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subjects—such as history, geography, and botany—are located in the part closest to the entrance. The library corridors branch out into different sections just to re-converge in the end, and as they advance towards the basilica, the subjects are the more abstract forms—such as poetry, grammar, and mathematics. The subjects closest to the basilica are those the king conceived as being the most abstract distillations of the others, and the closest to the origin, which was God in the
Basilica: theology, geometry, and mathematics. The visitor must leave the noisy world behind and walk through the halls of knowledge in a specific, comprehensible order from concreteness to abstraction before being able to reach God and understand His message, a notion quite in line with both Charles I and Philip II's hermeticist view of religion.
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1690:, one of his advisors. This meant 57 original Greek, from Sicily, manuscripts, and 112 Latin ones, from Calabria. He also bought 315 original volumes, in Greek and Arabic, from Juan Páez de Castro's personal library. The king charged specific ambassadors with traveling through his Empire and neighboring kingdoms searching and buying the best for El Escorial's library. These ambassadors were coordinated by the head librarian, who had total authority to direct their movements, and who stayed in contact with them through all their travels.
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careful to consider the security of the library's holdings in armarios (large bookcases), as well as their display, safeguards against fire hazards, and use of available natural lighting. This library was a
Renaissance statement of power, majesty, prowess, and intellectual world leadership, designed for both the preservation of the old (binding multiple cultural histories into a single Catholic Spanish culture) and discovery of the new (imprinted by that culture).
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838:, also rest in this pantheon despite the fact that the Count never became king himself. The enclosure is presided over by an altar of veined marble, and the sarcophagi are bronze and marble. There is also the Pantheon of the Princes, where the bodies of the queens who did not have a crowned succession and the princes and princesses were laid to rest. This part was built in the nineteenth century.
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Barcelona never reigned as king, although he was head of the
Spanish royal family between the renunciation of his father's rights on 14 January 1941 and his renunciation of his own rights in favour of his son Juan Carlos I on 14 May 1977. Thirdly, the Countess of Barcelona was the mother of a king but not the wife of a king. However, some consider the Count of Barcelona to have been
990:, a form with all four arms of equal length. Coincident with this shift in approach, the bell towers at the western end of the church were somewhat reduced in size and the small half-dome intended to stand over the altar was replaced with a full circular dome over the center of the church, where the four arms of the Greek cross meet.
599:, and his son, the stolid and solomonically prudent Philip II. Echoing the same theme, a fresco in the center of El Escorial's library, a reminder of Solomon's legendary wisdom, affirms Philip's preoccupation with the great Jewish king, his thoughtful and logical character, and his extraordinary, monumental temple.
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Philip III continued his father's policy of protection and enrichment of the library, even though he was not theologically inclined. In addition to continuing the search for, and purchase of, especially valuable and old books, he promulgated a new decree, according to which the library of El
Escorial
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Currently the library has more than 40,000 volumes, located in a great hall 54 metres (177 ft) in length, 9 metres (30 ft) wide, and 10 metres (33 ft) tall, with marble floors and beautifully carved wood shelves. De
Herrera and Italian construction engineer Giussep Flecha y Gamboa were
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During Philip II's reign, the library introduced a novel way of arranging the library's bookcases or "book presses". Until then most book presses were combined with desks and stood at right angles to the library's walls. This system was known as the "stall system" and allowed light from the library's
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in all of
Catholic Christendom. The collection consists of some 7,500 relics, which are stored in 570 sculpted reliquaries designed by Juan de Herrera, with most being constructed by the artisan Juan de Arfe Villafañe. These reliquaries are found in highly varied forms (heads, arms, pyramidal cases,
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Philip II donated his personal collection of documents to the building, and also undertook the acquisition of the finest libraries and works of
Western European Humanism. During Phillip's reign, there was an entire room dedicated to ancient manuscripts, most of them in Latin, many in Greek, but also
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views and who also designed the library's shelves. It constituted, along with the basilica, the heart of the entire project, and the project was redrafted several times to accommodate changes in the organization of the library itself. As was usual for Juan de
Herrera's work, it was the most advanced
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Under the royal chapel of the
Basilica is the Royal Pantheon crypt. This is the place of burial for the kings of Spain. It is an octagonal Baroque mausoleum made of marble where all of the Spanish monarchs since Charles I have been buried, with the exception of Philip V, Ferdinand VI, and Amadeus of
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or Titian, but both of these giants were already more than eighty years old and in frail health. Consequently, Philip consulted his foreign ambassadors for recommendations, and the result was a lengthy parade of the lesser
European artists of that time, all swanning through the construction site at
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The Escorial has three libraries. One is located behind the Chorus of the basilica. Another, within the monastery itself, used to be distributed to the different cells and rooms of the monks and that the Augustine monks have gradually managed to make their own. Finally, the Royal Library, which is
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502 ft), which encloses a series of intersecting passageways and courtyards. At each of the four corners is a square tower surmounted by a spire, and, near the center of the complex (and taller than the rest), rise the pointed belfries and round dome of the basilica. Philip's instructions to
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The Temple of Solomon design, if indeed it was the basis for El Escorial, was extensively modified to accommodate the additional functions Philip II intended the building to serve. Besides being a monastery, El Escorial is also a pantheon, a basilica, a convent, a school, a library, and a royal
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Built primarily from locally quarried gray granite, square and sparsely ornamented, El Escorial is austere, even forbidding, in its outward appearance, seemingly more like a fortress than a monastery or palace. It takes the form of a gigantic quadrangle, approximately 224 by 153 metres (735 by
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René Taylor 1. Arquitectura y Magia. Consideraciones sobre la Idea de El Escorial, Ediciones Siruela, Madrid, enhanced from monograph in Rudolph Wittkower's 1968 festschrift. 2. Hermetism and the Mystical Architecture of the Society of Jesus in "Baroque Art: The Jesuit Contribution" by Rudolf
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The interment of the remains of Queen Victoria Eugenie and the Count and Countess of Barcelona in the Royal Pantheon will each constitute an exception to tradition. First, Victoria Eugenie, although the wife of a king, was never the mother of a king in the strict sense. Secondly, the Count of
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Royal burial vaults in the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII - burial niches in Pantheon of the Kings; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 - burial chapels in Pantheon of the Infantes; A - garden of the Monastery; B - altar in Pantheon of the Kings; C - basement of the
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The Royal Library, like everything else in El Escorial, forms part of a larger symbolic structure and has symbolic meaning. It links the monastery and the seminary across the principal axis of the building, symbolizing the union of the spiritual and physical world. The books on the profane
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at El Escorial, one for the Pantheon of the Kings and the other for the Pantheon of the Princes. These can only be visited by monks from the Monastery. In these rooms, the remains of the deceased are placed in a small leaden urn, which in turn will be placed in the marble sepulchres of the
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columns, with their extravagant capitals of acanthus leaves and their elaborately fluted shafts, while the dome at El Escorial, soaring nearly 100 metres (330 ft) into the air, is supported by four heavy granite piers connected by simple Romanesque arches and decorated by simple
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of its kind in Europe. It was the first library on the continent that broke with medieval design. Domenico Fontana was inspired by Herrera's design, after a visit, for his design of the Vatican Library. Philip was involved in every part of the design process of the library.
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is for the moment the only queen in the pantheon who has not been mother to a king. That is because her only son, the presumed heir to the throne, died after her but before he could become king. But she is the great-grandmother of Philip V (by her daughter
1292:, or decaying chamber, awaiting interment in the Pantheon of the Kings. With the interment of these remains, all the sepulchres in the pantheon will be filled. No decision has yet been announced as to the final resting place of now-abdicated Juan Carlos,
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Real Monasterio-Palacio De El Escorial: Estudios Inéditos En Commemoración Del IV Centenario De La Terminación De Las Obras. Madrid: Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Centro De Estudios Históricos, Departamento De Arte Diego Velázquez,
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that adorn the façade of the Basílica, located at the east end of the courtyard. Steps of red marble lead to the large, public chapel, past the narthex, which is one of the highlights of the basilica. The basilica has a floor in the shape of a
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In the basilica, the relics are kept within two altarpieces, with the door panels painted by Federico Zuccaro. Within the altarpiece depicting the "Annunciation") are relics of female saints; its companion includes the relics of male saints.
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serving the king's viceroy, whose recommendation brought him to the king's attention. Philip appointed him architect-royal in 1559, and, together, they designed El Escorial as a monument to Spain's role as a center of the Christian world.
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religion in Spain found a common architectural manifestation. El Escorial was both a Spanish royal palace and a monastery, although Philip II is the only monarch who ever lived in the main building. Established with a community of
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DE ANDRÉS, G., Perfil histórico de la Real Biblioteca de El Escorial, en SANTIAGO PAÉZ, E. (coord.), El Escorial en la Biblioteca Nacional. IV Centenario, 1ª Edición, Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura, 1985, pp. 561-565,
1437:. Completed in 1888, this group of nine burial chapels is the final resting place of princes, princesses, and consorts other than the parents of monarchs. With floors and ceiling of white marble, the tomb of Prince
324:, a royal hunting lodge and monastic retreat about five kilometres (3.1 mi) away. These sites have a dual nature: during the 16th and 17th centuries, they were places in which the power of the Spanish monarchy
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1055:. In a shallow niche at the center of the lowest level is the tabernacle, a repository for the physical elements of the communion ceremony, a so-called "House of the Sacrament", designed by Juan de Herrera in
548:, is another grid-like building with interior courtyards. In fact, palaces of this approximate design were commonplace in the Byzantine and Arab world. Strikingly similar to El Escorial is the layout of the
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eliminated from the original conception the six interior towers of the facade, was not unique to El Escorial. Other buildings had been constructed with churches or chapels fronting on interior courtyards:
1051:, and three sets of religious paintings commissioned by Philip II. To either side are gilded life-size bronzes of the kneeling family groups of Charles and Philip, also by Leoni, with help from his son
583:: a portico followed by a courtyard open to the sky, followed by a second portico and a second courtyard, all flanked by arcades and enclosed passageways, leading to the "holy of holies". Statues of
1661:, 10,608 books from the 16th century, 2,179 books from the 17th century, and an increasing number of books from the 18th century. The manuscript collection is made up of a few thousands of medieval
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and his workshop, in which scenes from the history of the Redemption are represented. In the East gallery, one finds the splendid main staircase with a fresco-decorated vaulted ceiling depicting
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The basilica of San Lorenzo el Real, the central building in the El Escorial complex, was originally designed, like most of the late Gothic cathedrals of Western Europe, to take the form of a
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spent over 25 years reclassifying and taking inventories of the surviving copies. His list of surviving books counted 45,000. Shortly after, as the Habsburg dynasty came to its end and the
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King of Spain from 1941 to 1977, which in turn would make him, his mother, Queen Victoria Eugenie, and his wife, the Countess of Barcelona, eligible for interment in the Pantheon of Kings.
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Michelangelo died in 1564, scarcely a year after the first stones at El Escorial were laid, and Titian, when asked to come to Spain, respectfully refused on the basis of his advanced age.
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Situated next to the main altar of the Basilica, the residence of King Philip II consists of a series of austerely decorated rooms. It features a window from which the king could observe
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was one such ambassador and made one of the most important purchases for the library during his time in Venice: an ancient collection of Greek manuscripts and Latin codices (1569–1577).
1791:, a further loss took place, as the Bourbon kings reversed the trend of acquiring books for the library and instead proceeded to take books to send to France or to their own libraries.
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Its eleven rooms showcase the tools, cranes and other materials used in the construction of the edifice, as well as reproductions of blueprints and documents related to the project.
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were simple and clear, directing that the architects should produce "simplicity in the construction, severity in the whole, nobility without arrogance, majesty without ostentation."
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of El Escorial lend further weight to the theory that this is the true origin of the design. A more personal connection can be drawn between the David-warrior figure, representing
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876:(Hall of Battles), which contains frescoes of the battles of San Quintín and Higueruela, among others. The next building contains the rooms of Philip II and of the Infanta
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524:, who, in the third century AD, was martyred by being roasted to death on a grill. St. Lawrence's feast day is 10 August, the same date as the 1557 Battle of St. Quentin.
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had to be specially hired to organize the books and classify them by language, in addition to subject. In the 1580s the Library acquired some of its most unique pieces.
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997:'s experience with the dome of St. Peter's basilica in Rome influenced the design of El Escorial's basilica. However, the Roman dome is supported by ranks of tapered
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some in Hebrew, Aramaic, Arabic, Italian, French, and Spanish. There were approximately 1,800 Arabic titles. The first of those books were acquired in 1571 through
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1701:, the most valuable in Spain at the time, was bought. It included 850 codices and over 1,000 printed volumes. At this point, the size of the library was such that
1469:, making him eligible for interment in the Pantheon of the Princes. Upon his death in October 2015, his funeral was held at El Escorial and his body placed in the
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on the east–west axis intersected by a shorter transept, about three-quarters of the way between the west entrance and the high altar. This plan was modified by
868:), is found behind the presbytery of the basilica. The outbuildings of this palace, of Italian style, are distributed around the Courtyard of the Fountainheads (
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The Latin cross, with its long descending arm, is the form most familiar to western Christians as the cross on which Christ was supposed to have been crucified.
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ought to receive a copy of every book published inside the Empire. Of course, the orders of continuing to search for books for the library were still in place.
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This chamber consists of twenty-six marble sepulchres containing the remains of the kings and queens regnant (the only queen regnant since Philip II being
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From the beginning, the Royal Library was meant to be a monumental work of art, and its execution was commissioned to prominent architects of the moment:
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782:. The main altarpiece is 30 metres (98 ft) high and divided into compartments of different sizes where are found bronze sculptures, and canvases by
1763:. In 1671 a great fire destroyed 5280 codices; the main hall, in which the printed books were kept, was saved. Among the most important losses were the
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DE ANDRÉS, G., Real Biblioteca de El Escorial, 1ª Edición, Madrid: Aldus, 1970, DL: M. 20720-1970 (hey, why didn't the Spaniards like the French kings?
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to be his collaborator in the building of the complex at El Escorial. Toledo had spent the greater part of his career in Rome, where he had worked on
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pilasters, plain, solid, and largely unprepossessing. It would not be a flight of fancy to interpret St. Peter's as the quintessential expression of
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Before his death, Philip II left in his last will a pension for the Escorial Library, to ensure that it would still be able to acquire new volumes.
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Next to the basilica, to the south, is the Courtyard of the Evangelists. This is a gardened patio in whose center rises a magnificent pavilion, by
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845:, in which one can find sculptures of the Evangelists. Around the courtyard are the galleries of the main cloister, decorated with frescoes by
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1090:. This statue of Christ is unusual because it was represented fully nude; although for modesty it wears one cloth covering the genitals.
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560:, where, as at El Escorial, two courtyards in succession separate the main portal of the complex from a fully enclosed place of worship.
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An inventory prepared in 1576 counted 4,546 volumes, over 2,000 manuscripts, and 2,500 printed books. That same year the library of
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The main entrance of the El Escorial is the west façade, which has three doors: the middle one leads to the Courtyard of the Kings (
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Juan de Herrera also designed the Casas de Oficios (Official Buildings) opposite the monastery's north façade; and his successor,
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appropriate pantheon after the passage of fifty years, the estimated time necessary for the complete decomposition of the bodies.
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El Escorial consists of two architectural complexes of great historical and cultural significance: the royal monastery itself and
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The floor plan of the building is in the form of a gridiron. The traditional belief is that this design was chosen in honor of
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1122:) for its fresco paintings depicting the most important Spanish military victories. These include a medieval victory over the
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palace. All these functional demands resulted in a doubling of the building's size from the time of its original conception.
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DE SIGÜENZA, F. J., La fundación del Monasterio de El Escorial, 1ª Edición, Madrid: Turner Libros S. A., 1986, pp. 273-305,
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However, the origin of the building's layout is quite controversial. The grill-like shape, which did not fully emerge until
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Constructed at the order of Philip II, a great lover of nature, these constitute an ideal place for repose and meditation.
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windows to illuminate the shelves. Phillip's library began using a "wall system", placing the bookcases along the walls.
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The most richly decorated part of the church is the area surrounding the high altar. Behind the altar is a three-tiered
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Aside from its explicit purposes, the complex is also an enormous storehouse of art. In it are displayed masterworks by
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Tribe, Shawn. "Some Impressive Monumental Lipsanotheca and Relic Chapels", Liturgical Arts Journal. September 06, 2021
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2525:"7 Philip ii as the New Solomon: The Covert Promotion of Religious Tolerance and Synergism in Post-Tridentine Spain"
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marble are ornamented in gold-plated bronze. All of the wood used in El Escorial comes from the ancient forests of
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and functions as a monastery, basilica, royal palace, pantheon, library, museum, university, school, and hospital.
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Purtuondo, Maria (2010). "The Study of Nature, Philosophy, and the Royal Library of San Lorenzo of the Escorial".
1832:, etc.) and are distributed throughout the monastery, with the most important being concentrated in the basilica.
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416:, himself, and his descendants. In addition, Philip envisioned El Escorial as a center for studies in aid of the
392:, and it was he who ordained the building of a grand edifice here to commemorate the 1557 Spanish victory at the
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Vallejo, Javier Morales. El Símbolo Hecho Piedra: El Escorial, Un Laberinto Descifrado. Barcelona: Áltera, 2008.
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sensuality and the basilica at El Escorial as a statement of the stark rigidity and grim purposefulness of the
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Councils) from the ninth century. Philip acquired several books from the Library of Granada, that belonged to
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761:) and the side ones lead to a school and to a monastery. Above the center door is a niche where the image of
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1650:. This arrangement of parallel book cases was initiated by Philip II and was called the "wall system".
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435:("the work of El Escorial") is a proverbial expression for a thing that takes a long time to finish.
388:. This austere location, hardly an obvious choice for the site of a royal palace, was chosen by King
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in Rome, above the crossing. The naves are covered over by barrel vaults decorated with frescoes by
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The building's cornerstone was laid on 23 April 1563. The design and construction were overseen by
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DE ANDRÉS, G., Real Biblioteca de El Escorial, 1ª Edición, Madrid: Aldus, 1970, DL: M. 20720-1970.
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1556:(The Garden of the Friars). Students at the school still use it today to study and pass the time.
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The sepulchres also contain the remains of royal consorts who were parents of monarchs. The only
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Portion of the formal gardens (Gardens of the Friars) adjacent to north facade of the monastery
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of astonishing visual beauty. Other valuable libraries acquired by Philip were the library of
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dealing with the veneration of saints, Philip II donated to the monastery one of the largest
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Naharro, B. & Nuno, J. A Treasury of Mathematics: The Library of El Escorial Revisited.
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In 1994, King Juan Carlos I signed a decree raising his cousin and close personal friend
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This section includes the royal palaces of the Christian and Muslim medieval kingdoms
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Duxfield, Andrew. Christopher Marlowe and the Failure to Unify. Oxon: Routledge, 2016.
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designed the magnificent main staircase. The library contains thousands of priceless
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Fadul, Valeria López. "Juan Páez de Castro and the Project of a Universal Library."
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Currently, the library has over 40,000 volumes. The library includes many important
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3876:
3168:
2796:
2171:
1991:
1811:, a 12th-century Syrian autobiography, was discovered there in the 19th century.
1749:
1583:
1438:
1348:
983:
842:
675:
528:
428:
86:
3667:
3387:
2609:
Tenth International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (2004).
1653:
The fire of 1671, which engulfed the library, destroyed about 5,280 handwritten
1537:
765:
has been placed. The Courtyard of the Kings owes its name to the statues of the
4295:
4210:
3845:
3464:
3439:
2028:
1683:
1679:
1579:
1210:
1099:
815:
766:
762:
663:
647:
521:
467:
329:
4223:
3931:
2246:
1753:
1293:
4446:
3995:
3913:
3575:
3180:
2882:
1741:
1726:
1344:
1301:
1285:
1047:, nearly 28 metres (92 ft) tall, adorned with gilded bronze statuary by
854:
779:
381:
288:
3156:
2392:
Mary Crawford Volk; Kubler, George (1 March 1987). "Building the Escorial".
563:
372:
from Madrid—more than 500,000 visitors come to El Escorial every year.
4386:
4155:
4055:
3560:
3195:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 766–768.
1799:
1619:
1587:
1425:
1249:
1233:
1226:
1075:
1052:
3424:
2862:
2560:
The Magic Circle of Rudolf II: Alchemy and Astrology in Renaissance Prague
1614:
The vault of the library's ceiling is decorated with frescoes, painted by
571:
The most persuasive theory for the origin of the floor plan is that it is
4331:
3484:
3122:
2318:"5 Things to see inside El Escorial: Spain's Magnificent Royal Monastery"
1509:
1245:
1241:
1206:
1048:
1003:
987:
975:
787:
655:
334:
308:
4098:
4092:
3454:
2413:
1639:
1572:
1485:
922: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
721: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
671:
627:
405:
3200:
2284:
2172:"The Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial and Natural Surroundings"
299:
and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northwest of the Spanish capital
3968:
1824:
1714:
1658:
1647:
1631:
1594:
1297:
950:
509:
176:
2405:
1364:
1144:
897:
821:
696:
4357:
4327:
4323:
4287:
4088:
3868:
3419:
3071:
1784:
1744:
donated a large number of original Hebrew manuscripts, and Admiral
1643:
1627:
1497:
791:
635:
592:
553:
369:
4149:
3892:
1512:
schools from the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries.
450:. The Royal Pantheon contains the tombs of the Holy Roman Emperor
341:. It was also a boarding school: the Real Colegio de Alfonso XII.
4335:
4319:
4303:
4291:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4021:
3976:
1623:
1501:
1465:
1307:
1039:
1007:
651:
588:
557:
438:
Since then, El Escorial has been the burial site for most of the
404:, king of France. Philip also intended the complex to serve as a
397:
498:(who reigned from 1700 to 1724 and again from 1724 to 1746) and
4315:
4299:
3745:
3184:
1829:
1126:, as well as several of Philip's campaigns against the French.
1060:
1056:
1044:
807:
623:
361:
353:
300:
4369:
4483:
Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in the Community of Madrid
4392:
4307:
4186:
3702:
3151:
Jardin del Monasterio de El Escorial – a Gardens Guide review
3139:
1662:
1654:
1635:
1123:
584:
541:
2529:
The Conversos and Moriscos in Late Medieval Spain and Beyond
1257:
1248:. The most recent monarch interred in the pantheon is King
1103:
1021:
979:
2454:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2391:
2146:"El Escorial – The World's largest Renaissance Building"
1540:, the Socialist who served as the last president of the
364:
declared The Royal Seat of San Lorenzo of El Escorial a
2666:
2664:
2420:
1476:
Thirty-seven of the sixty available niches are filled.
678:, who ruled Morocco from 1603 to 1627, is housed here.
368:. It is a popular tourist attraction, often visited by
27:
Monastery and historical residence of the King of Spain
1848:, designed the Casa de la Compaña (Company Quarters).
1566:
Library of the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial
1282:
Princess María de las Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
1114:
The gallery was originally called the King's Gallery (
4346:
3162:
El Escorial tourist and travel connexions guide (Eng)
1775:), a 19-volume encyclopedia on biology and botany by
4508:
Art museums and galleries in the Community of Madrid
2661:
307:(who reigned 1556–1598), El Escorial is the largest
4488:
Buildings and structures in the Community of Madrid
3051:
1331:There has already been one exception to tradition:
2635:
2431:
3712:For official site names, see each article or the
3697:
2771:"El Panteón de Reyes de El Escorial, al completo"
2484:"Spain's El Escorial, Capital of the Inquisition"
536:, dating from 1441, is one such example; the old
408:for the interment of the remains of his parents,
4444:
2400:(1). The Art Bulletin, Vol. 69, No. 1: 150–153.
454:(who ruled Spain as King Charles I), Philip II,
3601:Palacio de los Capitanes Generales de Guatemala
2768:
2434:"Real Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial"
2210:
2208:
2114:"The Monastery of El Escorial: all its history"
1340:) and she is an ancestor of the King of Spain.
303:. Built between 1563 and 1584 by order of King
4538:Tourist attractions in the Community of Madrid
4031:Catalan Romanesque Churches of the Vall de Boí
3197:Contains a plan of the buildings and surrounds
3129:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
3127:The Escorial: Art and Power in the Renaissance
2860:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
1917:View of El Escorial from the Seat of Philip II
812:The Adoration of the Sacred Host by Charles II
506:(1870–1873), are not buried in the monastery.
3683:
3216:
2907:. New York City, NY: Routledge. p. 672.
2905:International Dictionary of Library Histories
2819:
2817:
2584:"El Escorial. History, Content, Significance"
2363:"El Escorial: the eighth wonder of the world"
2216:"El Escorial. History, Content, Significance"
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
1473:, awaiting future interment in the pantheon.
1260:in 1980. The remains of Alfonso XIII's wife,
1118:but came to be known as the Hall of Battles (
272:
4558:Burial sites of the House of Bourbon (Spain)
3147:UNESCO collection on Google Arts and Culture
2277:"Monastery and Site of the Escurial, Madrid"
2015:
2013:
2011:
1444:Among the more recent interments is that of
674:: for example, the collection of the sultan
4161:Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin
4061:Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin
3956:Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin
3831:Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin
3636:Palacio de los Gobernadores de Nuevo México
3328:Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas
3174:HISTORIA DEL REAL MONASTERIO DE SAN LORENZO
2970:
2340:
2185:
1393:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1173:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1043:, or altar screen, made of red granite and
268:Monasterio y Sitio de El Escorial en Madrid
3690:
3676:
3596:Palacio de los Capitanes Generales de Cuba
3223:
3209:
3157:El Escorial Monastery – History and Photos
3145:Monastery and Site of the Escurial, Madrid
2814:
2087:
1354:
1284:(d. 2000); (the father and mother of King
513:El Escorial: floor plan, based on that of
145:Monastery and Site of the Escorial, Madrid
3057:
2864:The library : an illustrated history
2478:
2476:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2008:
1997:Imperial Route of the Community of Madrid
1752:captured during his wars with the Sultan
1413:Learn how and when to remove this message
1351:, on the so-called Golden Coast of Cuba.
1193:Learn how and when to remove this message
938:Learn how and when to remove this message
884:housing the bed in which Philip II died.
737:Learn how and when to remove this message
686:
3179:
2557:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
1593:
1527:
1523:
1448:in October 1992. The younger brother of
1424:
1306:
1276:The remains of Alfonso XIII's third son
1266:
1134:
1063:. It was built between 1579 and 1586 by
1028:
1020:
965:
957:
949:
872:). Inside the House of the King are the
864:), also known as the House of the King (
820:
748:
601:
567:Courtyard of the Kings and the Basilica.
562:
508:
375:
344:Philip II engaged the Spanish architect
337:monks, it has become a monastery of the
311:building in the world. It is one of the
260:Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial
48:Real Sitio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial
42:Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial
3927:Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija
3631:Palacio del Gobernador de las Filipinas
3621:Palacio Virreinal de Santa Fé de Bogotá
3230:
2769:Martínez-Fornes, A (27 February 2011).
2244:
1515:
1304:, and any future monarchs and consorts.
1102:from his bed when incapacitated by the
380:El Escorial is situated at the foot of
328:the ecclesiastical predominance of the
14:
4445:
3816:Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain
3738:Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain
2976:
2930:
2729:El Escorial. Habitaciones de Felipe II
2522:
2473:
2299:
2169:
2062:
1805:(1045–46). The only known copy of the
1264:were interred in the pantheon in 2011.
1129:
1093:
1079:El Escorial seeking the king's favor.
591:on either side of the entrance to the
4553:Burial sites of the House of Habsburg
3714:List of World Heritage Sites in Spain
3671:
3204:
2954:
2952:
2926:
2924:
2260:
2143:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
1935:, was built in 1771–75 to designs of
1839:
1668:
1548:-run school and mentions them in his
282:
4399:
4224:Risco Caído and the Sacred Mountains
3937:Monastery of Saint Mary of Guadalupe
3841:San Millán Yuso and Suso Monasteries
3292:Alcázar of Seville: Upper Apartments
2902:
2139:
2137:
2135:
1967:History of early modern period domes
1391:adding citations to reliable sources
1358:
1288:), lie at a prepared place called a
1171:adding citations to reliable sources
1138:
920:adding citations to reliable sources
891:
825:Detail of the Courtyard of the Kings
719:adding citations to reliable sources
690:
606:El Escorial. View from the northwest
544:'s first hospital, begun in 1456 by
287:), is a historical residence of the
4498:Churches in the Community of Madrid
4001:University and Historic Precinct of
2979:The Library. An Illustrated History
2935:. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 87.
2933:The Library: An Illustrated History
1759:The library reached its peak under
1252:, removed there from the Church of
954:Dome of the Basilica of El Escorial
24:
4458:Museums in the Community of Madrid
4453:Palaces in the Community of Madrid
4022:Archaeological Ensemble of Tarraco
3951:, a landscape of Arts and Sciences
3864:Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests
3805:Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests
3783:
3611:Palacio del Fuerte de Buenos Aires
3109:
2966:from the original on 24 July 2011.
2949:
2921:
2144:Tietz, Tabea (13 September 2020).
2063:Roller, Sarah (24 November 2020).
2043:
1814:
1571:public and exists under a special
1433:The pantheon's name in Spanish is
1109:
1074:, the king's preferences had been
774:and an enormous dome, inspired by
681:
25:
4604:
4543:Renaissance architecture in Spain
3877:Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida
3410:Alcázar of the Caliphs of Córdoba
3344:Casita del Príncipe (El Escorial)
3133:
2459:Diccionario de la lengua española
2324:. 8 November 2022. Archived from
2132:
1819:Following a rule approved by the
880:. Another outbuilding is that of
851:The glory of the Spanish monarchy
4523:Parks in the Community of Madrid
4478:Benedictine monasteries in Spain
4468:Augustinian monasteries in Spain
4425:
4408:
4380:
4368:
4356:
3653:
3652:
3415:Alcázar of the Catholic Monarchs
3386:
2716:"Crucifix by CELLINI, Benvenuto"
2523:Ingram, Kevin (1 January 2016),
1948:
1922:
1910:
1898:
1882:
1870:
1858:
1363:
1280:, (d. 1993) and daughter-in-law
1278:Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona
1143:
896:
695:
60:A distant view of the Royal Site
54:
4513:Historic house museums in Spain
3961:Route of Santiago de Compostela
3836:Route of Santiago de Compostela
3762:Route of Santiago de Compostela
3626:Palacio del Gobernador de Agaña
3313:Convent of Las Descalzas Reales
3095:
3086:
3033:
3017:
3008:
3005:Vol. 52, no. 2 (2017): 173-183.
2995:
2896:
2854:
2845:
2836:
2827:
2789:
2762:
2736:
2722:
2708:
2699:
2690:
2602:
2576:
2551:
2516:
2506:
2447:
2385:
1082:One chapel exhibits the famous
907:needs additional citations for
706:needs additional citations for
3821:Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon
3349:Casita del Príncipe (El Pardo)
2867:. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub.
2238:
2222:. 25 July 2019. Archived from
2163:
1769:Historia natural de las Indias
1479:
1262:Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg
153:Cultural: (i), (ii), (iv)
13:
1:
4568:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
4548:World Heritage Sites in Spain
4118:General Archive of the Indies
3896:with its Extra-mural Churches
2931:Murray, Stuart A. P. (2009).
2002:
1955:The Monastery with the garden
1789:War of the Spanish Succession
1779:. After the fire, the priest
1777:Francisco Hernández de Toledo
1773:Natural History of the Indies
1544:, studied in the monastery's
860:The Palace of the Austrians (
579:by the Judeo-Roman historian
502:(1746–1759), as well as King
4533:1584 establishments in Spain
4493:Replicas of Solomon's Temple
3581:Edificio de las Casas reales
2672:"El Escorial – Architecture"
2562:. Walker Books. p. 20.
2488:Rick Steves Classroom Europe
1865:Monastery and its reflection
1709:donated a manuscript of the
1025:Courtyard of the Evangelists
753:West facade of the monastery
442:of the last five centuries,
34:El Escorial (disambiguation)
7:
4036:Palau de la Música Catalana
3515:Royal Palace of Tordesillas
3374:Colegio de Doncellas Nobles
3359:Pantheon of Illustrious Men
2732:apuntes.santanderlasalle.es
2531:, Brill, pp. 129–149,
1960:
1803:Golden Gospels of Henry III
1598:The library of El Escorial.
1463:to the status of a Spanish
1221:to the present, except for
1033:Wall in the Hall of Battles
887:
836:King Juan Carlos I of Spain
321:La Granjilla de La Fresneda
10:
4609:
4473:Basilica churches in Spain
4229:San Cristóbal de La Laguna
4190:, Biodiversity and Culture
4137:Historic Centre of Córdoba
3525:Palacio Real de Valladolid
3282:La Granja de San Ildefonso
2643:"El Escorial – Decoration"
2513:Wittkower & Irma Jaffe
1851:
1787:took the throne after the
1748:brought back the complete
1563:
1559:
1238:Francis of Asis de Bourbon
1086:carved in white marble by
970:High altar of the Basilica
293:San Lorenzo de El Escorial
135:UNESCO World Heritage Site
97:San Lorenzo de El Escorial
31:
4463:Royal residences in Spain
4242:
4209:
4179:Cultural Landscape of the
4169:
4127:Dolmens Site of Antequera
4079:
4066:Silk Exchange in Valencia
4012:
3854:
3795:
3781:
3722:
3709:
3649:
3548:
3510:Royal Palace of Pedralbes
3505:Royal Palace of Perpignan
3435:Castle Alcázar of Segorbe
3395:
3384:
3336:
3318:Convent of La Encarnación
3305:
3249:
3238:
1484:Consists of works of the
1254:Santa Maria in Monserrato
978:. As such, it has a long
534:King's College, Cambridge
274:Monasterio de El Escorial
273:
249:
245:
237:
229:
221:
213:
209:Monasterio de San Lorenzo
205:
199:Spanish Cultural Heritage
196:
192:
182:
172:
157:
149:
141:
132:
128:
118:
113:
103:
92:
82:
77:
69:
65:
53:
46:
41:
4528:Houses completed in 1584
4147:Renaissance Monuments of
3826:Pirineos - Monte Perdido
3641:Royal Palace of Brussels
3540:Valldemossa Charterhouse
3167:20 December 2014 at the
2981:. Skyhorse. p. 86.
2558:Marshall, Peter (2006).
1889:View of El Escorial, by
1699:Diego Hurtado de Mendoza
1586:, who shared the king's
1554:El jardín de los frailes
1461:Carlos, Duke of Calabria
962:Wooden model of the roof
339:Order of Saint Augustine
187:Europe and North America
73:Monastery of El Escorial
47:
3911:Historic Walled Town of
3752:Kingdom of the Asturias
3530:Royal Alcázar of Madrid
3495:Royal Palace of Estella
3480:Palacio de la Magdalena
3369:Convent of Santa Isabel
3192:Encyclopædia Britannica
3153:(archived 15 June 2006)
3003:Pacific Coast Philology
2977:Murray, Stuart (2012).
2903:Stam, David H. (2001).
2861:Murray, Stuart (2009).
2432:Fodor's Review (2008).
1877:Pool from the Monastery
1796:illuminated manuscripts
1552:(Memoirs) and his play
1542:Second Spanish Republic
1441:is especially notable.
1429:Pantheon of the Princes
1355:Pantheon of the Princes
1014:, the two sides of the
995:Juan Bautista de Toledo
870:Patio de los Mascarones
862:Palacio de los Austrias
617:Juan Bautista de Toledo
425:Juan Bautista de Toledo
346:Juan Bautista de Toledo
291:located in the town of
123:Juan Bautista de Toledo
114:Design and construction
4284:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3882:Archaeological Site of
3789:
3767:Santiago de Compostela
3566:Royal Palace of Naples
3364:Convent of San Pascual
3323:Convent of Santa Clara
2490:. 2003. Archived from
1943:, the future Carlos IV
1941:Prince of the Asturias
1618:, depicting the seven
1599:
1533:
1430:
1343:The walls of polished
1338:Maria Theresa of Spain
1312:
1273:
1034:
1026:
971:
963:
955:
832:the Count of Barcelona
830:Savoy. The remains of
826:
754:
687:Courtyard of the Kings
607:
568:
552:and the design of the
517:
433:la obra de El Escorial
280:Spanish pronunciation:
267:
4071:Works of Antoni Gaudí
3919:Monastery and Site of
3787:
3616:Palacio Real de Quito
3500:Royal Palace of Olite
3119:. New York: Newsweek.
3060:Renaissance Quarterly
2960:"El Escorial Library"
1765:Concilios visigóticos
1711:Concilios visigóticos
1692:Diego Guzmán de Silva
1597:
1531:
1524:Gardens of the Friars
1428:
1311:Pantheon of the Kings
1310:
1270:
1135:Pantheon of the Kings
1032:
1024:
969:
961:
953:
824:
752:
668:Giambattista Castello
644:Rogier van der Weyden
605:
573:based on descriptions
566:
512:
494:. Two Bourbon kings,
394:Battle of St. Quentin
376:Conception and design
284:[eleskoˈɾjal]
18:El Escorial Monastery
4593:Charles III of Spain
4195:Prehistoric Sites of
4132:Doñana National Park
4042:Hospital de Sant Pau
3699:World Heritage Sites
3571:Palazzo dei Normanni
3490:Palacio de la Ribera
3115:Cable, Mary (1971).
2287:on 22 September 2022
1703:Benito Arias Montano
1516:Architectural museum
1387:improve this section
1333:Elisabeth of Bourbon
1167:improve this section
1106:that afflicted him.
916:improve this article
878:Isabel Clara Eugenia
874:Sala de las Batallas
794:, paintings such as
776:St. Peter's Basilica
715:improve this article
414:Isabella of Portugal
386:Sierra de Guadarrama
360:On 2 November 1984,
350:St. Peter's Basilica
32:For other uses, see
4588:Charles II of Spain
4578:Philip III of Spain
4234:Teide National Park
4182:Serra de Tramuntana
3906:Old Town of Cáceres
3757:Roman walls of Lugo
3475:Palace of Charles V
3242:Patrimonio Nacional
3232:Spanish Royal sites
2801:Patrimonio Nacional
2748:Patrimonio Nacional
2367:Barcelo Experiences
1987:Patrimonio Nacional
1982:Valle de los Caídos
1932:Casita del Principe
1891:Michel-Ange Houasse
1781:Antonio de San José
1676:Juan Paez de Castro
1435:Panteón de Infantes
1130:Royal burial vaults
1094:Palace of Philip II
1016:Counter-Reformation
418:Counter-Reformation
366:World Heritage Site
313:Spanish royal sites
108:Patrimonio Nacional
83:Architectural style
78:General information
4583:Philip IV of Spain
4573:Philip II of Spain
4518:Libraries in Spain
4246:Shared with other
3872:Cultural Landscape
3790:
3606:Palacio de Pizarro
3586:Palacio del Virrey
3535:Torre de la Parada
3470:Monastery of Yuste
3430:Buen Retiro Palace
3405:Alcázar of Segovia
3354:Casita del Infante
3239:Royal sites of the
2744:"Sala de Batallas"
2588:Spain Then and Now
2220:Spain Then and now
2031:on 24 October 2022
1977:Spanish Golden Age
1937:Juan de Villanueva
1840:Adjacent buildings
1719:Isabela of Castile
1669:Collecting process
1616:Pellegrino Tibaldi
1600:
1534:
1450:King Juan Carlos I
1431:
1313:
1274:
1035:
1027:
972:
964:
956:
847:Pellegrino Tibaldi
827:
759:Patio de los Reyes
755:
608:
569:
550:Alcázar of Seville
518:
390:Philip II of Spain
238:Reference no.
173:Reference no.
4344:
4343:
4051:Palmeral of Elche
4004:Alcalá de Henares
3810:Caves of Altamira
3775:Tower of Hercules
3732:Caves of Altamira
3665:
3664:
3588:(present-day the
3520:Palau Reial Major
3440:Castle of Bellver
3382:
3381:
2942:978-1-61608-453-0
2874:978-1-60239-706-4
2538:978-90-04-30636-3
2373:on 12 August 2022
2120:. 23 January 2020
1972:List of carillons
1846:Francisco de Mora
1423:
1422:
1415:
1242:Queen Isabella II
1217:dynasties, from
1203:
1202:
1195:
1088:Benvenuto Cellini
948:
947:
940:
747:
746:
739:
632:Benvenuto Cellini
577:Temple of Solomon
538:Ospedale Maggiore
253:
252:
70:Alternative names
16:(Redirected from
4600:
4563:Louis I of Spain
4503:Gardens in Spain
4438:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4421:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4401:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4373:
4372:
4361:
4360:
4352:
4202:
4196:
4191:
4180:
4171:Balearic Islands
4154:
4148:
4142:Madinat al-Zahra
4123:
4116:
4104:
4097:
4047:
4040:
4027:
4002:
3994:
3993:Historic City of
3981:
3975:
3967:
3952:
3946:
3920:
3912:
3901:Burgos Cathedral
3897:
3891:
3883:
3873:
3814:
3771:
3750:
3744:
3736:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3669:
3668:
3656:
3655:
3460:Madinat al-Zahra
3445:Castle of Burgos
3390:
3247:
3246:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3188:
3186:"Escorial"
3140:El Escorial site
3104:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3066:(4): 1106–1150.
3055:
3049:
3037:
3031:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3006:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2956:
2947:
2946:
2928:
2919:
2918:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2825:
2821:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2740:
2734:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2622:
2616:. Archived from
2615:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2480:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2429:
2418:
2417:
2394:The Art Bulletin
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2369:. Archived from
2359:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2314:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2283:. Archived from
2273:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2245:unknown (2016).
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2226:on 31 March 2022
2212:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2141:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2110:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2071:. Archived from
2060:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2027:. Archived from
2017:
1952:
1926:
1914:
1902:
1886:
1874:
1862:
1821:Council of Trent
1808:Kitab al-I'tibar
1721:, including her
1418:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1367:
1359:
1198:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1147:
1139:
1120:Sala de Batallas
1116:Galería del Rey)
1070:To decorate the
1065:Jacopo da Trezzo
943:
936:
932:
929:
923:
900:
892:
834:, the father of
742:
735:
731:
728:
722:
699:
691:
581:Flavius Josephus
546:Antonio Filarete
515:Solomon's Temple
286:
281:
276:
275:
168:
58:
39:
38:
21:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4437:from Wikivoyage
4431:
4426:
4424:
4414:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4400:sister projects
4397:at Knowledge's
4391:
4381:
4379:
4367:
4355:
4347:
4345:
4340:
4312:North Macedonia
4238:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4189:
4178:
4165:
4152:
4146:
4121:
4114:
4102:
4095:
4075:
4045:
4038:
4025:
4008:
4000:
3992:
3979:
3973:
3965:
3950:
3944:
3942:Paseo del Prado
3918:
3910:
3895:
3889:
3881:
3871:
3850:
3812:
3791:
3779:
3769:
3748:
3742:
3734:
3718:
3705:
3696:
3666:
3661:
3645:
3590:National Palace
3550:
3544:
3450:Del Real Palace
3397:
3391:
3378:
3332:
3301:
3240:
3234:
3229:
3169:Wayback Machine
3136:
3112:
3110:Further reading
3107:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3056:
3052:
3038:
3034:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2975:
2971:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2875:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2797:"Los Panteones"
2795:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2652:
2650:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2624:
2623:on 2 March 2007
2620:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2556:
2552:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2421:
2406:10.2307/3051093
2390:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2361:
2360:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2328:on 28 June 2022
2316:
2315:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2275:
2274:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2214:
2213:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2170:UNESCO (2008).
2168:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2142:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2061:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2019:
2018:
2009:
2005:
1992:Herrerian style
1963:
1956:
1953:
1944:
1927:
1918:
1915:
1906:
1905:A distant view.
1903:
1894:
1887:
1878:
1875:
1866:
1863:
1854:
1842:
1817:
1815:The reliquaries
1750:Zaydani library
1731:Antonio Agustín
1723:Libro the Horas
1671:
1584:Juan de Herrera
1575:of protection.
1568:
1562:
1526:
1518:
1482:
1446:Infante Alfonso
1439:John of Austria
1419:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1384:
1368:
1357:
1349:Sagua La Grande
1199:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1164:
1148:
1137:
1132:
1112:
1110:Hall of Battles
1096:
984:Juan de Herrera
944:
933:
927:
924:
913:
901:
890:
882:Alcoba del Rey,
843:Juan de Herrera
818:are on exhibit.
804:The Last Supper
786:, Zuccari, and
743:
732:
726:
723:
712:
700:
689:
684:
682:Royal Monastery
676:Zidan Abu Maali
529:Juan de Herrera
429:Juan de Herrera
378:
279:
201:
162:
137:
87:Herrerian style
61:
49:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4606:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4440:
4439:
4422:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4377:
4365:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4296:Czech Republic
4268:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4215:
4213:
4211:Canary Islands
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4192:
4184:
4175:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4105:
4085:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4033:
4028:
4018:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
3998:
3990:
3985:
3971:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3916:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3887:
3879:
3874:
3866:
3860:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3846:Vizcaya Bridge
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3807:
3801:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3740:
3728:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3695:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3672:
3663:
3662:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3465:Miramar Palace
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3244:
3236:
3235:
3228:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3183:, ed. (1911).
3181:Chisholm, Hugh
3177:
3171:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3135:
3134:External links
3132:
3131:
3130:
3120:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3094:
3085:
3072:10.1086/658508
3050:
3032:
3016:
3007:
2994:
2988:978-1616084530
2987:
2969:
2948:
2941:
2920:
2913:
2895:
2873:
2853:
2844:
2835:
2826:
2813:
2788:
2761:
2735:
2721:
2707:
2698:
2689:
2660:
2634:
2601:
2590:. 25 July 2019
2575:
2569:978-0802715517
2568:
2550:
2537:
2515:
2505:
2494:on 25 May 2022
2472:
2446:
2419:
2384:
2339:
2298:
2259:
2237:
2184:
2162:
2131:
2086:
2075:on 26 May 2022
2042:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1928:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1897:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1841:
1838:
1816:
1813:
1798:, such as the
1684:Ottoman Empire
1680:Spanish Empire
1670:
1667:
1580:Juan de Toledo
1564:Main article:
1561:
1558:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1481:
1478:
1421:
1420:
1371:
1369:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1315:There are two
1244:and father of
1201:
1200:
1151:
1149:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1111:
1108:
1095:
1092:
946:
945:
904:
902:
895:
889:
886:
816:Claudio Coello
767:Kings of Judah
763:Saint Lawrence
745:
744:
703:
701:
694:
688:
685:
683:
680:
666:, and others.
664:Claudio Coello
660:José de Ribera
648:Paolo Veronese
377:
374:
330:Roman Catholic
251:
250:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
235:
234:
231:
227:
226:
223:
219:
218:
215:
211:
210:
207:
203:
202:
197:
194:
193:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
159:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4605:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4436:
4435:
4434:Travel guides
4423:
4419:
4418:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4396:
4388:
4378:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4199:
4193:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3788:Flag of Spain
3786:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3747:
3741:
3739:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3688:
3686:
3681:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3660:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3576:Palazzo Regio
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:Royal Palaces
3394:
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3375:
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3275:
3272:
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3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:Royal Palaces
3248:
3245:
3243:
3237:
3233:
3226:
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3214:
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3207:
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3187:
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3141:
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3124:
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3114:
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3103:
3098:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3046:84-505-2529-2
3043:
3036:
3030:
3029:84-7506-178-8
3026:
3020:
3011:
3004:
2998:
2990:
2984:
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2973:
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2955:
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2927:
2925:
2916:
2914:1-57958-244-3
2910:
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2899:
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2711:
2702:
2693:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2619:
2612:
2611:"El Escorial"
2605:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2540:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
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2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
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2191:
2189:
2173:
2166:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2065:"El Escorial"
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2021:"El Escorial"
2016:
2014:
2012:
2007:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1920:
1913:
1908:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1880:
1873:
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1801:
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1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1742:Arias Montano
1737:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1727:Pedro Fajardo
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1688:Gonzalo Pérez
1685:
1681:
1677:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
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1440:
1436:
1427:
1417:
1414:
1406:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1372:This section
1370:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1302:Queen Letizia
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:Juan Carlos I
1283:
1279:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1240:, husband of
1239:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1197:
1194:
1186:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1152:This section
1150:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
986:to that of a
985:
981:
977:
968:
960:
952:
942:
939:
931:
921:
917:
911:
910:
905:This section
903:
899:
894:
893:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:
855:Luca Giordano
853:, painted by
852:
848:
844:
839:
837:
833:
823:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:Joseph's Coat
793:
789:
785:
781:
780:Luca Giordano
777:
773:
768:
764:
760:
751:
741:
738:
730:
720:
716:
710:
709:
704:This section
702:
698:
693:
692:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
612:
604:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
565:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
525:
523:
516:
511:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:Ferdinand VII
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:Spanish kings
436:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:Mount Abantos
373:
371:
367:
363:
358:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
331:
327:
323:
322:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:King of Spain
285:
277:
269:
265:
261:
257:
248:
244:
241:RI-51-0001064
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
206:Official name
204:
200:
195:
191:
188:
185:
181:
178:
175:
171:
166:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
142:Official name
140:
136:
131:
127:
124:
121:
117:
112:
109:
106:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
76:
72:
68:
64:
57:
52:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
4432:
4420:from Commons
4415:
4394:
4375:Architecture
4270:Shared with
4264:Shared with
4258:Shared with
4252:Shared with
4056:Poblet Abbey
3983:its Aqueduct
3921:
3743:Monuments of
3711:
3561:Castel Nuovo
3552:Sub-national
3297:La Almudaina
3261:
3190:
3126:
3123:Kamen, Henry
3116:
3097:
3088:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3035:
3019:
3010:
3002:
2997:
2978:
2972:
2932:
2904:
2898:
2886:. Retrieved
2863:
2856:
2847:
2838:
2829:
2804:. Retrieved
2800:
2791:
2779:. Retrieved
2777:(in Spanish)
2774:
2764:
2752:. Retrieved
2750:(in Spanish)
2747:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2710:
2701:
2692:
2680:. Retrieved
2675:
2651:. Retrieved
2646:
2637:
2625:. Retrieved
2618:the original
2604:
2592:. Retrieved
2587:
2578:
2559:
2553:
2542:, retrieved
2528:
2518:
2508:
2496:. Retrieved
2492:the original
2487:
2463:. Retrieved
2461:(in Spanish)
2458:
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2397:
2393:
2387:
2375:. Retrieved
2371:the original
2366:
2330:. Retrieved
2326:the original
2321:
2289:. Retrieved
2285:the original
2280:
2250:. Retrieved
2240:
2228:. Retrieved
2224:the original
2219:
2175:. Retrieved
2165:
2153:. Retrieved
2149:
2122:. Retrieved
2118:Ingeo Expert
2117:
2077:. Retrieved
2073:the original
2068:
2033:. Retrieved
2029:the original
2024:
1931:
1843:
1834:
1818:
1806:
1793:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1746:Luis Fajardo
1738:
1735:
1710:
1707:Jorge Beteta
1696:
1672:
1652:
1620:liberal arts
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1577:
1569:
1553:
1549:
1538:Manuel Azaña
1535:
1519:
1483:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1443:
1434:
1432:
1409:
1400:
1385:Please help
1373:
1342:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1289:
1275:
1250:Alfonso XIII
1234:king consort
1231:
1227:Ferdinand VI
1225:and his son
1204:
1189:
1180:
1165:Please help
1153:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1097:
1083:
1081:
1076:Michelangelo
1071:
1069:
1038:
1036:
992:
973:
934:
925:
914:Please help
909:verification
906:
881:
873:
869:
866:Casa del Rey
865:
861:
859:
850:
840:
828:
811:
803:
795:
758:
756:
733:
724:
713:Please help
708:verification
705:
621:
613:
609:
570:
526:
522:St. Lawrence
519:
500:Ferdinand VI
492:Alfonso XIII
437:
432:
422:
379:
359:
343:
325:
319:
317:
271:
259:
255:
254:
119:Architect(s)
29:
4395:El Escorial
4363:Catholicism
4332:Switzerland
3988:Siega Verde
3974:Old Town of
3966:Old City of
3948:Buen Retiro
3932:Las Médulas
3922:El Escorial
3890:Old Town of
3485:El Quexigal
3306:Monasteries
3262:El Escorial
3117:El Escorial
2676:El Escorial
2647:El Escorial
2544:13 December
2247:"Identidad"
2069:History Hit
1825:reliquaries
1754:Muley Zidán
1659:incunabules
1588:neoplatonic
1546:Augustinian
1480:Art gallery
1294:Queen Sofía
1246:Alfonso XII
1207:Isabella II
1049:Leone Leoni
1012:Inquisition
988:Greek cross
976:Latin cross
788:Leone Leoni
772:Greek cross
672:manuscripts
656:Alonso Cano
488:Alfonso XII
484:Isabella II
472:Charles III
446:as well as
370:daytrippers
335:Hieronymite
309:Renaissance
297:El Escorial
256:El Escorial
233:3 June 1931
217:Non-movable
4447:Categories
4093:Generalife
3797:North East
3770:(Old Town)
3724:North West
3455:Generalife
3176:(archived)
2498:5 December
2377:5 December
2332:4 December
2291:4 December
2230:4 December
2150:SciHi Blog
2124:5 December
2079:5 December
2035:4 December
2025:Britannica
2003:References
1939:, for the
1715:Visigothic
1640:arithmetic
1573:papal bull
1317:pudrideros
999:Corinthian
628:Tintoretto
476:Charles IV
464:Charles II
456:Philip III
406:necropolis
230:Designated
158:Designated
104:Management
4219:Garajonay
4198:Talayotic
4108:Cathedral
4046:Barcelona
4026:Tarragona
3969:Salamanca
3885:Atapuerca
3425:Aljafería
3080:191268336
2883:277203534
1761:Philip IV
1729:, and of
1682:with the
1648:astronomy
1632:dialectic
1504:and more
1471:pudridero
1374:does not
1298:Felipe VI
1290:pudridero
1272:Monastery
1219:Charles I
1209:) of the
1154:does not
857:in 1692.
800:Velázquez
790:. In the
727:July 2021
640:Velázquez
597:Charles V
460:Philip IV
452:Charles V
448:Habsburgs
410:Charles I
352:, and in
305:Philip II
258:, or the
4328:Slovenia
4324:Slovakia
4288:Bulgaria
4266:Portugal
4260:Slovenia
4248:region/s
4099:Albaicín
4089:Alhambra
3869:Aranjuez
3659:Category
3420:Alhambra
3277:Aranjuez
3271:Zarzuela
3267:El Pardo
3165:Archived
3125:(2010).
2964:Archived
2806:30 April
2781:30 April
2754:30 April
2465:30 April
2322:Head Out
2155:3 August
1961:See also
1800:Ottonian
1785:Bourbons
1767:and the
1644:geometry
1628:rhetoric
1550:Memorias
1502:Ligurian
1494:Venetian
1403:May 2021
1223:Philip V
1211:Habsburg
1183:May 2021
1084:Crucifix
993:Clearly
928:May 2021
888:Basilica
792:sacristy
636:El Greco
593:basilica
554:Alhambra
496:Philip V
444:Bourbons
402:Henry II
400:against
225:Monument
222:Criteria
150:Criteria
93:Location
4349:Portals
4336:Ukraine
4320:Romania
4304:Germany
4292:Croatia
4280:Belgium
4276:Austria
4272:Albania
4201:Menorca
4122:Seville
4112:Alcázar
4103:Granada
3977:Segovia
3749:and the
3287:Riofrío
2682:31 July
2653:31 July
2594:22 June
2414:3051093
2252:1 April
1852:Gallery
1830:coffers
1663:codices
1655:codices
1624:grammar
1560:Library
1510:Spanish
1506:Italian
1498:Lombard
1490:Flemish
1466:infante
1454:Estoril
1395:removed
1380:sources
1326:de jure
1215:Bourbon
1175:removed
1160:sources
1072:reredos
1040:reredos
1008:Baroque
784:Tibaldi
652:Bernini
589:Solomon
575:of the
558:Granada
504:Amadeus
468:Louis I
420:cause.
398:Picardy
384:in the
264:Spanish
165:session
99:, Spain
4316:Poland
4300:France
4254:France
3996:Toledo
3914:Cuenca
3856:Centre
3746:Oviedo
3657:
3549:Former
3396:Former
3257:Madrid
3078:
3044:
3027:
2985:
2939:
2911:
2881:
2871:
2678:. 2021
2649:. 2021
2627:5 June
2566:
2535:
2455:"obra"
2439:5 June
2412:
2281:UNESCO
2177:5 June
1893:(1723)
1646:, and
1486:German
1345:Toledo
1061:bronze
1057:jasper
1053:Pompeo
1045:jasper
810:, and
808:Titian
624:Titian
490:, and
362:UNESCO
354:Naples
301:Madrid
270:), or
183:Region
4417:Media
4387:Spain
4308:Italy
4187:Ibiza
4156:Baeza
4150:Úbeda
4081:South
3893:Ávila
3703:Spain
3554:seats
3337:Other
3076:S2CID
2888:1 May
2621:(PDF)
2614:(PDF)
2410:JSTOR
1713:(the
1636:music
1124:Moors
1004:Doric
585:David
542:Milan
163:(8th
161:1984
4334:and
4014:East
3042:ISBN
3025:ISBN
2983:ISBN
2937:ISBN
2909:ISBN
2890:2022
2879:OCLC
2869:ISBN
2824:1987
2808:2022
2783:2022
2756:2022
2684:2021
2655:2021
2629:2008
2596:2022
2564:ISBN
2546:2023
2533:ISBN
2500:2022
2467:2022
2441:2008
2379:2022
2334:2022
2293:2022
2254:2017
2232:2022
2179:2008
2157:2021
2126:2022
2081:2022
2037:2022
1929:The
1582:and
1508:and
1378:any
1376:cite
1258:Rome
1213:and
1158:any
1156:cite
1104:gout
1100:mass
1059:and
980:nave
587:and
412:and
214:Type
4153:and
4115:and
4096:and
4039:and
3980:and
3945:and
3813:and
3735:and
3701:in
3068:doi
2775:ABC
2402:doi
1389:by
1236:is
1169:by
918:by
814:by
806:by
798:by
717:by
556:at
396:in
326:and
177:318
4449::
4330:,
4326:,
4322:,
4318:,
4314:,
4310:,
4306:,
4302:,
4298:,
4294:,
4290:,
4286:,
4282:,
4278:,
4274:,
4120:,
4110:,
4101:,
4091:,
4044:,
4024:,
3189:.
3074:.
3064:63
3062:.
2962:.
2951:^
2923:^
2877:.
2816:^
2799:.
2773:.
2746:.
2674:.
2663:^
2645:.
2586:.
2527:,
2486:.
2475:^
2457:.
2422:^
2408:.
2398:69
2396:.
2365:.
2342:^
2320:.
2301:^
2279:.
2262:^
2218:.
2187:^
2148:.
2134:^
2116:.
2089:^
2067:.
2045:^
2023:.
2010:^
1756:.
1665:.
1642:,
1638:,
1634:,
1630:,
1626:,
1622::
1500:,
1496:,
1492:,
1488:,
1456:.
1300:,
1296:,
1256:,
1229:.
1067:.
1018:.
802:,
662:,
658:,
654:,
650:,
646:,
642:,
638:,
634:,
630:,
626:,
540:,
486:,
482:,
478:,
474:,
470:,
466:,
462:,
458:,
266::
4403::
4351::
3716:.
3691:e
3684:t
3677:v
3592:)
3273:)
3269:(
3224:e
3217:t
3210:v
3082:.
3070::
3048:.
2991:.
2945:.
2917:.
2892:.
2810:.
2785:.
2758:.
2718:.
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