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were concerned about alienating pro-Klan voters. Irish
Catholics counter-argued that an anti-Klan stance would attract the vote of not only African Americans, but also more tolerant white Protestants. Democratic gubernatorial nominee Carleton McCullouch, who wanted to take a neutral position on the Klan, compromised with anti-Klan Democrats at the state Democratic convention by agreeing to a "Freedom and Liberty" plank that did not technically mention the Klan by name, but declared that the Indiana Republican Party had "retired from the political arena", the Republican Party had "been delivered into the hands of an organization which has no place in politics and which promulgates doctrines which tend to break down the safeguards which the Constitution throws around every citizen" and that 1920s Indiana Republicans were "repungant to the principles of government" advocated by Civil War Indiana Republicans
536:. Jackson was accused of suppressing the black vote in the primary and defeated Shank in the primary by a margin of more than two to one. After the primary, Shank granted the Klan the right to march in Indianapolis because he believed that Indiana voters now desired to be ruled by the Klan. The Klan celebrated Jackson's victory by doing a march through the black areas of Indianapolis that may have attracted as many as 100,000 onlookers. Stephenson declared at the march that "We must put over Jackson our very right to existence" and "The fiery cross is going to burn at every crossroads in Indiana, as long as there is a white man left in the state." Stephenson claimed to control 85% of the delegates at the state Republican convention, and the state Republican Party came to increasingly be viewed as little more than a Klan organization.
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lowered the legal standard to convict people of
Prohibition violations, and gave prosecutors monetary rewards for Prohibition convictions. Some legislators reportedly celebrated the passage of the law by holding a drunken party themselves. Jackson was soon caught up in a small scandal when his wife became sick in 1925. Jackson personally procured some medicinal whiskey, and she soon recovered from her sickness. Word soon got out about his actions, but he asked the public for forgiveness. He assured constituents that their prayers and not the whiskey had cured his wife.
512:, and a large percentage of the local offices in Indiana. Historians estimate that nearly a third of the men in the state belonged to the Klan. At the time, the public generally perceived the Klan members as defenders of justice, morality, and Americanism. The organization's reputation and influence made Jackson decide to accept their support. Many Hoosiers feared that the Klan would control the state legislature in 1924. However, historian James Madison points out that, "The Klan's effort ended in nearly total failure."
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been vague about what legislation he actually wanted to pass, and
Stephenson was increasingly fighting with the Southerners at the Klan's national office in Atlanta. Various anti-Catholic legislation was proposed, such as bills that would have essentially banned nuns or graduates of Catholic colleges from teaching in public schools, but none of the anti-Catholic legislation passed. The only Klan legislation that actually passed was a law that required the flying of the US flag at public schools.
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532:, declined to run for governor in 1924, leaving Jackson as the Republican front runner. Jackson's main opponent for the Republican nomination was Samuel Lewis Shank, the strongly anti-Klan mayor of Indianapolis who had banned masked parades in the city. Democrats had long dominated the Catholic and Jewish vote in Indiana, but most African-Americans still voted Republican despite the Republican Party's abandonment of civil rights since the
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dominated the gubernatorial election and
Indiana life as a whole. McCullouch dominated Jackson among the traditionally Republican black voters on election day. However, Jackson won the election by 3% by dominating in working class white Protestant districts, including in white Protestant districts that had voted Democratic in previous elections.
627:; he accused them of lax enforcement of prohibition laws. He was convicted and sentenced to serve time on the Indiana work farm. As Shumaker was the leader of a key Republican support group, Jackson pardoned him. Gilliom took the pardon to court and had the pardon overturned by the Supreme Court. Shumaker was required to serve his term.
648:, and the statute of limitations precluded any possible conviction. Despite the final result of the trial, Jackson was widely criticized across the state; he left office disgraced and ended his political career. The Indiana Klan's power collapsed and the scandals contributed to the decline of Klan membership nationally.
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After the Klan-dominated
Republican Party won the governorship and large majorities in the legislature in 1924, it was widely believed that the Klan would pass whatever it wanted in the 1925 legislature. Instead, the 1925 legislature became an ineffective embarrassment because Stephenson had always
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Indiana
Democratic politicians were divided on whether to take a stand against the Klan or to remain neutral on the Klan. Although few Democratic politicians in Indiana had joined the Klan, many rank and file Democratic voters in Indiana had joined the Klan, and some Indiana Democratic politicians
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who was one of the only state officials to try to battle them. Jackson worked to persuade McCray to support the Klan's agenda, and in 1923, Jackson offered McCray a $ 10,000 bribe on behalf of
Stephenson if he would fill several public offices with Klan members. McCray, a millionaire, declined the
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As governor, Jackson supported stronger prohibition. The Wright Bone Dry Law was passed by the
General Assembly to increase penalties and jail time for prohibition violators. It closed some loopholes in the prohibition laws, such as banning the sale of whiskey for medicinal purposes. The law also
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Both McCullouch and
Jackson made little mention of the Klan after their respective party's conventions, as McCulloch was concerned about alienating pro-Klan voters and Jackson was concerned about alienating black voters. The Klan issue nonetheless remained the unspoken elephant in the room that
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In 1922, he campaigned for the office and was elected. Jackson was interested in running for higher office, and began to seek out supporters for his coming bid for the governorship. There is no evidence that
Jackson ever was a member of the KKK. However, he was approached by
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and provided names of people who had been paid bribes by the Klan and taken part in other illegal activity. He had kept a "black box" of records that provided evidence for many of his accusations. He exposed Jackson's attempt to bribe McCray with $ 10,000 years earlier.
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leaders, and became involved in several political scandals. He was accused of favoring the Klan's agenda while in office. In 1927 he was investigated and tried on bribery charges related to having tried to bribe the previous governor, but was not convicted as the
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In 1901, Jackson ran successfully for the prosecutor's position and served until 1906. He was elected as a county circuit court judge in 1907 and remained on the court until 1914, during which time he gained a strong political base of support.
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Jackson soon found his deal with Klan leaders to be troublesome, as the Klan began demanding specific actions from him. He granted the Klan a state charter, to the disgust of Republican Governor
634:. He was convicted and sentenced to life in prison. He demanded that Jackson pardon him, but the governor refused. Angered, Stephenson started talking to reporters in 1927 from the
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After beginning his career as a lawyer, Jackson married Rosa Wilkinson on February 20, 1897. The couple had two daughters, Helen and Gertrude. Rosa died in October 1919 during the
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Numerous religious and civic groups in the state demanded for Jackson to resign. His case, like many other Klan bribery cases, was brought to court. His trial ended in a
470:, where he was promoted to major and made commandant of a training facility. He continued to train new recruits until he was discharged from the army in February 1919.
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Jackson was inaugurated on January 12, 1925. He stressed the need to run the government economically. His administration oversaw the payoff of the state's
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Jackson remarried about a year later, on November 23, 1920, to Lydia Beaty Pierce. The couple adopted an infant son, whom they named Edward Jackson Jr.
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at the advice of Stephenson. Many Republican leaders were upset with Jackson over the choice, as they had favored the appointment of former senator
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that left him bedridden for the rest of his life. He died in his home on November 18, 1954, and was buried in the Green Hill Cemetery of Orleans.
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in 1893. His business was not very successful at first, and he worked in a brickyard to earn a steady income, especially to support his family.
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3.5 million debt and a significant reduction in taxes. He also increased attention on the Department of Conservation. The
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High-profile problems continued for Jackson. In 1925, Stephenson had been arrested and tried for the rape and murder of
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had expired. After finishing his term in office, he left in disgrace and never ran again for public office.
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church. His father was a mill worker. As a boy, Edward delivered newspapers and attended public schools.
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from January 12, 1925, to January 14, 1929. He had also been elected as Secretary of State of Indiana.
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and maintained an apple orchard. He was active in several local clubs. In 1948, he suffered a massive
351:(December 27, 1873 – November 18, 1954) was an American attorney, judge and politician, elected the
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appointed Jackson as Secretary of State after the incumbent William Roach died in January 1920.
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Indiana Through Tradition and Change: A History of the Hoosier State and Its People, 1920-1945
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Indiana Through Tradition and Change: A History of the Hoosier State and Its People, 1920-1945
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Indiana Through Tradition and Change: A History of the Hoosier State and Its People, 1920-1945
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as a legal apprentice after he finished school. He passed the bar and opened a law office in
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bribe and was offended at the offer. The dealing was behind the scenes and not made public.
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in 1916, which he won. His time in office was brief however, as he resigned shortly after
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Edward Jackson presenting the deed of the first purchase of the Indiana Dunes State Park.
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By 1898, his law office had become a full-time position. He worked on many cases for the
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His popularity in the Republican Party helped in winning the nomination to run for
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Notre Dame vs. the Klan: how the Fighting Irish defeated the Ku Klux Klan
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died in office, and Jackson needed to appoint his replacement. He chose
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458:. He was commissioned as a captain in November 1917 and stationed in
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After completing school he took a job in a factory producing stakes.
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1242:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
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1025:"The Political Realignment of Black Voters in Indianapolis, 1924"
952:"The Political Realignment of Black Voters in Indianapolis, 1924"
906:"The Political Realignment of Black Voters in Indianapolis, 1924"
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After leaving the military, Jackson opened a new law office in
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Grand Dragon: D.C. Stephenson and the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana
1195:. Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana Historical Society Press.
877:"10 Well-Known US Figures Affiliated with the Ku Klux Klan"
556:
19:
For the former American college football head coach, see
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Citizen Klansmen: the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921-1928
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Jackson resumed his law practice, opening an office in
1221:. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press.
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were established during Jackson's term as governor:
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arrested Edward Shumaker, the leader of the Indiana
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1187:Gugin, Linda C.; St. Clair, James E, eds. (2006).
382:Edward Jackson was born on December 27, 1873, in
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855:. Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 71.
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181:November 27, 1916 – November 21, 1917
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120:January 22, 1920 – November 27, 1924
65:January 12, 1925 – January 14, 1929
1878:United States Army personnel of World War I
1163:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cayCYpxtIyo
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700:for exact years of park's establishment).
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1123:Madison, James H. (October 6, 2020).
1096:Madison, James H. (October 6, 2020).
1042:Madison, James H. (October 6, 2020).
969:Madison, James H. (October 6, 2020).
923:Madison, James H. (October 6, 2020).
1430:January 12, 1925 – January 14, 1929
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825:"Indiana Governor Edward L. Jackson"
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567:were established with his support.
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21:Edward Jackson (American football)
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1888:20th-century American politicians
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1126:The Ku Klux Klan in the Heartland
1099:The Ku Klux Klan in the Heartland
1045:The Ku Klux Klan in the Heartland
972:The Ku Klux Klan in the Heartland
926:The Ku Klux Klan in the Heartland
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1023:Giffin, William W. (June 1983).
950:Giffin, William W. (June 1983).
904:Giffin, William W. (June 1983).
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16:American politician (1873–1954)
1302:National Governors Association
1238:Moore, Leonard Joseph (1991).
1075:. Indiana Historical Society.
1002:. Indiana Historical Society.
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829:National Governors Association
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454:broke out and enlisted in the
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1838:American temperance activists
1399:Secretary of State of Indiana
1372:Secretary of State of Indiana
1263:. Chicago, IL: Loyola Press.
1217:Lutholtz, M. William (1991).
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169:Secretary of State of Indiana
108:Secretary of State of Indiana
1129:. Indiana University Press.
1102:. Indiana University Press.
1048:. Indiana University Press.
975:. Indiana University Press.
929:. Indiana University Press.
755:List of governors of Indiana
565:George Rogers Clark Memorial
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1883:United States Army officers
1843:American white supremacists
1029:Indiana Magazine of History
956:Indiana Magazine of History
910:Indiana Magazine of History
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614:Indiana Attorney General
561:Indiana Dunes State Park
510:Indiana General Assembly
378:Early life and education
365:Jackson associated with
301:United States of America
1858:Ku Klux Klan in Indiana
1298:, Indiana State Library
670:Brown County State Park
603:Arthur Raymond Robinson
594:In the autumn of 1925,
462:. He was soon moved to
779:June 16, 2010, at the
690:Spring Mill State Park
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464:Battle Creek, Michigan
384:Howard County, Indiana
372:statute of limitations
246:Howard County, Indiana
1419:Emmett Forrest Branch
1296:Edward Jackson Papers
1259:Tucker, Todd (2004).
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596:United States Senator
434:prosecutor's office.
358:of the U.S. state of
317:Years of service
137:Emmett Forrest Branch
88:Emmett Forrest Branch
1848:Governors of Indiana
1833:American prosecutors
1475:Governors of Indiana
1285:Ed Jackson biography
530:Emmett Forest Branch
1853:Indiana Republicans
1798:Governor of Indiana
1426:Governor of Indiana
1338:Governor of Indiana
612:The following year
607:Albert J. Beveridge
484:Governor of Indiana
397:Marriage and family
388:Disciples of Christ
287:Lydia Beatty Pierce
76:F. Harold Van Orman
53:Governor of Indiana
1357:Political offices
879:. October 3, 2017.
716:, where he raised
682:Pokagon State Park
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637:Indianapolis Times
621:Anti-Saloon League
534:Compromise of 1877
480:Lafayette, Indiana
468:Lafayette, Indiana
456:United States Army
311:United States Army
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1485:(1800–1816)
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1433:Succeeded by
1409:Fred Schortemeier
1406:Succeeded by
1379:Succeeded by
1347:Succeeded by
1307:Edward L. Jackson
1290:Jackson Biography
1136:978-0-253-05220-9
1109:978-0-253-05220-9
1082:978-0-87195-043-7
1055:978-0-253-05220-9
1009:978-0-87195-043-7
982:978-0-253-05220-9
936:978-0-253-05220-9
632:Madge Oberholtzer
617:Arthur L. Gilliom
599:Samuel M. Ralston
487:James P. Goodrich
349:Edward L. Jackson
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243:December 27, 1873
194:James P. Goodrich
190:Samuel M. Ralston
161:Fred Schortemeier
129:James P. Goodrich
32:Edward L. Jackson
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259:(1954-11-18)
213:Succeeded by
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156:Succeeded by
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95:Succeeded by
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25:
1823:1954 deaths
1818:1873 births
1745:E. Whitcomb
1570:J. Whitcomb
834:October 11,
666:state parks
652:State parks
571:Prohibition
482:. In 1920
466:, and then
452:World War I
337:World War I
201:Preceded by
144:Preceded by
83:Preceded by
1812:Categories
1796:See also:
1403:1920–1924
1376:1916–1917
1334:Republican
761:References
704:Later life
584:See also:
415:Law career
297:Allegiance
276:Republican
239:1873-12-27
71:Lieutenant
1720:Schricker
1710:Schricker
664:Numerous
646:hung jury
403:influenza
320:1917–1919
282:Spouse(s)
177:In office
167:34th
116:In office
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1675:Goodrich
1665:Marshall
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1615:Williams
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1501:(acting)
1494:Harrison
777:Archived
728:See also
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524:Governor
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356:governor
186:Governor
125:Governor
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1775:Daniels
1730:Handley
1690:Jackson
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1560:Wallace
774:NGA Bio
714:Orleans
501:of the
425:Kennard
360:Indiana
1770:Kernan
1700:McNutt
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1685:Branch
1680:McCray
1655:Durbin
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1715:Gates
1660:Hanly
1650:Mount
1640:Chase
1635:Hovey
1605:Baker
1555:Noble
1505:Posey
696:(see
548:.
328:Major
1760:Bayh
1630:Gray
1620:Gray
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1540:Boon
1343:1924
1265:ISBN
1244:ISBN
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1197:ISBN
1131:ISBN
1104:ISBN
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1050:ISBN
1004:ISBN
977:ISBN
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857:ISBN
836:2013
557:US$
544:and
353:32nd
325:Rank
253:Died
233:Born
1755:Orr
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