184:
12180:
12179:
12177:
12176:
12171:
12166:
12161:
12156:
12151:
12146:
12144:Moving walkway
12141:
12136:
12131:
12126:
12121:
12116:
12115:
12114:
12109:
12099:
12094:
12088:
12086:
12080:
12079:
12077:
12076:
12071:
12069:Moving walkway
12066:
12061:
12055:
12053:
12046:
12045:
12043:
12042:
12037:
12036:
12035:
12030:
12020:
12015:
12010:
12005:
12000:
11998:Aerial tramway
11994:
11992:
11986:
11985:
11983:
11982:
11977:
11972:
11967:
11962:
11957:
11952:
11946:
11944:
11938:
11937:
11935:
11934:
11929:
11924:
11919:
11914:
11908:
11906:
11900:
11899:
11897:
11896:
11891:
11886:
11881:
11876:
11871:
11866:
11861:
11856:
11851:
11846:
11841:
11836:
11831:
11826:
11821:
11816:
11811:
11810:
11809:
11804:
11794:
11792:Cycle rickshaw
11789:
11784:
11779:
11773:
11771:
11763:
11762:
11760:
11759:
11754:
11749:
11744:
11742:Street running
11739:
11734:
11733:
11732:
11722:
11717:
11712:
11707:
11702:
11697:
11692:
11687:
11682:
11677:
11672:
11667:
11662:
11657:
11656:
11655:
11645:
11640:
11635:
11630:
11625:
11620:
11615:
11610:
11605:
11600:
11599:
11598:
11587:
11585:
11579:
11578:
11576:
11575:
11570:
11565:
11560:
11555:
11550:
11545:
11540:
11535:
11530:
11529:
11528:
11518:
11513:
11508:
11503:
11498:
11493:
11488:
11487:
11486:
11481:
11470:
11468:
11462:
11461:
11454:
11453:
11446:
11439:
11431:
11425:
11424:
11419:
11411:
11395:
11385:Chisholm, Hugh
11372:
11371:External links
11369:
11367:
11366:
11364:Ian Allan Ltd.
11348:
11333:
11319:
11305:
11291:
11276:
11261:
11246:
11239:
11224:
11205:
11204:
11190:
11176:
11162:
11147:
11146:
11139:
11124:
11109:
11092:
11077:
11055:
11048:
11029:
11022:
11007:
11000:
10985:
10970:
10963:
10956:
10937:
10922:
10915:
10896:
10888:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10880:
10875:978-1612435763
10874:
10861:
10856:978-1482262155
10855:
10842:
10836:
10821:
10812:
10806:
10791:
10785:
10765:
10735:
10730:978-0964446601
10729:
10716:
10671:
10658:
10640:Hughes, Robert
10636:
10623:
10604:
10598:
10585:
10579:
10564:
10550:
10533:
10513:Duden (2001).
10509:
10507:
10504:
10501:
10500:
10496:Middleton 1967
10488:
10479:etymonline.com
10466:
10454:
10428:
10416:
10398:
10372:
10346:
10320:
10294:
10268:
10242:
10216:
10190:
10164:
10138:
10116:
10094:
10069:
10043:
10026:
9997:
9966:
9936:
9910:
9881:
9866:
9848:
9824:
9794:
9762:
9721:
9690:
9653:
9613:
9576:
9550:
9518:
9504:
9490:
9463:
9452:
9427:
9398:
9379:Sandi, Gabor.
9371:
9352:Sandi, Gabor.
9344:
9333:
9307:
9288:Sandi, Gabor.
9280:
9254:
9214:(UITP), 2014±
9200:
9195:"DPP v datech"
9186:
9169:"Phoenix 2005"
9167:Sandi, Gabor.
9159:
9133:
9114:Sandi, Gabor.
9106:
9080:
9054:
9028:
9004:
8987:"Leipzig 2015"
8985:Sandi, Gabor.
8977:
8951:
8924:
8897:
8871:
8849:
8830:Sandi, Gabor.
8822:
8796:
8777:Sandi, Gabor.
8769:
8750:Sandi, Gabor.
8742:
8731:on 31 May 2013
8716:
8694:
8668:
8649:Sandi, Gabor.
8641:
8616:
8593:
8570:
8544:
8507:
8492:
8467:
8435:
8409:
8383:
8361:
8327:
8301:
8276:
8247:
8230:
8189:
8175:
8161:
8146:
8120:
8088:
8070:
8057:
8038:
8026:
8000:
7982:
7968:
7953:
7921:
7909:
7881:
7869:Tasman Council
7856:
7821:
7795:
7780:
7763:
7746:
7731:
7700:
7674:
7662:
7648:
7629:
7608:
7596:
7583:JFS Newsletter
7570:
7558:
7532:
7520:
7508:dpti.sa.gov.au
7494:
7479:
7468:
7455:
7429:
7403:
7388:. Hampage.hu.
7377:
7351:
7325:
7300:
7298:, p. 128.
7288:
7276:newspapers.com
7257:
7227:
7215:Newspapers.com
7198:
7196:, p. 142.
7181:
7164:
7137:
7090:
7071:
7044:
7018:
6999:
6949:
6937:
6925:
6899:
6869:
6847:
6825:
6800:
6788:
6762:
6743:
6722:
6696:
6670:
6648:
6623:
6605:
6587:"Near and far"
6577:
6565:
6550:
6525:
6513:
6501:
6468:
6456:
6430:
6421:
6395:
6373:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6287:standard gauge
6254:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6173:
6168:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6122:Reserved track
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5957:
5941:
5938:
5903:
5900:
5838:folk etymology
5830:overhead wires
5779:English Canada
5708:
5705:
5678:Middle Flemish
5627:
5624:
5514:
5513:Tram modelling
5511:
5510:
5509:
5498:
5487:
5480:
5464:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5430:Alstom Citadis
5416:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5372:Rio de Janeiro
5362:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5337:
5336:
5324:
5323:
5287:
5284:
5279:Main article:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5261:A painting of
5254:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5246:Sunshine Coast
5238:
5223:
5196:
5195:
5184:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5151:
5054:
5051:
5039:
5036:
4940:
4937:
4790:
4787:
4743:aerial tramway
4731:Main article:
4728:
4725:
4721:Beamish Museum
4717:Wirral Tramway
4709:Heaton Tramway
4697:Seaton Tramway
4639:Main article:
4636:
4635:United Kingdom
4633:
4624:European Union
4612:
4609:
4591:
4588:
4583:Main article:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4547:
4546:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4464:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4293:
4292:
4286:
4283:
4278:Main article:
4275:
4272:
4267:Main article:
4264:
4261:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4132:
4131:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4082:
4080:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4050:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3980:
3975:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3919:
3886:
3883:
3878:Main article:
3875:
3872:
3811:
3805:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3763:
3752:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3624:
3621:
3614:
3611:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3572:
3571:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3486:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3469:
3394:. Please help
3380:
3378:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3207:
3204:
3179:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3151:Main article:
3148:
3145:
3133:standard gauge
3117:Main article:
3114:
3111:
3099:gauntlet track
3019:gauntlet track
3010:
3007:
2995:induction loop
2977:
2974:
2953:
2950:
2909:
2908:
2901:
2886:
2875:
2860:
2807:
2804:
2760:Main article:
2757:
2754:
2710:bow collectors
2698:overhead lines
2690:Overhead lines
2668:
2665:
2644:
2641:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2570:Types of trams
2568:Main article:
2541:
2538:
2526:Alstom Citadis
2497:
2494:
2490:Darling Street
2478:reserved track
2474:street running
2461:
2458:
2437:
2434:
2429:Eaglehawk Neck
2386:Main article:
2383:
2380:
2367:compressed air
2362:
2361:Compressed air
2359:
2352:Grade I listed
2281:
2278:
2260:, France (the
2061:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2025:
1979:electric motor
1937:overhead wires
1878:electric trams
1774:overhead wires
1759:Main article:
1756:
1753:
1719:, Germany; in
1692:
1689:
1637:
1634:
1559:infrastructure
1435:Main article:
1432:
1429:
1306:
1303:
1252:Celaya, Mexico
1213:potato pickers
1177:tram in Sydney
1175:A horse-drawn
1109:ran along the
1048:Main article:
1045:
1042:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
975:
973:
966:
957:Main article:
954:
951:
883:sliding on an
852:tramway tracks
818:
817:
815:
814:
807:
800:
792:
789:
788:
775:
774:
773:
772:
767:
745:
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690:
682:
681:
677:
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662:
661:
651:
646:
641:
640:
639:
626:
625:
621:
620:
618:
617:
612:
607:
605:Rail subsidies
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
556:
555:
550:
545:
535:
530:
525:
524:
523:
513:
505:
504:
497:
496:
494:
493:
492:
491:
486:
481:
479:Variable gauge
471:
470:
469:
459:
458:
457:
447:
442:
434:
433:
432:Infrastructure
429:
428:
425:
424:
419:
413:
410:
409:
401:
400:
398:Rail transport
394:
393:
385:
384:
367:
366:
324:
322:
315:
308:
307:
274:
272:
265:
258:
257:
231:
229:
222:
215:
214:
129:
127:
120:
115:
89:
88:
86:
79:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12836:
12825:
12822:
12820:
12817:
12815:
12812:
12810:
12809:Tram vehicles
12807:
12805:
12802:
12801:
12799:
12786:
12785:
12780:
12772:
12766:
12765:Micromobility
12763:
12761:
12758:
12756:
12753:
12751:
12748:
12746:
12743:
12741:
12738:
12736:
12733:
12731:
12728:
12726:
12723:
12721:
12718:
12716:
12713:
12711:
12710:Hail and ride
12708:
12706:
12703:
12701:
12698:
12696:
12693:
12691:
12688:
12686:
12683:
12682:
12680:
12676:
12670:
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12637:
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12609:
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12599:
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12548:
12546:
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12536:
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12520:
12517:
12515:
12512:
12510:
12507:
12505:
12502:
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12490:
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12481:
12479:
12476:
12474:
12471:
12469:
12466:
12464:
12461:
12459:
12456:
12455:
12453:
12449:
12443:
12440:
12438:
12435:
12433:
12430:
12427:
12423:
12419:
12416:
12414:
12411:
12409:
12406:
12404:
12401:
12399:
12396:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12386:
12384:
12381:
12379:
12376:
12374:
12371:
12369:
12366:
12364:
12361:
12359:
12356:
12354:
12351:
12349:
12346:
12344:
12341:
12339:
12336:
12334:
12331:
12329:
12326:
12325:
12323:
12321:
12316:
12312:
12306:
12305:Transport hub
12303:
12301:
12298:
12296:
12293:
12291:
12290:Train station
12288:
12286:
12285:Taxicab stand
12283:
12281:
12278:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12270:Park and ride
12268:
12266:
12265:Metro station
12263:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12251:
12248:
12246:
12243:
12241:
12238:
12236:
12233:
12231:
12228:
12226:
12223:
12221:
12218:
12216:
12213:
12211:
12208:
12206:
12203:
12201:
12198:
12196:
12193:
12191:
12188:
12187:
12185:
12181:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12125:
12122:
12120:
12117:
12113:
12110:
12108:
12105:
12104:
12103:
12100:
12098:
12095:
12093:
12090:
12089:
12087:
12081:
12075:
12072:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12056:
12054:
12051:
12047:
12041:
12038:
12034:
12031:
12029:
12026:
12025:
12024:
12021:
12019:
12016:
12014:
12011:
12009:
12008:Cable railway
12006:
12004:
12001:
11999:
11996:
11995:
11993:
11991:
11987:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
11951:
11948:
11947:
11945:
11943:
11939:
11933:
11930:
11928:
11925:
11923:
11920:
11918:
11915:
11913:
11910:
11909:
11907:
11905:
11901:
11895:
11892:
11890:
11887:
11885:
11882:
11880:
11877:
11875:
11872:
11870:
11867:
11865:
11862:
11860:
11857:
11855:
11852:
11850:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11808:
11805:
11803:
11800:
11799:
11798:
11795:
11793:
11790:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11774:
11772:
11770:
11764:
11758:
11755:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11745:
11743:
11740:
11738:
11737:Regional rail
11735:
11731:
11728:
11727:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11686:
11683:
11681:
11678:
11676:
11673:
11671:
11668:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11654:
11651:
11650:
11649:
11646:
11644:
11641:
11639:
11636:
11634:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11621:
11619:
11618:Commuter rail
11616:
11614:
11611:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11601:
11597:
11594:
11593:
11592:
11589:
11588:
11586:
11584:
11580:
11574:
11571:
11569:
11566:
11564:
11561:
11559:
11556:
11554:
11551:
11549:
11546:
11544:
11541:
11539:
11536:
11534:
11531:
11527:
11524:
11523:
11522:
11521:Intercity bus
11519:
11517:
11514:
11512:
11509:
11507:
11504:
11502:
11499:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11489:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11477:
11476:
11475:
11472:
11471:
11469:
11467:
11463:
11459:
11452:
11447:
11445:
11440:
11438:
11433:
11432:
11429:
11423:
11420:
11417:
11416:
11412:
11408:
11407:
11401:
11396:
11392:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11375:
11374:
11365:
11361:
11360:0-7110-1989-4
11357:
11353:
11349:
11346:
11345:1-85260-549-9
11342:
11338:
11334:
11331:
11330:0-948106-18-2
11327:
11323:
11320:
11317:
11316:3-926524-23-5
11313:
11309:
11306:
11303:
11302:3-926524-15-4
11299:
11295:
11292:
11289:
11288:1-86934-037-X
11285:
11281:
11277:
11274:
11270:
11266:
11262:
11259:
11258:3-921679-46-X
11255:
11251:
11247:
11244:
11240:
11237:
11236:3-921679-38-9
11233:
11229:
11225:
11221:
11214:
11213:
11207:
11206:
11202:
11201:0-948619-06-6
11198:
11194:
11191:
11188:
11187:0-948619-01-5
11184:
11180:
11177:
11174:
11173:0-948619-00-7
11170:
11166:
11163:
11160:
11159:1-898319-02-2
11156:
11152:
11149:
11148:
11144:
11140:
11137:
11136:3-88490-152-4
11133:
11129:
11125:
11122:
11121:0-9622348-3-4
11118:
11114:
11110:
11107:
11106:0-9622348-2-6
11103:
11099:
11098:
11093:
11090:
11089:0-9622348-1-8
11086:
11082:
11078:
11075:
11071:
11070:0-89024-013-2
11067:
11063:
11059:
11056:
11053:
11049:
11046:
11042:
11041:0-948106-19-0
11038:
11034:
11030:
11027:
11023:
11020:
11019:0-8047-3051-2
11016:
11012:
11008:
11005:
11001:
10998:
10997:0-908573-50-2
10994:
10990:
10986:
10983:
10982:0-900433-97-3
10979:
10975:
10971:
10968:
10964:
10961:
10957:
10954:
10950:
10949:0-900433-96-5
10946:
10942:
10938:
10935:
10934:0-949825-01-8
10931:
10927:
10923:
10920:
10916:
10913:
10909:
10908:0-900433-03-5
10905:
10901:
10897:
10894:
10890:
10889:
10877:
10871:
10867:
10862:
10858:
10852:
10849:. CRC Press.
10848:
10843:
10839:
10833:
10829:
10828:
10822:
10818:
10813:
10809:
10803:
10800:. MIT Press.
10799:
10798:
10792:
10788:
10786:0-89024-013-2
10782:
10778:
10774:
10770:
10766:
10762:
10751:
10747:
10746:
10741:
10736:
10732:
10726:
10722:
10717:
10713:
10701:
10686:
10682:
10681:
10676:
10675:Malone, Dumas
10672:
10661:
10659:9781407054070
10655:
10651:
10647:
10646:
10641:
10637:
10634:
10630:
10626:
10620:
10616:
10612:
10611:
10605:
10601:
10595:
10591:
10586:
10582:
10576:
10572:
10571:
10565:
10561:
10557:
10553:
10551:9780753709702
10547:
10542:
10541:
10534:
10530:
10524:
10516:
10511:
10510:
10497:
10492:
10484:
10480:
10476:
10470:
10463:
10458:
10442:
10438:
10432:
10426:, p. 859
10425:
10420:
10412:
10408:
10402:
10386:
10382:
10376:
10360:
10356:
10350:
10334:
10330:
10324:
10308:
10304:
10298:
10282:
10278:
10272:
10256:
10252:
10246:
10230:
10226:
10220:
10204:
10200:
10194:
10178:
10174:
10168:
10153:
10149:
10142:
10126:
10120:
10104:
10098:
10082:
10079:
10073:
10057:
10053:
10047:
10040:
10037:â article in
10036:
10030:
10023:
10020:
10014:
10010:
10009:
10001:
9985:
9981:
9977:
9970:
9954:
9950:
9946:
9940:
9924:
9920:
9914:
9906:
9902:
9898:
9894:
9893:
9885:
9877:
9870:
9862:
9858:
9852:
9844:
9840:
9839:
9834:
9828:
9812:
9808:
9804:
9798:
9782:
9778:
9777:
9772:
9766:
9750:
9746:
9742:
9738:
9737:
9732:
9725:
9709:
9705:
9704:National Post
9701:
9694:
9687:
9674:
9670:
9669:
9664:
9657:
9650:
9637:
9633:
9632:
9627:
9623:
9617:
9610:
9597:
9593:
9592:
9587:
9580:
9565:
9561:
9554:
9535:
9528:
9522:
9514:
9508:
9500:
9494:
9478:
9474:
9467:
9456:
9449:
9437:
9431:
9424:
9413:
9409:
9402:
9386:
9382:
9375:
9359:
9355:
9348:
9337:
9321:
9317:
9311:
9295:
9291:
9284:
9269:
9268:PraĆŸskĂœ DenĂk
9265:
9258:
9250:
9244:
9225:
9218:
9213:
9209:
9204:
9196:
9190:
9174:
9170:
9163:
9147:
9143:
9137:
9121:
9117:
9110:
9094:
9090:
9084:
9068:
9064:
9058:
9042:
9038:
9032:
9014:
9008:
8992:
8988:
8981:
8965:
8961:
8955:
8939:
8935:
8928:
8912:
8908:
8901:
8885:
8881:
8875:
8867:
8863:
8862:UrbanRail.Net
8859:
8853:
8837:
8833:
8826:
8806:
8800:
8784:
8780:
8779:"Moscow 2016"
8773:
8757:
8753:
8746:
8730:
8726:
8720:
8712:
8708:
8707:UrbanRail.net
8704:
8698:
8682:
8678:
8672:
8656:
8652:
8645:
8637:
8633:
8629:
8623:
8621:
8612:
8608:
8604:
8597:
8589:
8585:
8581:
8574:
8558:
8554:
8548:
8529:
8525:
8518:
8511:
8503:
8496:
8481:
8480:urbanrail.net
8477:
8471:
8456:
8452:
8448:
8447:
8439:
8423:
8419:
8413:
8397:
8393:
8387:
8380:
8376:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8349:
8345:
8344:.drive.com.au
8343:
8338:
8331:
8315:
8311:
8305:
8290:
8286:
8280:
8264:
8260:
8254:
8252:
8240:
8234:
8226:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8193:
8185:
8179:
8171:
8165:
8157:
8150:
8134:
8130:
8124:
8105:
8098:
8092:
8084:
8080:
8074:
8067:
8064:Mike Taplin,
8061:
8053:
8052:Rail Engineer
8049:
8042:
8035:
8030:
8014:
8010:
8004:
7996:
7992:
7986:
7978:
7972:
7964:
7957:
7941:
7940:Fairfax Media
7937:
7936:
7931:
7925:
7918:
7913:
7898:
7894:
7888:
7886:
7870:
7866:
7860:
7844:
7843:Fairfax Media
7840:
7839:
7834:
7828:
7826:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7805:
7799:
7791:
7784:
7776:
7775:
7767:
7759:
7758:
7750:
7742:
7735:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7704:
7688:
7684:
7678:
7671:
7666:
7658:
7652:
7645:
7641:
7638:
7637:Wordpress.com
7633:
7618:
7612:
7605:
7604:Freedman 2011
7600:
7584:
7580:
7574:
7567:
7562:
7546:
7542:
7536:
7529:
7524:
7509:
7505:
7498:
7491:
7488:
7483:
7477:
7472:
7465:
7459:
7443:
7439:
7433:
7417:
7413:
7407:
7391:
7387:
7381:
7365:
7361:
7355:
7339:
7335:
7329:
7314:
7310:
7304:
7297:
7292:
7282:
7277:
7273:
7272:
7267:
7261:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7231:
7221:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7202:
7195:
7190:
7188:
7186:
7178:
7173:
7171:
7169:
7152:
7148:
7141:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7113:
7110:(1): 92â101.
7109:
7105:
7101:
7094:
7086:
7082:
7075:
7059:
7055:
7048:
7032:
7028:
7022:
7014:
7010:
7003:
6995:
6991:
6986:
6985:11577/3340486
6981:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6946:
6941:
6935:, p. 156
6934:
6933:Pyrgidis 2016
6929:
6913:
6909:
6903:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6873:
6857:
6851:
6835:
6829:
6814:
6810:
6804:
6798:, p. 179
6797:
6792:
6776:
6772:
6766:
6758:
6754:
6747:
6732:
6726:
6710:
6706:
6700:
6684:
6680:
6674:
6659:
6652:
6637:
6633:
6627:
6619:
6615:
6609:
6593:
6588:
6581:
6575:, p. 21.
6574:
6569:
6563:, p. 18.
6562:
6557:
6555:
6539:
6535:
6529:
6522:
6517:
6511:, p. 23.
6510:
6505:
6489:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6472:
6466:, p. 15.
6465:
6460:
6444:
6440:
6434:
6425:
6409:
6405:
6399:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6377:
6362:
6358:
6352:
6348:
6325:
6315:
6313:1,067 mm
6308:1,219 mm
6305:
6299:
6292:1,422 mm
6288:
6264:1,435 mm
6259:
6255:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6166:Armoured tram
6164:
6163:
6153:
6152:Tramway track
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5983:
5982:
5969:
5968:Trains portal
5963:
5958:
5955:
5949:
5944:
5937:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5899:
5897:
5892:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5865:tourist buses
5862:
5853:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5814:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5795:trolley buses
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5763:United States
5760:
5756:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5718:
5713:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5689:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5637:
5632:
5623:
5619:
5616:
5613:1,435 mm
5591:1,435 mm
5561:
5557:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5531:built into it
5530:
5525:
5520:
5507:
5503:
5502:Paul de Vivie
5499:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5432:(302) trains.
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5409:
5408:Ayacucho tram
5405:
5401:
5400:
5391:
5387:
5386:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5364:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5333:Puerto Madero
5330:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5282:
5275:South America
5269:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5200:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5152:
5149:
5148:Victor Harbor
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5049:
5045:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5021:Oklahoma City
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4950:
4945:
4939:United States
4936:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4804:
4800:
4795:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4779:San Francisco
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4727:North America
4724:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4701:Crich Tramway
4698:
4694:
4690:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4647:
4642:
4632:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4586:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4537:An extensive
4536:
4535:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4497:
4492:1,067 mm
4489:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4425:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4391:
4390:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4355:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4305:Chengdu Metro
4302:
4297:
4289:
4288:
4281:
4280:Trams in Asia
4270:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4220:
4212:
4207:
4195:
4194:Ć koda ForCity
4191:
4187:
4186:CAF Urbos 3/9
4183:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4166:(305 m);
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4098:
4086:
4081:
4072:
4071:
4060:
4055:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3891:
3881:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3845:
3842:By contrast,
3840:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3802:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3768:
3764:
3762:than without.
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3723:Disadvantages
3717:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3634:of which the
3633:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3544:
3539:
3524:
3521:
3513:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3466:
3463:
3455:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3413: â
3412:
3408:
3407:Find sources:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3381:This section
3379:
3375:
3370:
3369:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3222:Manufacturer
3221:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3206:Manufacturing
3203:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3173:
3164:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3141:loading gauge
3136:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3052:railroad ties
3049:
3045:
3041:
3040:rail profiles
3033:
3032:Cross section
3029:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3015:Tramway track
3006:
3004:
3003:point machine
3000:
2996:
2987:
2982:
2976:Route-setting
2973:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2949:
2947:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2812:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2777:
2773:
2770:A section of
2768:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2706:trolley poles
2703:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2661:foot controls
2658:
2657:PCC streetcar
2654:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2628:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2590:Double-Decker
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2562:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2506:rapid transit
2503:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:Hybrid system
2457:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2328:New York City
2325:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2291:
2286:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2246:Wolverhampton
2243:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2184:Streetcar in
2182:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2042:Lviv, Ukraine
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2028:Kyiv, Ukraine
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2003:multiple unit
2000:
1996:
1995:overhead wire
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1957:bow collector
1954:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1929:multiple unit
1926:
1922:
1918:
1915:In 1888, the
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1807:overhead wire
1804:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1741:Trafford Park
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1679:promotes its
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1642:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1591:lose traction
1584:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1542:In Italy, in
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:Highgate Hill
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:San Francisco
1463:
1461:
1456:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1377:Gamba de Legn
1374:
1370:
1366:
1365:British India
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1280:Victor Harbor
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1224:New York City
1220:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:Fourth Avenue
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1010:
1000:
996:
995:summary style
992:
986:
982:
980:
976:This section
974:
965:
964:
960:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
928:
924:
920:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
893:bow collector
890:
886:
885:overhead line
882:
878:
877:rapid transit
874:
869:
867:
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:United States
833:
829:
825:
813:
808:
806:
801:
799:
794:
793:
791:
790:
787:
782:
777:
776:
771:
768:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
685:
684:
683:
679:
678:
672:
669:
667:
664:
660:
657:
656:
655:
654:Rapid transit
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
638:
635:
634:
633:
630:
629:
628:
627:
623:
622:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
580:Regional rail
578:
576:
575:Commuter rail
573:
571:
568:
566:
565:Bogie (truck)
563:
561:
558:
554:
553:Dual coupling
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
539:
536:
534:
533:Railroad cars
531:
529:
526:
522:
519:
518:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
507:
506:
503:
502:rolling stock
499:
498:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
475:
472:
468:
465:
464:
463:
462:Railway track
460:
456:
453:
452:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
436:
435:
431:
430:
423:
422:Company types
420:
418:
415:
414:
412:
411:
407:
403:
402:
399:
396:
395:
391:
390:
381:
378:
363:
360:
352:
342:
338:
334:
328:
325:This article
323:
314:
313:
304:
301:
293:
281:
280:
275:This article
273:
264:
263:
254:
244:
238:
237:
232:This article
230:
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220:
211:
208:
200:
189:
186:
182:
179:
175:
172:
168:
165:
161:
158: â
157:
153:
152:Find sources:
146:
142:
136:
135:
130:This article
128:
124:
119:
118:
113:
111:
104:
103:
98:
97:
92:
87:
78:
77:
71:
68:
64:
57:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
18:Electric tram
12775:
12750:Timing point
12735:Request stop
12678:Other topics
12535:Bus bunching
12519:Travel class
12478:Radial route
12458:Circle route
12442:Transit pass
12403:Penalty fare
12363:Fare evasion
12358:Fare capping
12343:Dead mileage
12300:Transit mall
12023:Gondola lift
11802:Microtransit
11751:
11710:People mover
11623:Circle route
11538:Open top bus
11501:Circle route
11414:
11404:
11388:
11351:
11336:
11321:
11307:
11293:
11279:
11264:
11249:
11227:
11211:
11192:
11178:
11164:
11150:
11142:
11127:
11112:
11096:
11061:
11051:
11032:
11025:
11010:
11003:
10988:
10973:
10966:
10959:
10940:
10925:
10918:
10899:
10892:
10865:
10846:
10826:
10816:
10796:
10772:
10759:– via
10753:. Retrieved
10744:
10720:
10688:. Retrieved
10679:
10663:. Retrieved
10650:Random House
10644:
10632:
10627:– via
10609:
10589:
10569:
10539:
10514:
10498:, p. 60
10491:
10478:
10469:
10464:, p. 43
10457:
10445:. Retrieved
10431:
10419:
10410:
10401:
10389:. Retrieved
10375:
10363:. Retrieved
10349:
10337:. Retrieved
10323:
10311:. Retrieved
10297:
10285:. Retrieved
10281:the original
10271:
10259:. Retrieved
10255:the original
10245:
10233:. Retrieved
10229:the original
10219:
10207:. Retrieved
10193:
10181:. Retrieved
10167:
10155:. Retrieved
10152:The Guardian
10151:
10141:
10129:. Retrieved
10119:
10107:. Retrieved
10097:
10085:. Retrieved
10080:
10072:
10060:. Retrieved
10046:
10038:
10034:
10029:
10016:
10006:
10000:
9988:. Retrieved
9979:
9969:
9957:. Retrieved
9948:
9939:
9927:. Retrieved
9913:
9890:
9884:
9869:
9861:the original
9851:
9843:the original
9836:
9827:
9815:. Retrieved
9811:the original
9806:
9797:
9785:. Retrieved
9774:
9765:
9753:. Retrieved
9749:the original
9734:
9724:
9712:. Retrieved
9703:
9693:
9684:
9677:. Retrieved
9673:the original
9668:Toronto Star
9666:
9656:
9647:
9640:. Retrieved
9631:Toronto Star
9629:
9616:
9607:
9600:. Retrieved
9596:the original
9591:Toronto Star
9589:
9579:
9567:. Retrieved
9563:
9553:
9541:. Retrieved
9534:the original
9521:
9507:
9493:
9481:. Retrieved
9476:
9466:
9455:
9447:
9440:. Retrieved
9430:
9422:
9415:. Retrieved
9401:
9389:. Retrieved
9374:
9362:. Retrieved
9347:
9336:
9324:. Retrieved
9310:
9298:. Retrieved
9290:"Paris 1930"
9283:
9271:. Retrieved
9267:
9257:
9233:27 September
9231:. Retrieved
9207:
9203:
9189:
9177:. Retrieved
9162:
9150:. Retrieved
9146:the original
9136:
9124:. Retrieved
9109:
9097:. Retrieved
9083:
9071:. Retrieved
9057:
9045:. Retrieved
9031:
9019:. Retrieved
9007:
8995:. Retrieved
8980:
8968:. Retrieved
8954:
8942:. Retrieved
8927:
8915:. Retrieved
8900:
8888:. Retrieved
8874:
8861:
8852:
8840:. Retrieved
8825:
8813:. Retrieved
8799:
8787:. Retrieved
8772:
8760:. Retrieved
8745:
8735:14 September
8733:. Retrieved
8729:the original
8719:
8706:
8697:
8685:. Retrieved
8671:
8659:. Retrieved
8644:
8631:
8606:
8596:
8583:
8573:
8561:. Retrieved
8557:the original
8547:
8535:. Retrieved
8528:the original
8523:
8510:
8501:
8495:
8483:. Retrieved
8479:
8470:
8458:. Retrieved
8445:
8438:
8426:. Retrieved
8412:
8400:. Retrieved
8386:
8372:
8369:McCaleb 1994
8364:
8352:. Retrieved
8348:the original
8340:
8330:
8318:. Retrieved
8314:the original
8304:
8292:. Retrieved
8279:
8267:. Retrieved
8263:the original
8233:
8206:
8202:
8192:
8178:
8164:
8155:
8149:
8137:. Retrieved
8123:
8111:. Retrieved
8091:
8073:
8065:
8060:
8051:
8041:
8029:
8017:. Retrieved
8013:the original
8003:
7994:
7985:
7971:
7962:
7956:
7944:. Retrieved
7933:
7924:
7912:
7900:. Retrieved
7872:. Retrieved
7859:
7847:. Retrieved
7836:
7803:
7798:
7789:
7783:
7772:
7766:
7755:
7749:
7740:
7734:
7722:. Retrieved
7713:
7703:
7691:. Retrieved
7687:the original
7677:
7672:, p. 86
7665:
7651:
7632:
7620:. Retrieved
7611:
7599:
7587:. Retrieved
7582:
7573:
7561:
7549:. Retrieved
7545:the original
7535:
7523:
7511:. Retrieved
7507:
7497:
7490:Rail Express
7489:
7482:
7471:
7463:
7458:
7446:. Retrieved
7442:the original
7432:
7420:. Retrieved
7416:the original
7406:
7394:. Retrieved
7380:
7368:. Retrieved
7354:
7342:. Retrieved
7338:the original
7328:
7316:. Retrieved
7313:www.stbsa.ro
7312:
7303:
7291:
7269:
7260:
7248:. Retrieved
7239:
7230:
7210:
7201:
7194:Hammond 2011
7155:. Retrieved
7140:
7107:
7103:
7093:
7085:the original
7074:
7062:. Retrieved
7058:the original
7047:
7035:. Retrieved
7021:
7012:
7002:
6970:(1): 71â77.
6967:
6963:
6947:, p. 12
6945:Petrova 2003
6940:
6928:
6916:. Retrieved
6912:the original
6902:
6890:. Retrieved
6886:the original
6881:
6872:
6860:. Retrieved
6850:
6838:. Retrieved
6828:
6816:. Retrieved
6812:
6803:
6791:
6779:. Retrieved
6774:
6765:
6756:
6752:
6746:
6734:. Retrieved
6725:
6713:. Retrieved
6709:the original
6699:
6687:. Retrieved
6682:
6673:
6661:. Retrieved
6651:
6639:. Retrieved
6635:
6626:
6617:
6608:
6596:. Retrieved
6591:
6580:
6568:
6541:. Retrieved
6528:
6516:
6504:
6492:. Retrieved
6481:
6471:
6459:
6447:. Retrieved
6433:
6424:
6412:. Retrieved
6407:
6398:
6376:
6364:. Retrieved
6360:
6351:
6258:
6159:Other topics
5978:
5928:, including
5921:
5917:
5911:
5907:
5905:
5893:
5876:
5868:
5861:conduit cars
5858:
5841:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5815:
5806:
5782:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5758:
5754:
5752:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5721:
5707:Alternatives
5700:
5696:
5673:
5666:railroad car
5647:
5643:
5641:
5620:
5617:
5569:0.65 in
5565:16.5 mm
5553:
5534:
5491:Antoni GaudĂ
5460:Isaac Nathan
5370:operates in
5356:conurbation.
5307:Buenos Aires
5299:Buenos Aires
4974:
4954:
4881:Peterborough
4842:
4808:
4771:Philadelphia
4747:people-mover
4738:
4736:
4686:
4671:
4669:since 1902.
4652:
4629:
4593:
4224:Buenos Aires
4216:
4095:January 2018
4092:
4084:
3977:
3902:
3896:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3832:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3516:
3507:
3488:
3458:
3449:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3406:
3385:verification
3382:
3225:Firm orders
3212:
3209:
3185:
3137:
3129:narrow gauge
3122:
3084:
3067:grooved rail
3064:
3037:
2991:
2955:
2943:
2930:
2910:
2847:, sometimes
2817:
2794:
2790:
2781:
2695:
2667:Power supply
2646:
2633:
2610:Rubber-tired
2573:
2518:SpÄrvÀg City
2502:trolleybuses
2499:
2483:
2463:
2439:
2422:
2403:
2364:
2319:
2302:
2295:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2235:
2231:
2191:
2186:Toledo, Ohio
2100:
2070:established
2062:
2019:
1999:trolley pole
1973:
1941:
1914:
1863:
1812:In Britain,
1811:
1799:Lichterfelde
1779:
1749:
1725:Jelenia GĂłra
1709:Clifton Hill
1694:
1681:tourist tram
1673:diesel trams
1651:
1599:
1595:track brakes
1588:
1556:
1541:
1520:
1510:
1499:
1479:
1464:
1452:
1431:Cable-hauled
1424:superheating
1412:
1385:
1376:
1353:Christchurch
1338:
1265:
1229:
1209:Lincolnshire
1204:
1201:
1182:
1131:
1084:
1065:
1022:
1004:
977:
932:
897:contact shoe
889:trolley pole
870:
863:
856:right-of-way
850:that run on
831:
827:
823:
821:
631:
500:Service and
373:
355:
346:
331:Please help
326:
296:
287:
276:
248:
243:rewriting it
241:Please help
233:
203:
194:
184:
177:
170:
163:
151:
139:Please help
134:verification
131:
107:
100:
94:
93:Please help
90:
47:
12755:Transit map
12730:Public good
12647:and signage
12504:First class
12418:Smart cards
12393:Money train
12255:Kassel kerb
12215:Bus station
12003:Cable ferry
11970:Ocean liner
11950:Cable ferry
11807:Paratransit
11568:Transit bus
11563:Shuttle bus
11511:Express bus
11466:Bus service
11243:McGraw-Hill
11043:). London:
10708:|work=
10517:. Mannheim.
9686:streetcars.
9679:8 September
9642:8 September
9602:8 September
9564:Global News
9479:(in French)
8632:tundria.com
8537:10 February
8420:. Trb.org.
8379:Rod Diridon
7917:Hughes 1987
7849:23 February
7693:14 February
7606:, p. 6
7589:12 February
7296:Malone 1928
7177:Martin 1924
7037:19 November
6736:10 February
6663:22 December
6641:23 December
6598:11 November
6573:Dunbar 1967
6561:Dunbar 1967
6543:25 February
6521:Dunbar 1967
6509:Dunbar 1967
6483:WalesOnline
6464:Dunbar 1967
6366:19 February
6323:914 mm
6127:Track gauge
5975:Tram models
5871:in the US (
5742:. The term
5664:or freight
5662:goods wagon
5554:In the US,
5539:(1:87) and
5468:bushrangers
5426:Cuenca tram
5301:since 1987.
5253:New Zealand
5244:and on the
5136:Rockhampton
5076:Broken Hill
5013:Kansas City
4985:Little Rock
4885:Quebec City
4763:New Orleans
4759:Mexico City
4568:Philippines
4539:tram system
4190:in Budapest
4046:Los Angeles
3903:straĂenbahn
3695:tram-trains
3585:efficiently
3298:Kinkisharyo
3125:track gauge
3113:Track gauge
3060:green track
3050:track with
2922:Montpellier
2585:Cargo trams
2580:Articulated
2550:Ć koda Artic
2524:series and
2406:Port Arthur
2382:Human power
2268:centuries.
2096:Scandinavia
2086:introduced
1945:model train
1840:825 mm
1782:Sestroretsk
1630:North Wales
1537:Isle of Man
1455:fixed track
1396:Rockhampton
1392:steam dummy
1388:tram engine
1375:; the last
1349:tram engine
1325:tram engine
1315:Steam dummy
1311:Tram engine
1299:gmina Mrozy
1272:Isle of Man
1248:Mexico City
1226:until 1917.
1044:Horse-drawn
909:tram-trains
748:Terminology
693:Attractions
680:Miscellanea
516:Locomotives
474:Track gauge
467:Maintenance
234:contains a
67:ZĂŒrich tram
12798:Categories
12705:Dwell time
12695:Crush load
12645:Technology
12565:Short turn
12528:Scheduling
12492:Facilities
12280:Queue jump
12200:Bus garage
12102:Carsharing
11980:Water taxi
11960:Hovercraft
11912:Car jockey
11904:Carpooling
11879:Share taxi
11849:Marshrutka
11814:Dollar van
11757:Tram-train
11685:Light rail
11680:Interurban
11643:Heavy rail
11573:Trolleybus
11533:Marshrutka
11516:Guided bus
10910:. London:
10599:0731667158
10424:Duden 2001
10407:"tram, n."
10081:Advertiser
9714:31 October
9543:21 January
9477:carfree.fr
9442:24 January
8524:Urban Land
8460:30 January
8354:8 December
8320:8 December
8294:18 January
8269:8 December
8139:8 December
7995:IFLScience
7492:5 May 2020
7476:Green 1989
6840:8 December
6338:References
6184:Light rail
6025:Tram lists
5913:trolleybus
5902:Trolleybus
5846:Old French
5753:The terms
5740:trolleycar
5670:coal mines
5668:) used in
5634:A sign in
5529:tram model
5517:See also:
5506:dérailleur
5463:accident).
5376:Light rail
5188:Gold Coast
5174:cable tram
5104:Launceston
5100:Kalgoorlie
5042:See also:
5001:Cincinnati
4958:Muni Metro
4933:Whitehorse
4927:, and the
4775:Pittsburgh
4357:A tram in
4299:A tram in
4228:trolleybus
4201:Historical
4130:, Russia).
4066:Statistics
3911:light rail
3716:greenspace
3650:, and the
3628:heavy rail
3618:heavy rail
3595:ridership.
3533:Advantages
3422:newspapers
3233:Bombardier
3095:map detail
3056:grass turf
2966:Strasbourg
2872:ring lines
2853:Manchester
2845:Birmingham
2841:Nottingham
2742:third rail
2720:; when an
2702:pantograph
2649:locomotive
2637:light rail
2615:Tram-train
2369:using the
2348:Birmingham
2264:system).
2202:Goldfields
2151:Launceston
2147:Kalgoorlie
2030:, in 1892;
1852:pantograph
1705:Alphington
1626:Great Orme
1610:Wellington
1529:Kennington
1492:The first
1471:cable grip
1420:condensers
1400:Queensland
1347:(called a
1309:See also:
1292:Disneyland
1276:horse tram
1193:Alexandria
1158:Manchester
1142:Birmingham
1091:horsebuses
1076:Birkenhead
1030:mine carts
979:duplicates
913:interurban
901:third rail
881:pantograph
865:light rail
698:By country
649:Interurban
644:Light rail
489:Dual gauge
440:Management
167:newspapers
96:improve it
12669:Timetable
12398:Paid area
12348:Exit fare
12315:Ticketing
12295:Tram stop
12210:Bus stand
12183:Locations
12164:Slope car
12134:Hyperloop
12124:Escalator
12085:transport
12064:Escalator
12052:transport
12018:Funicular
11975:Vaporetto
11965:Hydrofoil
11884:Songthaew
11854:Nanny van
11839:Limousine
11782:Boda boda
11638:Funicular
11613:Cable car
11496:Charabanc
10777:Milwaukee
10710:ignored (
10700:cite book
10560:487529500
10523:cite book
10462:Post 2007
9990:8 January
9905:1460-8324
9745:1460-8324
9569:1 January
7132:109210400
7124:0022-5266
6994:214624057
6781:2 January
6689:2 January
6494:13 August
6343:Citations
6328:3 ft
6303:4 ft
6233:Tram stop
6218:Stadtbahn
5934:Vancouver
5775:Streetcar
5771:streetcar
5755:streetcar
5748:horsecars
5744:streetcar
5732:streetcar
5495:Barcelona
5472:Melbourne
5437:Incidents
5346:Argentina
5286:Argentina
5227:Newcastle
5128:Newcastle
5116:Melbourne
5084:Fremantle
5053:Australia
5017:Milwaukee
4997:Charlotte
4972:in 1981.
4970:San Diego
4901:Vancouver
4893:Saskatoon
4865:Kitchener
4755:Cleveland
4667:Llandudno
4556:Singapore
4552:Indonesia
4475:Sri Lanka
4433:Beersheba
4387:Indonesia
4325:Changchun
4321:Hong Kong
4241:Leningrad
4192:in 2016.
4139:City Star
4128:Tatarstan
4028:Bucharest
3923:Melbourne
3915:stadtbahn
3907:fast tram
3899:streetcar
3774:By region
3703:Stadtbahn
3699:pre-metro
3672:Melbourne
3636:Bury Line
3565:, Romania
3563:Bucharest
3510:July 2024
3498:Talk:Tram
3452:July 2024
3392:Talk:Tram
3352:Durmazlar
3188:bus stops
3153:Tram stop
3147:Tram stop
3091:Amsterdam
3048:ballasted
2914:Amsterdam
2905:Stockholm
2833:Blackpool
2829:Hong Kong
2774:track in
2730:Manhattan
2726:capacitor
2722:insulator
2622:Operation
2605:Low-floor
2317:The Hague
2305:batteries
2159:Newcastle
2135:Fremantle
2115:Doncaster
2107:Melbourne
2084:Ljubljana
2076:Bucharest
1987:streetcar
1908:, by the
1818:re-gauged
1733:SobieszĂłw
1713:Melbourne
1622:Llandudno
1614:funicular
1552:funicular
1517:suspended
1502:Melbourne
1485:to 1898.
1408:Södermalm
1404:Stockholm
1327:from the
1095:Baltimore
1038:cast iron
1034:plateways
1026:wagonways
1007:July 2024
873:main line
828:streetcar
723:Modelling
703:Companies
688:Accidents
511:Operating
445:Rail yard
349:July 2024
290:July 2024
277:may have
251:July 2024
197:July 2024
102:talk page
12824:Railcars
12685:Boarding
12601:Security
12574:Politics
12437:Transfer
12230:Dry dock
12220:Bus stop
12205:Bus lane
12195:Bus bulb
12174:Vactrain
12154:Robotaxi
12119:Elevator
12097:Airliner
12059:Elevator
12050:Building
12033:tricable
12013:Elevator
11927:Slugging
11769:for hire
11767:Vehicles
11700:Monorail
11670:Horsecar
11596:glossary
11273:12723934
10771:(1967).
10755:11 March
10677:(1928).
10642:(1987).
10483:Archived
10441:Archived
10385:Archived
10359:Archived
10333:Archived
10307:Archived
10203:Archived
10177:Archived
10131:21 April
10109:21 April
10056:Archived
9984:Archived
9959:5 August
9953:Archived
9929:12 March
9923:Archived
9817:23 April
9787:12 March
9781:Archived
9708:Archived
9636:Archived
9483:21 April
9391:12 March
9385:Archived
9364:12 March
9358:Archived
9320:Archived
9300:12 March
9294:Archived
9243:cite web
9224:Archived
9179:12 March
9173:Archived
9152:12 March
9126:12 March
9120:Archived
9099:12 March
9093:Archived
9073:12 March
9067:Archived
9047:12 March
9041:Archived
8997:12 March
8991:Archived
8970:12 March
8964:Archived
8944:12 March
8938:Archived
8917:12 March
8911:Archived
8890:12 March
8884:Archived
8866:Archived
8842:12 March
8836:Archived
8789:12 March
8783:Archived
8762:12 March
8756:Archived
8711:Archived
8687:12 March
8681:Archived
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8655:Archived
8636:Archived
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7448:25 April
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7364:Archived
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7031:Archived
6878:"Google"
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