1027:
892:
1935:
2794:
147:
1007:
1538:
1949:
122:
1734:
2845:
1835:
1343:
2720:
796:
1799:
3114:
1088:. This species has some historical footnotes attached, as it is among the first dinosaurs to receive a skeletal restoration, and is the first hadrosaurid so restored. YPM 2182 and UNSM 2414 are, respectively, the first and second essentially complete mounted dinosaur skeletons in the United States. YPM 2182 was put on display in 1901, and USNM 2414 was put on display in 1904.
2988:
888:
misidentifying several of the skull bones, by chance, the lower jaws were missing the walls supporting the teeth from the inside, and the teeth were actually very well-supported. Cope intended to describe the skeleton and skull, but his promised paper never appeared. It was purchased for the
American Museum of Natural History in 1899, where it acquired its present designation: AMNH 5730.
3239:*Hicks, J.F., Johnson, K.R., Obradovich, J. D., Miggins, D.P., and Tauxe, L. 2003. Magnetostratigraphyof Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) to lower Eocene strata of the Denver Basin, Colorado. In K.R. Johnson, R.G. Raynolds and M.L. Reynolds (eds), Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Laramide Strata in the Denver Basin, Pt. II., Rocky Mountain Geology 38: 1-27.
887:
Cope's description promoted hadrosaurids as amphibious animals, contributing to this long-time image. His reasoning was that the teeth of the lower jaw were weakly connected to the bone, and liable to break off if used to eat terrestrial food; he described the beak as weak, too. However, aside from
1830:
body mass, while the largest individuals measured more than 6 metric tons (6.6 short tons) and even up to 6.6–7 metric tons (7.3–7.7 short tons), based on the comparison between various specimens of different sizes from the Ruth Mason
Dinosaur Quarry and other specimens from different localities.
1770:
had been carried away by a stream cutting through the skeleton, and the tip of the tail was incomplete. A second skeleton currently exhibited next to Cope's specimen, but in a standing posture, is estimated at 30 feet (9.1 m) long, with its head 17 feet (5.2 m) above the ground. The hip
850:, and originally had extensive skin impressions. It was missing most of its pelvis and part of its torso due to a stream cutting through it. The bill had impressions of a horn-like sheath with a tooth-like series of interlocking points on the upper and lower jaws. When describing this specimen,
950:
named Oscar Hunter. Upon finding the partially exposed specimen, he and a companion argued about whether or not the remains were recent or fossil. Hunter demonstrated that they were brittle and thus stone by kicking the tops off the vertebrae, an act later lamented by the eventual collector
1236:
as synonymous with the hadrosaurid represented by those same duck-billed skulls, the two differentiated only by individual variation or distortion from pressure. Hatcher's revision, published in 1902, was sweeping, as he considered almost all hadrosaurid genera then known as synonyms of
1115:
of the
American Museum of Natural History was able to purchase the specimen for $ 2,000. The Sternbergs recovered a second similar specimen from the same area in 1910. It was not as well-preserved, but also found with skin impressions. They sold this specimen, SM 4036, to the
3046:
the most abundant small herbivorous dinosaur. Edmontosaur remains have been collected here from stream channel sands, and include fossils from individuals as young as a metre/yard-long infant. The edmontosaur fossils potentially represented accumulations from groups on the move.
2809:
In a 2011 study, Campione and Evans recorded data from all known "edmontosaur" skulls from the
Campanian and Maastrichtian, and used it to plot a morphometric graph, comparing variable features of the skulls with skull size. Their results showed that, in both recognized
2819:
skulls changed dramatically as they grew and matured. This has led to several apparent mistakes in past classification. The three previously recognized
Maastrichtian edmontosaur species likely represent growth stages of a single species, with
1182:. NMC 8509 included an almost complete skull, numerous vertebrae, partial shoulder and hip girdles, and partial back legs, representing the first substantial dinosaur specimen recovered from Saskatchewan. Sternberg opted to assign it to
1861:
was also relatively longer than in any hadrosaur. The extreme length and breadth did not appear until an individual reached maturity, so many specimens lack the distinctive shape. The bones surrounding the large openings for the
1757:
estimated the length of one specimen as about 38 feet (12 m) long, with a skull 3.87 feet (1.18 m) long. This body length estimate was later revised down to a length of 29 feet (8.8 m). To be fair to Cope, a dozen
3093:
in the forests. Freshwater fish, salamanders, turtles, lizards, snakes, shorebirds, and small mammals lived alongside the dinosaurs. Small dinosaurs are not known in as great of abundance here as in the Hell Creek rocks, but
1878:
that formed the articulation with the lower jaw was distinctly curved. The lower jaw was long, straight, and lacking the downward curve seen in other hadrosaurids, as well as possessing a heavy ridge running its length. The
967:. Cope's specimen is positioned on all fours with its head down, as if feeding, because it has the better skull, while Brown's specimen, with a less perfect skull, is posed bipedally with the head less accessible.
3260:(Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Ruth Mason dinosaur quarry, South Dakota, United States, with implication for ontogenetic segregation between juvenile and adult hadrosaurids"
2814:
species, many features previously used to classify additional species or genera were directly correlated to skull size. Campione and Evans interpreted these results as strongly suggesting that the shape of
651:, and was quite a large animal, growing up to approximately 12 metres (39 ft) in length and 5.6 metric tons (6.2 short tons) in average asymptotic body mass, although it could have been even larger.
1983:
differs noticeably from fully mature remains, so many researchers had classified the two growth stages as different species, or even different genera. On the other side of the issue, other authors, from
3387:
Prieto-Márquez, Albert (2014). "A juvenile
Edmontosaurus from the late Maastrichtian (Cretaceous) of North America: Implications for ontogeny and phylogenetic inference in saurolophine dinosaurs".
1870:
were rectangular and longer front to back than they were top to bottom, although this may have been exaggerated by postmortem crushing. The skull roof was flat and lacked a bony crest like that of
5131:; Barrett, Paul M.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Le Loueff, Jean; Xu Xing; Zhao Xijin; Sahni, Ashok; Gomani, Elizabeth M.P.; Noto, Christopher N. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution". In Weishampel, David B.;
935: 616. As noted by Lull and Wright, this long, slender partial jaw shares with Cope's specimen a prominent ridge running on its side. However, it is much larger: Cope's specimen had a
3102:
in this formation is known from many skulls, which tend to be somewhat smaller than those of more northern individuals. The Lance
Formation is the setting of two edmontosaur "mummies".
1287:. Hatcher's work led to a brief consensus until about 1910, when new material from Canada and Montana showed a greater diversity of hadrosaurids than previously suspected. In 1915,
2747:
that contained hundreds of teeth, but only a relative handful of them were in use at any time. Plant material would have been cropped by the broad beak, and held in the jaws by a
1503:
1425:), because they found no convincing reason to assign the specimens to either. Because this left the skeletons without a species name, Lull and Wright gave them their own species:
884:
was based on the remains of multiple kinds of dinosaurs, and although he had made some attempts to revise the genus, he had not yet made any formal declaration of his intentions.
655:
exhibits one of the most striking examples of the "duckbill" snout that is common to hadrosaurs. It has a long taxonomic history, and specimens have at times been classified as
1476:, which regulates the naming of organisms, his conclusions were known to other paleontologists, and were adopted by several popular works of the time. His replacement name,
2836:
reached maturity in nine years, based on their analysis for various specimens from different localities. They found the result to be similar to that of other hadrosaurs.
4754:
963:
column, permitting the restoration of Cope's specimen. In 1908, these two specimens were mounted side by side in the
American Museum of Natural History under the name
3062:
coastal plain. It was closer to a large delta than the Hell Creek
Formation depositional setting to the north, and consequently received much more sediment. Tropical
1814:
may have reached lengths of nearly 49 feet (15 m) and weighed 11 short tons (10 t), potentially making it one of the largest hadrosaurids ever. However,
4736:
Lund, E. & Gates, T. (2006). "A historical and biogeographical examination of hadrosaurian dinosaurs." Pp. 263-276 in Lucas, S.G. and
Sullivan, R.M. (eds.),
1775:
as approximately 39 feet (12 m). Most specimens are somewhat shorter, representing individuals that are not fully grown. Two well-known mounted skeletons,
2751:-like structure. Feeding would have been from the ground up to around 13 feet (4 m) above the ground. Like other hadrosaurs, they could have moved both
5349:
1473:
2023:
1942:
1358:
486:
437:
2000:
in 2004, and most recently Nicolás Campione and David Evans, have proposed that the large, flat-headed specimens most recently classified as
1894:, and at least thirty tail vertebrae. The limb bones were longer and more lightly built than those of other hadrosaurids of comparable size.
1822:
suggested that previous estimates might have underestimated or overestimated the size of this dinosaur, and argued that a fully grown adult
1818:
and his colleagues suggested that such large individuals would have been extremely rare. The 2022 study on the osteohistology and growth of
5414:
2778:
1434:
134:
2886:
959:
and later sold it to Brown, who excavated it for the American Museum of Natural History in 1906. This specimen had a nearly complete
2832:
being fully mature adults. The skulls became longer and flatter as the animals grew. In a 2022 study, Wosik and Evans proposed that
1026:
981:. Impressions of appropriate plant remains and shells based on associated fossils were included on the base of the group, including
5295:
942:
A second mostly complete skeleton, AMNH 5886, was found in 1904 in the Hell Creek Formation rocks at Crooked Creek in central
5022:
1979:
were long recognized as closely related to both the genus and the species. However, the skull of the sub-adult type specimen of
4758:
5404:
5389:
5384:
3543:
1854:
in top view. The skull was proportionally longer and lower than in any other known hadrosaurid. The toothless portion of the
939:
that is 92.0 centimetres (36.2 in) long, whereas Marsh's dentary is estimated at 110.0 centimetres (43.3 in) long.
1365:
on hadrosaurian dinosaurs of North America, they opted to settle the questions revolving around the AMNH duckbills, Marsh's
5236:. Wyoming Geological Association Guidebook, 44th Annual Field Conference. Wyoming Geological Association. pp. 127–146.
3077:
forests, differentiating the flora from the northern coastal plain. The climate was humid and subtropical, with conifers,
5048:
3051:
2770:
would have taken the form of inflatable soft-tissue sacs. Such sacs could be used for both visual and auditory signals.
1771:
height of this specimen is estimated as approximately 6.9 feet (2.1 m). Other sources have estimated the length of
5173:
3434:
1919:
1057:
800:
4780:
5399:
5286:
5156:
5112:
4841:
4706:
4661:
4613:
4582:
4551:
4447:
4127:
4102:
3640:
3606:
3499:
2802:
1780:
1061:
932:
880:
and later abandoned its use, so he assigned the old species to his newer genus. Leidy had come to recognize that his
592:
2901:
reports that it made up one-seventh of the large dinosaur sample, with most of the remaining five-sixths made up of
2785:
was more hook-shaped and extensive than many illustrations in scientific and public media have previously depicted.
1498:, meaning large), was known and published as such in the popular literature by 1990. Formal publication of the name
5394:
5379:
4523:
A revision of the Hadrosauridae (Reptilia: Ornithischia) and their evolution during the Campanian and Maastrichtian
3569:
Paper Dinosaurs (1824-1969): An Exhibition of Original Publications from the Collections of the Linda Hall Library
831:), was a complete skull and most of a skeleton collected in 1882 by Dr. J. L. Wortman and R. S. Hill for American
5409:
4636:
Chapman, Ralph E.; Brett-Surman, Michael K. (1990). "Morphometric observations on hadrosaurid ornithopods". In
3127:
1827:
1725:
by the elongate snout and other details of skull anatomy, such as the small comb on top of the latter's skull.
1108:
1826:
would have measured up to 36–39 feet (11–12 m) in length and 5.6 metric tons (6.2 short tons) in average
2852:
skeleton (on display at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science) indicates that it may have been bitten by a
1295:
should be reintroduced for hadrosaurids from the Lance Formation and rock units of equivalent age, and that
5232:
Derstler, Kraig (1994). "Dinosaurs of the Lance Formation in eastern Wyoming". In Nelson, Gerald E. (ed.).
4686:
3463:
3318:
3190:
1989:
1855:
1815:
1619:
508:
615:
is known from numerous specimens, including at least twenty partial-to-complete skulls, discovered in the
146:
5364:
4205:(Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae): implications for latest Cretaceous megaherbivore diversity in North America"
3425:
Henderson, D. (2012). "Engineering a Dinosaur". In Brett-Surman, M.K.; Holtz, T.R.; Farlow, J.O. (eds.).
1171:
3327:
and Rare Ontogenetic Stages in the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian), Montana, USA"
2471:
1178:. He had collected this specimen in 1921 from rocks that were assigned to the Lance Formation, now the
1140:
1100:
402:
1883:
was wide and shovel-like. The ridge on the lower jaw may have reinforced the long, slender structure.
1198:
Because of the incomplete understanding of hadrosaurids at the time, following Marsh's death in 1899,
5369:
4265:
2393:
1186:
because that was the only hadrosaurid genus known from the Lance Formation at the time. At the time,
1167:
1159:
716:
history, with various specimens having been classified in a variety of genera. Its history involves
3598:
1975:. This group was historically known as Hadrosaurinae. Species now considered to be synonymous with
1510:
Chapman and Brett-Surman, because it came out of Brett-Surman's work). Because the type species of
1081:
1077:
924:
4975:
Hopson, James A. (1975). "The evolution of cranial display structures in hadrosaurian dinosaurs".
4859:"Global phylogeny of Hadrosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) using parsimony and Bayesian methods"
2922:, extended from Colorado to Saskatchewan. Typical dinosaur faunas of the Lancian formations where
1190:
was unusual because of its small size, estimated at 7 to 7.3 meters (23 to 24 ft) in length.
5374:
2031:
1783: 2182, measure 26.25 feet (8.00 m) long and 29.3 feet (8.9 m) long, respectively.
1445:
5104:
5092:
4094:
4088:
3632:
3626:
2991:
The Hell Creek Formation is well exposed in the badlands in the vicinity of Fort Peck Reservoir.
891:
5354:
5326:
5248:
5148:
4653:
3665:
3491:
1915:
1300:
1214:. Opinions varied greatly, with textbooks and encyclopedias drawing a distinction between the "
1112:
968:
4574:
4568:
4478:
Brett-Surman, Michael K. (1979). "Phylogeny and paleobiogeography of hadrosaurian dinosaurs".
5321:
5077:
4605:
4599:
4543:
4537:
4439:
4433:
4165:
4020:
3970:
3890:
3785:
3023:. The coastline was hundreds of kilometres or miles to the east. Stream-dwelling turtles and
2609:
2376:
1807:
1050:
1019:
916:
322:
302:
5140:
4645:
3590:
3483:
3050:
The Lance Formation, as typified by exposures approximately 62 miles (100 km) north of
2999:
area of Montana, has been interpreted as a flat, forested floodplain, with a relatively dry
1541:
A well-preserved skin impression of the specimen nicknamed "Dakota," which was found in 1999
1448:
reexamined the pertinent material for his graduate studies in the 1970s and 1980s. The name
5359:
4984:
4929:
4487:
4385:
4276:. Bulletin. Vol. 44. Department of Mines, Geological Survey of Canada. pp. 77–84.
4216:
4040:
3986:
3906:
3805:
3757:
3681:
3396:
3338:
2871:
2352:
1647:
919:, published a paper on a sizable lower jaw recovered by John Bell Hatcher in 1889 from the
839:
580:
4833:
4827:
4724:
A Revision of the Parainfraclass Archosauria Cope, 1869, Excluding the Advanced Crocodylia
3142:
until later. This is particularly true with the specimens long known, chronologically, as
1657:
In a 2011 study by Nicolás Campione and David Evans, the authors conducted the first-ever
8:
5128:
4804:
Morris, William J. (1970). "Hadrosaurian dinosaur bills — morphology and function".
4682:
3895:"Additional characteristics of the Ceratopsidae, with notice of new Cretaceous dinosaurs"
3716:
3591:
3467:
3138:
Many of the original references deal with specimens or species that were not assigned to
2879:
2735:, eating plants with a sophisticated skull that permitted a grinding motion analogous to
2488:
1993:
1754:
1623:
1179:
868:
856:
835:
608:
576:
561:
512:
5136:
4988:
4933:
4690:
4491:
4389:
4220:
4044:
3990:
3910:
3809:
3761:
3685:
3475:
3400:
3342:
1369:, and several other species, by creating a new generic name. They created the new genus
5000:
4952:
4917:
4503:
4365:
4347:
4292:
4239:
4200:
4151:"A new genus and species of crestless hadrosaur from the Edmonton Formation of Alberta"
4066:
4002:
3922:
3821:
3361:
3322:
3297:
3284:
3255:
3215:
2942:
2223:
1527:
1354:
1288:
1117:
713:
433:
331:
141:
3188:
Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages,
5152:
5141:
5108:
5096:
4957:
4875:
4858:
4837:
4702:
4657:
4646:
4637:
4609:
4578:
4547:
4443:
4401:
4351:
4321:
4244:
4150:
4123:
4098:
4070:
4006:
3926:
3825:
3636:
3602:
3539:
3531:
3530:
Creisler, Benjamin S. (2007). "Deciphering duckbills: a history in nomenclature". In
3495:
3484:
3471:
3430:
3366:
3301:
3289:
2279:
1997:
1985:
1627:
1494:
1299:, based on inadequate material, should be restricted to a hadrosaurid from the older
1147:
of southern Alberta. The Horseshoe Canyon Formation is older than the rocks in which
1069:
900:
604:
596:
516:
5004:
1934:
1091:
In the first decade of the twentieth century, two additional important specimens of
5072:
4992:
4947:
4937:
4870:
4823:
4641:
4507:
4495:
4393:
4337:
4234:
4224:
4061:
4056:
4048:
3994:
3914:
3813:
3765:
3689:
3404:
3356:
3346:
3279:
3271:
3119:
3027:
2744:
568:
3408:
799:
Skeletons (AMNH 5730, left, and AMNH 5886, right), first mounted in the
5271:
4942:
4326:"The genus and species of the Trachodontidae (Hadrosauridae, Claosauridae) Marsh"
4229:
3351:
2875:
2042:
most likely represent the same species, some paleontologists have proposed using
1867:
1639:
1618:
specimens continues to the present day. Returning to Hatcher's argument of 1902,
1096:
1073:
1060: 2414, a partial skull-roof and skeleton, with a second skull and skeleton,
1037:
Museum, the first nearly complete dinosaur skeleton mounted in the United States.
1034:
920:
588:
584:
30:
4397:
4890:
4146:
3586:
3031:
2928:
2793:
2520:
2447:
2174:
1452:
was first coined some time in the 1980s. He concluded that the type species of
1144:
1136:
832:
223:
4996:
4918:"A New Saurolophine Dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of Far Eastern Russia"
4052:
3998:
3918:
5343:
4826:(1997). "Ornithopods". In Farlow, James O.; Brett-Surman, Michael K. (eds.).
3817:
3063:
3035:
3024:
2980:
2908:
2898:
2867:
2854:
2559:
2542:
2187:
2160:
2105:
2093:
1972:
1968:
1875:
1489:
1383:
1104:
977:
756:
697:
558:
548:
278:
265:
252:
72:
34:
5181:
4701:(1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 534–561.
3538:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 185–210.
1846:
is known for its long, wide muzzle. Cope compared this feature to that of a
5132:
5018:
4961:
4694:
4405:
4248:
3479:
3370:
3293:
3204:"On the Occurrence of Edmontosaurus in the Hell Creek Formation of Montana"
3012:
2974:
2968:
2956:
2949:
2774:
2432:
2202:
2137:
2079:
1658:
1651:
1583:
1469:
1429:, in honor of Cope. Cope's original specimen, AMNH 5730, was made the
1390:
1273:
1175:
987:
952:
873:
847:
644:
628:
624:
207:
3770:
3745:
1673:, from the late Maastrichtian. Their study provided further evidence that
1311:. A multiplicity of names resumed, with the AMNH duckbills being known as
971:
described the tableau as representing the two animals feeding alongside a
5308:
5280:
4726:. Mesozoic Meanderings No. 2. San Diego: Publications Requiring Research.
3741:
3000:
2903:
2767:
2736:
2321:
2120:
1914:. It probably preferred to forage for food on four legs, but ran on two.
1810:, namely MOR 1142 ("X-rex") and MOR 1609 ("Becky's Giant"), suggest that
1643:
1537:
1371:
1257:
1006:
876:. Cope believed that Leidy had failed to properly characterize the genus
843:
738:
669:
587:. All of these formations are dated to the late Maastrichtian age of the
551:
353:
239:
47:
3564:
1638:
with crushed skulls. In 2007, another "mummy" was announced. Nicknamed "
955:. Another cowboy, Alfred Sensiba, bought the specimen from Hunter for a
5300:
4806:
Contributions in Science (Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History)
4122:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 112.
3219:
3203:
3004:
2962:
2935:
2238:
2019:
1948:
1907:
1899:
1880:
1767:
1502:
took place the same year in an article co-written by Brett-Surman with
1284:
1263:
744:
726:
681:
675:
565:
386:
365:
121:
92:
57:
5313:
3275:
1733:
4525:. Ph.D. dissertation. Washington, D.C.: George Washington University.
4499:
4342:
4325:
3746:"A reconsideration of the paleoecology of the hadrosaurian dinosaurs"
3694:
3669:
3070:
3066:
3059:
2996:
2844:
2756:
2752:
2732:
2262:
2054:
1911:
1834:
1362:
1342:
1216:
1151:
was found. Lambe found that his new dinosaur compared best to Cope's
992:
862:
750:
732:
663:
657:
341:
158:
97:
41:
5242:
4369:
3974:
3894:
3789:
2719:
975:, the standing individual having been startled by the approach of a
5265:
5147:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
5103:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp.
3490:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
3086:
3082:
3074:
1898:
had a distinctive pelvis, based on the proportions and form of the
1858:
1851:
1759:
1468:
was different enough to warrant its own genus. Although theses and
1430:
1279:
1243:
1065:
1054:
960:
820:
795:
636:
554:
534:
191:
178:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
3008:
2763:
1863:
1121:
1085:
947:
943:
936:
632:
620:
591:
period, which represents the last three million years before the
544:
102:
77:
1798:
5127:
4635:
4090:
Discovering Dinosaurs in the American Museum of Natural History
3719:(1883). "On the characters of the skull in the Hadrosauridae".
3628:
Discovering Dinosaurs in the American Museum of Natural History
3020:
1891:
1763:
982:
956:
640:
168:
4086:
3624:
2018:, following the influential 1942 revision of Hadrosauridae by
866:, a hadrosaurid genus Cope had named earlier from teeth, with
3256:"Osteohistological and taphonomic life-history assessment of
3090:
3078:
3055:
2987:
2748:
2740:
1847:
1792:
1788:
1481:
1376:
1375:(meaning "duck lizard", because of its wide, duck-like beak;
1353:
This confusing situation was temporarily resolved in 1942 by
972:
648:
4740:. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin
4117:
1594:
that emerged included three valid species: the type species
1441:
would come to be called the "classic duck-billed dinosaur".
1417:. Lull and Wright decided to remove the AMNH specimens from
5174:"Cretaceous "Hell Creek Faunal Facies"; Late Maastrichtian"
3721:
Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences
3016:
2890:
2885:
The Lancian time interval was the last interval before the
1806:
Recently-found specimens that are still under study at the
1776:
1685:
is the result of ontogenetic change, and represents mature
1401:
to this genus, a pair of species that had been assigned to
908:
851:
616:
3597:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. pp.
2995:
The Hell Creek Formation, as typified by exposures in the
2014:
was also historically classified in an independent genus,
1444:
This state of affairs persisted for several decades until
1405:
under Gilmore's "Lance Formation hadrosaurid" conception (
1506:(although the name is sometimes credited as Brett-Surman
4915:
4597:
4566:
3003:
climate supporting a variety of plants that ranged from
915:
Several years after Cope's description, his arch-rival,
4198:
3462:
3202:
Rohrer, Willis L.; Konizeski, Richard L. (1 May 1960).
611:
suggests an age of 69–68 Ma for the Laramie Formation.
4757:. National Geographic News. 2007-12-03. Archived from
3559:
3557:
3555:
2897:
was one of the most common dinosaurs of the interval.
4738:
Late Cretaceous vertebrates from the Western Interior
3536:
Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs
3317:
2878:
of South Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming, alongside the
872:, an older name based on teeth that was published by
4916:
Godefroit, P.; Bolotsky, Y. L.; Lauters, P. (2012).
3109:
2766:
may have hosted nasal diverticula. These postulated
1922:
to portray both quadrupedal and bipedal stances for
3975:"Notice of new reptiles from the Laramie Formation"
3552:
1474:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
1433:of the species, with Brown's AMNH 5886 as the
1307:, he recommended that it be considered the same as
1143:(formerly the lower Edmonton Formation), along the
1072:, from the late Maastrichtian-age Upper Cretaceous
571:, in what is now western North America. Remains of
16:
Hadrosaurid species from the Late Cretaceous Period
4832:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp.
4781:"Scientists Get Rare Look at Dinosaur Soft Tissue"
4689:(1990). "Hadrosauridae". In Weishampel, David B.;
4652:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
4467:. M.A. thesis. Berkeley: University of California.
4465:The appendicular anatomy of hadrosaurian dinosaurs
4118:Dal Sasso, Cristiano; Brillante, Giuseppe (2004).
4087:Norell, M. A.; Gaffney, E. S.; Dingus, L. (1995).
3625:Norell, M. A.; Gaffney, E. S.; Dingus, L. (1995).
3474:(2004). "Hadrosauridae". In Weishampel, David B.;
1665:. They concluded that only two species are valid:
1170: 8509, a skull and partial skeleton from the
4648:Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches
3098:once again seems to have been relatively common.
2926:has been found also included: the hypsilophodont
1737:Scale diagram comparing large adult specimens of
1472:are not regarded as official publications by the
537:"), often colloquially and historically known as
5341:
4681:
1802:Artist illustration depicting a life restoration
1569:, as either a second species or as a synonym of
903:, based on the two specimens (now classified as
3420:
3418:
3201:
1103:and his sons in the Lance Formation rocks near
998:
760:. References predating the 1980s typically use
5220:An Odyssey in Time: Dinosaurs of North America
5204:An Odyssey in Time: Dinosaurs of North America
4899:Department of Mines, Geological Survey Memoirs
4856:
4299:. Geological Society of America Special Paper
4199:Campione, Nicolás E.; Evans, David C. (2011).
3386:
3054:in eastern Wyoming, has been interpreted as a
2777:present in specimen LACM 23502, housed in the
1943:Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
1906:, like other hadrosaurids, could move both on
1661:analysis of the various specimens assigned to
1614:. The debate about the proper taxonomy of the
1291:reassessed hadrosaurids, and recommended that
4730:
4715:
4303:. Geological Society of America. p. 225.
1866:formed deep pockets around the openings. The
1334:
1232:); conversely, Hatcher explicitly identified
1099:," AMNH 5060, was discovered in 1908 by
860:. This species name was created by combining
787:
4520:
4477:
4462:
3415:
3233:
2026:, until it was reclassified as a species of
854: 5730, Cope assigned it to the species
476:(Lull & Wright, 1942) Brett-Surman, 1975
3670:"The Upper Cretaceous iguanodont dinosaurs"
3249:
3247:
3245:
3182:
3180:
3178:
1681:(specifically, that the long, low skull of
784:fossils, depending on the author and date.
135:Oxford University Museum of Natural History
5350:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America
4631:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4598:Lambert, David; the Diagram Group (1990).
4567:Lambert, David; the Diagram Group (1983).
4291:
3565:26b. What's In a Name: The Trachodon Story
3253:
3162:This toothless section is also known as a
3042:was the most abundant large dinosaur, and
2797:Mounted skeletons of a juvenile and adult
2762:The extensive depressions surrounding its
2743:were continually replaced and packed into
120:
5214:
5212:
5121:
5023:"Enough with the "Duck-Billed Dinosaurs""
4951:
4941:
4874:
4863:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
4721:
4341:
4264:
4238:
4228:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4082:
4080:
4060:
3947:Lucas, Frederic A. (1904). "The dinosaur
3769:
3693:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3429:. Indiana University Press. p. 647.
3424:
3382:
3380:
3360:
3350:
3283:
3081:, and ferns in the swamps, and conifers,
2848:The damage to the tail vertebrae of this
1202:was variously classified as a species of
1107:, Wyoming. Sternberg was working for the
819:. The first quality specimen, the former
458:(Sternberg, 1926) Lull & Wright, 1942
5231:
5093:"Late Cretaceous dinosaur provinciality"
4542:. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press. pp.
4316:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4274:from the Lance Formation of Saskatchewan
4260:
4258:
4141:
4139:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3736:
3734:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3620:
3618:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3529:
3427:The Complete Dinosaur (Life of the Past)
3313:
3311:
3242:
3175:
2986:
2843:
2792:
2718:
1947:
1933:
1890:includes twelve neck, twelve back, nine
1833:
1797:
1732:
1536:
1389:= lizard), and made Marsh's species the
1346:AMNH 5060: a well-preserved specimen of
1341:
1193:
1025:
1005:
890:
794:
704:
5171:
4897:from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta".
4677:
4675:
4673:
4622:
4438:. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press. p.
4420:Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America
4364:
4320:
4297:Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America
3878:Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America
3860:Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America
3840:Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
1581:, though it has also been treated as a
1283:, fragmentary genera now thought to be
1139:for two partial skeletons found in the
1127:
5342:
5209:
5196:
5090:
5066:
4974:
4850:
4803:
4529:
4514:
4471:
4456:
4179:
4077:
4013:
3963:
3740:
3664:
3649:
3377:
3321:; Goodwin, M.B.; Myhrvold, N. (2011).
811:predates the naming of both the genus
5247:
5246:
5084:
5046:
5017:
4968:
4889:
4883:
4816:
4797:
4425:
4412:
4358:
4307:
4280:
4255:
4145:
4136:
4019:
3969:
3953:Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
3946:
3933:
3889:
3883:
3865:
3845:
3832:
3784:
3778:
3731:
3702:
3615:
3574:
3308:
3155:
2887:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
695:before all being grouped together in
593:extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs
489:vide Chapman & Brett-Surman, 1990
449:(Marsh, 1890) Lull & Wright, 1942
5225:
5165:
4822:
4670:
4591:
4560:
4535:
4431:
4111:
3715:
3585:
3508:
3443:
1886:As mounted, the vertebral column of
1721:can be distinguished from skulls of
1064: 2182, being designated as the
5415:Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh
4778:
2866:remains are known only from latest
1303:and its equivalents. In regards to
647:. It had an extremely long and low
13:
5172:Bigelow, Phillip (July 21, 2010).
4772:
4747:
3323:"Dinosaur Census Reveals Abundant
1920:American Museum of Natural History
895:Outdated 1909 life restoration of
842:rocks, came from northeast of the
801:American Museum of Natural History
14:
5426:
4604:. New York: Avon Books. pp.
4573:. New York: Avon Books. pp.
4521:Brett-Surman, Michael K. (1989).
4463:Brett-Surman, Michael K. (1975).
4201:"Cranial growth and variation in
3157:
2803:Houston Museum of Natural Science
1929:
1109:British Museum of Natural History
1068:. Both were collected in 1891 by
5049:"Shovel-Beaked, Not Duck-Billed"
4876:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00617.x
4857:Prieto-Márquez, Alberto (2010).
3112:
1642:," it was discovered in 1999 by
1095:were recovered. The first, the "
533:(meaning "connected lizard from
145:
45:
5040:
5011:
4909:
4779:Lee, Christopher (2007-12-03).
3254:Wosik, M.; Evans, D.C. (2022).
2839:
2714:
1669:, from the late Campanian; and
927:. Marsh named this partial jaw
503:Edmontosaurus saskatchewanensis
5047:Black, Riley (June 14, 2012).
3195:
3128:Timeline of hadrosaur research
1728:
543:(meaning "duck lizard"), is a
1:
4755:"Mummified Dinosaur Unveiled"
4330:Annals of the Carnegie Museum
3409:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.05.003
3169:
2781:, also indicates the beak of
1634:as representing specimens of
1397:. They also assigned Marsh's
1135:itself was coined in 1917 by
498:(Marsh, 1890) Olshevsky, 1991
454:Anatosaurus saskatchewanensis
393:(Marsh, 1892) Sternberg, 1925
5405:Paleontology in Saskatchewan
5390:Paleontology in North Dakota
5385:Paleontology in South Dakota
4943:10.1371/journal.pone.0036849
4230:10.1371/journal.pone.0025186
4154:(pdf (entire volume, 18 mb))
4093:. New York: Knopf. pp.
3631:. New York: Knopf. pp.
3352:10.1371/journal.pone.0016574
3186:Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2012)
1960:from lower middle to right).
1545:Of the remaining species of
1460:, was actually a species of
1164:Thespesius saskatchewanensis
1010:Skeletal restoration of the
414:(Sternberg, 1926) Kuhn, 1936
398:Thespesius saskatchewanensis
7:
4539:The New Dinosaur Dictionary
4435:The New Dinosaur Dictionary
4398:10.1126/science.41.1061.658
4295:; Wright, Nelda E. (1942).
4033:American Journal of Science
3979:American Journal of Science
3899:American Journal of Science
3798:American Journal of Science
3750:American Journal of Science
3593:Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia
3105:
1787:may have weighed about 7.3
575:have been preserved in the
423:(Marsh, 1890) Russell, 1930
410:Trachodon saskatchewanensis
10:
5431:
5091:Lehman, Thomas M. (2001).
4722:Olshevsky, George (1991).
4570:A Field Guide to Dinosaurs
3030:mammals were diverse, and
2918:association, dominated by
2805:, nicknamed Diana and Leon
2472:Saurolophus angustirostris
2046:as a valid genus name for
2034:. With the discovery that
1918:used the skeletons in the
1749:The skull and skeleton of
1141:Horseshoe Canyon Formation
1101:Charles Hazelius Sternberg
838:. This specimen, found in
485:(Lull & Wright, 1942)
360:(Marsh, 1890) Nopcsa, 1900
5255:
5218:Russell, Dale A. (1989).
5202:Russell, Dale A. (1989).
5178:Seattle Community Network
4997:10.1017/S0094837300002165
4053:10.2475/ajs.s3-44.262.343
4023:(1892). "Restorations of
3999:10.2475/ajs.s3-43.257.449
3919:10.2475/ajs.s3-39.233.418
2788:
2779:Los Angeles County Museum
2606:
2589:
2582:
2556:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2485:
2468:
2461:
2444:
2437:
2425:
2394:Gryposaurus monumentensis
2390:
2373:
2366:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2318:
2311:
2276:
2259:
2252:
2235:
2228:
2216:
2199:
2192:
2172:
2165:
2134:
2117:
2110:
2098:
2076:
2069:
1713:assigns twenty skulls to
1409:from Gilmore in 1924 and
1160:Charles Mortram Sternberg
1041:The species now known as
1033:paratype YPM 2182 at the
931:, and it is cataloged as
907:) mounted in 1908 at the
337:
330:
308:
301:
142:Scientific classification
140:
129:Mounted cast of a fossil
128:
119:
23:
5400:Paleontology in Colorado
5234:The Dinosaurs of Wyoming
5101:Mesozoic Vertebrate Life
4536:Glut, Donald F. (1982).
4432:Glut, Donald F. (1982).
3818:10.2475/ajs.s3-45.265.83
3790:"The skull and brain of
3133:
2889:that killed off the non-
2824:representing juveniles,
2057:below follows Godefroit
925:Niobrara County, Wyoming
595:(between 68 and 66
5395:Paleontology in Wyoming
5380:Paleontology in Montana
5287:Edmontosaurus annectens
5257:Edmontosaurus annectens
4893:(1920). "The hadrosaur
4062:2027/hvd.32044107356040
3666:Osborn, Henry Fairfield
3258:Edmontosaurus annectens
3208:Journal of Paleontology
3058:setting similar to the
3034:as large as the modern
2940:the pachycephalosaurid
2924:Edmontosaurus annectens
2729:Edmontosaurus annectens
2593:Edmontosaurus annectens
2032:Michael K. Brett-Surman
1977:Edmontosaurus annectens
1850:in side view, and to a
1636:Edmontosaurus annectens
1450:Edmontosaurus annectens
1446:Michael K. Brett-Surman
1309:Thespesius occidentalis
1043:Edmontosaurus annectens
613:Edmontosaurus annectens
564:at the very end of the
530:Edmontosaurus annectens
467:Lull & Wright, 1942
381:(Marsh, 1892) Hay, 1902
315:Edmontosaurus annectens
25:Edmontosaurus annectens
5027:scientificamerican.com
4601:The Dinosaur Data Book
4021:Marsh, Othniel Charles
3971:Marsh, Othniel Charles
3589:(1997). "Anatotitan".
3038:hunted on the ground.
2992:
2859:
2806:
2724:
1961:
1945:
1916:Henry Fairfield Osborn
1852:short-billed spoonbill
1839:
1803:
1746:
1709:. The reassessment of
1542:
1350:
1301:Judith River Formation
1224:and the "duck-billed"
1113:Henry Fairfield Osborn
1038:
1023:
969:Henry Fairfield Osborn
912:
804:
5410:Maastrichtian species
5322:Paleobiology Database
5078:The Dinosaur Heresies
4829:The Complete Dinosaur
4266:Sternberg, Charles M.
4158:The Ottawa Naturalist
3771:10.2475/ajs.262.8.975
3472:Forster, Catherine A.
3191:Winter 2011 Appendix.
2990:
2847:
2796:
2722:
2610:Edmontosaurus regalis
2377:Gryposaurus notabilis
1951:
1937:
1837:
1808:Museum of the Rockies
1801:
1795:) when fully grown.
1753:are very well-known.
1736:
1699:Anatosaurus edmontoni
1604:Anatosaurus edmontoni
1540:
1395:Anatosaurus annectens
1345:
1194:Early classifications
1051:Othniel Charles Marsh
1045:was named in 1892 as
1029:
1020:Othniel Charles Marsh
1009:
917:Othniel Charles Marsh
894:
798:
705:Discovery and history
603:is also found in the
445:Anatosaurus longiceps
428:Anatosaurus annectens
5129:Weishampel, David B.
5095:. In Tanke, Darren;
4683:Weishampel, David B.
3468:Weishampel, David B.
2933:the rare ceratopsid
2822:E. saskatchewanensis
2353:Gryposaurus latidens
1971:, or "flat-headed",
1952:Most known complete
1701:specimens belong to
1691:E. saskatechwanensis
1648:Hell Creek Formation
1646:, and came from the
1612:E. saskatchewanensis
1577:may be a synonym of
1551:A. saskatchewanensis
1411:T. saskatchewanensis
1367:Claosaurus annectens
1305:Claosaurus annectens
1222:Claosaurus annectens
1200:Claosaurus annectens
1188:T. saskatchewanensis
1174:plateau of southern
1149:Claosaurus annectens
1128:Canadian discoveries
1047:Claosaurus annectens
1001:Claosaurus annectens
840:Hell Creek Formation
494:Anatotitan longiceps
419:Thespesius longiceps
5184:on January 24, 2007
4989:1975Pbio....1...21H
4934:2012PLoSO...736849G
4785:The Washington Post
4761:on December 4, 2007
4492:1979Natur.277..560B
4390:1915Sci....41..658G
4366:Gilmore, Charles W.
4293:Lull, Richard Swann
4221:2011PLoSO...625186C
4045:1892AmJS...44..343M
3991:1892AmJS...43..449M
3949:Trachodon annectens
3911:1890AmJS...39..418M
3810:1893AmJS...45...83M
3762:1964AmJS..262..975O
3686:1909Natur..81..160H
3401:2014CrRes..50..282P
3389:Cretaceous Research
3343:2011PLoSO...616574H
3144:Diclonius mirabilis
2880:Frenchman Formation
2731:was a fairly large
2489:Saurolophus osborni
1994:David B. Weishampel
1755:Edward Drinker Cope
1624:David B. Weishampel
1415:Diclonius mirabilis
1399:Trachodon longiceps
1321:Trachodon annectens
1317:Trachodon mirabilis
1313:Diclonius mirabilis
1230:Diclonius mirabilis
1180:Frenchman Formation
1153:Diclonius mirabilis
965:Trachodon mirabilis
929:Trachodon longiceps
869:Trachodon mirabilis
857:Diclonius mirabilis
836:Edward Drinker Cope
790:Diclonius mirabilis
609:magnetostratigraphy
472:Edmontosaurus copei
377:Trachodon annectens
5365:Maastrichtian life
5097:Carpenter, Kenneth
5053:smithsonianmag.com
5021:(April 17, 2018).
4891:Lambe, Lawrence M.
4638:Carpenter, Kenneth
4147:Lambe, Lawrence M.
4120:Dinosaurs of Italy
3532:Carpenter, Kenneth
3264:Journal of Anatomy
2993:
2954:and the theropods
2943:Pachycephalosaurus
2860:
2807:
2727:As a hadrosaurid,
2725:
2224:Brachylophosaurini
2020:Richard Swann Lull
1962:
1946:
1840:
1804:
1747:
1745:(green) to a human
1717:. Adult skulls of
1590:The conception of
1543:
1526:is abandoned as a
1488:("duck"), and the
1355:Richard Swann Lull
1351:
1289:Charles W. Gilmore
1118:Senckenberg Museum
1053:. This species is
1039:
1024:
913:
805:
712:has a complicated
507:(Sternberg, 1926)
5337:
5336:
5249:Taxon identifiers
5137:Osmólska, Halszka
5073:Bakker, Robert T.
4824:Sues, Hans-Dieter
4691:Osmólska, Halszka
4642:Currie, Philip J.
4486:(5697): 560–562.
4418:Lull and Wright,
4384:(1061): 658–660.
4270:A new species of
3891:Marsh, Othniel C.
3876:Lull and Wright,
3858:Lull and Wright,
3838:Lull and Wright,
3786:Marsh, Othniel C.
3680:(2075): 160–162.
3545:978-0-253-34817-3
3476:Osmólska, Halszka
3276:10.1111/joa.13679
3148:Anatosaurus copei
3073:trees dotted the
2947:the ankylosaurid
2882:of Saskatchewan.
2723:Close-up of teeth
2711:
2710:
2702:
2701:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2674:
2666:
2665:
2657:
2656:
2648:
2647:
2639:
2638:
2630:
2629:
2621:
2620:
2571:
2570:
2509:
2508:
2500:
2499:
2414:
2413:
2405:
2404:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2290:
2280:Brachylophosaurus
2149:
2148:
2061:(2012) analysis.
1998:Catherine Forster
1986:John Bell Hatcher
1693:represents young
1628:Catherine Forster
1557:were assigned to
1427:Anatosaurus copei
1228:(based on Cope's
1070:John Bell Hatcher
901:Charles R. Knight
825:Anatosaurus copei
639:, as well as the
605:Laramie Formation
597:million years ago
526:
525:
520:
499:
490:
477:
468:
463:Anatosaurus copei
459:
450:
441:
424:
415:
406:
394:
382:
373:
361:
349:
294:E. annectens
5422:
5370:Hell Creek fauna
5330:
5329:
5317:
5316:
5304:
5303:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5237:
5229:
5223:
5216:
5207:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5180:. Archived from
5169:
5163:
5162:
5146:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5088:
5082:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5015:
5009:
5008:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4955:
4945:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4751:
4745:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4679:
4668:
4667:
4651:
4633:
4620:
4619:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4500:10.1038/277560a0
4475:
4469:
4468:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4429:
4423:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4345:
4343:10.5962/p.331063
4322:Hatcher, John B.
4318:
4305:
4304:
4289:
4278:
4277:
4262:
4253:
4252:
4242:
4232:
4196:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4155:
4143:
4134:
4133:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4084:
4075:
4074:
4064:
4039:(262): 343–349.
4017:
4011:
4010:
3985:(257): 449–453.
3967:
3961:
3960:
3944:
3931:
3930:
3905:(233): 418–426.
3887:
3881:
3874:
3863:
3856:
3843:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3738:
3729:
3728:
3713:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3695:10.1038/081160a0
3662:
3647:
3646:
3622:
3613:
3612:
3596:
3583:
3572:
3561:
3550:
3549:
3527:
3506:
3505:
3489:
3460:
3441:
3440:
3422:
3413:
3412:
3384:
3375:
3374:
3364:
3354:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3287:
3251:
3240:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3199:
3193:
3184:
3161:
3152:Anatotitan copei
3122:
3120:Dinosaurs portal
3117:
3116:
3115:
3028:multituberculate
2876:Lance Formations
2830:Anatotitan copei
2745:dental batteries
2585:
2584:
2535:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2464:
2463:
2440:
2439:
2428:
2427:
2369:
2368:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2314:
2313:
2255:
2254:
2231:
2230:
2219:
2218:
2195:
2194:
2168:
2167:
2113:
2112:
2101:
2100:
2072:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2002:Anatotitan copei
1677:is a synonym of
1675:Anatotitan copei
1632:Anatotitan copei
1518:) was sunk into
1500:Anatotitan copei
1241:. This included
815:and the species
585:Lance Formations
506:
497:
484:
481:Anatotitan copei
475:
466:
457:
448:
431:
422:
413:
401:
392:
380:
371:
359:
347:
317:
313:
277:
264:
251:
238:
222:
206:
150:
149:
124:
114:
44:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5325:
5320:
5312:
5307:
5299:
5294:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5251:
5241:
5230:
5226:
5217:
5210:
5201:
5197:
5187:
5185:
5170:
5166:
5159:
5126:
5122:
5115:
5089:
5085:
5071:
5067:
5057:
5055:
5045:
5041:
5031:
5029:
5016:
5012:
4973:
4969:
4914:
4910:
4888:
4884:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4821:
4817:
4802:
4798:
4789:
4787:
4777:
4773:
4764:
4762:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4735:
4731:
4720:
4716:
4709:
4687:Horner, Jack R.
4680:
4671:
4664:
4634:
4623:
4616:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4565:
4561:
4554:
4534:
4530:
4519:
4515:
4476:
4472:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4430:
4426:
4417:
4413:
4363:
4359:
4319:
4308:
4290:
4281:
4263:
4256:
4197:
4180:
4171:
4169:
4153:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4116:
4112:
4105:
4085:
4078:
4018:
4014:
3968:
3964:
3945:
3934:
3888:
3884:
3875:
3866:
3857:
3846:
3837:
3833:
3783:
3779:
3742:Ostrom, John H.
3739:
3732:
3717:Cope, Edward D.
3714:
3703:
3663:
3650:
3643:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3587:Glut, Donald F.
3584:
3575:
3562:
3553:
3546:
3528:
3509:
3502:
3464:Horner, John R.
3461:
3444:
3437:
3423:
3416:
3385:
3378:
3316:
3309:
3252:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3200:
3196:
3185:
3176:
3172:
3136:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3032:monitor lizards
2842:
2828:subadults, and
2791:
2717:
2712:
2703:
2694:
2685:
2676:
2667:
2658:
2649:
2640:
2631:
2622:
2572:
2510:
2501:
2415:
2406:
2301:
2292:
2150:
1932:
1779: 2414 and
1731:
1340:
1196:
1130:
1097:Trachodon mummy
1082:Converse County
1078:Niobrara County
1074:Lance Formation
1035:Yale University
1018:) holotype, by
1004:
921:Lance Formation
807:The history of
793:
707:
589:Late Cretaceous
547:of flat-headed
505:
496:
483:
474:
465:
456:
447:
430:
421:
412:
400:
391:
379:
370:
358:
346:
326:
319:
311:
310:
297:
275:
262:
249:
236:
220:
204:
144:
115:
113:
112:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
39:
38:
31:Late Cretaceous
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5428:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5375:Scollard fauna
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5318:
5305:
5292:
5277:
5261:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5240:
5239:
5224:
5222:. pp. 180–181.
5208:
5206:. pp. 175–180.
5195:
5164:
5157:
5143:The Dinosauria
5120:
5113:
5083:
5065:
5039:
5010:
4967:
4908:
4882:
4869:(2): 435–502.
4849:
4842:
4815:
4796:
4771:
4746:
4729:
4714:
4707:
4699:The Dinosauria
4669:
4662:
4621:
4614:
4590:
4583:
4559:
4552:
4528:
4513:
4470:
4455:
4448:
4424:
4422:, pp. 154–164.
4411:
4370:"On the genus
4357:
4336:(3): 377–386.
4306:
4279:
4254:
4178:
4135:
4128:
4110:
4103:
4076:
4012:
3962:
3932:
3901:. 3rd Series.
3882:
3880:, pp. 163-164.
3864:
3862:, pp. 157-159.
3844:
3831:
3804:(265): 83–86.
3800:. 3rd Series.
3777:
3756:(8): 975–997.
3730:
3701:
3648:
3641:
3614:
3607:
3573:
3551:
3544:
3507:
3500:
3486:The Dinosauria
3442:
3436:978-0253357014
3435:
3414:
3376:
3307:
3270:(2): 272–296.
3241:
3232:
3214:(3): 464–466.
3194:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3107:
3104:
3096:Thescelosaurus
3044:Thescelosaurus
2929:Thescelosaurus
2841:
2838:
2790:
2787:
2764:nasal openings
2716:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2521:Edmontosaurini
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2448:Prosaurolophus
2443:
2438:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2348:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2175:Lambeosaurinae
2171:
2166:
2164:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2063:
1931:
1930:Classification
1928:
1838:Tail vertebrae
1730:
1727:
1689:individuals).
1528:junior synonym
1462:Edmontosaurus,
1413:), and Cope's
1339:
1338:to the present
1333:
1195:
1192:
1145:Red Deer River
1137:Lawrence Lambe
1129:
1126:
1080:(then part of
1003:
997:
833:paleontologist
792:
786:
706:
703:
557:from the late
524:
523:
522:
521:
500:
491:
478:
469:
460:
451:
442:
432:(Marsh, 1892)
425:
416:
407:
395:
383:
374:
362:
350:
335:
334:
328:
327:
320:
306:
305:
299:
298:
290:
288:
284:
283:
273:
269:
268:
260:
256:
255:
247:
243:
242:
234:
227:
226:
224:Neornithischia
218:
211:
210:
202:
195:
194:
189:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
138:
137:
126:
125:
117:
116:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5427:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5355:Saurolophines
5353:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5328:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5297:
5293:
5288:
5282:
5278:
5273:
5267:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5245:
5235:
5228:
5221:
5215:
5213:
5205:
5199:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5168:
5160:
5158:0-520-24209-2
5154:
5150:
5145:
5144:
5138:
5134:
5133:Dodson, Peter
5130:
5124:
5116:
5114:0-253-33907-3
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5087:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5054:
5050:
5043:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5019:Naish, Darren
5014:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4971:
4963:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4928:(5): e36849.
4927:
4923:
4919:
4912:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4895:Edmontosaurus
4892:
4886:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4853:
4845:
4843:0-253-33349-0
4839:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4819:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4786:
4782:
4775:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4743:
4739:
4733:
4725:
4718:
4710:
4708:0-520-06727-4
4704:
4700:
4696:
4695:Dodson, Peter
4692:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4665:
4663:0-521-43810-1
4659:
4655:
4650:
4649:
4643:
4639:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4617:
4615:0-380-75896-2
4611:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4594:
4586:
4584:0-380-83519-3
4580:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4563:
4555:
4553:0-8065-0782-9
4549:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4532:
4524:
4517:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4474:
4466:
4459:
4451:
4449:0-8065-0782-9
4445:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4428:
4421:
4415:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4373:
4367:
4361:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4261:
4259:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4215:(9): e25186.
4214:
4210:
4206:
4204:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4131:
4129:0-253-34514-6
4125:
4121:
4114:
4106:
4104:0-679-43386-4
4100:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4083:
4081:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3841:
3835:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3735:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3644:
3642:0-679-43386-4
3638:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3621:
3619:
3610:
3608:0-89950-917-7
3604:
3600:
3595:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3547:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3503:
3501:0-520-24209-2
3497:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3481:
3480:Dodson, Peter
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3438:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3419:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3381:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3337:(2): e16574.
3336:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3325:Tyrannosaurus
3320:
3314:
3312:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3236:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3174:
3167:
3165:
3160:
3159:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3110:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3036:Komodo dragon
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:tree-dwelling
3022:
3018:
3015:, as well as
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2989:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2981:Tyrannosaurus
2977:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2946:
2944:
2939:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2916:Edmontosaurus
2913:
2910:
2909:coastal plain
2906:
2905:
2900:
2899:Robert Bakker
2896:
2895:Edmontosaurus
2892:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2870:rocks of the
2869:
2868:Maastrichtian
2865:
2857:
2856:
2855:Tyrannosaurus
2851:
2846:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2817:Edmontosaurus
2813:
2812:Edmontosaurus
2804:
2800:
2795:
2786:
2784:
2783:Edmontosaurus
2780:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2757:quadrupedally
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2721:
2707:
2706:
2698:
2697:
2689:
2688:
2680:
2679:
2671:
2670:
2662:
2661:
2653:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2635:
2634:
2626:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2560:Kundurosaurus
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2543:Kerberosaurus
2537:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2505:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2466:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2442:
2441:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2410:
2409:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2188:Saurolophinae
2185:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2161:Saurolophidae
2158:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2106:Hadrosaurinae
2103:
2102:
2095:
2094:Hadrosauridae
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2028:Edmontosaurus
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1955:
1954:Edmontosaurus
1950:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1877:
1876:quadrate bone
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1842:The skull of
1836:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1711:Edmontosaurus
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1695:E. annectens,
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1663:Edmontosaurus
1660:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1608:edmontonensis
1606:, emended to
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:Edmontosaurus
1588:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1561:as well, and
1560:
1559:Edmontosaurus
1556:
1552:
1548:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1532:Edmontosaurus
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:Edmontosaurus
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:Ralph Chapman
1501:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1470:dissertations
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1393:, calling it
1392:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1271:, as well as
1270:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1258:Ornithotarsus
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:Wood Mountain
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:Edmontosaurus
1125:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1002:
996:
994:
990:
989:
984:
980:
979:
978:Tyrannosaurus
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
949:
945:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
889:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
870:
865:
864:
859:
858:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:Edmontosaurus
810:
802:
797:
791:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:
757:Edmontosaurus
754:, as well as
753:
752:
747:
746:
741:
740:
735:
734:
729:
728:
723:
719:
715:
711:
702:
700:
699:
698:Edmontosaurus
694:
693:
688:
684:
683:
678:
677:
672:
671:
666:
665:
660:
659:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
567:
563:
560:
559:Maastrichtian
556:
553:
550:
546:
542:
541:
536:
532:
531:
518:
514:
510:
504:
501:
495:
492:
488:
482:
479:
473:
470:
464:
461:
455:
452:
446:
443:
439:
435:
429:
426:
420:
417:
411:
408:
404:
399:
396:
390:
388:
384:
378:
375:
369:
367:
363:
357:
355:
351:
345:
343:
339:
338:
336:
333:
329:
324:
318:
316:
307:
304:
303:Binomial name
300:
296:
295:
289:
286:
285:
282:
281:
280:Edmontosaurus
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:Saurolophinae
261:
258:
257:
254:
253:Hadrosauridae
248:
245:
244:
241:
235:
232:
229:
228:
225:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
148:
143:
139:
136:
132:
127:
123:
118:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
36:
35:Maastrichtian
32:
26:
22:
19:
5256:
5233:
5227:
5219:
5203:
5198:
5186:. Retrieved
5182:the original
5177:
5167:
5142:
5123:
5100:
5086:
5076:
5068:
5056:. Retrieved
5052:
5042:
5030:. Retrieved
5026:
5013:
4983:(1): 21–43.
4980:
4977:Paleobiology
4976:
4970:
4925:
4921:
4911:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4885:
4866:
4862:
4852:
4828:
4818:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4788:. Retrieved
4784:
4774:
4763:. Retrieved
4759:the original
4749:
4741:
4737:
4732:
4723:
4717:
4698:
4647:
4600:
4593:
4569:
4562:
4538:
4531:
4522:
4516:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4464:
4458:
4434:
4427:
4419:
4414:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4360:
4333:
4329:
4300:
4296:
4273:
4269:
4212:
4208:
4203:Edmontosaurs
4202:
4170:. Retrieved
4161:
4157:
4119:
4113:
4089:
4036:
4032:
4029:Ceratosaurus
4028:
4024:
4015:
3982:
3978:
3965:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3902:
3898:
3885:
3877:
3859:
3839:
3834:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3780:
3753:
3749:
3724:
3720:
3677:
3673:
3627:
3592:
3568:
3535:
3485:
3426:
3392:
3388:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3319:Horner, J.R.
3267:
3263:
3257:
3235:
3223:. Retrieved
3211:
3207:
3197:
3187:
3163:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3140:E. annectens
3139:
3137:
3099:
3095:
3052:Fort Laramie
3049:
3043:
3039:
3013:bald cypress
2994:
2979:
2975:Dakotaraptor
2973:
2969:Acheroraptor
2967:
2961:
2957:Ornithomimus
2955:
2950:Ankylosaurus
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2902:
2894:
2884:
2864:E. annectens
2863:
2861:
2853:
2850:E. annectens
2849:
2840:Paleoecology
2834:E. annectens
2833:
2829:
2826:E. annectens
2825:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2808:
2799:E. annectens
2798:
2782:
2775:rhamphotheca
2773:A preserved
2772:
2761:
2728:
2726:
2715:Paleobiology
2608:
2607:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2558:
2557:
2541:
2540:
2487:
2486:
2470:
2469:
2446:
2445:
2433:Saurolophini
2392:
2391:
2375:
2374:
2351:
2350:
2320:
2319:
2278:
2277:
2261:
2260:
2237:
2236:
2203:Wulagasaurus
2201:
2200:
2173:
2138:Lophorhothon
2136:
2135:
2119:
2118:
2080:Bactrosaurus
2078:
2077:
2058:
2052:
2048:E. annectens
2047:
2043:
2040:E. annectens
2039:
2035:
2027:
2024:Nelda Wright
2015:
2012:E. annectens
2011:
2010:
2006:E. annectens
2005:
2001:
1988:in 1902, to
1981:E. annectens
1980:
1976:
1969:saurolophine
1965:E. annectens
1964:
1963:
1958:E. annectens
1957:
1953:
1939:E. annectens
1938:
1924:E. annectens
1923:
1904:E. annectens
1903:
1896:E. annectens
1895:
1888:E. annectens
1887:
1885:
1871:
1844:E. annectens
1843:
1841:
1824:E. annectens
1823:
1820:E. annectens
1819:
1812:E. annectens
1811:
1805:
1785:E. annectens
1784:
1773:E. annectens
1772:
1751:E. annectens
1750:
1748:
1743:E. annectens
1742:
1738:
1722:
1719:E. annectens
1718:
1715:E. annectens
1714:
1710:
1707:E. annectens
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1687:E. annectens
1686:
1682:
1679:E. annectens
1678:
1674:
1671:E. annectens
1670:
1666:
1662:
1659:morphometric
1656:
1652:North Dakota
1635:
1631:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1600:E. annectens
1599:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1584:nomen dubium
1582:
1579:E. annectens
1578:
1575:A. longiceps
1574:
1570:
1566:
1563:A. longiceps
1562:
1558:
1555:A. edmontoni
1554:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1516:A. annectens
1515:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1465:
1461:
1458:A. annectens
1457:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1438:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:T. edmontoni
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1391:type species
1386:
1379:
1370:
1366:
1359:Nelda Wright
1352:
1348:E. annectens
1347:
1335:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1285:ceratopsians
1278:
1274:Claorhynchus
1272:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1234:C. annectens
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1187:
1183:
1176:Saskatchewan
1163:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1132:
1131:
1093:C. annectens
1092:
1090:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1031:E. annectens
1030:
1015:
1012:E. annectens
1011:
1000:
986:
976:
964:
953:Barnum Brown
941:
928:
914:
905:E. annectens
904:
896:
886:
881:
877:
874:Joseph Leidy
867:
861:
855:
848:South Dakota
828:
824:
816:
812:
809:E. annectens
808:
806:
789:
782:E. annectens
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
755:
749:
743:
737:
731:
725:
721:
717:
710:E. annectens
709:
708:
696:
691:
690:
686:
680:
674:
668:
662:
656:
653:E. annectens
652:
645:Saskatchewan
643:province of
629:North Dakota
625:South Dakota
612:
601:E. annectens
600:
573:E. annectens
572:
549:saurolophine
539:
538:
529:
528:
527:
502:
493:
487:Brett-Surman
480:
471:
462:
453:
444:
427:
418:
409:
397:
385:
376:
364:
352:
340:
314:
309:
293:
292:
279:
230:
214:
208:Ornithischia
198:
185:
131:E. annectens
130:
24:
18:
5360:Lance fauna
5309:iNaturalist
5281:Wikispecies
5188:November 8,
3395:: 282–303.
3100:Triceratops
3040:Triceratops
3001:subtropical
2920:Triceratops
2912:Triceratops
2904:Triceratops
2893:dinosaurs.
2768:diverticula
2322:Kritosaurus
2121:Hadrosaurus
2044:Anatosaurus
2016:Anatosaurus
1990:Jack Horner
1973:hadrosaurid
1868:eye sockets
1816:Jack Horner
1768:thigh bones
1741:(gray) and
1729:Description
1703:E. regalis—
1644:Tyler Lyson
1620:Jack Horner
1602:(including
1547:Anatosaurus
1524:Anatosaurus
1522:, the name
1512:Anatosaurus
1454:Anatosaurus
1439:Anatosaurus
1372:Anatosaurus
1361:. In their
1336:Anatosaurus
1253:Hadrosaurus
1226:Hadrosaurus
991:cones, and
946:by a local
911:, New York.
844:Black Hills
762:Anatosaurus
739:Hadrosaurus
718:Anatosaurus
687:Anatosaurus
670:Hadrosaurus
552:hadrosaurid
540:Anatosaurus
372:Marsh, 1892
354:Hadrosaurus
348:Marsh, 1890
259:Subfamily:
240:Ornithopoda
40:68–66
5344:Categories
5058:August 24,
5032:August 24,
4790:2007-12-03
4765:2007-12-03
4272:Thespesius
4172:2009-03-08
4025:Claosaurus
3959:: 317–320.
3792:Claosaurus
3225:16 October
3170:References
3064:araucarian
3011:, such as
3005:angiosperm
2963:Pectinodon
2936:Torosaurus
2872:Hell Creek
2239:Acristavus
2004:belong to
1941:holotype,
1900:pubis bone
1881:predentary
1872:E. regalis
1828:asymptotic
1791:(7.3
1739:E. regalis
1723:E. regalis
1667:E. regalis
1596:E. regalis
1567:Anatotitan
1478:Anatotitan
1435:plesiotype
1403:Thespesius
1329:Thespesius
1325:Claosaurus
1293:Thespesius
1269:Thespesius
1264:Pteropelyx
1208:Thespesius
1204:Claosaurus
1184:Thespesius
1016:Claosaurus
829:Anatotitan
774:Thespesius
766:Claosaurus
745:Thespesius
727:Claosaurus
722:Anatotitan
692:Anatotitan
682:Thespesius
676:Claosaurus
619:states of
581:Hell Creek
566:Cretaceous
513:Weishampel
387:Thespesius
366:Claosaurus
192:Dinosauria
133:skeleton,
5272:Q15063746
5081:. p. 438.
4372:Trachodon
4352:251485258
4071:130216318
4007:131291138
3927:130812960
3842:, pp. 43.
3826:131740074
3727:: 97–107.
3567:" ;
3302:250357069
3079:palmettos
3060:Louisiana
3007:trees to
2997:Fort Peck
2753:bipedally
2733:herbivore
2263:Maiasaura
2055:cladogram
1912:four legs
1760:vertebrae
1630:regarded
1587:by some.
1464:and that
1423:Trachodon
1419:Diclonius
1382:= duck +
1363:monograph
1297:Trachodon
1249:Diclonius
1239:Trachodon
1217:Iguanodon
1212:Trachodon
1158:In 1926,
993:horsetail
961:vertebral
923:rocks in
897:Trachodon
882:Trachodon
878:Trachodon
863:Diclonius
817:annectens
778:Trachodon
770:Diclonius
751:Trachodon
733:Diclonius
714:taxonomic
664:Trachodon
658:Diclonius
577:Frenchman
403:Sternberg
389:annectens
368:annectens
356:longiceps
344:longiceps
342:Trachodon
287:Species:
165:Kingdom:
159:Eukaryota
5266:Wikidata
5139:(eds.).
5099:(eds.).
5075:(1986).
5005:88689241
4962:22666331
4922:PLOS ONE
4697:(eds.).
4644:(eds.).
4406:17747979
4368:(1915).
4324:(1902).
4268:(1926).
4249:21969872
4209:PLOS ONE
4149:(1917).
3973:(1892).
3893:(1890).
3788:(1893).
3744:(1964).
3668:(1909).
3482:(eds.).
3371:21347420
3331:PLOS ONE
3294:35801524
3164:diastema
3106:See also
3087:live oak
3075:hardwood
3067:conifers
3009:conifers
2739:. Their
2036:A. copei
1956:skulls (
1908:two legs
1864:nostrils
1859:mandible
1856:anterior
1683:A. copei
1616:A. copei
1571:A. copei
1565:went to
1466:A. copei
1431:holotype
1280:Polyonax
1244:Cionodon
1066:paratype
1055:based on
999:Marsh's
995:rushes.
985:leaves,
821:holotype
641:Canadian
637:Colorado
555:dinosaur
535:Edmonton
332:Synonyms
246:Family:
179:Chordata
175:Phylum:
169:Animalia
155:Domain:
5301:4965901
5105:310–328
4985:Bibcode
4953:3364265
4930:Bibcode
4905:: 1–79.
4812:: 1–14.
4575:156–161
4508:4332144
4488:Bibcode
4386:Bibcode
4378:Science
4240:3182183
4217:Bibcode
4095:154–155
4041:Bibcode
3987:Bibcode
3907:Bibcode
3806:Bibcode
3758:Bibcode
3682:Bibcode
3633:156–158
3534:(ed.).
3397:Bibcode
3362:3036655
3339:Bibcode
3285:9296034
3220:1300943
3021:ginkgos
2801:at the
2737:chewing
2523:
2435:
2226:
2190:
2163:
2108:
2096:
1910:and on
1610:); and
1220:-like"
1122:Germany
1086:Wyoming
988:Sequoia
948:rancher
944:Montana
937:dentary
803:in 1908
788:Cope's
633:Wyoming
621:Montana
545:species
517:Forster
325:, 1892)
312:†
291:†
272:Genus:
109:↓
5314:354791
5155:
5151:–606.
5111:
5003:
4960:
4950:
4840:
4705:
4660:
4656:–177.
4612:
4581:
4550:
4544:49, 53
4506:
4480:Nature
4446:
4404:
4350:
4247:
4237:
4126:
4101:
4069:
4005:
3925:
3824:
3674:Nature
3639:
3605:
3601:–134.
3542:
3498:
3494:–463.
3433:
3369:
3359:
3300:
3292:
3282:
3218:
3150:, and
3091:shrubs
3089:, and
2978:, and
2907:. The
2789:Growth
2519:
2431:
2222:
2186:
2159:
2104:
2092:
2059:et al.
1996:, and
1967:was a
1892:sacral
1874:. The
1789:tonnes
1766:, and
1762:, the
1640:Dakota
1626:, and
1387:sauros
1267:, and
1162:named
1111:, but
1014:(then
983:ginkgo
957:pistol
748:, and
689:, and
635:, and
607:, and
583:, and
569:period
519:, 2004
515:&
509:Horner
440:, 1942
438:Wright
436:&
405:, 1926
5327:64305
5001:S2CID
4504:S2CID
4348:S2CID
4164:(7):
4067:S2CID
4003:S2CID
3923:S2CID
3822:S2CID
3298:S2CID
3216:JSTOR
3134:Notes
3056:bayou
3017:ferns
2891:avian
2862:True
2749:cheek
2741:teeth
1848:goose
1495:Titan
1492:word
1490:Greek
1484:word
1482:Latin
1480:(the
1384:Greek
1377:Latin
1327:, or
1210:, or
973:marsh
776:, or
649:skull
323:Marsh
231:Clade
215:Clade
199:Clade
186:Clade
5296:GBIF
5190:2011
5153:ISBN
5109:ISBN
5060:2024
5034:2024
4958:PMID
4838:ISBN
4703:ISBN
4658:ISBN
4610:ISBN
4579:ISBN
4548:ISBN
4444:ISBN
4402:PMID
4245:PMID
4124:ISBN
4099:ISBN
4027:and
3637:ISBN
3603:ISBN
3540:ISBN
3496:ISBN
3431:ISBN
3367:PMID
3290:PMID
3227:2020
3071:palm
3069:and
3019:and
2874:and
2755:and
2053:The
2038:and
2022:and
1777:USNM
1764:hips
1705:not
1697:and
1553:and
1508:vide
1486:anas
1421:(or
1380:anas
1357:and
1277:and
1166:for
1105:Lusk
1058:USNM
909:AMNH
852:AMNH
780:for
617:U.S.
434:Lull
48:PreꞒ
5149:517
4993:doi
4948:PMC
4938:doi
4903:120
4871:doi
4867:159
4834:338
4810:193
4654:163
4496:doi
4484:277
4394:doi
4338:doi
4235:PMC
4225:doi
4168:–73
4057:hdl
4049:doi
4031:".
3995:doi
3951:".
3915:doi
3814:doi
3766:doi
3754:262
3690:doi
3599:132
3492:438
3405:doi
3357:PMC
3347:doi
3280:PMC
3272:doi
3268:241
3083:ash
2030:by
1781:YPM
1650:of
1530:of
1168:NMC
1120:in
1084:),
1076:of
1062:YPM
1049:by
933:YPM
899:by
846:of
823:of
599:).
562:age
37:),
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88:J
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68:D
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58:O
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
