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from reading. Because he is consigned to a dark room for a long time and forbidden to read, Rose reads to him. The Clan disturbs Mac in his rest, and after a scolding from Rose, decide to be more helpful. To help Mac with his boredom, Uncle Alec sends Mac, Rose, Aunt Jessie, Jamie, and two friends to the mountain village of Cosey Corner to stay with a woman named Mother
Atkinson. Jamie and his friend join The Cosey Corner Light Infantry, whose members are the neighborhood children. On Rose's fourteenth birthday she falls off a horse going to meet Uncle Alec and sprains her ankle. While her ankle heals, Mac and The Cosey Corner Light Infantry entertain her with skits.
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her as a sister. Rose tries to avoid meeting her seven boy cousins, who are known as the clan. Their names are Archie, Charlie, Mac, Steve, Will, Geordie, and Jamie, and they are the sons of her four other aunts. The next morning, Rose meets her uncle, who is a doctor and her guardian. He throws her medication out the window and says he is in charge of her health. Later Uncle Alec and the aunts discuss what to do with Rose. Aunt Jane thinks that Rose should have been kept in boarding-school; Aunt Clara thinks she should be put in a
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in her room in the middle of the night and begs for forgiveness, which she grants. Still recovering, Rose gives Phebe some schooling. Later, Archie and
Charlie have an argument about Charlie's choice of friends, and Rose resolves it by encouraging both boys to apologize. Now having lived at the Aunt Hill with Uncle Alec for a year, Rose is free to choose with whom to live. Because she has come to love him, Rose chooses to stay with Uncle Alec.
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436:. Alcott viewed men and women as equal, and creating a male mother figure allowed her to remove gendered roles in Rose's household. In her other books Alcott attributes happiness or unhappiness in family life to the mother, possibly because of the social perception that mothers were responsible for morality within the home. Roseâs well-being at the end of the novel is attributed to Alec.
387:, and keeping temperâ. Rose and Phebe participate in peer-to-peer education; while Rose helps Phebe with reading, Phebe helps her with arithmetic. Her education under Alec involves little book-learning, which reflects Bronson Alcottâs ideas of education. Rose expresses that she is âalmost dead with lessonsâ from boarding school and says she learns better a little at a time.
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125:, until her guardian, Uncle Alec, returns from abroad to take over her care. Through his unorthodox theories about child-rearing, she becomes happier and healthier while finding her place in her family of seven boy cousins and numerous aunts and uncles. She also makes friends with Phebe, her aunts' young housemaid.
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frequent association with
Chinese objects, such as those Alec gives her from his voyages to China, is paralleled with her foreignness as a female among male cousins. Through his child-rearing methods, Uncle Alec takes Rose from being foreign to her family to being an active participant in the Campbell family.
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Aunt Plenty's physiological understanding of the female sex informs her treatment of Roseâs health, such as giving her several medications; it is based on the idea that women have fragile health. Through Alecâs profession as a doctor, Alcott spoke against this common perception. Alec seeks to improve
367:, in which students are active participants in the learning process. According to Liberal Studies professor Cathlin Davis, learning was not âhands-onâ in the traditional schools of Alcott's time and says that Uncle Alecâs method uses âactive learning.â As part of this, Rose and Alec visit Uncle Macâs
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for a year after her father died. She now lives with her great aunts, Plenty and Peace, at the Aunt Hill and is heiress to a large fortune. Aunt Plenty gives Rose several medications because of her sickliness. After a week of living there, she meets and befriends the housemaid, Phebe Moore and adopts
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According to West, Rose is set up as âotherâ from her aunts and cousins due to generational and behavioral differences. Rose must get used to the
Campbell âcultureâ because she has been kept from knowing the family her entire life, explains English professor Lordina Cohoon. Cohoon claims that Roseâs
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for a year and then sent into society; Aunt Myra thinks Rose will die; and Aunt Jessie agrees with Alec, who wants to improve Rose's health for a year before letting her decide with whom to live. Rose wants to adopt Phebe as her sister, but cannot until she is older. One day Uncle Alec tells Rose to
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are manifest in interactions between Rose and Phebe. Rose tries to âcross the class barrierâ by befriending Phebe, professor of children's literature
Kristina West explains. Rose later adopts Phebe as her sister, giving her the opportunity to extend charity. As part of the serving class, Phebe does
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so she can take charge of her own health. During the family
Christmas dinner Archie's father Uncle Jem shows up after being at sea for several years. In February Rose contracts pneumonia while waiting for Mac in the cold. When Charlie finds out, he chastises Mac. Feeling remorseful, Mac visits Rose
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who overdosed and killed her daughter
Caroline with medication. Jane believes in rigorous education for children and ignores her sons because of her housekeeping. Clara views childhood as a time to prepare for fashionable society, which Alcott criticizes. Jessie, who believes children should learn
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Uncle Alec, Rose, and the clan camp on a nearby island. Wanting Phebe to participate, Rose leaves the last day of the camping trip; she sends Phebe to the island and does Phebe's chores at home. Mac, from studying outside all day on the camping-trip, gets a sunstroke. After this, his eyes give out
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Alcott wrote of Alec's educational and health methods, âUncle Alecâs experiment was intended to amuse the young folks, rather than suggest educational improvements for the consideration of the elders.â This statement was contradicted in her letters. English professor Ruth DyckFehderau argues that
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that called it an "unhappy amalgam of the novel and the story-book". He called Alcott âcleverâ but felt her âsatirical toneâ in the novel was not appropriate for children. Specifically, he felt that Alcottâs portrayal of the adults would foster disrespect in children. James disliked the novelâs
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Claudia Nelson argues that Alecâs child-rearing methods are more important to him than Rose is, claiming that Alcott hints at this same idea. One example Nelson gives is when both Mac and Alec are held accountable for Rose's pneumonia from sitting in the cold.
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not receive an education. Rose seeks to help Phebe with her education, dissolving class distinctions. This peer-to-peer education is stopped when Alec sends Phebe to school. To Phebe, chores are a duty, but to Rose, chores are a form of amusement.
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At Uncle Alec's recommendation, Aunt Plenty teaches Rose how to bake bread and Aunt Peace teaches her how to sew. One afternoon Rose discovers
Charlie and Archie smoking and encourages them to quit, then Aunt Jessie has Will and Geordie burn their
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is a commentary on how children should be raised in the home. The goal of the aunts and uncles is to decide whose child-rearing methods are the best for Rose. Four of her aunts have different approaches to how children should be raised. Myra is a
428:âself-sacrificeâ, is a female mother figure but is not as prominent as Alec. Alecâs methods of child-rearing include health and education reforms. Rose choosing to live with Alec at the end shows her favor of his child-rearing methods.
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view Uncle Alec as exemplary of Alcottâs views on childrenâs education as informed by transcendentalism, which favored an untraditional education. Uncle Alec educates Rose at home, not in traditional subjects but in skills such as
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all clamoring for my ââumbleâ works.â One of the novelâs minor characters, who Rose dislikes, was originally named after Alcottâs childhood acquaintance
Ariadne Blish. Blish was concerned about Alcottâs use of her name.
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despite Alcottâs preface, she is suggesting education reforms. Alecâs methods were not unusual, since other childrenâs books of the time addressed similar topics and other people recommended similar health methods.
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DyckFehderau points out that fathers do not take a prominent role in the book and suggests that Alec is both a father and a mother figure. Alecâs motherhood role, according to DyckFehderau, does not diminish
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told this to Alcott, who clarified that
Ariadne âwas a very well behaved child who was held up to naughty Louisa as a model girl.â Afterward Alcott changed the characterâs name to Annabel Bliss.
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and is part of the Little Women Series. It is the story of Rose Campbell, who has been recently orphaned and resides with her maiden great aunts, the matriarchs of her wealthy family near
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Rose and Uncle Alec take his boat to Uncle Mac's dock. There, they meet two Chinese gentleman, Whang Lo and Fun See, the latter of whom entertains Rose with things he has brought from
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received both favorable and unfavorable reviews in the early days of its publication. Reviews focused on Alcott's stylistic tone as well as the portrayal of characters and realism. In
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wrote that it was improper for literary rivals to criticize each other, saying that Adams was impolite and that Alcott had no âright to complain of his prompt retaliation.â
507:, p. 52-53, "Boston, associated with the independence of the United States, also has one of the nation's oldest Chinatowns, so it is significant that
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serial, Alcott offered to remove two chapters that could later be included when the story was published in book form. The book edition, published by the
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realism, thinking that Alcott should have included elements of fantasy. Feeling that Louisa Alcott broke barriers of class-based prejudice, her father
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criticized its "vague kind of didacticism" and claimed that Rose was an unrealistic character and that her eventual good health was unrealistic. The
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governance and physical health. As the child of transcendentalist Bronson Alcott, Louisa Alcottâs education was similar to what is outlined in
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When Aunt Jessie convinces Will and Geordie to give up their yellow-back books, she explains that she feels they are unfit for children.
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Roseâs health by giving her milk and oatmeal, by getting rid of her medicines, and by keeping her from wearing
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takes place just outside of that city, with the Campbell family import/export business based in its ports.".
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run around the garden. Afterward, he tells her to loosens her belt to make it easier for her to breathe
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before it was written. Alcott wrote, âI rather enjoyed it, and felt important with Roberts, Low, and
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1911:
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237:. Although Uncle Alec discourages Rose from the professional study of medicine, he educates her in
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she had previously published a short story in the magazine. Because the book was too long for the
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1196:"'A Highly Satisfactory Chinaman': Orientalism and American Girlhood in Louisa May Alcott's
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St. Nicholas and Mary Mapes Dodge: The Legacy of a Children's Magazine Editor, 1873-1905
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1382:"Family Circle or Vicious Circle?: Anti-Paternal Undercurrents in Louisa May Alcott"
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1991:
1227:"An Easy and Well-Ordered Way to Learn: Schooling at Home in Louisa May Alcott's
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329:, claiming that the arguments against the magazine were inaccurate. In response,
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1969:
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1535:"The Response of Nineteenth-Century Audiences to Louisa May Alcott's Fiction"
1320:"Upstairs, Downstairs, and In-Between: Louisa May Alcott on Domestic Service"
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1262:"Moral Pap and Male Mothers: The Political Subtexts of Louisa May Alcott's
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1527:(14/3): 113â129 – via Knowledge Base of the University of Gdansk.
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called Rose a "beautiful" character and her cousins "lifelike". The
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Louisa May Alcott and the Textual Child: A Critical Theory Approach
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1410:. In Gannon, Susan R.; Rahn, Suzanne; Thompson, Ruth Anne (eds.).
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Thirteen-year-old Rose Campbell is a sickly orphan who attended
1546:(4). Kingston, Rhode Island, USA: 323â342 – via ProQuest.
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1483:. Washington, D. C., USA: Library of Congress. pp. 46â49.
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commended her âsympathy with the lower and laboring classâ in
1561:""The Canary and the Nightingale": Performance and Virtue in
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Good Things: A Picturesque Magazine for the Young of All Ages
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was Alcott's last work to receive major critical attention.
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praised its moral lessons of obedience and kindness, while
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was a better book. In reference to the illustrations, the
179:, then in 1948 as a Rainbow Classic with illustrations by
1408:"'Work Well Done':Louisa May Alcott and Mary Mapes Dodge"
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183:. Ethel H. Freeman adapted the book into a play in 1934.
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Louisa May Alcott: An Annotated, Selected Bibliography
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1293:"Louisa May Alcott and the "Revolution" in Education"
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Three companies contended for publication rights of
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1152:Louisa May Alcott: Her Life, Letters, and Journals
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137:education, child-rearing, and social differences.
1155:. Carlisle, Massachusetts, USA: Applewood Books.
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1414:. McFarland and Company, Inc. pp. 171â178.
259:praised it as "the best book" Alcott wrote. The
1521:"Henry James, Louisa May Alcott, and the Child"
148:was serialized December 1874-November 1875 in
1684:
115:. It was originally published as a serial in
1393:(1). Johns Hopkins University Press: 70â76.
1366:(2). Johns Hopkins University Press: 71â75.
1277:(2). University of Nebraska Press: 154â167.
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323:saw this conversation as a criticism of his
36:, frontispiece illustration in first edition
1580:. Johns Hopkins University Press: 109â138.
1496:. London, England, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
1387:Children's Literature Association Quarterly
1360:Children's Literature Association Quarterly
1176:Louisa May Alcott: The Contemporary Reviews
152:. From JanuaryâOctober 1875 it appeared in
111:was published in 1875 by American novelist
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1677:
1518:
709:
1304:(2). Penn State University Press: 81â92.
1211:. Johns Hopkins University Press: 49â71.
359:. Alecâs methods may also be informed by
1851:Lost in a Pyramid; or, The Mummy's Curse
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159:was Alcottâs first serialized novel in
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293:noted differences in their quality.
1464:Studies in the American Renaissance
1437:Studies in the American Renaissance
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1634:Louisa May Alcott official website
1551:
1429:Stern, Madeleine B. Stern (1977).
1240:Children's Literature in Education
1170:Clark, Beverly Lyon, ed. (2004). "
14:
2073:
1843:Behind A Mask or, A Woman's Power
1593:
1540:American Transcendental Quarterly
1432:"Louisa M. Alcott in Periodicals"
784:, p. 341, 343-346, 349, 352.
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1655:
1641:
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1459:"Louisa Alcott's Self-Criticism"
1298:The Journal of General Education
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1757:Eight Cousins, or The Aunt-Hill
1264:Eight Cousins or, The Aunt Hill
978:
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482:. November 21, 1874. p. 2.
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108:Eight Cousins, or The Aunt-Hill
16:1875 novel by Louisa May Alcott
1789:Jack and Jill: A Village Story
1479:Ullom, Judith C., ed. (1969).
1443:. Twayne Publishers: 369â386.
1178:. Cambridge University Press.
1142:
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562:
530:
514:
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175:and included illustrations by
1:
1290:Hamblen, Abigail Ann (1970).
461:
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1879:The Brownie and the Princess
1649:Children's literature portal
1456:Stern, Madeleine B. (1985).
290:Springfield Daily Republican
245:
7:
2047:Novels by Louisa May Alcott
1952:Abigail May Alcott Nieriker
1749:Work: A Story of Experience
1627:public domain audiobook at
1613:1875 edition on archive.org
1317:Maibor, Carolyn R. (2006).
1259:DyckFehderau, Ruth (1999).
1193:Cohoon, Lorinda B. (2008).
445:Class and social "othering"
10:
2078:
2062:American children's novels
1519:Williamson, Beata (2017).
1254:– via Springer Link.
1224:Davis, Cathlin M. (2011).
2010:
1979:
1920:
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1805:
1706:
1588:– via Project MUSE.
1502:10.1007/978-3-030-39025-9
1401:– via Project MUSE.
1374:– via Project MUSE.
1347:"Choosing a Way of Life:
1325:The New England Quarterly
1252:10.1007/s10583-011-9136-1
1219:– via Project MUSE.
1149:Cheney, Edna Dow (2010).
712:, pp. 120, 122â124;
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26:
1871:Transcendental Wild Oats
1379:Nelson, Claudia (1988).
476:"The December Monthlies"
394:to the first edition of
371:, and she learns about â
1946:Elizabeth Sewall Alcott
1773:A Modern Mephistopheles
1717:A Long Fatal Love Chase
1558:Mills, Claudia (2006).
1532:Zehr, Janet S. (1987).
1488:West, Kristina (2020).
1406:Shealy, Daniel (2004).
1344:Mills, Claudia (1989).
772:, p. 162-164, 169.
326:Oliver Optic's Magazine
273:Daily Evening Traveller
262:Boston Daily Advertiser
202:
177:Harriet Lonstreet Price
2057:1870s children's books
1907:Hillside (The Wayside)
449:Class distinctions in
1733:An Old-Fashioned Girl
1586:10.1353/chl.2006.0016
1574:Children's Literature
1399:10.1353/chq.1988.0003
1205:Children's Literature
434:19th century feminism
2052:Novels about orphans
2042:1875 American novels
1912:ThoreauâAlcott House
480:Buffalo Evening Post
342:Education and health
321:William Taylor Adams
197:Caroline Healey Dall
2002:Henry David Thoreau
1997:Nathaniel Hawthorne
1987:Ralph Waldo Emerson
1940:Anna Bronson Alcott
1928:Amos Bronson Alcott
1015:, p. 154, 164.
1003:, p. 156, 162.
919:, p. 154, 163.
796:, p. 342, 344.
760:, pp. 237â238.
748:, pp. 235â237.
684:, pp. 240â241.
672:, pp. 241â242.
23:
1474:– via JSTOR.
1451:– via JSTOR.
1372:10.1353/chq.0.0825
1339:– via JSTOR.
1312:– via JSTOR.
1285:– via JSTOR.
1217:10.1353/chl.0.0018
1063:, p. 69, 111.
1027:, p. 156-157.
975:, pp. 160â162
971:, pp. 71â72;
823:, p. 177-178.
808:, p. 349-352.
724:, pp. 246â247
603:, pp. 274â275
331:The Literary World
297:wrote a review of
268:The Literary World
235:yellow-back novels
34:Rose and her Aunts
21:
2029:
2028:
1958:Samuel Joseph May
1835:Hospital Sketches
1700:Louisa May Alcott
1607:Project Gutenberg
1511:978-3-030-39025-9
1421:978-0-7864-1758-2
1162:978-1-4290-4460-8
1111:, p. 50, 64.
1075:, p. 82, 84.
1025:DyckFehderau 1999
1013:DyckFehderau 1999
1001:DyckFehderau 1999
989:DyckFehderau 1999
973:DyckFehderau 1999
957:DyckFehderau 1999
917:DyckFehderau 1999
905:DyckFehderau 1999
881:DyckFehderau 1999
708:, pp. 41â43;
438:English professor
256:The Daily Graphic
133:Alcott discusses
113:Louisa May Alcott
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76:Publication place
61:Roberts Brothers.
45:Louisa May Alcott
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2022:(2007 biography)
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1781:Under the Lilacs
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214:finishing-school
169:Roberts Brothers
92:Followed by
67:Publication date
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2019:Eden's Outcasts
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1992:Margaret Fuller
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1934:Abby May Alcott
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710:Williamson 2017
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2008:
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1970:William Alcott
1967:
1961:
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1594:External links
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1353:Six to Sixteen
1341:
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1246:(4): 340â353.
1221:
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987:, p. 72;
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726:
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686:
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647:
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635:
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365:constructivism
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1038:
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946:
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934:
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632:
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587:, p. 43.
586:
581:
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574:
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546:
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526:
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411:Child-rearing
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173:Little, Brown
170:
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161:St. Nicholas;
158:
157:Eight Cousins
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154:St. Nicholas.
151:
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146:Eight Cousins
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127:Eight Cousins
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109:
100:
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97:Rose in Bloom
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79:United States
78:
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35:
30:
25:
19:
2017:
1964:Eve LaPlante
1877:
1869:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1771:
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1756:
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1739:
1731:
1725:Little Women
1723:
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1491:
1480:
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1359:
1352:
1348:
1331:(1): 65â91.
1328:
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833:Hamblen 1970
828:
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689:
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638:
592:
580:
564:
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532:
516:
508:
500:
488:
479:
470:
456:
450:
448:
430:
419:
418:argues that
414:
401:
395:
389:
356:
347:
345:
337:Major themes
330:
325:
318:
313:
302:
298:
288:
284:Little Women
282:
281:opined that
276:
272:
266:
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254:
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231:
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187:
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165:St. Nicholas
164:
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130:
126:
118:St. Nicholas
116:
107:
106:
105:
95:
33:
18:
1818:Short works
1466:: 333â382.
1143:Works cited
1133:Cohoon 2008
1121:Cohoon 2008
1109:Cohoon 2008
1085:Maibor 2006
1073:Maibor 2006
1037:Nelson 1988
601:Cheney 2010
557:Shealy 2004
541:Shealy 2004
521:Shealy 2004
505:Cohoon 2008
493:Cheney 2010
346:Critics of
295:Henry James
181:C. B. Falls
2036:Categories
1897:Fruitlands
1862:Miscellany
1741:Little Men
985:Mills 1989
969:Mills 1989
945:Mills 1989
933:Davis 2011
929:Mills 1989
893:Mills 1989
869:Mills 1989
857:Mills 1989
845:Davis 2011
806:Davis 2011
794:Davis 2011
782:Davis 2011
758:Clark 2004
746:Clark 2004
734:Stern 1985
722:Clark 2004
706:Ullom 1969
694:Clark 2004
682:Clark 2004
670:Clark 2004
658:Clark 2004
643:Clark 2004
616:Stern 1985
597:Stern 1985
585:Ullom 1969
573:Stern 1985
569:Ullom 1969
545:Stern 1977
537:Ullom 1969
525:Stern 1985
462:References
385:arithmetic
373:navigation
361:John Dewey
304:The Nation
239:physiology
224:. For the
141:Background
1882:(1879-87)
1797:Jo's Boys
1728:(1868-69)
1174:(1875)".
1097:West 2020
1061:West 2020
1049:West 2020
821:West 2020
770:West 2020
718:Zehr 1987
714:West 2020
631:West 2020
377:geography
369:warehouse
246:Reception
58:Publisher
1972:(cousin)
1966:(cousin)
1954:(sister)
1948:(sister)
1936:(mother)
1930:(father)
1853:" (1869)
1629:LibriVox
1472:30227539
1449:30227439
1337:20474412
1310:27796204
1283:25679300
353:domestic
192:Scribner
50:Language
2011:Related
1960:(uncle)
405:corsets
392:preface
390:In the
381:grammar
53:English
1980:People
1921:Family
1890:Places
1874:(1873)
1846:(1866)
1838:(1863)
1830:(1854)
1800:(1886)
1792:(1879)
1784:(1878)
1776:(1877)
1768:(1876)
1760:(1875)
1752:(1873)
1744:(1871)
1736:(1869)
1720:(1866)
1708:Novels
1508:
1470:
1447:
1418:
1335:
1308:
1281:
1271:Legacy
1182:
1159:
123:Boston
99:
42:Author
1468:JSTOR
1445:JSTOR
1333:JSTOR
1306:JSTOR
1279:JSTOR
222:China
84:Pages
1565:and
1506:ISBN
1416:ISBN
1391:1988
1351:and
1231:and
1180:ISBN
1157:ISBN
203:Plot
71:1875
1605:at
1582:doi
1498:doi
1395:doi
1368:doi
1248:doi
1213:doi
363:âs
301:in
87:290
2038::
1578:34
1576:.
1572:.
1542:.
1538:.
1523:.
1504:.
1462:.
1439:.
1435:.
1389:.
1385:.
1364:14
1362:.
1358:.
1329:79
1327:.
1323:.
1302:22
1300:.
1296:.
1275:16
1273:.
1269:.
1244:42
1242:.
1238:.
1209:36
1207:.
1203:.
813:^
650:^
623:^
608:^
478:.
407:.
383:,
379:,
375:,
316:.
1849:"
1692:e
1685:t
1678:v
1584::
1569:"
1544:1
1514:.
1500::
1441:1
1424:.
1397::
1370::
1355:"
1266:"
1250::
1235:"
1215::
1200:"
1188:.
1165:.
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