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702:, noting his subsequent imprisonment in New Orleans and parole in April 1865. These records confirm his service as a lieutenant in Captain W. B. Barrow's company of a Louisiana cavalry regiment, for all practical purposes a loosely organized band of irregulars or "scouts" (guerrillas). One organizing officer of this regiment, which was sometimes called "Barrow's Regiment" or the "9th Louisiana Cavalry Regiment," was Major Robert Pruyn. Pruyn (a postwar mayor of Baton Rouge, Louisiana) served as courier relaying messages from Port Hudson's commander, General
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2036:"EX-PRESIDENT TAFT SUCCEEDS WHITE AS CHIEF JUSTICE; Senate Confirms Nomination at Once After Attack by Borah and Johnson. HARDING ANNOUNCES IT Says Daugherty Urged Action Now to Aid in Reorganization of Federal Courts.LONG MENTIONED FOR POST Taft Was Considered for SupremeBench in 1907 Before Nominated for Presidency"
714:. Pruyn escaped from Port Hudson prior to its surrender in the same manner. According to another account, after White was paroled in April 1865 and following the surrender of the western Confederate forces, he ended his military career by walking (his clothing in rags) to a comrade's family home in Livonia in
909:(1901) that the newly-annexed territories were not properly part of the United States for purposes of the Constitution in several ways. However, wrote White, the constitutional guarantees of a citizen's rights of liberty and property were applicable to all and "cannot be under any circumstances transcended."
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As chief justice at a time when the Court's work was carried out with more than 8,000 cases brought each year before the court, and only a few clerks to work for all the members of the Court, White held weekly meetings with fellow jurists, assigned all the cases and wrote the majority opinions in 711
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White's membership in the Ku Klux Klan is a matter of contention. Some authors, such
Michael Newton, claim White was a "Reconstruction Era Klansman." Other reports question whether there is enough evidence to support that claim, though noting that membership in secret societies such as the KKK can be
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for railroad employees. White's background as a
Democrat, Confederate veteran and Southern lawyer might have predicted legal positions that would have sought to curtail federal power. Yet, surprisingly, White articulated nationalist positions in his decisions, much like President Taft. He supported
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Birth-Baptismal Record of
Edouard Douglas White (Record Number: 1844-606) child of E.D. White and Sidney Ringgold, baptized December 30, 1844, in Thibodaux, LA by Rev. Chs. M. Menard. Date of birth November 3, 1844. Diocese of Houma-Thibodaux, Office of Archives, Historical Research Center, 205
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as chief justice in 1795). The wisdom of elevating an associate justice to chief justice was questioned, as were Taft's motives for selecting White. Nonetheless, the Senate confirmed White the same day, and again on a voice vote. He became the nation's ninth chief justice on
December 19, 1910.
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near Bayou
Lafourche in October 1862, but that he evaded capture by hiding beneath hay in a barn. It is possible that White enlisted in the Lafourche Parish militia, as its muster rolls are not complete. There is no documentation, however, that White served in any Confederate volunteer unit or
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expanded regulation and taxation by
Congress. He was usually conservative in racial issues, as were most justices. However, he wrote the majority decisions in favor of civil rights in important cases. Late in life, he expressed sorrow at the entire Civil War experience and his role in it.
672:(then a Federal naval officer at Port Hudson), in both of which White referred to being part of the besieged forces. But White's name does not appear on any list of prisoners captured at Port Hudson. According to another account of questionable reliability, White was supposedly sent to a
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1033:. At the time of his death on May 21, 1921, he had served on the Court for a total of 27 years, 10 of them as chief justice. He was succeeded by former president Taft, who had elevated White to the chief justice seat and had long desired the seat himself.
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645:. This is questionable , as his widowed mother had remarried and was living with the rest of the family in New Orleans at the time. When he returned to Louisiana, it was probably to his primary home in New Orleans.
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periodical, published for the United
Confederate Veterans, congratulated him upon his confirmation. White was one of three ex-Confederate soldiers to serve on the Supreme Court. The others were associate justices
683:, this account is likely not true. When White was paroled, he supposedly returned to the family plantation to find it abandoned, the canefields barren, and the place nearly empty of most of its former slaves.
664:, which was besieged and captured by Union troops in 1863. White's presence at Port Hudson, when he was 18 years old, is supported by a secondhand account of a postwar dinner conversation he had with Senator
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and therefore null and void." Nevertheless, Southern states quickly devised other methods to continue their disfranchisement of blacks (and in some cases, many poor whites) that withstood Court scrutiny.
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While living on his family's abandoned plantation, White began his legal studies. He enrolled at the
University of Louisiana in New Orleans to complete his study of the law, at what is now known as
1045:. His wife was the daughter of Romonzo and Virginia High Montgomery; White proposed to her before her first marriage but was turned down, and proposed again after her first husband died in 1892.
582:. The couple had five children, of whom White Jr. was the youngest son. In April 1847, before his namesake son had reached his third birthday, White Sr. died. His wife remarried in 1850, wedding
605:, which biographer Robert Baker Highsaw characterized as "probably the best Catholic institution of higher learning in the United States". It was distinctly Jesuit as well; university president
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and a majority of the faculty were all members of the
Society of Jesus. White's Jesuit training influenced his legal philosophy later in life, leading him to emphasize formal
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566:. The elder White retired from Congress in 1843; his sugar plantation utilized dozens of slaves. His wife was Catherine Sidney Lee Ringgold, the daughter of influential
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767:, White said "I was a member of the Klan, sir." Griffith then arranged a screening of his film for the nine members of the Supreme Court and members of Congress.
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Kent, Andrew (2016). "The Rebel
Soldier Who Became Chief Justice of the United States: The Civil War and its Legacy for Edward Douglass White of Louisiana".
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679:. As practically all Confederate soldiers of enlisted rank of the Port Hudson garrison were paroled, and officers sent to prison in New Orleans and later to
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1929:"The Inconvenience of a "Constitution [that] follows the flag … but doesn't quite catch up with it": From Downes v. Bidwell to Boumediene v. Bush"
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Kent, Andrew. "The Rebel Soldier Who Became Chief Justice of the United States: The Civil War and its Legacy for Edward Douglass White of Louisiana."
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White served in the Louisiana State Senate in 1874, a year marked by interracial violence in political campaigns and elections. He also served on the
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White's Civil War service was taken as a matter of common knowledge at the time of his initial nomination to the United States Supreme Court, and the
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Stevens, Dennis G. (1999). "Constitutional Jurisprudence at a Crossroads: Edward Douglass White". In Stevens, Richard G.; Franck, Matthew J. (eds.).
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The Liberty Ships of World War II: A Record of the 2,710 Vessels and Their Builders, Operators and Namesakes, with a History of the Jeremiah O'Brien
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996:(1915), which invalidated the Oklahoma and Maryland grandfather clauses (and, by extension, those in other Southern states) as "repugnant to the
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1531:"The Rebel Soldier Who Became Chief Justice of the United States: The Civil War and Its Legacy for Edward Douglass White of Louisiana"
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802:. He subsequently was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in New Orleans in 1868. He was also mentored as a young attorney by
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The only documented evidence of White's Confederate service consists of an account of his capture on March 12, 1865, in an action in
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759:(1915), and asserted that White had been in the Ku Klux Klan, there is no evidence to support either of Griffith's contentions.
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elevated him to the position of chief justice. The appointment surprised many contemporaries, as Taft was a member of the
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founded the annual Edward Douglass White Lectures. They have featured such distinguished speakers as U.S. chief justices
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949:. The appointment was unusual, as White was the first incumbent associate justice to be appointed as chief justice. (
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Bryn Stole, "As Confederate Monuments Come Down, Statues of E.D. White May be on the Move," Nola.com, August 22,2020
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Proceedings of the Bar and Officers of the Supreme Court of the United States in Memory of Edward Douglass White
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Paths to distinction: Dr. James White, Governor E.D. White, and Chief Justice Edward Douglass White of Louisiana
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Paths to Distinction: Dr. James White, Governor E.D. White and Chief Justice Edward Douglass White of Louisiana.
514:" public facilities in the United States. White would go on to write notable opinions in landmark cases such as
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until it was removed in December 2020. This statue was a local landmark on the New Orleans scene, created by
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1871:"Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President"
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White's studies at Georgetown were interrupted by the Civil War. It has been suggested that he returned to
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parade was an attack on Reconstruction so extreme that it was widely condemned, and even denounced by the
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cases, as well as 155 dissenting opinions, all opposing income taxes. He wrote for a unanimous Court in
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school in New Orleans beginning at the age of six. Starting in 1856, he and his brother attended
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Davis, Peggy Cooper, Introducing Robert Smalls (2001). Fordham Law Review, Vol. 69, No. 5, 2001.
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from 1910 until his death in 1921. White is known for siding with the Supreme Court majority in
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829:(1876–1880; 1888–1892), a former Confederate general. He was Nicholls' campaign manager in the
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Michael Newton, The Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi: A History (McFarland and Company: 2010), 64.
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White died from a sudden heart attack on May 19, 1921, at the age of 75. He is buried at the
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1398:. Thibodaux, Louisiana: The Friends of the Edward Douglass White Historic Site. p. 96.
406:(November 3, 1845 – May 19, 1921) was an American politician and jurist. White, a native of
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1848:"Up until the postwar era, U.S. Supreme Court confirmations usually were routine business"
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However, Griffith claimed that when he met White, and told White of the subject matter of
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1995:
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Dr. James White, Governor E.D. White and Chief Justice Edward Douglass white of Louisiana
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immigrant merchant Andre Brousseau. The family moved to New Orleans the subsequent year.
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497:. White served as chief justice until his death in 1921, when he was succeeded by Taft.
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White married Leita Montgomery Kent, the widow of Linden Kent, on November 6, 1894, in
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appointed White as an associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. In 1910, President
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1964:. ABC-CLIO Supreme Court handbooks. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 44.
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in Arlington, Virginia, was named in his honor, but dropped the name in August 2020.
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Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court
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of the early 20th century regarding the relationship of the United States to its
866:. In contrast to those nominations, the Senate confirmed White the same day on a
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578:, and the future chief justice was thus distantly related to Confederate general
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Although the moviemaker D. W. Griffith claimed White endorsed his racist movie,
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Another account suggests that he was assigned as an aide to Confederate General
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The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions
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of Minnesota, a Union veteran of Port Hudson, and another recounted by Admiral
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482:, White represented Louisiana in the United States Senate from 1891 to 1894.
2190:"Edward Douglass White statue removed from steps of Louisiana Supreme Court"
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on February 19, 1894, after the Senate had rejected his first two nominees:
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Thibodaux, La., 1999: Friends of the Edward Douglass White Historic Site.
2263:. West Orange, New Jersey: New Jersey State Council, Knights of Columbus.
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870:. He took the judicial oath of office a few weeks later, March 12, 1894.
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White was born on November 3, 1845, on his family's sugar plantation near
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2004:
1627:"Edward Douglass White: The Louisiana Years, Early Life and on the Bench"
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443:. He also attended the College of the Immaculate Conception, present-day
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Edward Douglass White's Influence on the Louisiana Anti-Lottery Movement
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laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were
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from 1878 to 1880. In 1891, the State Legislature elected him to the
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2483:, 1910-1921, History of the Court, Supreme Court Historical Society
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broke out, White left Georgetown without a degree, returning home.
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and was captured in 1865. After the war, White won election to the
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of Tennessee. The Court's other ex-Confederate, Associate Justice
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2000:"A Judicial Revisitation Finds Kneedler v. Lane Not So 'Amazing'"
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Audubon Avenue, Thibodaux, LA 70301. Abstracted on April 8, 2008
1133:
Father Chief Justice: Edward Douglass White and the Constitution
806:, a New Orleans lawyer who later served as chief justice of the
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Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.).
790:
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An apocryphal account states that White was almost captured by
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2529:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
2460:
The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995
2234:
1806:
Bourbonism and Agrarian Protest: Louisiana Politics, 1877–1900
1281:
List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office
738:, had held a civil position under the Confederate government.
4345:
United States federal judges appointed by William Howard Taft
1018:, which President Taft said was "one of his great opinions."
2617:, December 17, 1921. Washington: Government Printing Office.
2344:"Chief Justice White Is Dead at Age 75 After an Operation."
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Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
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decision, ruling that the federal government could not ban
118:
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
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United States federal judges appointed by Grover Cleveland
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Sober As a Judge: The Supreme Court and Republican Liberty
1313:; it is part of a Louisiana state park dedicated to White.
1276:
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
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2391:
The Supreme Court Under Edward Douglass White, 1910–1921.
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Edward Douglass White, Chief Justice of the United States
2362:
Edward Douglass White: Defender of the Conservative Faith
2328:
2133:"Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices"
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Edward Douglass White, Defender of the Conservative Faith
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militia unit engaged in campaigns in the Lafourche area.
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The Supreme Court under Edward Douglass White, 1910–1921
1361:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States.
1286:
United States Supreme Court cases during the White Court
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In 1877, White served on the Reception Committee of the
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De Novo, the Newsletter of the Law Library of Louisiana
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White notably sided with the Supreme Court majority in
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after graduating from the University of Louisiana, now
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Democratic Party United States senators from Louisiana
2578:. Friends of the Edward Douglass White Historic Site.
1780:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court Historical Society.
2592:
The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary
1436:. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.
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The home in which White was born is now known as the
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2336:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
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1466:. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.
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is one of the two honoring Louisiana natives in the
27:
Chief justice of the United States from 1910 to 1921
2553:. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books.
2357:, (Transylvania Printing Co., Lexington, Ky., 1963)
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4280:Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
2220:"Statue to White Will be Unveiled to Ceremonies."
1876:. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service
1164:in Bogota, New Jersey, is also named in his honor.
1142:In 1995, White was posthumously inducted into the
428:, which upheld the legality of state segregation.
4179:Also served as Chief Justice of the United States
873:In 1896, White was a part of the 7–1 majority in
710:, crossing the Union siege lines by swimming the
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4250:Burials at Oak Hill Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)
2547:Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990).
953:, a former associate justice, had been given a
625:Confederate soldier and Ku Klux Klan membership
550:, Louisiana, about thirty miles to the west of
2137:Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1983
1961:The White Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy
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1576:"The Family Background of Chief Justice White"
1101:A statue of White was located in front of the
965:members of the court. He originated the term "
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4320:People of Louisiana in the American Civil War
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1895:
1893:
1891:
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1160:The Chief Justice White Council #2586 of the
558:, was a lawyer and judge who had served as a
1083:, the oldest and most prestigious award for
961:White was generally seen as one of the more
2488:Finkelman, Paul. "White, Edward Douglass";
2237:. Arlington Virginia: Knights of Columbus.
2130:
2106:"Mrs. E.B.D. White, 81, Dead in Washington"
1990:
1988:
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1153:Edward Douglass White Council #2473 of the
1144:Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame
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447:in New Orleans, class of 1865. His father,
130:March 12, 1894 – December 18, 1910
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2746:Senate Contingent Expenses Audit Committee
1947:– via UF Law Scholarship Repository.
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1021:During his tenure as chief justice, White
696:Official Records of the American Civil War
48:
4305:Democratic Party Louisiana state senators
2595:. New York: Garland Publishing. pp.
1957:
1868:
1745:. Louisiana Supreme Court. Archived from
1493:. Internet Archive. New York, NY: Wiley.
1168:Edward Douglas White Catholic High School
78:December 19, 1910 – May 19, 1921
30:For the U.S. politician (1795-1847), see
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1994:
1985:
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1052:, and he was reared in that religion, a
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879:, which upheld the constitutionality of
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4310:Justices of the Louisiana Supreme Court
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2434:
2267:from the original on September 16, 2018
1926:
1862:
1850:. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center
1661:
1574:Klinkhamer, Marie Carolyn (July 1947).
1490:National Landmarks, America's Treasures
1429:
189:March 4, 1891 – March 12, 1894
14:
4207:
3527:
2550:The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography
2202:from the original on December 24, 2020
1784:from the original on December 10, 2018
1393:
219:Justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court
3526:
3216:
3177:
2854:United States senators from Louisiana
2826:
2707:U.S. senator (Class 3) from Louisiana
2532:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2504:
2331:"Edward Douglass White (id: W000366)"
2306:from the original on October 14, 2021
2235:"Edward Douglass White Council #2473"
2187:
2169:from the original on February 4, 2021
2100:
2098:
2083:from the original on January 14, 2017
1869:McMillion, Barry J. (March 8, 2022).
1803:Hair, William Ivy (October 1, 1969).
1743:"Edouard Edmund Bermudez (1832-1892)"
1624:
1456:
1118:Louisiana State University Law Center
831:1888 Louisiana gubernatorial election
418:from 1894 to 1910, then as the ninth
2571:. Southern Speech Journal 28: 36-43.
2525:
2384:Catholic University of America Press
1899:
1802:
1735:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1069:
841:
4335:Tulane University Law School alumni
4260:Chief justices of the United States
4235:American Civil War prisoners of war
2286:Williams, Greg H. (July 25, 2014).
1846:DeSilver, Drew (February 7, 2022).
1365:from the original on April 15, 2010
1048:White's paternal ancestors were of
785:
641:, eventually attaining the rank of
24:
4240:American people of English descent
4187:
3507:
3217:
3206:Supreme Court of the United States
2805:Chief Justice of the United States
2491:American National Biography Online
2466:, Congressional Quarterly Books).
2427:
2395:University of South Carolina Press
2355:The Barrow Family of Old Louisiana
2241:from the original on March 3, 2013
2095:
1778:"Edward Douglass White, 1910-1921"
943:Chief Justice of the United States
856:Supreme Court of the United States
506:, upholding the legality of state
414:justice for 27 years, first as an
231:January 1879 – April 1880
66:Chief Justice of the United States
25:
4356:
2622:
2373:American Journal of Legal History
2188:Stole, Bryn (December 23, 2020).
2061:Chadwick, Georgia (Spring 2008).
2016:from the original on May 22, 2016
1902:American Journal of Legal History
1643:from the original on July 9, 2021
1606:from the original on July 9, 2021
1555:from the original on July 9, 2021
1536:American Journal of Legal History
1507:
1412:
1016:conscription in the United States
846:White was nominated by President
698:, and his service records in the
4315:People from Thibodaux, Louisiana
4265:Confederate States Army officers
3006:
2464:Supreme Court Historical Society
2366:Louisiana State University Press
2163:"Recipients | The Laetare Medal"
1316:
1303:
1261:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1213:
937:On December 12, 1910, President
912:
728:Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar
389:
2646:. official Supreme Court media.
2279:
2253:
2227:
2214:
2155:
2131:Christensen, George A. (1983).
2124:
2054:
2028:
1951:
1920:
1796:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1655:
1618:
1567:
1487:Chambers, S. Allan Jr. (2000).
345:
2668:, official Supreme Court media
2493:Feb. 2000. Access Oct 05 2016
2112:. January 16, 1934. p. 21
1958:Shoemaker, Rebecca S. (2004).
1625:Joyce, Walter E. (June 1967).
1580:The Catholic Historical Review
1480:
1450:
1430:Highsaw, Robert Baker (1981).
1387:
1377:
1135:by Paul Baier, a professor at
887:. He also participated in the
794:Edward White as a U.S. Senator
574:; she was a descendant of the
13:
1:
2651:The E. D. White Historic Site
2639:Bust of Edward Douglass White
2574:Reeves, William Dale. (1999)
2526:Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992).
2063:"Looking Out on Royal Street"
1476:– via Internet Archive.
1446:– via Internet Archive.
1291:
1014:, and more generally, upheld
1012:Selective Service Act of 1917
774:in New Orleans. The Knights'
570:, businessman and politician
4330:Politicians from New Orleans
4275:Georgetown University alumni
4230:20th-century American judges
4225:19th-century American judges
2567:Mele, Joseph C. (Fall 1962)
2511:. Chelsea House Publishers.
2165:. University of Notre Dame.
1333:
1139:, was based on White's life.
1075:In 1914, he was awarded the
800:Tulane University Law School
694:, which is contained in the
601:. White enrolled in 1858 at
7:
2658:September 27, 2011, at the
2613:U.S. Supreme Court. (1921)
2589:Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994).
2378:Klinkhammer, Marie. (1943)
2261:"Chief Justice White #2586"
1394:Reeves, William D. (1999).
1311:Edward Douglass White House
1199:
981:, which mandated a maximum
837:United States Supreme Court
637:, and served under General
433:Lafourche Parish, Louisiana
361:Mount St. Mary's University
10:
4361:
4325:Philodemic Society members
2439:(3rd ed.). New York:
2435:Abraham, Henry J. (1992).
2360:Highsaw, Robert B. (1981)
2322:
1927:Malavet, Pedro A. (2010).
1529:Kent, Andrew (June 2016).
1355:"Justices 1789 to Present"
941:nominated White to become
916:
29:
4185:
3535:
3522:
3505:
3225:
3212:
3015:
3004:
2860:
2811:
2802:
2794:
2784:
2775:
2767:
2762:
2752:
2742:
2734:
2724:
2704:
2696:
2689:
2498:November 3, 2010, at the
1322:White Sr. was the son of
1195:, and named in his honor.
1007:Selective Draft Law Cases
945:, following the death of
903:with the 5–4 decision in
556:Edward Douglass White Sr.
535:Selective Draft Law Cases
449:Edward Douglass White Sr.
435:, White practiced law in
404:Edward Douglass White Jr.
397:
385:
355:
329:
319:
309:
292:
273:Edward Douglass White Jr.
268:
263:
259:
247:
235:
224:
217:
205:
193:
182:
170:
158:
146:
134:
123:
116:
106:
94:
82:
71:
63:
59:
47:
40:
32:Edward Douglass White Sr.
18:Edward Douglass White Jr.
4290:Lawyers from New Orleans
4285:Laetare Medal recipients
4255:Catholics from Louisiana
4245:American segregationists
2389:Pratt, Walter F. (1999)
2329:United States Congress.
1719:Peggy Cooper Davis. 2001
1296:
1081:University of Notre Dame
927:White as he appeared in
745:According to biographer
595:Mount St. Mary's College
542:Early life and education
2458:Cushman, Clare (2001).
2441:Oxford University Press
2375:(2016) 56#2 pp 209–264.
2353:Floyd, William Barrow,
2341:Retrieved on 2009-04-11
1933:Mississippi Law Journal
1651:– via HeinOnline.
1563:– via HeinOnline.
1103:Louisiana Supreme Court
1037:Personal life and death
815:Louisiana Supreme Court
808:Louisiana Supreme Court
742:difficult to document.
660:and accompanied him to
635:Confederate States Army
476:Louisiana Supreme Court
462:. White fought for the
4295:Lee family of Virginia
4192:
3512:
2224:(March 4, 1926): p. 6.
1728:New Orleans newspaper
1096:National Statuary Hall
1050:Irish Catholic descent
993:Guinn v. United States
969:." He also joined the
934:
864:Wheeler Hazard Peckham
795:
736:Howell Edmunds Jackson
681:Johnson's Island, Ohio
662:Port Hudson, Louisiana
529:Guinn v. United States
523:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
472:Louisiana State Senate
4191:
3511:
3359:Edward Douglass White
2678:Edward Douglass White
2631:Edward Douglass White
926:
860:William B. Hornblower
793:
765:The Birth of a Nation
756:The Birth of a Nation
603:Georgetown University
564:governor of Louisiana
478:. As a member of the
453:Governor of Louisiana
371:Georgetown University
335:Leita Montgomery Kent
254:William B. Giles Egan
172:United States Senator
42:Edward Douglass White
3391:Charles Evans Hughes
2666:Edward Douglas White
2408:Reeves, William D.,
2382:. Washington, D.C.:
2143:on September 3, 2005
1732:, February 14, 1877.
1710:Paul Finkelman. 2000
1458:Pratt, Walter F. Jr.
1359:www.supremecourt.gov
1174:, was named for him.
1172:Thibodaux, Louisiana
1126:William H. Rehnquist
1098:in the U.S. Capitol.
919:White Court (judges)
897:Spanish–American War
819:United States Senate
732:Horace Harmon Lurton
716:Pointe Coupee Parish
692:Pointe Coupee Parish
677:prisoner of war camp
599:Emmitsburg, Maryland
286:Thibodaux, Louisiana
4300:Louisiana Democrats
3375:William Howard Taft
2788:Willis Van Devanter
2368:, 1ISBN 0807124281.
2364:, Baton Rouge, LA:
1914:10.1093/ajlh/njw003
1549:10.1093/ajlh/njw003
1162:Knights of Columbus
1155:Knights of Columbus
998:Fifteenth Amendment
983:eight-hour work day
971:Hammer v. Dagenhart
939:William Howard Taft
827:Francis T. Nicholls
730:of Mississippi and
723:Confederate Veteran
560:U.S. Representative
491:William Howard Taft
485:In 1894, President
242:Francis T. Nicholls
165:Willis Van Devanter
112:William Howard Taft
89:William Howard Taft
4193:
3529:Associate justices
3513:
2713:Served alongside:
2347:The New York Times
2222:The Times-Picayune
2110:The New York Times
2040:The New York Times
1614:– via JSTOR.
1232:American Civil War
1193:Brunswick, Georgia
1116:In his honor, the
1085:American Catholics
955:recess appointment
935:
881:racial segregation
876:Plessy v. Ferguson
796:
708:Joseph E. Johnston
633:, enlisted in the
619:American Civil War
512:separate but equal
503:Plessy v. Ferguson
474:and served on the
445:Jesuit High School
425:Plessy v. Ferguson
412:U.S. Supreme Court
4202:
4201:
4198:
4197:
3518:
3517:
3471:William Rehnquist
3171:
3170:
2821:
2820:
2812:Succeeded by
2785:Succeeded by
2771:Samuel Blatchford
2756:Johnson N. Camden
2753:Succeeded by
2725:Succeeded by
2711:1891–1894
2629:Ariens, Michael,
2462:(2nd ed.). (
2299:978-1-4766-1754-1
1998:(December 1967).
1996:Delehant, John W.
1816:978-0-8071-0206-0
1679:978-0-7391-0010-3
1632:Tulane Law Review
1500:978-0-471-19764-5
1473:978-1-57003-309-4
1443:978-0-8071-0753-9
1070:Legacy and honors
1061:Oak Hill Cemetery
1056:his entire life.
1031:Warren G. Harding
930:Harper's Magazine
906:Downes v. Bidwell
852:associate justice
842:Associate justice
700:National Archives
611:logical reasoning
589:White attended a
460:US Representative
441:Tulane University
416:associate justice
401:
400:
375:Tulane University
314:Oak Hill Cemetery
153:Samuel Blatchford
16:(Redirected from
4352:
4181:
4081:
3935:
3873:
3829:
3545:
3524:
3523:
3455:Warren E. Burger
3263:Oliver Ellsworth
3214:
3213:
3204:Justices of the
3198:
3191:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3010:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2795:Preceded by
2768:Preceded by
2735:Preceded by
2728:Newton Blanchard
2720:Donelson Caffery
2697:Preceded by
2687:
2686:
2610:
2564:
2543:
2522:
2477:
2454:
2340:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2231:
2225:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2139:. Archived from
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2082:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1897:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1875:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1843:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1774:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1739:
1733:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1526:
1505:
1504:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1427:
1410:
1409:
1391:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1351:
1327:
1320:
1314:
1307:
1266:
1265:
1254:
1253:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1122:Warren E. Burger
1065:Washington, D.C.
895:acquired in the
885:equal in quality
848:Grover Cleveland
804:Edouard Bermudez
786:Political career
772:Knights of Momus
704:Franklin Gardner
568:Washington, D.C.
495:Republican Party
487:Grover Cleveland
480:Democratic Party
393:
368:
349:
347:
303:Washington, D.C.
299:
283:November 3, 1845
282:
280:
264:Personal details
250:
238:
229:
212:Newton Blanchard
208:
196:
187:
161:
149:
141:Grover Cleveland
137:
128:
109:
97:
85:
76:
52:
38:
37:
21:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4194:
4183:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4076:
4017:J. M. Harlan II
3930:
3868:
3824:
3540:
3531:
3514:
3503:
3502:
3407:Harlan F. Stone
3343:Melville Fuller
3311:Salmon P. Chase
3221:
3208:
3202:
3172:
3167:
3011:
3002:
2856:
2851:
2817:
2808:
2800:
2798:Melville Fuller
2790:
2781:
2773:
2758:
2749:
2740:
2730:
2712:
2710:
2702:
2660:Wayback Machine
2625:
2620:
2607:
2561:
2540:
2519:
2500:Wayback Machine
2481:The White Court
2474:
2451:
2430:
2428:Further reading
2325:
2320:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2300:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
1993:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1925:
1921:
1898:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1844:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1801:
1797:
1787:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1749:on June 8, 2019
1741:
1740:
1736:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1670:Lexington Books
1660:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1527:
1508:
1501:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1428:
1413:
1406:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1353:
1352:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1321:
1317:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1272:
1260:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1204:
1202:
1188:Edward D. White
1092:statue of White
1072:
1039:
947:Melville Fuller
921:
915:
844:
839:
823:James B. Eustis
788:
631:Bayou Lafourche
627:
584:French-Canadian
544:
517:Talton v. Mayes
451:, was the 10th
373:
369:
359:
351:
348: 1894)
343:
339:
336:
320:Political party
301:
297:
284:
278:
276:
275:
274:
248:
236:
230:
225:
206:
194:
188:
183:
174:
159:
147:
135:
129:
124:
107:
101:Melville Fuller
95:
83:
77:
72:
55:
43:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4358:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4186:
4184:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4171:(2022–present)
4166:
4165:(2020–present)
4160:
4159:(2018–present)
4154:
4153:(2017–present)
4148:
4147:(2010–present)
4142:
4141:(2009–present)
4136:
4135:(2006–present)
4130:
4124:
4118:
4117:(1991–present)
4112:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3874:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3822:
3816:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3484:
3468:
3452:
3436:
3423:Fred M. Vinson
3420:
3404:
3388:
3372:
3356:
3340:
3327:Morrison Waite
3324:
3308:
3295:Roger B. Taney
3292:
3276:
3260:
3244:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3219:Chief justices
3210:
3209:
3201:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3038:J. S. Johnston
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3005:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2810:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2783:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2763:Legal offices
2760:
2759:
2754:
2751:
2741:
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2350:. May 19, 1921
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2042:. July 1, 1921
2027:
1984:
1970:
1950:
1919:
1908:(2): 209–264.
1887:
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1730:The Republican
1721:
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1668:. Lanham, MD:
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1639:(4): 751–768.
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1586:(2): 191–205.
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1054:Roman Catholic
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1027:Woodrow Wilson
967:Rule of Reason
917:Main article:
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911:
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838:
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747:Paul Finkelman
639:Richard Taylor
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554:. His father,
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4080:* (1972–1986)
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3934:* (1925–1941)
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3279:John Marshall
3277:
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2739:
2738:John P. Jones
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2116:September 21,
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2015:
2011:
2007:
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1971:1-57607-973-2
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1244:United States
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1077:Laetare Medal
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1062:
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1043:New York City
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1004:In 1918, the
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951:John Rutledge
948:
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940:
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913:Chief justice
910:
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889:Insular Cases
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713:
709:
706:, to General
705:
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697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:William Beall
654:
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632:
622:
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604:
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580:Robert E. Lee
577:
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420:chief justice
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384:
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310:Resting place
308:
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62:
58:
54:White in 1905
51:
46:
39:
36:
33:
19:
4178:
3877:Van Devanter
3825:
3765:J. M. Harlan
3494:
3491:2005–present
3487:John Roberts
3478:
3462:
3446:
3430:
3414:
3398:
3382:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3334:
3318:
3302:
3286:
3270:
3254:
3238:
3133:E. Broussard
3118:R. Broussard
3097:
2815:William Taft
2803:
2776:
2743:
2714:
2705:
2700:James Eustis
2682:Find a Grave
2665:
2650:
2638:
2630:
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2591:
2575:
2568:
2549:
2528:
2507:
2490:
2480:
2459:
2436:
2409:
2390:
2379:
2372:
2361:
2354:
2345:
2334:
2308:. Retrieved
2288:
2281:
2269:. Retrieved
2255:
2245:February 26,
2243:. Retrieved
2229:
2221:
2216:
2206:December 23,
2204:. Retrieved
2193:
2183:
2171:. Retrieved
2157:
2147:November 24,
2145:. Retrieved
2141:the original
2136:
2126:
2114:. Retrieved
2109:
2085:. Retrieved
2073:
2069:
2056:
2044:. Retrieved
2039:
2030:
2018:. Retrieved
2009:
2003:
1975:. Retrieved
1960:
1953:
1941:. Retrieved
1936:
1932:
1922:
1905:
1901:
1878:. Retrieved
1864:
1852:. Retrieved
1820:. Retrieved
1805:
1798:
1786:. Retrieved
1751:. Retrieved
1747:the original
1737:
1729:
1724:
1715:
1706:
1697:
1688:
1664:
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1636:
1630:
1620:
1608:. Retrieved
1583:
1579:
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1540:
1534:
1489:
1482:
1462:
1452:
1432:
1395:
1389:
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1358:
1318:
1305:
1187:
1183:Liberty ship
1179:World War II
1132:
1111:Bryant Baker
1105:building in
1058:
1047:
1040:
1029:(twice) and
1020:
1005:
1003:
991:
988:
963:conservative
960:
936:
928:
904:
874:
872:
845:
812:
797:
780:Krewe of Rex
769:
764:
762:
754:
744:
740:
722:
720:
685:
670:George Dewey
666:Knute Nelson
655:
650:Union troops
647:
628:
617:. After the
588:
545:
533:
527:
521:
515:
510:to provide "
501:
499:
484:
430:
423:
403:
402:
298:(1921-05-19)
296:May 19, 1921
237:Nominated by
226:
207:Succeeded by
200:James Eustis
184:
160:Succeeded by
136:Nominated by
125:
108:Succeeded by
84:Nominated by
73:
35:
4220:1921 deaths
4215:1845 births
4129:(1994–2022)
4123:(1993–2020)
4111:(1990–2009)
4105:(1988–2018)
4099:(1986–2016)
4093:(1981–2006)
4087:(1975–2010)
4073:(1972–1987)
4067:(1970–1994)
4061:(1967–1991)
4059:T. Marshall
4055:(1965–1969)
4049:(1962–1965)
4043:(1962–1993)
4037:(1958–1981)
4031:(1957–1962)
4025:(1956–1990)
4019:(1955–1971)
4013:(1949–1956)
4007:(1949–1967)
4001:(1945–1958)
3995:(1943–1949)
3993:W. Rutledge
3989:(1941–1954)
3983:(1941–1942)
3977:(1940–1949)
3971:(1939–1975)
3965:(1939–1962)
3963:Frankfurter
3959:(1938–1957)
3953:(1937–1971)
3947:(1932–1938)
3941:(1930–1945)
3927:(1923–1930)
3921:(1923–1939)
3915:(1922–1938)
3909:(1916–1922)
3903:(1916–1939)
3897:(1914–1941)
3891:(1912–1922)
3885:(1911–1916)
3879:(1911–1937)
3865:(1910–1914)
3859:(1906–1910)
3853:(1903–1922)
3847:(1902–1932)
3841:(1898–1925)
3835:(1896–1909)
3821:(1893–1895)
3815:(1892–1903)
3809:(1891–1906)
3803:(1890–1910)
3797:(1888–1893)
3791:(1882–1893)
3785:(1882–1902)
3779:(1881–1889)
3773:(1881–1887)
3767:(1877–1911)
3761:(1873–1882)
3755:(1870–1892)
3749:(1870–1880)
3743:(1863–1897)
3737:(1862–1877)
3731:(1862–1890)
3725:(1862–1881)
3719:(1858–1881)
3713:(1853–1861)
3707:(1851–1857)
3701:(1846–1870)
3695:(1845–1851)
3689:(1845–1872)
3683:(1842–1860)
3677:(1838–1852)
3671:(1837–1865)
3665:(1836–1841)
3659:(1835–1867)
3653:(1830–1844)
3647:(1829–1861)
3641:(1826–1828)
3635:(1823–1843)
3629:(1812–1845)
3623:(1811–1835)
3617:(1807–1826)
3611:(1807–1823)
3605:(1804–1834)
3599:(1800–1804)
3593:(1798–1829)
3587:(1796–1811)
3581:(1793–1806)
3575:(1792–1793)
3569:(1790–1799)
3563:(1790–1795)
3557:(1789–1798)
3551:(1790–1810)
3542:J. Rutledge
3439:Earl Warren
2988:B. Johnston
2691:U.S. Senate
2310:December 9,
2271:January 19,
2020:October 16,
2005:ABA Journal
1788:January 19,
1647:November 8,
1559:November 8,
1369:January 19,
1324:James White
1107:New Orleans
1025:presidents
1010:upheld the
979:Adamson Act
975:child labor
899:, where he
893:territories
821:to succeed
712:Mississippi
674:Mississippi
562:and as the
552:New Orleans
508:segregation
466:during the
464:Confederacy
437:New Orleans
249:Preceded by
195:Preceded by
148:Preceded by
96:Preceded by
4209:Categories
4169:K. Jackson
3987:R. Jackson
3939:O. Roberts
3913:Sutherland
3895:McReynolds
3819:H. Jackson
3789:Blatchford
3609:Livingston
3603:W. Johnson
3591:Washington
3573:T. Johnson
3148:R. B. Long
2973:R. M. Long
2898:Livingston
2809:1910–1921
2782:1894–1910
2750:1893–1894
2076:(1): 6–8.
1292:References
1131:The play,
868:voice vote
776:Mardi Gras
643:lieutenant
615:cadet corp
607:John Early
576:Lee family
532:, and the
324:Democratic
279:1845-11-03
4157:Kavanaugh
4139:Sotomayor
4078:Rehnquist
4029:Whittaker
3475:1986–2005
3459:1969–1986
3443:1953–1969
3427:1946–1953
3411:1941–1946
3395:1930–1941
3379:1921–1930
3363:1910–1921
3347:1888–1910
3331:1874–1888
3315:1864–1873
3299:1836–1864
3283:1801–1835
3267:1796–1800
3235:1789–1795
3103:Blanchard
3028:Fromentin
2883:Claiborne
2868:Destréhan
2173:August 2,
2046:March 15,
1977:March 15,
1943:March 15,
1880:March 15,
1854:March 15,
1592:0008-8080
1334:Citations
1220:Biography
1148:Winnfield
901:concurred
850:to be an
548:Thibodaux
468:Civil War
408:Louisiana
386:Signature
356:Education
227:In office
185:In office
177:Louisiana
126:In office
74:In office
4121:Ginsburg
4091:O'Connor
4065:Blackmun
4047:Goldberg
4041:B. White
3901:Brandeis
3883:J. Lamar
3826:E. White
3795:L. Lamar
3777:Matthews
3717:Clifford
3711:Campbell
3693:Woodbury
3675:McKinley
3633:Thompson
3585:S. Chase
3579:Paterson
3231:John Jay
3113:Thornton
3023:Magruder
2993:Landrieu
2978:Ellender
2963:Ransdell
2928:Benjamin
2908:Nicholas
2903:Waggaman
2893:Bouligny
2656:Archived
2496:Archived
2304:Archived
2265:Archived
2239:Archived
2200:Archived
2195:NOLA.com
2167:Archived
2078:Archived
2014:Archived
2012:: 1132.
1822:April 8,
1782:Archived
1641:Archived
1604:Archived
1600:25014783
1553:Archived
1460:(1999).
1363:Archived
1268:Politics
1200:See also
1186:SS
1023:swore in
688:Morganza
431:Born in
410:, was a
4163:Barrett
4151:Gorsuch
4103:Kennedy
4085:Stevens
4035:Stewart
4023:Brennan
3969:Douglas
3945:Cardozo
3925:Sanford
3839:McKenna
3833:Peckham
3753:Bradley
3663:Barbour
3651:Baldwin
3639:Trimble
3567:Iredell
3549:Cushing
3163:Kennedy
3138:Overton
3108:McEnery
3078:Kellogg
3073:Slidell
3063:Johnson
3016:Class 3
2998:Cassidy
2983:Edwards
2968:H. Long
2953:Caffery
2943:Kellogg
2888:Johnson
2861:Class 2
2323:Sources
1753:May 15,
1610:July 4,
1206:Portals
1177:During
1079:by the
933:in 1910
854:of the
597:, near
350:
342:
338:
4127:Breyer
4115:Thomas
4109:Souter
4097:Scalia
4071:Powell
4053:Fortas
4011:Minton
3999:Burton
3981:Byrnes
3975:Murphy
3919:Butler
3907:Clarke
3889:Pitney
3870:Hughes
3863:Lurton
3845:Holmes
3813:Shiras
3801:Brewer
3747:Strong
3729:Miller
3723:Swayne
3705:Curtis
3687:Nelson
3681:Daniel
3669:Catron
3645:McLean
3621:Duvall
3555:Wilson
3158:Vitter
3153:Breaux
3143:Feazel
3093:Eustis
3083:Eustis
3058:Porter
3053:Conrad
3048:Mouton
3043:Porter
2958:Foster
2948:Gibson
2933:Harris
2913:Barrow
2603:
2582:
2557:
2536:
2515:
2470:
2447:
2416:
2401:
2296:
1968:
1813:
1676:
1598:
1590:
1497:
1470:
1440:
1402:
591:Jesuit
455:and a
330:Spouse
305:, U.S.
288:, U.S.
4145:Kagan
4133:Alito
4005:Clark
3951:Black
3932:Stone
3857:Moody
3807:Brown
3771:Woods
3741:Field
3735:Davis
3699:Grier
3657:Wayne
3627:Story
3597:Moore
3561:Blair
3496:cases
3480:cases
3464:cases
3448:cases
3432:cases
3416:cases
3400:cases
3384:cases
3368:cases
3352:cases
3336:cases
3320:cases
3304:cases
3288:cases
3272:cases
3256:cases
3240:cases
3123:Guion
3098:White
3088:Jonas
3068:Soulé
3033:Brown
2923:Downs
2918:Soulé
2878:Brown
2873:Posey
2081:(PDF)
2066:(PDF)
1874:(PDF)
1596:JSTOR
1297:Notes
344:(
340:
175:from
3957:Reed
3783:Gray
3759:Hunt
3615:Todd
3251:1795
2938:West
2672:Oyez
2644:Oyez
2601:ISBN
2580:ISBN
2555:ISBN
2534:ISBN
2513:ISBN
2468:ISBN
2445:ISBN
2414:ISBN
2399:ISBN
2312:2017
2294:ISBN
2273:2019
2247:2013
2208:2020
2175:2020
2149:2013
2118:2020
2089:2018
2048:2022
2022:2015
1979:2022
1966:ISBN
1945:2022
1882:2022
1856:2022
1824:2022
1811:ISBN
1790:2019
1755:2020
1674:ISBN
1649:2021
1612:2021
1588:ISSN
1561:2021
1495:ISBN
1468:ISBN
1438:ISBN
1400:ISBN
1371:2019
1181:the
1124:and
862:and
457:Whig
293:Died
269:Born
64:9th
3851:Day
3128:Gay
2680:at
2597:590
1939:(1)
1910:doi
1545:doi
1256:Law
1170:in
1146:in
1063:in
690:in
379:LLB
4211::
3493:,
3477:,
3461:,
3445:,
3429:,
3413:,
3397:,
3381:,
3365:,
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3333:,
3317:,
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3285:,
3269:,
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3237:,
2718:,
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2642:,
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2333:.
2302:.
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2192:.
2135:.
2108:.
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2072:.
2068:.
2038:.
2010:53
2008:.
2002:.
1987:^
1937:80
1935:.
1931:.
1906:56
1904:.
1890:^
1832:^
1763:^
1672:.
1637:41
1635:.
1629:.
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1594:.
1584:33
1582:.
1578:.
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1539:.
1533:.
1509:^
1414:^
1357:.
1342:^
1090:A
810:.
782:.
749::
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538:.
526:,
520:,
365:AB
346:m.
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2476:.
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2275:.
2249:.
2210:.
2177:.
2151:.
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2050:.
2024:.
1981:.
1916:.
1912::
1884:.
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1826:.
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1547::
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