1137:
914:
802:
663:
135:
1013:
122:
25:
300:) under the daimyo, with 80% of peasants under the 5% samurai class, followed by craftsmen and merchants. However, various studies have revealed since about 1995 that the classes of peasants, craftsmen, and merchants under the samurai are equal, and the old hierarchy chart has been removed from Japanese history textbooks. In other words, peasants, craftsmen, and merchants are not a social pecking order, but a social classification.
1371:
151:
922:
1090:
1129:
1333:
important in the samurai classes; it was much less important to the lower classes. After marriage, women were restricted from taking additional sexual partners. Males of the upper classes, however, were able to take concubines and have relations with unmarried women. Divorce was common, and a woman from a poor household could very easily leave her husband and return to her original family.
1329:
parents, even as adults. Women from the lower classes were much less restricted by social expectations and could play an integral part in the family's business. Peasant women were expected to do household chores in the early morning before working in the fields with their male relatives and, regardless of age, were important, working members of their families.
819:) that would stabilize the country. The new four classes were based on ideas of Confucianism that spread to Japan from China, and were not arranged by wealth or capital but by what philosophers described as their moral purity. By this system, the non-aristocratic remainder of Japanese society was composed of samurai
1332:
Marriage was not based on romantic attraction. Families tried to use marriage as a way to increase their social standing or, among wealthier groups, to increase one's influence and holdings. Most often, however, marriage occurred between two families of equal status. Female virginity at marriage was
1353:
led many samurai to become indebted to wealthy urban merchant families. The merchants, in turn, were restricted from showing their wealth for fear of violating the laws that restricted privileges to the samurai class. That created deepening resentment but also increasing interdependence between the
1328:
A Japanese woman's life varied immensely according to her family's social status. Women in samurai families were expected to submit to their male heads of household, but as they aged, they could become the ranking household member if their husband died. Children were taught to respect both of their
904:
In some cases, a poor samurai could be little better off than a peasant and the lines between the classes could blur, especially between artisans and merchants in urban areas. Still, the theory provided grounds for restricting privileges and responsibilities to different classes and it gave a sense
1151:
Wealthy merchant houses arose to organize distributors and hold legal monopolies. As their wealth grew, merchants wanted to consume and display their wealth in the same manner as the samurai, but laws prevented them from doing so overtly. Still, their consumption combined with that of the samurai
1357:
Some
Japanese scholars began to question the Confucian beliefs that provided the foundation of Edo society. Additionally, numerous changes in rural areas increasingly challenged the Tokugawa system. New technology which increased productivity allowed some peasant families to produce a surplus of
1056:
model implemented elsewhere. Peasants could amass relatively large amounts of wealth but remained in the same class because of their association with the land. Wealthier families and those that held their own land and paid taxes were held in much higher regard and had more political influence in
387:. Nevertheless, frequent warfare and political instability plagued Japan in following centuries, providing countless opportunities to usurp, bend, and mobilize positions within social ranks. Even the ranks themselves, especially military ranks, became more respected if only out of necessity.
125:
A social hierarchy chart based on old academic theories. Such hierarchical diagrams were removed from
Japanese textbooks after various studies in the 1990s revealed that peasants, craftsmen, and merchants were in fact equal and merely social categories. Successive shoguns held the highest or
1036:
required a permit, but young people occasionally sought seasonal employment outside of their village. As a result, people were highly suspicious of outsiders. Social bonding, critical to the survival of the whole village, was also reinforced through seasonal festivals. Villages were highly
461:(Imperial Regent) whom he replaced, was born into a low caste and rose to become Japan's most powerful political figure of the time. The Tokugawa clan sought to eradicate any potential opposition across Japanese society from top-to-bottom to consolidate their rule.
888:
Samurai were placed at the top of society because they started an order and set a high moral example for others to follow. The system was meant to reinforce their position of power in society by justifying their ruling status. However, the
1115:
and their samurai did not produce any goods themselves, but they used the tax surplus from the land to fuel their consumption. Their needs were met by artisans, who moved to be around the castles and were restricted to living in their own
1362:
that could be used to support ventures beyond farming. Some peasants also became indebted to their wealthier neighbors, and more families lost ownership of their land. This sparked resentment that sometimes erupted into violence towards
936:
class in Japan. The samurai constituted about 10% of the population and functioned as soldiers in the employment of a lord in a master-warrior feudal relationship. Other classes were prohibited from possessing long swords such as the
1037:
collective; there were strong pressures to conform and no room to deviate from custom. Though there were conflicts, they were seen as disruptive to the village and order and were to be limited as much as possible.
650:. The Tokugawa shogunate established that the court ranks granted to daimyo by the imperial court were based on the recommendation of the Tokugawa shogunate, and the court ranks were used to control the daimyo.
964:
from their lord, limiting their ties to the economic base. In addition, samurai could not own land, which would have given them income independent from their duty. Samurai generally lived around their
1057:
village matters. However, the survival of the village depended on every household cooperating to meet the tax burden and overcome natural disasters such as famines. During the reign of the third
1349:
saw wealth become concentrated outside of the samurai class, and their fixed stipends did not increase despite the rising cost of commodities. The increasingly burdensome cost of proper
1046:. Peasants worked to produce enough food for themselves and still meet the tax burden. Most agriculture during this time was cultivated by families on their own land in contrast to the
559:
was a title for a prominent military general of the samurai class appointed by the
Emperor with the task of national administration. Successive shoguns held the highest or near-highest
957:
became the symbol of the samurai class. However, their services were in limited demand as the Edo period was largely free from both external threats and internal conflicts.
560:
127:
1341:
The foundation of Edo society was its stable social order, but changes to
Japanese society over the next two centuries began to challenge the Tokugawa system. Increasing
529:
were incredibly prestigious and held significant influence in cultural fields, but wielded very little political power and served functions only for symbolic purposes.
618:
with only a nominal appointment from the
Emperor who held the ultimate political power in Japan, controlling foreign policy, the military, and feudal patronage. The
1144:
Merchants grew increasingly powerful during the Edo period, in spite of their social standing, and the top merchants commanded a certain amount of respect, with
1136:
1406:
movement which advocated the abolition of feudalism and return of power to the
Imperial Court eventually overthrew the Tokugawa Shogunate in the
1004:
Positions within the samurai class were largely hereditary and talented individuals could not rise above a few social steps beyond their birth.
905:
of order to society. In practice, solidified social relationships in general helped create the political stability that defined the Edo period.
1635:
1168:" who fell outside of mainstream Japanese society for one reason or another, and were actively discriminated against at the societal level.
1499:
1538:
983:
and could hold his most trusted positions, with some achieving a level of wealth that allowed them to retain their own samurai
395:
also provided the foundation for a system of strict social prescriptions, along with political twists and turns of the day.
384:
89:
61:
267:
The
Tokugawa shogunate ruled by dividing the people into four main categories. Older scholars believed that there were
1601:
1586:
108:
624:
was a hereditary position held by members of the
Tokugawa clan who were direct descendants of Tokugawa Ieyasu. The
68:
913:
483:
was the official ruler of Japan at the very top of the
Tokugawa class hierarchy. However, the Emperor was only a
1766:
1758:
1715:
46:
960:
Instead, the samurai maintained their fighting skills more as an art form than to fight. Samurai were paid a
75:
507:, the official capital of Japan, were given virtually no political power but their prestige was invincible.
977:
There were social stratifications within the samurai class: upper-level samurai had direct access to their
42:
1473:
were merged into a single commoner class without restrictions or distinction for their occupation, though
1117:
377:
The Taika
Reforms were the "legal glue" deemed necessary to thwart future coup d'etat attempts, and the
57:
901:
outside of the Imperial Court, and outcast classes were not included in this description of hierarchy.
1707:
1578:
1296:
in Japan were generally excluded from the class system, though certain individuals in service of the
810:
1211:) were ethnic Japanese people whose occupations were considered impure or tainted by death, such as
1650:
1398:. Many Japanese people, including members of the samurai, began to blame the Tokugawa for Japan's "
709:
500:
35:
801:
1293:
327:
185:
1032:
in and around their villages. Peasants rarely moved beyond their villages, and journeys and
1754:
790:
423:
1394:
powers used their technological superiority to force concessions from the Tokugawa in the
8:
1796:
1511:
1375:
1094:
311:
from 1853 on led to growing opposition to the Edo system and it was dismantled after the
229:
189:
143:
82:
1570:
1078:
713:
450:
434:
399:
170:
1105:
areas, and by 1800, as much as 10% of the population of Japan may have lived in large
402:
established a loose class system when it ruled Japan as a feudal shogunate during the
1772:
1762:
1747:
1721:
1711:
1582:
1548:
1407:
1359:
1228:
615:
427:
312:
1414:
1395:
1350:
1161:
1064:
998:
768:
635:
480:
403:
281:
193:
1700:
1040:
The peasant class owned land, but rights to tax this land were given to the local
895:
does not accurately describe Tokugawa society as Buddhist and Shinto priests, the
784:
406:
from 1338 to 1573. The final collapse of the Ashikaga worsened the effects of the
1446:
1442:
1421:
soon abolished the Tokugawa class system that had characterized Edo society. The
1418:
971:
446:
415:
776:
754:
1220:
1193:
1165:
407:
355:
351:
330:, and explicit fine-grained ranking of people existed in Japan long before the
257:
974:, creating a thriving town or city environment around the middle of a domain.
662:
1790:
1742:
1608:
1506:
1403:
1391:
1259:
700:
was responsible for administration through their large personal domains, the
419:
410:(or "Age of Warring States"), the state of social upheaval and near-constant
359:
217:
1725:
1776:
1613:
1399:
1342:
1309:
1164:
not included within the official Tokugawa class system. These people were "
988:
639:
388:
347:
335:
205:
134:
1012:
759:
required them to alternate living in Edo and their domain every year. The
363:
1645:
1346:
1212:
1132:
A merchant's kitchen. A stove boiler made of copper (Fukagawa Edo Museum)
1021:
954:
809:
The Tokugawa government intentionally created a social order called the
341:
1216:
1106:
1102:
1047:
1033:
703:
490:
371:
362:, but tearing apart a gaping hole in the Japanese indigenous religion,
331:
237:
174:
139:
121:
1385:
1278:
1183:
1160:
Underneath the merchant class were various communities and levels of
1020:
According to Confucian philosophy, society could not survive without
411:
323:
306:
261:
241:
1152:
served to reinforce the growth of the merchant and artisan classes.
677:
440:
296:
223:
211:
24:
1364:
1052:
933:
737:
667:
549:
523:, were the civil aristocracy of Japan. Similar to the Emperor, the
367:
253:
1370:
1458:
1224:
1029:
961:
950:
929:
485:
456:
287:
249:
245:
233:
162:
150:
1390:
saw Edo society increasingly questioned by Japanese people when
1436:
1315:
1282:
1234:
1109:
areas, one of the highest levels in the world at the time. The
984:
946:
921:
781:, who filled the ranks of the Tokugawa administration, and the
731:
645:
350:
legal code. The reforms were following a major and devastating
181:
1463:, a distinct class without class privileges that was purely a
1089:
688:
were high-ranking members of the samurai, and, similar to the
1464:
1145:
1128:
1025:
940:
504:
493:
held up as the ultimate source of political sanction for the
392:
166:
722:
was determined if a samurai's domain was assessed at 10,000
638:, located 370 kilometres (230 mi) east of Kyoto in the
1148:
and later Edo having concentrations of the merchant class.
1068:
725:
518:
199:
997:
if needed. Low-level samurai could be paid as little as a
805:
The four classes of society in Japan during the Edo period
608:
was conferred upon them upon their death. In reality, the
1479:
continued to face discrimination similar to Edo society.
631:
437:
as a new feudal government of Japan with himself as the
154:
Working class district apartments (Fukagawa Edo Museum)
1474:
1468:
1456:
1450:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1383:
1313:
1303:
1297:
1272:
1263:
1181:
1172:
1110:
1072:
1058:
1041:
992:
978:
965:
938:
896:
890:
814:
782:
774:
766:
760:
752:
746:
735:
723:
717:
701:
695:
694:, held most of the real political power in Japan. The
689:
683:
675:
654:
643:
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619:
609:
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542:
533:
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516:
494:
454:
438:
378:
339:
304:
221:
209:
197:
789:, those who only submitted to the Tokugawa after the
751:
held significant autonomy but the Tokugawa policy of
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1746:
1699:
422:and his Eastern Army emerged victorious after the
1071:they grew. They had to hand it all over to their
1788:
991:positions, and had some interactions with their
563:, higher than most court nobles. They were made
358:, with the events not only exterminating entire
1258:in the Shinto religion. In the Edo period, the
1232:
878:
862:
846:
828:
594:
579:
564:
268:
188:, customs, and regulations intended to promote
1494:
1492:
1467:on the government register. Commoners and the
1241:
917:Samurai in the Edo period walking through town
872:
856:
840:
822:
601:
586:
571:
275:
1449:. Most remaining samurai that did not become
1067:, farmers were not allowed to eat any of the
1001:and worked as guards, messengers and clerks.
334:, beginning with attempts as far back as the
1320:banned most foreigners from entering Japan.
1281:and lived in their own isolated villages or
1603:第35回 教科書から『士農工商』が消えた ー後編ー 令和3年広報うき「ウキカラ」8月号
1489:
1378:in 1877 effectively ended the samurai class
1077:and then wait for him to give some back as
642:, and ruled Japan with his government, the
346:legal system that was modeled from Chinese
1628:
630:was based in the Tokugawa capital city of
578:of court rank upon assuming office, then
445:. However, Ieyasu was especially wary of
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1737:
1735:
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1088:
1011:
920:
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149:
133:
120:
1693:
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1569:
426:in 1600, defeating the Western Army of
236:class administered Japan through their
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1741:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1285:away from the rest of the population.
987:. Mid-level samurai held military and
1732:
1526:
318:
1697:
1288:
1271:Although technically commoners, the
1268:developed into a hereditary status.
1231:. These occupations were seen to be
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1749:Japan Before Perry: A Short History
1668:
240:. The majority of Edo society were
13:
1206:those who live in hamlets/villages
499:'s authority. The Emperor and his
16:Society of Japan from 1603 to 1868
14:
1808:
773:, relatives of the Tokugawa, the
510:
430:, ending the Sengoku civil wars.
1402:" and subsequent humiliation. A
1323:
666:Model of the castle and city of
553:ruler of Japan. Officially, the
130:, higher than most court nobles.
23:
1155:
796:
682:were samurai feudal lords. The
383:system led to the formation of
208:of Japan but had no power. The
34:needs additional citations for
1759:University of California Press
1563:
1501:「士農工商」や「四民平等」の用語が使われていないことについて
1382:In 1853, the beginning of the
469:
294:), craftsmen, and merchants" (
138:Working class district of the
1:
1649:(in Japanese). Archived from
1612:(in Japanese). Archived from
1547:(in Japanese). Archived from
1510:(in Japanese). Archived from
1482:
1433:classes were merged into the
734:) or more under the Tokugawa
708:, which served as unofficial
1308:were included. The Tokugawa
1171:
1123:
1101:Artisans typically lived in
7:
1475:
1469:
1457:
1451:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1384:
1314:
1304:
1298:
1273:
1264:
1233:
1182:
1173:
1140:City life in the Edo period
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1042:
1007:
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10:
1813:
1336:
908:
593:, and the highest rank of
474:
338:in 645 AD, initiating the
1579:Stanford University Press
1242:
925:Samurai in the Edo period
873:
857:
841:
823:
811:Four divisions of society
712:in tandem with the legal
653:
602:
587:
572:
532:
453:, one of his peers and a
276:
1706:(2nd ed.). Boston:
1636:
1602:
1577:, Stanford, California:
1539:
1500:
1441:aristocratic class with
765:were separated into the
710:administrative divisions
515:The court nobility, the
489:ruler, functioning as a
1367:and the village elite.
1277:were victims of severe
366:, paving the way for a
1379:
1141:
1133:
1098:
1017:
1016:Peasants planting rice
949:, and carrying both a
926:
918:
806:
671:
256:classes, and various "
169:under the rule of the
155:
147:
131:
1575:The Meiji Restoration
1373:
1196:people/village people
1139:
1131:
1092:
1015:
924:
916:
804:
665:
576:, Senior Second Rank)
465:Tokugawa class system
414:in Japan since 1467.
328:social stratification
186:social stratification
153:
137:
124:
1755:Berkeley, California
1698:Duus, Peter (1998).
1093:A merchant's house (
1028:peasants focused on
791:Battle of Sekigahara
742:system of taxation.
606:, Senior First Rank)
591:, Junior First Rank)
424:Battle of Sekigahara
184:society with strict
43:improve this article
1571:Beasley, William G.
1514:on 30 November 2023
1455:were designated as
1376:Battle of Shiroyama
1095:Fukagawa Edo Museum
433:Ieyasu founded the
190:political stability
177:from 1603 to 1868.
144:Fukagawa Edo Museum
1380:
1374:The defeat at the
1142:
1134:
1099:
1018:
927:
919:
837:, farming peasants
807:
672:
670:in the Edo period.
451:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
435:Tokugawa Shogunate
400:Ashikaga Shogunate
319:Historical context
204:were the official
180:Edo society was a
171:Tokugawa Shogunate
156:
148:
132:
1753:(10th ed.).
1616:on 30 August 2023
1445:which formed the
1408:Meiji Restoration
1360:disposable income
1358:food, creating a
1294:Ethnic minorities
1289:Ethnic minorities
616:military dictator
428:Toyotomi Hideyori
313:Meiji Restoration
238:system of domains
119:
118:
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93:
1804:
1781:
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1478:
1472:
1462:
1454:
1443:class privileges
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1415:Meiji government
1396:Unequal treaties
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1351:social etiquette
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1065:Tokugawa Iemitsu
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999:subsistence wage
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636:Musashi Province
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481:Emperor of Japan
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444:
404:Muromachi period
382:
345:
310:
285:
282:Four Occupations
279:
278:
272:
227:
215:
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194:Emperor of Japan
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100:
94:
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27:
19:
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1554:
1552:
1551:on 7 March 2024
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1447:Meiji oligarchy
1419:Empire of Japan
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820:
799:
660:
599:
584:
569:
539:
513:
477:
472:
467:
447:social mobility
416:Tokugawa Ieyasu
385:castes in Japan
321:
273:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1743:Totman, Conrad
1731:
1716:
1667:
1656:on 6 June 2023
1627:
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1525:
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1221:slaughterhouse
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538:
531:
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511:Court nobility
509:
501:Imperial Court
476:
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408:Sengoku period
356:Soga no Emishi
320:
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161:refers to the
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1324:Role of women
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869:and merchants
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792:
787:
786:
785:tozama daimyō
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420:Tokugawa clan
417:
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375:
374:of religion.
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336:Taika Reforms
333:
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270:Shi-nō-kō-shō
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218:Tokugawa clan
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91:
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63:
60: –
59:
58:"Edo society"
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1748:
1702:Modern Japan
1701:
1658:. Retrieved
1651:the original
1644:
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1614:the original
1607:
1596:
1574:
1565:
1553:. Retrieved
1549:the original
1544:
1516:. Retrieved
1512:the original
1505:
1412:
1400:backwardness
1381:
1356:
1343:urbanization
1340:
1331:
1327:
1310:isolationist
1292:
1270:
1213:executioners
1179:
1166:untouchables
1159:
1156:Untouchables
1150:
1143:
1100:
1051:
1039:
1019:
1003:
989:bureaucratic
976:
959:
928:
903:
887:
808:
797:Four classes
777:fudai daimyō
755:sankin-kōtai
744:
673:
640:Kanto region
548:
540:
514:
484:
478:
432:
397:
376:
348:Tang dynasty
322:
302:
295:
291:
290:, peasants (
266:
228:, and their
206:ruling class
179:
158:
157:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1646:Shimonoseki
1637:人権意識のアップデート
1347:consumerism
1345:and rising
1262:of being a
1217:undertakers
1034:pilgrimages
1024:. Life for
1022:agriculture
955:short sword
561:court ranks
503:located in
470:Aristocracy
449:given that
391:ideas from
354:attempt by
352:coup d'etat
258:untouchable
173:during the
159:Edo society
128:court ranks
1797:Edo period
1768:0520041348
1717:0395746043
1483:References
1312:policy of
1251:defilement
1048:plantation
951:long sword
892:shinōkōshō
853:, artisans
816:shinōkōshō
596:Shō ichi-i
491:figurehead
372:syncretism
332:Edo period
175:Edo period
140:Edo period
69:newspapers
1476:burakumin
1470:burakumin
1410:in 1868.
1386:bakumatsu
1365:landlords
1279:ostracism
1274:burakumin
1265:burakumin
1223:workers,
1184:burakumin
1174:Burakumin
1124:Merchants
932:were the
714:provinces
581:Ju ichi-i
412:civil war
389:Confucian
364:Ko-Shintō
324:Feudalism
315:in 1868.
307:bakumatsu
262:Burakumin
250:craftsmen
242:commoners
230:retainers
99:July 2018
1791:Category
1745:(1981).
1726:38228076
1573:(1972),
1545:Kotobank
1413:The new
1225:butchers
1162:outcasts
1085:Artisans
1053:hacienda
1008:Peasants
738:kokudaka
730:(50,000
668:Kumamoto
566:Shō ni-i
550:de facto
547:was the
380:Ritsuryō
370:-Shinto
368:Buddhist
342:Ritsuryō
292:hyakushō
264:groups.
254:merchant
196:and the
1777:6277572
1660:7 March
1620:7 March
1555:7 March
1518:7 March
1459:shizoku
1417:of the
1392:Western
1337:Decline
1283:ghettos
1229:tanners
1118:quarter
1079:charity
1030:farming
985:vassals
962:stipend
930:Samurai
909:Samurai
769:shinpan
732:bushels
486:de jure
475:Emperor
457:kampaku
418:of the
288:samurai
246:peasant
234:samurai
232:of the
216:of the
163:society
83:scholar
1775:
1765:
1724:
1714:
1585:
1452:kazoku
1437:kazoku
1430:daimyo
1316:sakoku
1305:daimyō
1299:shōgun
1235:kegare
1227:, and
1194:hamlet
1112:daimyō
1074:daimyō
1060:shōgun
1043:daimyō
994:daimyō
980:daimyō
972:castle
967:daimyō
953:and a
947:katana
762:daimyō
748:daimyō
719:daimyō
697:daimyō
691:shōgun
685:daimyō
678:daimyō
656:Daimyō
646:bakufu
627:shōgun
621:shōgun
614:was a
611:shōgun
556:shōgun
544:shōgun
535:Shōgun
496:shōgun
441:shōgun
297:chōnin
252:, and
224:daimyō
220:, the
212:shōgun
192:. The
182:feudal
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1654:(PDF)
1641:(PDF)
1465:title
1146:Osaka
1107:urban
1103:urban
1026:rural
941:tachi
934:noble
505:Kyoto
393:China
360:clans
260:" or
167:Japan
90:JSTOR
76:books
1773:OCLC
1763:ISBN
1722:OCLC
1712:ISBN
1662:2024
1622:2024
1583:ISBN
1557:2024
1520:2024
1427:and
1424:kuge
1180:The
1069:rice
898:kuge
745:The
726:koku
716:. A
674:The
541:The
526:kuge
519:kuge
479:The
398:The
303:The
286:of "
277:士農工商
200:kuge
62:news
1302:or
1201:or
1050:or
970:'s
945:or
880:shō
830:shi
704:han
632:Edo
603:正一位
588:従一位
573:正二位
165:of
45:by
1793::
1771:.
1761:.
1757::
1734:^
1720:.
1710:.
1670:^
1643:.
1606:.
1543:.
1540:家格
1528:^
1504:.
1491:^
1246:,
1243:穢れ
1219:,
1215:,
1120:.
1081:.
1063:,
885:.
877:,
864:kō
861:,
848:nō
845:,
827:,
793:.
634:,
326:,
280:,
248:,
1779:.
1728:.
1664:.
1624:.
1559:.
1522:.
1256:)
1254:'
1248:'
1240:(
1209:'
1203:'
1199:'
1190:'
1188:(
1097:)
883:)
874:商
871:(
867:)
858:工
855:(
851:)
842:農
839:(
834:)
824:士
821:(
813:(
600:(
585:(
570:(
284:)
274:(
146:)
142:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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