966:
shorter single pulses have higher thresholds than short pulses. Below 10 ms are usually believed to have a primarily charge dependent threshold and shock amplitude. Research shows that for very short electric pulse durations below 100 μs the threshold curve converges into a constant charge criterion independent of peak current or RMS values. Even though the for both muscle and nerve stimulation including the heart and the brain. Heating is primarily determined by the amount of energy and is not related to stimulation. These definitions have been included into the IEC standard 60479-2 in opposite to IEC 60479-1 which addresses longer pulse durations above 10 ms for both DC and AC, which use a current over time duration curve based classification. These principles are used to determine the risks from capacitors, electric weapons, electric fences and other short pulsed low- and high-voltage electrical applications outside the medical field.
1121:
discomfort, exhaustion, headache, problems with peripheral nerve conduction and sensation, inadequate balance and coordination, among other symptoms. Electrical injury can lead to problems with neurocognitive function, affecting speed of mental processing, attention, concentration, and memory. The high frequency of psychological problems is well established and may be multifactorial. As with any traumatic and life-threatening experience, electrical injury may result in post traumatic psychiatric disorders. There exist several non-profit research institutes that coordinate rehabilitation strategies for electrical injury survivors by connecting them with clinicians that specialize in diagnosis and treatment of various traumas that arise as a result of electrical injury.
275:. When applied to the hand, electricity can cause involuntary muscle contraction, preventing the victim from untensing their hand muscles and releasing the wire, increasing the risk for serious burns. Voltage levels of 500 to 1000 volts tend to cause internal burns due to the large energy (which is proportional to the duration multiplied by the square of the voltage divided by resistance or the square of the current multiplied by the resistance) available from the source. Damage due to current is through tissue heating and/or electroporation injury. For most cases of high-energy electrical trauma, the Joule heating in the deeper tissues along the extremity will reach damaging temperatures in a few seconds.
831:
1211:
4218:
256:
4266:
331:) transferred to the body, which makes the amplitude of the electrical stimulus independent of the exact amount of current flowing through the body for very short pulse durations. DC shocks of short duration are usually better tolerated by the heart even at high currents and rarely induce ventricular fibrillation compared to lower currents with longer duration with both DC or AC. The amount of current can easily reach very high values as
4254:
4242:
58:
962:, Los Angeles on November 9, 1967. A news report of the event stated that he was "jolted through the air, and landed across the line", and though rescued by firemen, he sustained burns over 40% of his body and was completely paralyzed except for his eyelids. The shock with the highest voltage reported survived was that of Harry F. McGrew, who came in contact with a 340,000 volt transmission line in Huntington Canyon, Utah.
756:
4230:
1223:
1476:
741:: Very small current source with a pathway directly connected to the heart tissue. The shock is required to be administered from inside the skin, directly to the heart i.e. a pacemaker lead, or a guide wire, conductive catheter etc. connected to a source of current. This is a largely theoretical hazard as modern devices used in these situations include protections against such currents.
1082:
year by electrocution. Workplace deaths caused by exposure to electricity in the U.S. increased by nearly 24% between 2015 and 2019, from 134 to 166. However, workplace electrical injuries dropped 23% between 2015 and 2019 from 2,480 to 1,900. In 2019, the top 5 states with the most workplace electrical fatalities were: (1)
165:, tissue resistance and duration of contact. Very small currents may be imperceptible or only produce a light tingling sensation. However, a shock caused by low and otherwise harmless current could startle an individual and cause injury due to jerking away or falling. A strong electric shock can often cause painful
702:
The voltage-current characteristic of human skin is non-linear and depends on many factors such as intensity, duration, history, and frequency of the electrical stimulus. Sweat gland activity, temperature, and individual variation also influence the voltage-current characteristic of skin. In addition
391:
in some cases at the site where the current entered the body. The neurologic symptoms of electrical injury may occur immediately, which traditionally have a higher likelihood for healing, though they may also be delayed by days to years. The delayed neurologic consequences of electrical injury have a
1116:
data found 126 recorded electrocution deaths and 68 serious injuries in 2020 and the first half of 2021. Most electrocutions are accidental and caused by faulty equipment or poor adherence to regulations. Some distribution companies in
Nigeria have higher death rates than others; in 2017, there were
1105:
A recent study conducted by the
National Coroners Information System (NCIS) in Australia has revealed 321 closed case fatalities (and at least 39 case fatalities still under coronial investigation) that had been reported to Australian coroners where a person died from electrocution between July 2000
1081:
There were 550 reported electrocution deaths in the US in 1993, 2.1 deaths per million inhabitants. At that time, the incidence of electrocutions was decreasing. Electrocutions in the workplace make up the majority of these fatalities. From 1980–1992, an average of 411 workers were killed each
710:
For sinusoidal electrical stimulation less than 10 volts, the skin voltage-current characteristic is quasilinear. Over time, electrical characteristics can become non-linear. The time required varies from seconds to minutes, depending on stimulus, electrode placement, and individual characteristics.
480:
from which electric welders protect themselves using face shields with dark glass, heavy leather gloves, and full-coverage clothing. The heat produced may cause severe burns, especially on unprotected flesh. The arc blast produced by vaporizing metallic components can break bones and damage internal
524:
mA, AC current passing through the arm of a 68-kilogram (150 lb) human can cause powerful muscle contractions; the victim is unable to voluntarily control muscles and cannot release an electrified object. This is known as the "let go threshold" and is a criterion for shock hazard in electrical
335:
is only of second order importance to fibrillation risk in the case of ultra short contact times with direct currents. But even if the charge itself is harmless, the amount of energy being discharged still can lead to thermal and chemical hazards if its value is high enough. One example of high
965:
The severity and lethality of electric shocks generally depend on the duration and the amount of current passing through the human body. Frequency plays a role with AC and pulse DC. For example, a high frequency current has a higher ventricular fibrillation threshold than lower frequency. Also,
1120:
People who survive electrical trauma may develop a host of injuries including loss of consciousness, seizures, aphasia, visual disturbances, headaches, tinnitus, paresis, and memory disturbances. Even without visible burns, electric shock survivors may be faced with long-term muscular pain and
714:
Between 10 volts and about 30 volts, skin exhibits non-linear but symmetric electrical characteristics. Above 20 volts, electrical characteristics are both non-linear and symmetric. Skin conductance can increase by several orders of magnitude in milliseconds. This should not be confused with
1056:
are used to protect workers from accidentally re-energizing equipment under repair. Where accidental contact with energized components is still possible, or where adjustment of an energized system is absolutely necessary, workers may be trained to use insulated or non-conductive tools, and
735:: Current across intact skin and through the body. Current from arm to arm, or between an arm and a foot, is likely to traverse the heart, therefore it is much more dangerous than current between a leg and the ground. This type of shock by definition must pass into the body through the skin.
681:
states "Under dry conditions, the resistance offered by the human body may be as high as 100,000 ohms. Wet or broken skin may drop the body's resistance to 1,000 ohms," adding that "high-voltage electrical energy quickly breaks down human skin, reducing the human body's resistance to
1304:", which fires projectiles that administer the shock through a thin, flexible wire. Although they are illegal for personal use in many jurisdictions, Tasers have been marketed to the general public. Other electroshock weapons such as stun guns, stun batons ("cattle prods"), and
1513:, etc., it has now generally been replaced by lethal injections in states that practice capital punishment. Modern reporting has claimed that it sometimes takes several shocks to be lethal, and that the condemned person may actually catch fire before death.
548:
because it usually exceeds the let-go threshold, while not delivering enough initial energy to propel the person away from the source. However, the potential seriousness of the shock depends on paths through the body that the currents take. If the
875:
Duration: The longer the shock duration, the more likely it is lethal—safety switches may limit time of current flow. Short high-current pulses, as from capacitors, are usually less dangerous than longer-lasting low-current
1314:
are barriers that use electric shocks to deter animals or people from crossing a boundary. The voltage of the shock may have effects ranging from uncomfortable, to painful or even lethal. Most electric fencing is used today for
481:
organs. The degree of hazard present at a particular location can be determined by a detailed analysis of the electrical system, and appropriate protection worn if the electrical work must be performed with the electricity on.
986:
systems may be used in applications such as operating rooms, where electrical equipment must be used in proximity to a person unusually vulnerable to electrical shock. For electrical equipment used outdoors or in wet areas, a
430:
There are a variety of psychiatric effects that may occur as a result of electrical injuries. Behavioral changes can occur as well, even if the path of electric current did not proceed through the head. Symptoms may include:
920:). Also important is the pathway: if the current passes through the chest or head, there is an increased chance of death. From a main circuit or power distribution panel the damage is more likely to be internal, leading to
817:
The earliest usage of the term "electrocution" cited by the Oxford
English Dictionary was an 1889 newspaper reference to the method of execution then being considered. Shortly thereafter, in 1892, the term was used in
689:
gives the following values for the total body impedance of a hand to hand circuit for dry skin, large contact areas, 50 Hz AC currents (the columns contain the distribution of the impedance in the population
572:
If an electrical circuit is established by electrodes introduced in the body, bypassing the skin, then the potential for lethality is much higher if a circuit through the heart is established. This is known as a
3509:
3735:
916:, which is an issue in causing cardiac arrest or muscular spasms. Very high frequency electric current causes tissue burning, but do not stimulate the nerves strongly enough to cause cardiac arrest (see
943:
in the 1880s. Animal experiments conducted during this time suggested that alternating current was about twice as dangerous as direct current per unit of current flow (or per unit of applied voltage).
703:
to non-linearity, skin impedance exhibits asymmetric and time varying properties. These properties can be modeled with reasonable accuracy. Resistance measurements made at low voltage using a standard
399:
When the path of electric current proceeds through the head, it appears that, with sufficient current applied, loss of consciousness almost always occurs swiftly. This is borne out by some limited
1041:
are primarily installed to reduce property damage by lightning strikes, but may not entirely prevent electrical shock hazards. Persons outdoors during a lightning storm may be advised to take
885:(over about 600 volts). In addition to greater current flow, high voltage may cause dielectric breakdown at the skin, thus lowering skin resistance and allowing further increased current flow.
340:
as experienced in everyday life on door handles, car doors etc. These currents can reach values up to 60 A without harmful effects on the heart as the duration is in the order of only several
2806:
Grigorovich, Alisa; Gomez, Manuel; Leach, Larry; Fish, Joel (2013). "Impact of
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression on Neuropsychological Functioning in Electrical Injury Survivors".
928:(response time) of about 3 milliseconds, so electricity at frequencies of higher than about 333 Hz requires more current to cause fibrillation than is required at lower frequencies.
950:
at 100–250 volts; however, death has occurred below this range, with supplies as low as 42 volts. Assuming a steady current flow (as opposed to a shock from a capacitor or from
223:
Following an electrical injury from household current, if a person has no symptoms, no underlying heart problems, and is not pregnant further testing is not required. Otherwise an
2682:
1010:
devices have a separate insulation system, distinct from the insulation required for the function of the device, and intended for protection of the user from electrical shock.
2378:
1151:. An electrosurgical unit (ESU) uses high currents (e.g. 10 amperes) at high frequency (e.g. 500 kHz) with various schemes of amplitude modulation to cut or coagulate
1319:
and other forms of animal control purposes, though it is frequently used to enhance security of restricted areas, and there exist places where lethal voltages are used.
387:
Electric current can cause interference with nervous control, especially over the heart and lungs. Electric shock which does not lead to death has been shown to cause
2734:
1052:
devices may be used to ensure that all electrical sources are removed from the equipment before accessing normally energized parts. Administrative procedures such as
3596:
3191:
954:), shocks above 2,700 volts are often fatal, with those above 11,000 volts being usually fatal, though exceptional cases have been noted. According to the
561:—the passing of current between two contact points on the skin. The characteristics of the skin are non-linear however. If the voltage is above 450–600 V, then
3212:
1684:
2319:
3323:
1109:
In Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Norway the number of electric deaths per million inhabitants was 0.6, 0.3, 0.3 and 0.2, respectively, in the years 2007–2011.
2268:
177:. The loss of muscle control is the reason that a person may be unable to release themselves from the electrical source; if this happens at a height as on a
2934:
1331:, since the received voltage and current can be controlled with precision and used to cause pain and fear without always visibly harming the victim's body.
3022:
1912:
Lee, R. C.; Canaday, D. J.; Hammer, S. M. (1993). "Transient and stable ionic permeabilization of isolated skeletal muscle cells after electrical shock".
2959:
1835:
344:. Another example for dangerous electrostatic discharges even without flowing directly through the body are lightning strikes and high voltage arcs.
2755:
Pliskin, N. H.; Meyer, G. J.; Dolske, M. C.; Heilbronner, R. L.; Kelley, K. M.; Lee, R. C. (1994). "Neuropsychiatric
Aspects of Electrical Injury".
2710:
3293:
1698:
2520:
1374:
whereby the victim is strapped to a metal frame and subjected to electric shock. It has been used in a number of contexts in South
America. The
3589:
469:
2585:
2871:
3401:
2443:
2412:
2244:
1952:
1271:
1169:
2914:
3558:
2556:
2542:
2474:
1113:
2679:
2932:
Technological
Invention and Diffusion of Torture Equipment The Strange Case of Electric Torture Instruments in the Early 20th Century
843:
686:
2120:
3582:
2985:
2373:
1770:
Gentges, Joshua; Schieche, Christoph (November 2018). "Electrical injuries in the emergency department: an evidence-based review".
2951:
2570:
2272:
868:
Current: The higher the current, the more likely it is lethal. Since current is proportional to voltage when resistance is fixed (
4327:
2193:
896:
569:, and this is accelerated if electricity causes muscles to contract above the let-go threshold for a sustained period of time.
3755:
3461:
3171:
3101:
2468:
2437:
2406:
2238:
1383:
3187:
2104:
4332:
4072:
3760:
3344:
1013:
People and animals can be protected by installing electrical equipment out of reach of passers-by, such as on electrical
295:(DC), 90 to 130 mA are required at the same duration. If the current has a direct pathway to the heart (e.g., via a
3216:
719:, which occurs at hundreds of volts. For these reasons, current flow cannot be accurately calculated by simply applying
3865:
3238:"Inside ISIS death prison with metal electrocution beds, secret tunnels and agonising final messages scrawled on walls"
1678:
1432:
1668:
3132:
3062:
2308:
2171:
2032:
1444:
799:
3428:
3315:
1524:, until the death penalty was abolished in that country. Electrocution remains legal in 9 states (primary method in
781:
3858:
3453:
3237:
1576:
992:
958:, seventeen-year-old Brian Latasa survived a 230,000 volt shock on the tower of an ultra-high voltage line in
17:
1501:. Although some original proponents of the electric chair considered it to be a more humane execution method than
3259:
2931:
1399:
1350:
669:
The voltage necessary for electrocution depends on the current through the body and the duration of the current.
352:
Mechanism of cardiac arrhythmias induced by electricity is not fully understood, but various biopsies have shown
31:
1300:
functions. One type is a conductive energy device (CED), an electroshock gun popularly known by the brand name "
303:), a much lower current of less than 1 mA (AC or DC) can cause fibrillation. If not immediately treated by
3093:
1757:
955:
766:
1033:
may also provide a hazard of electrical shock, so a ground grid may be installed around installations such as
4292:
3885:
3007:
2699:
1395:
1275:
1058:
1002:
preventing contact with energized wires or parts, or may have conductive metal enclosures connected to earth
445:
509:
472:
found that up to 80 percent of its electrical injuries involve thermal burns due to arcing faults. The
418:
If ventricular fibrillation occurs (as above), the blood supply to the brain is diminished, which may cause
4302:
4082:
3891:
892:
1061:
such as gloves, face shields, non-conductive boots, or cover-up mats. With proper training and equipment,
3730:
3285:
4297:
4196:
2488:
3569:
879:
Pathway: If current flows through vital organs, like the heart muscle, it is more likely to be lethal.
4234:
3967:
3875:
3780:
3770:
3673:
3564:
2512:
2346:
1521:
1354:
1263:
1138:
372:
3369:
2735:"NERC: 126 Nigerians Killed, 68 Injured in Electricity-related Accidents in 18 Months – THISDAYLIVE"
1497:
in the United States, although its use has become rare from the 1990s onward due to the adoption of
978:
for permanently-installed electrical systems in buildings. Shock danger may be reduced by use of an
4322:
4149:
3765:
3750:
3680:
3658:
3524:
2851:
2680:
Electrocution
Related Deaths – National Coroners Information System (NCIS) Fact-Sheet, January 2012
1042:
545:
324:
316:
288:
227:, blood work to check the heart, and urine testing for signs of muscle breakdown may be performed.
213:
182:
4077:
3668:
3405:
3163:
3124:
2664:
2593:
2351:
1250:
today only use vibration that feels somewhat like an electric shock to someone not expecting it.
1049:
999:
988:
777:
337:
93:
2867:
2614:
707:
do not accurately represent the impedance of human skin over a significant range of conditions.
4164:
4144:
3853:
3710:
2315:
1189:
2427:
2396:
2228:
1949:
204:
that causes a sufficient current to pass through the person's tissues. Contact with energized
4119:
4087:
4012:
3841:
3831:
3289:
3054:
2911:
2892:
2359:
2121:"Industry Backs IEEE-NFPA Arc Flash Testing Program with Initial Donations of $ 1.25 Million"
1506:
1448:
1436:
1339:
1334:
Electrical torture has been used in war and by repressive regimes since the 1930s.During the
1034:
982:
electrical system that is unlikely to expose a human to dangerous levels of current. Special
268:
2458:
4307:
4246:
4114:
2764:
1316:
1215:
1099:
1030:
1003:
773:
716:
562:
400:
1520:
reportedly has used this method, from 1926 to 1976. It was intermittently replaced by the
8:
4258:
4201:
4109:
4062:
3936:
3775:
2124:
1398:(known as Tenorinho), a Brazilian piano player, was subjected to the parrilla during the
1286:
1134:
Electric shock is also used as a medical therapy, under carefully controlled conditions:
947:
940:
932:
490:
284:
235:
178:
2768:
2261:
540:
of DC at high voltage can cause fibrillation. A sustained electric shock from AC at 120
4171:
4124:
4033:
3048:
2963:
2831:
2788:
2776:
2079:
2046:
1889:
1872:
1692:
1591:
1581:
1494:
1290:
1259:
1053:
1026:
1014:
951:
888:
673:
states that the current drawn depends on the resistance of the body. The resistance of
376:
368:
86:
73:
2145:
830:
694:; for example at 100 V 50% of the population had an impedance of 1875Ω or less):
4317:
4265:
4222:
4154:
4134:
3870:
3801:
3555:
National
Institute for Occupation Safety & Health: Worker Deaths by Electrocution
3535:
3475:
3467:
3457:
3377:
3167:
3138:
3128:
3118:
3097:
3068:
3058:
3001:
2912:
Electro
Muscular Disruption Technology: A Nine-Step Strategy for Effective Deployment
2823:
2780:
2464:
2433:
2402:
2234:
2167:
2084:
2066:
2062:
2028:
1995:
1929:
1925:
1894:
1805:
1787:
1779:
1753:
1674:
1624:
1458:
1305:
1066:
1062:
979:
435:
412:
365:
353:
260:
224:
205:
170:
81:
2792:
2185:
181:
they can be thrown off. Larger currents can result in tissue damage and may trigger
4312:
4129:
3983:
3700:
3319:
2835:
2815:
2772:
2074:
2058:
1985:
1921:
1884:
1619:
Zemaitis MR, Foris LA, Lopez RA, Huecker MR (January 2020). "Electrical Injuries".
1586:
1571:
1498:
1387:
1367:
1193:
1185:
1095:
1007:
974:
Prevention of electrical injuries is one of the fundamental objectives of national
581:
A can be sufficient to cause fibrillation in this case with a probability of 0.2%.
419:
408:
357:
155:
69:
65:
3574:
2425:
1724:
1642:
1424:
have asserted that electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is torture when used without a
1296:
used for subduing a person by administering electric shock to disrupt superficial
4270:
4097:
4003:
3952:
3810:
3529:
3432:
3157:
3087:
2938:
2918:
2855:
2819:
2686:
2668:
2382:
2375:
Effects of the Earth Current Frequency and Distortion on Residual Current Devices
2108:
1956:
1566:
1346:
tortured local women with electric shocks by attaching wires onto their breasts.
1198:
1142:
1018:
975:
554:
162:
2638:
1210:
677:
varies from person to person and fluctuates between different times of day. The
451:
Moodiness, including a lower threshold for frustration and "losing one's temper"
3926:
3745:
3740:
3606:
2385:, Scientific Journal of Control Engineering, Dec 2013, Vol 3 Issue 6 pp 417–422
2101:
1990:
1973:
1525:
1490:
1479:
1470:
1413:
1379:
1311:
1247:
1235:
1155:
1148:
983:
936:
921:
917:
494:
404:
361:
312:
308:
304:
292:
190:
186:
110:
106:
102:
3540:
3518:
3142:
3072:
4286:
4181:
3836:
3736:
Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy
3381:
2986:"Russian Federation Preliminary briefing to the UN Committee against Torture"
2070:
1972:
Waldmann V, Narayanan K, Combes N, Jost D, Jouven X, Marijon E (April 2018).
1783:
1455:
1440:
1406:
1180:
1176:
1159:
1038:
1022:
959:
320:
239:
231:
194:
174:
3479:
3931:
3846:
3705:
3695:
3637:
3632:
2827:
2088:
1999:
1898:
1791:
1628:
1421:
1417:
1335:
1239:
882:
869:
720:
670:
566:
529:
217:
2784:
1933:
3988:
3962:
3957:
3663:
3653:
3554:
3425:
1549:
1517:
1510:
1267:
1230:
is best known for demonstrating intentional electric shocks in his videos
1227:
1165:
201:
1667:
Boon, Elizabeth; Parr, Rebecca; 20,000Dayananda, Samarawickrama (2012).
1544:, can only be used if other methods are found to be unconstitutional in
1117:
26 deaths on the Abuja grid, while the Ikeja grid caused only 2 deaths.
1048:
Where installation, or maintenance of electrical equipment is required,
935:
at typical power transmission frequencies (i.e., 50 or 60 Hz), and
557:, is the main contributor to the impedance of the body in the case of a
287:(AC) through the chest for a duration longer than one second may induce
4186:
4139:
4067:
3993:
3910:
3880:
3826:
3685:
3450:
Applied Bioelectricity: From Electrical Stimulation to Electropathology
3213:"ISIS electrocutes 30 civilians to death in central Mosul - Iraqi News"
3023:"Comissão relata modalidades de tortura usadas contra presos políticos"
2340:
1243:
1087:
738:
732:
691:
674:
574:
558:
388:
341:
3501:
3263:
2426:
Andrei G. Pakhomov; Damijan Miklavcic; Marko S. Markov (2 June 2010).
1234:
Mild electric shocks are also used for entertainment, especially as a
864:
The lethality of an electric shock is dependent on several variables:
323:
to pump blood and maintain circulation. Short single DC pulses induce
283:
A domestic power supply voltage (110 or 230 V), 50 or 60 Hz
255:
4191:
4159:
3690:
1545:
1541:
1483:
1391:
925:
913:
565:
of the skin occurs. The protection offered by the skin is lowered by
498:
477:
473:
464:
393:
300:
784:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
4040:
3805:
2868:"St. Johns Rehab – Electrical Injury Program – Sunnybrook Hospital"
1950:
ucsb.edu – Electrical Safety Information – Physics Department, UCSB
1553:
1537:
1533:
1343:
946:
It is sometimes suggested that human lethality is most common with
704:
332:
296:
238:. Electrical injuries affect more than 30,000 people a year in the
57:
3159:
Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America
872:), high voltage is an indirect risk for producing higher currents.
489:
The minimum current a human can feel depends on the current type (
208:
or devices is the most common cause. In cases of exposure to high
3998:
3785:
1529:
1502:
1428:
medical benefit against recalcitrant or non-responsive patients.
1371:
1349:
The use of electric shocks to torture political prisoners of the
1328:
1091:
607:
553:
is less than 200 V, then the human skin, more precisely the
550:
441:
328:
209:
3471:
2952:"Torture in the Algerian war (1954–62) The Algerian war 1954–62"
2045:
Wiggers, Carl J.; Bell, James R.; Paine, Margaret (2003-07-08).
1154:
As a treatment for fibrillation or irregular heart rhythms: see
1029:
all conductive equipment enclosures together and to the earth.
3513:
2590:
Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Fourth Edition
2505:
1297:
1293:
822:
to refer generically to death or injury caused by electricity.
578:
505:
2893:"Addams Family Generator – Arcade by H. Betti Industries, Inc"
2047:"Studies of Ventricular Fibrillation Caused by Electric Shock"
1974:"Electrical cardiac injuries: current concepts and management"
1222:
528:
The current may, if it is high enough, cause tissue damage or
454:
Memory loss, decreased attention span, and difficulty learning
371:, possibly associated with transient and localized changes in
2754:
2230:
Safety of Electromedical Devices: Law – Risks – Opportunities
1301:
1083:
678:
166:
76:) travelling up the leg was caused by the effects of current.
3188:"ISIS executes 22 persons by electrocution in central Mosul"
1532:
and Florida, optional if sentenced before a certain date in
1475:
1447:
for its use of electric shocks as punishment as part of its
3627:
2429:
Advanced Electroporation Techniques in Biology and Medicine
1971:
1070:
541:
336:
current electric shock which may be usually harmless is an
272:
151:
98:
27:
Physiological reaction or injury caused by electric current
3120:
A Lexicon of Terror: Argentina and the Legacies of Torture
908:
Sex: Women are more vulnerable to electric shock than men.
2805:
2661:
1618:
856:
AC-4.1: up to 5% probability of ventricular fibrillation
825:
613:
375:
as well as their concentrations, resulting in changes in
216:, direct contact may not be necessary as the voltage may
3089:
Where Memory Dwells: Culture and State Violence in Chile
2262:"Publication No. 98-131: Worker Deaths by Electrocution"
1006:
so that users will not be exposed to dangerous voltage.
995:
may provide protection from electrical current leakage.
200:
Electric injury occurs upon contact of a body part with
2848:
2338:
1666:
1409:
has used electric shocks to torture and kill captives.
1338:
electrical torture was used by French military forces.
501:
for AC. A person can sense electric current as low as 1
476:
in an electrical fault produces the same type of light
2309:"The Voltage Current Characteristic of the Human Skin"
2233:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 122.
1342:
published a statement that Russian military forces in
307:, ventricular fibrillation is usually lethal, causing
2700:"Electrical accident hazards in the Nordic countries"
2639:"Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries Summary, 2019"
2419:
2269:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1643:"Electrical injury: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
1353:(1964 - 1985) is detailed in the final report of the
30:"Electric shock" redirects here. For other uses, see
3491:
3345:"UN Calls Shock Treatment at Mass. School 'Torture'"
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
3604:
2960:
International Committee of the Fourth International
2950:Arens, Marianne; Thull, Françoise (April 9, 2001).
2394:
1516:Other than in parts of the United States, only the
1238:for example in such devices as a shocking pen or a
834:Log-log graph of the effect of alternating current
72:. The slight branching redness (sometimes called a
2615:"ESFI Occupational Injury and Fatality Statistics"
2583:
2339:
544:, 60 Hz is an especially dangerous source of
2707:Master's thesis, Tampere University of Technology
1853:
1147:As a surgical tool for cutting or coagulation in
852:AC-3: muscle contraction with reversible effects
438:, including feelings of low self-esteem and guilt
291:at currents as low as 30 milliamperes (mA). With
4284:
2044:
1911:
1308:administer an electric shock by direct contact.
1281:
1262:. This is usually done via devices that induces
2909:International Association of Chiefs of Police,
2697:
2398:Passing the Primary FRCA SOE: A Practical Guide
2226:
1769:
1025:or electrical fault current may be diverted by
2750:
2748:
1752:Lawyers & Judges Publishing Company, 2006
1065:is routinely safely carried out on electrical
924:. Another factor is that cardiac tissue has a
422:(and its associated neurologic consequences).
189:. If death results from an electric shock the
154:or internal organs on direct contact with an
3590:
2456:
2401:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–.
2388:
1914:The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation
1461:used electric shocks to control his victims.
1361:
842:passing from left hand to feet as defined in
3251:
3085:
2988:. Archived from the original on May 16, 2009
1870:
1750:Handbook of Electrical Hazards and Accidents
1748:Leslie Alexander Geddes, Rebecca A. Roeder ,
1445:United Nations special rapporteur on torture
939:has been a subject of debate ever since the
860:AC-4.3: over 50% probability of fibrillation
3565:Effect of Electric Shock Currents on Humans
3404:. Asahi Shimbun. 2007-09-27. Archived from
3370:"F.D.A. Bans School Electric Shock Devices"
2745:
2220:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1836:"Electrical Injuries – Injuries; Poisoning"
1697:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1272:transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
1170:Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
899:(ICD) are sensitive to very small currents.
278:
4241:
3597:
3583:
3116:
2949:
2757:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
2662:National Coroners Information System, NCIS
2450:
2023:, chapter 22.1 in Jerry C. Whitaker (ed.)
1635:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1493:is sometimes used as an official means of
1114:Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission
858:AC-4.2: 5–50% probability of fibrillation
234:, pain medications, wound management, and
56:
3283:
2186:"Electric Current Needed to Kill a Human"
2078:
1989:
1888:
1873:"Long-term sequelae of electrical injury"
1830:
1828:
1826:
1806:"Introduction to electrical safety – HSE"
1725:"Electrical injuries – Electrical safety"
850:AC-2: perceptible but no muscle reaction
800:Learn how and when to remove this message
687:International Electrotechnical Commission
3155:
2372:Weineng Wang, Zhiqiang Wang, Xiao Peng,
2256:
2254:
2183:
2164:Electrical Safety Handbook Third Edition
2006:
1673:. Oxford University Press. p. 132.
1474:
1327:Electric shocks are used as a method of
1221:
1209:
1021:only accessible to authorized persons.
829:
254:
3402:"Serial killer's death sentence upheld"
3277:
3020:
2301:
2051:Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology
1945:
1943:
1605:
998:Electrical devices have non-conductive
897:implantable cardioverter-defibrillators
382:
14:
4285:
3447:
3367:
3284:Gonnerman, Jennifer (20 August 2007).
2295:
2214:
2146:"Arc_flash_protection.php – Arc Flash"
1823:
1711:
1443:has been condemned for torture by the
1394:, the parrilla was used in Argentina.
1069:energized at hundreds of thousands of
931:The comparison between the dangers of
826:Factors in lethality of electric shock
327:dependent on the amount of charge (in
3756:Radiation-induced erythema multiforme
3578:
3296:from the original on 22 December 2007
3260:"History and Basic Principles of JRC"
2557:"Firemen risk death to save teenager"
2395:Claire M. Blandford (21 April 2016).
2334:
2332:
2251:
1967:
1965:
1464:
912:Other issues affecting lethality are
315:move independently instead of in the
245:
4229:
2586:"Electricity: Physiological Effects"
2477:from the original on 2 January 2018.
2446:from the original on 2 January 2018.
2415:from the original on 2 January 2018.
2360:participating institution membership
2123:. IEEE. 14 July 2006. Archived from
1940:
1871:Wesner, Marni; Hickie, John (2013).
1370:for 'grill') is a method of
854:AC-4: possible irreversible effects
749:
458:
360:which contained increased amount of
4073:Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules
3761:Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar
3313:
3156:McSherry, J. Patrice (2012-07-10).
3021:Salomão, Lucas (10 December 2014).
2808:Journal of Burn Care & Research
2523:from the original on 3 January 2018
2463:. Taylor & Francis. p. 3.
2102:Electric Stunning of Pigs and Sheep
1798:
1660:
24:
3257:
2777:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb30450.x
2329:
2247:from the original on 1 April 2017.
1962:
1840:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
1717:
1384:Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional
1218:that actually works with vibration
1141:or ECT, a psychiatric therapy for
1124:
584:
484:
407:and by research from the field of
242:and result in about 1,000 deaths.
25:
4344:
3570:Electrical injury and its effects
3487:
2489:"IEC 60479-1:2018 | IEC Webstore"
2457:John M Madden (20 January 2017).
1670:Oxford Handbook of Dental Nursing
1390:regime. In the 1970s, during the
1382:, a prison complex maintained by
1031:Current passing through the earth
905:Age, body mass, and health status
726:
4264:
4252:
4240:
4228:
4217:
4216:
3859:Inner ear decompression sickness
3441:
3426:Death Penalty Information Center
2559:. Ocala Star-Banner. 1967-11-24.
2325:from the original on 2015-10-17.
2063:10.1046/j.1542-474X.2003.08316.x
1926:10.1097/00004630-199309000-00007
1687:from the original on 2017-03-06.
1577:Graduated electronic decelerator
1205:
993:ground fault circuit interrupter
812:
754:
723:using a fixed resistance model.
532:which can cause cardiac arrest;
425:
4253:
3419:
3394:
3361:
3337:
3326:from the original on 2010-03-13
3307:
3240:. Daily Mirror. 22 October 2017
3230:
3205:
3194:from the original on 2016-10-30
3190:. Iraqi News. 27 October 2016.
3180:
3149:
3117:Feitlowitz, Marguerite (1999).
3110:
3086:Gomez-Barris, Macarena (2009).
3079:
3041:
3014:
2978:
2943:
2925:
2903:
2885:
2874:from the original on 2013-10-04
2860:
2842:
2799:
2727:
2716:from the original on 2014-03-27
2691:
2673:
2655:
2631:
2607:
2577:
2563:
2549:
2543:"According to Guinness (comic)"
2535:
2481:
2366:
2289:
2278:from the original on 2008-10-11
2208:
2196:from the original on 2013-10-23
2177:
2156:
2138:
2113:
2095:
2038:
1905:
1489:Electric shock delivered by an
1400:military dictatorship in Brazil
1357:, published December 10, 2014.
1351:Brazilian military dictatorship
1129:
1076:
32:Electric Shock (disambiguation)
4328:Occupational safety and health
3094:University of California Press
2227:Norbert Leitgeb (6 May 2010).
1763:
1742:
1705:
1266:. These devices may include a
1253:
956:Guinness Book of World Records
902:Pre-existing medical condition
444:spectrum disorders, including
415:has been extensively studied.
13:
1:
4093:environmental skin conditions
3886:High-altitude pulmonary edema
3316:"Showdown over shock therapy"
2460:Electrical Safety and the Law
1598:
1282:Policing and personal defense
1276:electrical muscle stimulation
1059:personal protective equipment
969:
893:Artificial cardiac pacemakers
446:posttraumatic stress disorder
271:can cause extensive and deep
150:) is damage sustained to the
4083:Tropical anhidrotic asthenia
3892:High-altitude cerebral edema
3368:Fortin, Jacey (2020-03-06).
2820:10.1097/BCR.0b013e31827e5062
2432:. CRC Press. pp. 498–.
1242:. However devices such as a
1039:Lightning protection systems
745:
347:
193:is generally referred to as
7:
4105:frictional/traumatic/sports
3731:Chronic radiation keratosis
3448:Reilly, J. Patrick (1998).
2584:Folliot, Dominigue (1998).
2545:. Toledo Blade. 1978-04-28.
1772:Emergency Medicine Practice
1559:
1278:, and made-for-play units.
1246:and most other machines in
1045:to avoid electrical shock.
780:the claims made and adding
577:. Currents of only 10
536:of AC (rms, 60 Hz) or
259:Second-degree burn after a
10:
4349:
4333:Effects of external causes
4197:Pseudoacanthosis nigricans
3050:Chile: Evidence of Torture
2917:December 10, 2013, at the
1468:
1322:
1017:, or by installation in a
462:
403:by early designers of the
373:sodium-potassium transport
220:to the electrical device.
161:The injury depends on the
29:
4212:
4049:
4021:
3976:
3968:Space adaptation syndrome
3945:
3919:
3903:
3876:Chronic mountain sickness
3819:
3794:
3781:Radiation recall reaction
3771:Radiation-induced morphea
3723:
3674:Warm water immersion foot
3646:
3620:
3613:
3495:
3006:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2519:. Ohio State University.
2347:Oxford English Dictionary
2162:John Cadick et al. (ed.)
1355:National Truth Commission
1264:erotic electrostimulation
1139:Electroconvulsive therapy
124:
120:>30,000 per year (USA)
116:
92:
80:
64:
55:
47:
42:
4150:Weathering nodule of ear
3766:Radiation-induced keloid
3751:Radiation-induced cancer
3681:Non-freezing cold injury
3659:Immersion foot syndromes
3164:Rowman & Littlefield
2956:World Socialist Web Site
2698:Kinnunen, Minna (2013).
2571:"Guinness World Records"
2025:The Electronics Handbook
1991:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx142
1556:) of the United States.
1396:Francisco Tenório Júnior
1214:Electrifying machine at
1190:nerve conduction studies
1112:In Nigeria, analysis of
546:ventricular fibrillation
289:ventricular fibrillation
279:Ventricular fibrillation
250:
214:power transmission tower
183:ventricular fibrillation
4078:Sclerosing lymphangitis
3669:Tropical immersion foot
3125:Oxford University Press
3057:. 1983. pp. 3, 6.
2685:March 17, 2012, at the
2352:Oxford University Press
989:residual current device
697:
520:mA for DC. At around 10
448:and fear of electricity
338:electrostatic discharge
236:heart rhythm monitoring
230:Management may involve
4165:Painful fat herniation
4145:Vibration white finger
3854:Decompression sickness
3711:Erythrocyanosis crurum
2962:(ICFI). Archived from
2937:March 5, 2010, at the
2316:University of Pretoria
1978:European Heart Journal
1486:
1433:Judge Rotenberg Center
1362:
1231:
1219:
1179:with a process called
1035:electrical substations
861:
319:needed for successful
264:
163:density of the current
4120:Fissure of the nipple
4088:UV-sensitive syndrome
4013:Adverse drug reaction
3842:Middle ear barotrauma
3832:Arterial gas embolism
3431:May 23, 2015, at the
3314:Wen, P (2008-01-17).
3290:Mother Jones Magazine
3055:Amnesty International
2897:www.arcade-museum.com
1478:
1449:behavior modification
1378:was commonly used at
1340:Amnesty International
1225:
1213:
1063:live-line maintenance
1023:Stray current leakage
833:
516:Hz AC and as low as 5
311:, because all of the
258:
128:~1,000 per year (USA)
4293:Corporal punishments
4115:Equestrian perniosis
2849:http://www.cetri.org
2190:The Physics Factbook
2166:, McGraw Hill, 2005
2019:Clifford D. Ferris,
1317:agricultural fencing
1287:Electroshock weapons
1258:It is also used for
848:AC-1: imperceptible
717:dielectric breakdown
563:dielectric breakdown
401:self-experimentation
383:Neurological effects
4303:Medical emergencies
4202:Narcotic dermopathy
4110:Black heel and palm
4063:Dermatosis neglecta
3937:Psychological abuse
3776:Radiation poisoning
3127:. pp. 49, 57.
2769:1994NYASA.720..219P
2739:www.thisdaylive.com
2513:"The Fatal Current"
2350:(Online ed.).
2150:www.arcflash.com.au
2027:, CRC Press, 2005,
1175:As a treatment for
1015:transmission towers
948:alternating current
941:war of the currents
933:alternating current
358:myocardial fibrosis
354:arrhythmogenic foci
313:heart muscle fibres
285:alternating current
68:caused by a nearby
4172:Uranium dermatosis
4125:Pulling boat hands
4034:Lightning injuries
3374:The New York Times
3096:. pp. 46–47.
2854:2010-12-23 at the
2667:2012-02-21 at the
2381:2014-11-08 at the
2107:2016-03-06 at the
1955:2013-10-23 at the
1592:Milgram experiment
1582:Lichtenberg figure
1495:capital punishment
1487:
1465:Capital punishment
1412:Advocates for the
1306:electroshock belts
1260:sexual stimulation
1232:
1220:
1177:excessive sweating
1106:and October 2011.
1067:transmission lines
952:static electricity
862:
765:possibly contains
377:membrane potential
317:coordinated action
265:
246:Signs and symptoms
218:"jump" the air gap
87:Emergency medicine
74:Lichtenberg figure
4298:Electrical safety
4280:
4279:
4029:Electrical injury
3871:Altitude sickness
3719:
3718:
3550:
3549:
3463:978-0-387-98407-0
3286:"School of Shock"
3258:Israel, Matthew.
3173:978-0-7425-6870-9
3103:978-0-520-25583-8
2470:978-1-317-20851-8
2439:978-1-4398-1907-4
2408:978-1-107-54580-9
2358:(Subscription or
2240:978-3-211-99683-6
2184:Jack Hsu (2000).
1984:(16): 1459–1465.
1877:Can Fam Physician
1459:Futoshi Matsunaga
1201:for gene delivery
980:extra-low voltage
810:
809:
802:
767:original research
667:
666:
459:Arc-flash hazards
413:electric stunning
299:or other kind of
261:high tension line
225:electrocardiogram
169:severe enough to
136:electrical injury
132:
131:
43:Electrical injury
37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4340:
4268:
4256:
4255:
4244:
4243:
4232:
4231:
4220:
4219:
4056:physical factors
4052:skin conditions
3984:Hypersensitivity
3701:Cold intolerance
3618:
3617:
3605:Consequences of
3599:
3592:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3493:
3492:
3483:
3452:(2nd ed.).
3435:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3320:The Boston Globe
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3262:. Archived from
3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3215:. Archived from
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3005:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2947:
2941:
2929:
2923:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2864:
2858:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2704:
2695:
2689:
2677:
2671:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2592:. Archived from
2581:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2392:
2386:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2355:
2343:
2336:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2313:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2277:
2266:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2181:
2175:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2117:
2111:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2082:
2042:
2036:
2017:
2004:
2003:
1993:
1969:
1960:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1868:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1832:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1767:
1761:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1688:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1616:
1587:Lightning injury
1572:Electromagnetism
1499:lethal injection
1386:, a part of the
1365:
1194:electromyography
1186:Electrodiagnosis
1143:mental disorders
1008:Double insulated
976:electrical codes
889:Medical implants
805:
798:
794:
791:
785:
782:inline citations
758:
757:
750:
682:500 ohms".
589:
588:
539:
535:
523:
519:
515:
504:
420:cerebral hypoxia
409:animal husbandry
297:cardiac catheter
171:dislocate joints
156:electric current
144:electrical shock
70:lightning strike
66:Lightning injury
60:
51:Electrical shock
40:
39:
21:
18:Electric torture
4348:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4323:Causes of death
4283:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4208:
4098:Electrical burn
4055:
4054:resulting from
4053:
4051:
4045:
4017:
4004:Arthus reaction
3972:
3953:Motion sickness
3941:
3915:
3899:
3815:
3811:Oxygen toxicity
3790:
3715:
3642:
3609:
3607:external causes
3603:
3551:
3546:
3545:
3504:
3490:
3464:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3433:Wayback Machine
3424:
3420:
3411:
3409:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3386:
3384:
3366:
3362:
3353:
3351:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3329:
3327:
3312:
3308:
3299:
3297:
3282:
3278:
3269:
3267:
3256:
3252:
3243:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3222:
3220:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3197:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3166:. p. 188.
3154:
3150:
3135:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3084:
3080:
3065:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3032:
3030:
3029:(in Portuguese)
3019:
3015:
2999:
2998:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2948:
2944:
2939:Wayback Machine
2930:
2926:
2919:Wayback Machine
2908:
2904:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2877:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2856:Wayback Machine
2847:
2843:
2804:
2800:
2753:
2746:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2702:
2696:
2692:
2687:Wayback Machine
2678:
2674:
2669:Wayback Machine
2660:
2656:
2647:
2645:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2623:
2621:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2599:
2597:
2582:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2497:
2495:
2493:webstore.iec.ch
2487:
2486:
2482:
2471:
2455:
2451:
2440:
2424:
2420:
2409:
2393:
2389:
2383:Wayback Machine
2371:
2367:
2357:
2341:"electrocution"
2337:
2330:
2322:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2252:
2241:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2182:
2178:
2161:
2157:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2128:
2127:on 2 March 2008
2119:
2118:
2114:
2109:Wayback Machine
2100:
2096:
2043:
2039:
2035:, pp. 2317–2324
2018:
2007:
1970:
1963:
1957:Wayback Machine
1948:
1941:
1910:
1906:
1869:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1834:
1833:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1768:
1764:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1647:medlineplus.gov
1641:
1640:
1636:
1617:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1567:Electrical burn
1562:
1473:
1467:
1325:
1312:Electric fences
1284:
1256:
1248:amusement parks
1228:Mehdi Sadaghdar
1216:Musée Mécanique
1208:
1199:Electroporation
1164:As a method of
1132:
1127:
1125:Deliberate uses
1098:(273); and (5)
1079:
1019:electrical room
972:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
828:
815:
806:
795:
789:
786:
771:
759:
755:
748:
729:
700:
587:
585:Body resistance
555:stratum corneum
537:
534:more than 30 mA
533:
521:
517:
513:
502:
487:
485:Pathophysiology
467:
461:
428:
385:
350:
281:
267:Heating due to
253:
248:
212:, such as on a
140:electric injury
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4346:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4262:
4250:
4238:
4226:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4174:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4155:Wrestler's ear
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4135:Surfer's knots
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4057:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3980:
3978:
3977:Adverse effect
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3927:Physical abuse
3923:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3746:Radiation burn
3743:
3741:Radiation acne
3738:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3622:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3532:
3521:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:Classification
3489:
3488:External links
3486:
3485:
3484:
3462:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3418:
3393:
3360:
3336:
3306:
3276:
3250:
3229:
3204:
3179:
3172:
3148:
3133:
3109:
3102:
3078:
3063:
3040:
3013:
2977:
2942:
2924:
2902:
2884:
2859:
2841:
2798:
2744:
2726:
2709:. p. 19.
2690:
2672:
2654:
2630:
2606:
2576:
2562:
2548:
2534:
2504:
2480:
2469:
2449:
2438:
2418:
2407:
2387:
2365:
2328:
2300:
2288:
2250:
2239:
2219:
2207:
2176:
2155:
2137:
2112:
2094:
2057:(3): 252–261.
2037:
2021:Electric Shock
2005:
1961:
1939:
1904:
1883:(9): 935–939.
1852:
1822:
1810:www.hse.gov.uk
1797:
1762:
1741:
1729:www.hse.gov.uk
1716:
1704:
1680:978-0191629860
1679:
1659:
1634:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1528:, optional in
1526:South Carolina
1511:poison gassing
1491:electric chair
1480:Electric chair
1471:Electric chair
1469:Main article:
1466:
1463:
1380:Villa Grimaldi
1324:
1321:
1283:
1280:
1255:
1252:
1236:practical joke
1207:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1188:, for example
1183:
1173:
1162:
1156:Defibrillation
1152:
1149:electrosurgery
1145:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1078:
1075:
1054:lockout–tagout
984:isolated power
971:
968:
937:direct current
922:cardiac arrest
918:electrosurgery
910:
909:
906:
903:
900:
886:
880:
877:
873:
827:
824:
814:
811:
808:
807:
762:
760:
753:
747:
744:
743:
742:
736:
728:
727:Point of entry
725:
699:
696:
665:
664:
661:
658:
655:
651:
650:
647:
644:
641:
637:
636:
633:
630:
627:
623:
622:
619:
616:
610:
603:
602:
599:
596:
593:
586:
583:
486:
483:
463:Main article:
460:
457:
456:
455:
452:
449:
439:
427:
424:
405:electric chair
384:
381:
349:
346:
309:cardiac arrest
305:defibrillation
293:direct current
280:
277:
252:
249:
247:
244:
191:cause of death
187:cardiac arrest
148:electric shock
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
111:bone fractures
107:cardiac arrest
103:rhabdomyolysis
96:
90:
89:
84:
78:
77:
62:
61:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4345:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4182:Skin pop scar
4180:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4130:Runner's rump
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3866:High altitude
3864:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3837:Aerosinusitis
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3600:
3595:
3593:
3588:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3445:
3442:Cited sources
3434:
3430:
3427:
3422:
3408:on 2016-05-15
3407:
3403:
3397:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3266:on 2008-01-18
3265:
3261:
3254:
3239:
3233:
3219:on 2016-11-10
3218:
3214:
3208:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3175:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3134:9780195134162
3130:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3113:
3105:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3064:9780862100537
3060:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3009:
3003:
2987:
2981:
2966:on 2017-10-25
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2928:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2814:(6): 659–65.
2813:
2809:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2763:(1): 219–23.
2762:
2758:
2751:
2749:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2596:on 2007-02-28
2595:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2566:
2558:
2552:
2544:
2538:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2391:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2342:
2335:
2333:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2216:
2211:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2172:0-07-145772-0
2169:
2165:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2033:0-8493-1889-0
2030:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1920:(5): 528–40.
1919:
1915:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1713:
1708:
1700:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1663:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1604:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:serial killer
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:Massachusetts
1438:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:psychiatrists
1415:
1410:
1408:
1407:Islamic State
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1206:Entertainment
1200:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1181:iontophoresis
1178:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1160:Cardioversion
1157:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
985:
981:
977:
967:
963:
961:
960:Griffith Park
957:
953:
949:
944:
942:
938:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
907:
904:
901:
898:
894:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
874:
871:
867:
866:
865:
845:
841:
837:
832:
823:
821:
813:Electrocution
804:
801:
793:
790:December 2010
783:
779:
775:
769:
768:
763:This section
761:
752:
751:
740:
737:
734:
731:
730:
724:
722:
718:
712:
708:
706:
695:
693:
688:
683:
680:
676:
672:
663:1,500 Ω
662:
659:
656:
653:
652:
649:2,125 Ω
648:
645:
642:
639:
638:
635:3,200 Ω
634:
631:
628:
625:
624:
621:6,100 Ω
620:
617:
615:
611:
609:
605:
604:
600:
597:
594:
591:
590:
582:
580:
576:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
547:
543:
531:
526:
525:regulations.
511:
507:
500:
497:) as well as
496:
492:
482:
479:
475:
471:
466:
453:
450:
447:
443:
440:
437:
434:
433:
432:
426:Mental health
423:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
390:
380:
378:
374:
370:
367:
363:
359:
355:
345:
343:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
321:cardiac cycle
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
276:
274:
270:
262:
257:
243:
241:
240:United States
237:
233:
232:resuscitation
228:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
195:electrocution
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:muscle spasms
164:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
127:
123:
119:
115:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
95:
94:Complications
91:
88:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
54:
50:
46:
41:
33:
19:
4269:
4257:
4245:
4233:
4221:
4176:
4104:
4092:
4028:
3932:Sexual abuse
3920:Maltreatment
3847:Pneumothorax
3706:Acrocyanosis
3696:Aerosol burn
3638:Heat syncope
3633:Hyperthermia
3534:
3523:
3508:
3449:
3421:
3410:. Retrieved
3406:the original
3396:
3385:. Retrieved
3373:
3363:
3352:. Retrieved
3348:
3339:
3328:. Retrieved
3309:
3298:. Retrieved
3279:
3268:. Retrieved
3264:the original
3253:
3242:. Retrieved
3232:
3221:. Retrieved
3217:the original
3207:
3196:. Retrieved
3182:
3158:
3151:
3123:. New York:
3119:
3112:
3088:
3081:
3049:
3043:
3031:. Retrieved
3026:
3016:
2992:February 24,
2990:. Retrieved
2980:
2968:. Retrieved
2964:the original
2955:
2945:
2927:
2910:
2905:
2896:
2887:
2876:. Retrieved
2862:
2844:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2760:
2756:
2738:
2729:
2718:. Retrieved
2706:
2693:
2675:
2657:
2646:. Retrieved
2642:
2633:
2622:. Retrieved
2619:www.esfi.org
2618:
2609:
2598:. Retrieved
2594:the original
2589:
2579:
2565:
2551:
2537:
2525:. Retrieved
2516:
2507:
2496:. Retrieved
2492:
2483:
2459:
2452:
2428:
2421:
2397:
2390:
2374:
2368:
2345:
2303:
2298:, p. 43
2291:
2280:. Retrieved
2229:
2222:
2217:, p. 30
2210:
2198:. Retrieved
2189:
2179:
2163:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2129:. Retrieved
2125:the original
2115:
2097:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2024:
2020:
1981:
1977:
1959:, 2012-01-09
1917:
1913:
1907:
1880:
1876:
1843:. Retrieved
1839:
1813:. Retrieved
1809:
1800:
1778:(11): 1–20.
1775:
1771:
1765:
1749:
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1728:
1719:
1707:
1669:
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1646:
1637:
1620:
1522:firing squad
1515:
1488:
1453:
1430:
1425:
1422:Thomas Szasz
1414:mentally ill
1411:
1404:
1375:
1359:
1348:
1336:Algerian War
1333:
1326:
1310:
1291:incapacitant
1285:
1257:
1240:shocking gum
1233:
1133:
1130:Medical uses
1119:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1080:
1077:Epidemiology
1047:
1012:
997:
973:
964:
945:
930:
911:
883:High voltage
863:
839:
838:of duration
835:
819:
816:
796:
787:
764:
713:
709:
701:
684:
668:
660:1,050 Ω
646:1,350 Ω
643:1,000 Ω
632:1,875 Ω
629:1,200 Ω
618:3,250 Ω
571:
567:perspiration
530:fibrillation
527:
488:
468:
429:
417:
398:
386:
351:
282:
266:
229:
222:
199:
160:
147:
143:
139:
135:
133:
4308:Electricity
3989:Anaphylaxis
3963:Airsickness
3958:Seasickness
3664:Trench foot
3654:Hypothermia
3614:Temperature
2643:www.bls.gov
2517:OSU Physics
2296:Reilly 1998
2215:Reilly 1998
2200:January 14,
1714:, p. 1
1712:Reilly 1998
1621:StatPearls
1550:Mississippi
1518:Philippines
1268:violet wand
1254:Sexual uses
1166:pain relief
1094:(306); (4)
1090:(451); (3)
1086:(608); (2)
1043:precautions
654:1000 V
612:1,750
202:electricity
175:break bones
173:or even to
48:Other names
4287:Categories
4187:Skin track
4140:Tennis toe
4068:Pinch mark
4050:Ungrouped
3994:Angioedema
3911:Starvation
3881:Death zone
3827:Barotrauma
3686:Chilblains
3536:DiseasesDB
3412:2008-03-21
3387:2020-08-04
3354:2020-08-04
3330:2008-01-26
3300:2007-12-22
3270:2007-12-22
3244:2024-03-04
3223:2024-03-04
3198:2024-03-04
3143:1035915088
3073:1148222200
2970:2 December
2878:2013-10-03
2720:2013-06-10
2648:2021-03-23
2624:2021-03-23
2600:2006-09-04
2498:2024-06-20
2362:required.)
2282:2008-08-16
2131:2008-01-01
1760:, page 29
1758:0913875449
1599:References
1244:joy buzzer
1088:California
1000:insulation
970:Prevention
774:improve it
739:Microshock
733:Macroshock
692:percentile
675:human skin
657:700 Ω
640:220 V
626:100 V
575:microshock
559:macroshock
538:300–500 mA
436:Depression
389:neuropathy
356:in patchy
269:resistance
179:power line
4192:Slap mark
4160:Coral cut
3724:Radiation
3691:Frostbite
3382:0362-4331
2071:1082-720X
1815:2 October
1784:1559-3908
1734:2 October
1693:cite book
1652:2 October
1546:Louisiana
1542:Tennessee
1484:Sing Sing
1454:Japanese
1451:program.
1426:bona fide
1416:and some
1392:Dirty War
1226:YouTuber
1050:interlock
926:chronaxie
914:frequency
870:ohm's law
846:60479–1.
778:verifying
746:Lethality
721:Ohm's law
671:Ohm's law
499:frequency
478:radiation
474:arc flash
465:Arc flash
394:prognosis
348:Mechanism
301:electrode
117:Frequency
82:Specialty
4318:Injuries
4247:Glossary
4223:Category
4041:Drowning
3820:Pressure
3806:Asphyxia
3621:Elevated
3480:38067651
3472:97048860
3454:Springer
3429:Archived
3349:ABC News
3324:Archived
3294:Archived
3192:Archived
3002:cite web
2935:Archived
2915:Archived
2872:Archived
2852:Archived
2828:23412330
2793:14913272
2711:Archived
2683:Archived
2665:Archived
2521:Archived
2475:Archived
2444:Archived
2413:Archived
2379:Archived
2320:Archived
2273:Archived
2245:Archived
2194:Archived
2174:page 1-4
2105:Archived
2089:14510663
2000:28444167
1953:Archived
1899:24029506
1792:30358379
1685:Archived
1629:28846317
1560:See also
1554:Oklahoma
1538:Kentucky
1534:Arkansas
1507:shooting
1420:such as
1388:Pinochet
1376:parrilla
1363:parrilla
1344:Chechnya
1096:New York
705:ohmmeter
606:25
512:) for 60
411:, where
333:amperage
263:accident
210:voltages
4313:Torture
4259:Outline
4235:Commons
3999:Allergy
3802:Hypoxia
3786:Sunburn
3647:Reduced
3530:D004556
3033:22 July
2836:3698828
2785:8010642
2765:Bibcode
2527:4 March
2080:6932455
1934:8245107
1890:3771718
1530:Alabama
1503:hanging
1372:torture
1368:Spanish
1329:torture
1323:Torture
1294:weapons
1102:(207).
1100:Georgia
1092:Florida
1027:bonding
876:shocks.
820:Science
772:Please
592:Voltage
551:voltage
442:Anxiety
4271:Portal
4177:iv use
3946:Travel
3894:(HACE)
3888:(HAPE)
3795:Oxygen
3478:
3470:
3460:
3380:
3170:
3141:
3131:
3100:
3071:
3061:
2922:, 2005
2834:
2826:
2791:
2783:
2467:
2436:
2405:
2237:
2170:
2087:
2077:
2069:
2031:
1998:
1932:
1897:
1887:
1790:
1782:
1756:
1677:
1627:
1437:Canton
1298:muscle
1172:(TENS)
1168:: see
1004:ground
522:
518:
514:
503:
392:worse
206:wiring
125:Deaths
4022:Other
3561:study
3519:T75.4
2832:S2CID
2789:S2CID
2714:(PDF)
2703:(PDF)
2356:
2323:(PDF)
2312:(PDF)
2276:(PDF)
2265:(PDF)
1845:9 May
1302:Taser
1084:Texas
1071:volts
679:NIOSH
369:pumps
273:burns
251:Burns
142:) or
99:Burns
3904:Food
3628:Burn
3557:, a
3541:4159
3525:MeSH
3476:OCLC
3468:LCCN
3458:ISBN
3378:ISSN
3168:ISBN
3139:OCLC
3129:ISBN
3098:ISBN
3069:OCLC
3059:ISBN
3035:2024
3008:link
2994:2012
2972:2017
2824:PMID
2781:PMID
2529:2015
2465:ISBN
2434:ISBN
2403:ISBN
2235:ISBN
2202:2018
2168:ISBN
2085:PMID
2067:ISSN
2029:ISBN
1996:PMID
1930:PMID
1895:PMID
1847:2020
1817:2023
1788:PMID
1780:ISSN
1754:ISBN
1736:2023
1699:link
1675:ISBN
1654:2023
1625:PMID
1552:and
1540:and
1431:The
1405:The
1360:The
1289:are
1192:and
1158:and
698:Skin
685:The
601:95%
470:OSHA
364:and
152:skin
3559:CDC
3510:ICD
2816:doi
2773:doi
2761:720
2075:PMC
2059:doi
1986:doi
1922:doi
1885:PMC
1482:in
1435:in
991:or
895:or
844:IEC
776:by
598:50%
510:rms
493:or
362:Na+
185:or
138:, (
134:An
4289::
3539::
3528::
3517::
3514:10
3474:.
3466:.
3456:.
3376:.
3372:.
3347:.
3322:.
3318:.
3292:.
3288:.
3162:.
3137:.
3092:.
3067:.
3053:.
3027:G1
3025:.
3004:}}
3000:{{
2958:.
2954:.
2895:.
2870:.
2830:.
2822:.
2812:34
2810:.
2787:.
2779:.
2771:.
2759:.
2747:^
2737:.
2705:.
2641:.
2617:.
2588:.
2515:.
2491:.
2473:.
2442:.
2411:.
2344:.
2331:^
2318:.
2314:.
2271:.
2267:.
2253:^
2243:.
2192:.
2188:.
2148:.
2083:.
2073:.
2065:.
2053:.
2049:.
2008:^
1994:.
1982:39
1980:.
1976:.
1964:^
1942:^
1928:.
1918:14
1916:.
1893:.
1881:59
1879:.
1875:.
1855:^
1838:.
1825:^
1808:.
1786:.
1776:20
1774:.
1727:.
1695:}}
1691:{{
1683:.
1645:.
1623:.
1607:^
1548:,
1536:,
1509:,
1505:,
1439:,
1402:.
1274:,
1270:,
1073:.
1037:.
891::
595:5%
506:mA
495:DC
491:AC
396:.
379:.
366:K+
342:ns
329:mC
325:VF
197:.
158:.
109:,
105:,
101:,
3804:/
3598:e
3591:t
3584:v
3512:-
3502:D
3482:.
3415:.
3390:.
3357:.
3333:.
3303:.
3273:.
3247:.
3226:.
3201:.
3176:.
3145:.
3106:.
3075:.
3037:.
3010:)
2996:.
2974:.
2899:.
2881:.
2838:.
2818::
2795:.
2775::
2767::
2741:.
2723:.
2651:.
2627:.
2603:.
2573:.
2531:.
2501:.
2354:.
2285:.
2204:.
2152:.
2134:.
2091:.
2061::
2055:8
2002:.
1988::
1936:.
1924::
1901:.
1849:.
1819:.
1794:.
1738:.
1701:)
1656:.
1631:.
1366:(
840:T
836:I
803:)
797:(
792:)
788:(
770:.
614:Ω
608:V
579:μ
542:V
508:(
146:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
