1178:
44:
904:-caused disturbances, such as wildland fires and construction activities, have contributed to a rapid increase in the spread of non-native plants. A number of these species aggressively invade and displace the native plant communities, resulting in impacts on the park's resources. Non-native plants can bring about significant changes in park ecosystems by altering the native plant communities and the processes that support them. Some non-native species may cause an increase in the fire frequency of an area or increase the available nitrogen in the soil that may allow more non-native plants to become established. Many non-native species, such as
1159:
1107:
261:
472:
59:
629:
360:
1029:. The current outbreak began in 1973 and has been sweeping around the south side of the Cathedral Range, arriving at Sunrise High Sierra Camp in 2001. The Ghost Forest which was evident at the crest between Tenaya Lake and Tuolumne Meadows in the late 1970s was noticeably reforested by 2000. Lodgepole needle miner defoliation currently extends over approximately 40,000 acres (160 km), with nearly 10,000 acres (40 km) of low to high mortality each year.
771:
1335:
889:
1470:
463:, the lower montane forest has the same elevation, but precipitation decreases and the forest mixes with chaparral. In the southern Sierra, the lower montane forest occurs between 3,000 to 5,000 feet (900 to 1,500 m), but can range as high as 6,000 feet (1,800 m), with ponderosa pine dominating the landscape. Unlike further north, the geology of the southern lower montane forest is dominated by granite.
2384:
2304:
2091:
2032:
1989:
1605:
490:, the mid-montane forest occurs from 3,000 to 6,000 feet (900 to 1,800 m). Between Tahoe and Yosemite, the forest ranges from 4,000 to 6,000 feet (1,200 to 1,800 m), while south of Yosemite, it occurs between 5,000 to 7,000 feet (1,500 to 2,100 m). The mid-montane zone has a mixed forest of
671:. The vegetation and ecology is determined by the harsh climate, with extensive snow and wind. In addition, soils are thin and nutrient-poor. Due to these harsh conditions, vegetation grows slowly and at low temperatures. In addition, the stressful environment suppress species competition and promotes
1511:
restores to natural conditions wetlands that have been drained or filled in the past. Most recently in
Yosemite Valley, the Cook's Meadow restoration project involved filling old drainage ditches that were draining the meadow and removing an old roadbed that was inhibiting water flow. These actions
1140:
1052:
lodgepole pine forests, fire plays a smaller role, and so the needle miner assumes greater importance in lodgepole pine forest population dynamics in the Sierra Nevada. However, Rocky
Mountain lodgepole forest dynamics are also heavily influenced by insect outbreaks, primarily bark beetles.
251:
The altitudes listed for the biotic zones are for the central Sierra Nevada. The climate across the north–south axis of the range varies somewhat: the boundary elevations of the biotic zones move by as much as 1,000 feet (300 m) from the north end to the south end of the range.
547:
begins at higher elevations near 7,000 feet (2,100 m), where the montane climate is characterized by short, moist, cool summers and cold, wet winters. Snow begins to fall in
November and may accumulate to depths up to 6 feet (1.8 m) and remain until June. Pure stands of
646:
near 9,000 feet (2,700 m), where the climate is cooler with an even shorter growing season due to long, cold, and snowy winters. Accumulations of three to nine feet (1 to 2.5 m) of snow are typical. The most common tree in the subalpine forest is the
247:
The western and eastern Sierra Nevada have substantially different species of plants and animals, because the east lies in the rain shadow of the crest. The plants and animals in the east are thus adapted to much drier conditions.
870:
Below 5,000 feet (1,500 m), there is not enough precipitation to support trees. The zones below this elevation are the
Sagebrush Scrub Zone, Saltbush Scrub Zone, and the Alkali Sink Zone. These zones are distinguished by
1214:
refers to those species that might be declining or be in need of concentrated conservation actions to prevent decline. Therefore, these six species continue to be evaluated and managed by the
National Park Service.
1850:
Fites-Kauffman, J.; P. W. Rundel; N. Stephenson; D. A. Weixelman (2007). "Montane and subalpine vegetation of the Sierra Nevada and
Cascade Ranges". In Barbour, M.G.; Keeler-Wolf, T.; Schoenherr, A.A. (eds.).
1218:
Four state-listed rare plant species are considered restricted and limited throughout all or a significant portion of their range, and may represent disjunct populations at the extreme end of their range:
1451:
and along lakeshores and are influenced by seasonal variations in groundwater levels. These wetlands are rare in the mountain range, but support an abundance of warm-water loving plant and animal species.
619:
The elevation of the upper montane zone shifts with latitude: it occurs from 6,000 to 8,000 feet (1,800 to 2,400 m) north of
Yosemite, and 7,000 to 9,000 feet (2,100 to 2,700 m) to the south.
1429:
wetlands are found within river and stream channels and are strongly influenced by seasonal runoff patterns. When inundated, riverine wetlands provide habitat for water-tolerant plants such as
287:, an area that is hot and dry in the summer with very little or no snow in the winter. The foothills are vegetated with grasslands of mostly non-native grasses, mixed grasslands and woodlands
1501:
1025:" and jackstrawed trees are still conspicuous throughout Sierra Nevada. Annual monitoring of lodgepole needle miner density began in 1966, and 28 permanent plots are scattered north of the
942:) have been identified as noxious pests in Yosemite since the 1940s. Additional species that have been recognized more recently as aggressive and requiring control are yellow starthistle,
1481:
has made substantial progress toward protecting and restoring wetland habitats. All federal land in the Sierra Nevada complies with a 1990 Presidential
Executive Order that mandates '
1062:
228:
at the higher elevations. Particular ecoregions that follow elevation contours are often described as a series of belts that follow the length of the Sierra Nevada. There are many
1957:
712:
begins near 10,500 feet (3,200 m) elevation (in the southern Sierra) and near 9,000 feet (2,700 m) (in the north). This zone is easily distinguished as it is above the
1458:
wetlands are typically distinguished from riverine and lacustrine systems by the presence of very dense covers of trees, shrubs, or emergent plants. This wetland type includes
1014:
from becoming effective control agents and allows populations to escalate rapidly. While regular prehistoric outbreaks of lodgepole needle miners have been confirmed through
2388:
716:. No trees grow in this zone due to the harsh climatic conditions. Short, cool summers with long, cold, and snowy winters are typical at these elevations. Many exposed
408:: the ponderosa pine generally occurs on the west side of the Sierra, while the Jeffrey pine occurs on the east. The lower montane forests also include trees such as
1037:
1084:. There are at least 450 species of vertebrate animals. A total of 135 plant species in the Sierra Nevada have status as Threatened, Endangered, or Sensitive
2429:
2404:
1512:
are currently being monitored with vegetation transects and mapping of surface water to determine how successful the project was in restoring the wetland.
1492:
delineated and classified some of the wetlands of the Sierra Nevada, including all of
Yosemite National Park. This was performed through an analysis of
900:
within park boundaries. These non-native plants were introduced into
Yosemite following the migration of early settlers in the late 1850s. Natural and
720:
outcroppings, talus slopes, and boulder fields limit the amount of vegetation that grows here. The herbaceous plants need to flower and produce their
1751:
521:
North of Tahoe, the mid-montane forest has more white fir and Douglas-fir, and less ponderosa pine than further south. Jeffrey pine occurs on
1177:
2161:
274:
1968:
1695:
2100:
2313:
1998:
694:, while to the north, the subalpine forest ranges from 8,000 to 10,000 feet (2,400 to 3,000 m) and the foxtail pine is absent.
2419:
1614:
2041:
1504:(NWI). The NWI maps have not been rigorously ground-truthed and only delineate wetlands larger than 5 acres (2 ha) in size.
1489:
703:
770:
1579:
1552:
1407:
Each of these types of wetlands varies in geographic distribution, duration of saturation, vegetation community, and overall
733:
448:
is found in montane forests of the central Sierra Nevada, at elevations of 4,790 to 11,910 feet (1,460 to 3,630 m).
2128:
2069:
538:
371:
2368:
2353:
2184:
A Southwestern Willow Flycatcher Natural History Summary and Survey Protocol: Technical Report NPS/NAUCPRS/NRTR-97/12
1878:
1734:
1676:
455:, the lower montane forest ranges from 2,000 to 4,000 feet (600 to 1,200 m), with less ponderosa pine and more
1667:
2257:
2207:
1907:
1378:, distributed at elevations from 3,000 to 11,000 feet (910 to 3,350 m), are generally wetlands, as are the
794:
The four highest eastern biotic zones are the same as the western zones, but at a higher elevation, due to less
1544:
593:
1942:
675:. The marginal conditions make the Sierra Nevada subalpine zone sensitive to environmental changes, such as
777:
749:
637:
88:
1929:
Imshaug, H.A. (1957). "Alpine lichens of western United States and adjacent Canada, I. The Macrolichens".
1696:"Chapter 33-Ecological subregions of the United States, Sierran Steppe - Mixed Forest - Coniferous Forest"
690:, the subalpine forest ranges from 9,000 to 11,000 feet (2,700 to 3,400 m) of elevation and contains
376:
Beginning near the 3,000-foot (900 m) elevation, the hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters of the
43:
1759:
1343:
1268:
795:
757:
486:
The mid-montane forest grows on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada at moderate elevations. North of
280:
613:
2236:
2394:
2183:
1535:
Hoekstra, J. M.; Molnar, J. L.; Jennings, M.; Revenga, C.; et al. (2010). Molnar, J. L. (ed.).
1894:
Lloyd, A.H.; L.J. Graumlich (1997). "Holocene dynamics of tree line forests in the Sierra Nevada".
1308:
452:
119:
392:
during the winter is not uncommon and can stay on the ground for several months. The diversity of
2424:
2181:
1006:). It lives mostly within the needles of lodgepole pine for two years, emerging as a little gray
308:
2398:
1482:
1298:
1183:
1158:
1088:
1003:
982:
905:
687:
480:
284:
2321:
2129:"Appendix C, Assessments of Individual Species: Endangered, Threatened, and Proposed Species"
2108:
2049:
2006:
1622:
1569:
1539:
The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference
1508:
1243:
1126:
753:
668:
605:
433:
377:
324:
1818:
1811:
1703:
1466:. They provide cover and forage for wildlife traveling between upland and aquatic habitats.
1036:
fires are frequent in lodgepole pine communities, they usually remain small, with estimated
1965:
Inventory & Monitoring, Sierra Nevada Network Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks
1810:
Griffith, GE; Omernik, JM; Smith, DW; Cook, TD; Tallyn, M; Moseley, K; Johnson, CB (2016).
1112:
1041:
951:
864:
840:
544:
409:
385:
332:
279:
The lowest-elevation biotic zone in the Sierra Nevada is found along the boundary with the
22:
1106:
667:
from July through August. Many species live in, or are transient in, this zone, including
283:. This zone, stretching in elevation from 500 to 3,500 feet (150 to 1,070 m), is the
8:
1773:
1197:
1087:
Plants that are Federal species of concern (former Category 2 species) under the Federal
1048:, structure, fuels, and natural processes in lodgepole forests. Also, in comparison with
1045:
1018:, historic records document outbreaks from 1903 to 1921, 1933 to 1941, and 1947 to 1963.
672:
441:
312:
233:
71:
867:. The Pinyon-Juniper Woodland Zone extends down to 5,000 feet (1,500 m) elevation.
396:
species found in this zone make this a beautiful and interesting forest to explore. The
208:
communities across an elevation gradient from 500 to 14,500 feet (200 to 4,400 m).
2149:
2070:"Appendix C, Assessments of Individual Species: Vascular Plants, Bryophytes, and Fungi"
1537:
1485:' of wetlands, and requires federal agencies to map and protect all existing wetlands.
1401:
1223:
1145:
1065:
832:
652:
429:
260:
1849:
2364:
2349:
1911:
1874:
1730:
1672:
1575:
1548:
1493:
1375:
1288:
1278:
1264:
Endangered or threatened species of animals that occur in the Sierra Nevada include:
1253:
1040:
at Yosemite National Park that are long (relative to most other forest types). Thus,
999:
741:
511:
495:
397:
296:
292:
2182:
Mark K. Sogge; Robert M. Marshall; Susan J. Sferra; Timothy J. Tibbitts (May 1997).
1855:(3rd ed.). Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California Press. pp. 460–501.
2146:
1938:
1903:
1827:
1015:
959:
656:
643:
576:
bloom in meadows from June through August. Common animals in this zone include the
1727:
California Serpentines: Flora, Vegetation, Geology, Soils, and Management Problems
811:
Lower montane forest: 7,000–9,000 feet (2,100–2,700 m) (heavily dominated by
1497:
1049:
1026:
737:
601:
569:
471:
425:
363:
348:
300:
1073:
991:
927:
676:
660:
648:
589:
553:
499:
476:
401:
76:
1958:"Lichens in Relation to Management Issues in the Sierra Nevada National Parks"
998:
watersheds of Yosemite National Park and one small headwaters drainage of the
2413:
2308:
2095:
2036:
1993:
1915:
1609:
1478:
872:
745:
725:
709:
628:
609:
577:
561:
526:
445:
417:
359:
225:
26:
1355:
bottoms throughout the range, and are often hydrologically linked to nearby
58:
2405:
World Wildlife Fund Terrestrial Ecoregions - Sierra Nevada forests (NA0527)
2189:(Report). National Park Service and Northern Arizona University. p. 37
1022:
995:
943:
935:
919:
856:
820:
812:
691:
581:
557:
503:
460:
405:
381:
316:
229:
451:
The character of the Lower Montane Forest changes with latitude. North of
1411:
function. All three types of wetlands provide rich habitat for plant and
1368:
968:
824:
456:
177:
49:
1832:
307:. Many of the plant communities are similar to those found on the inner
1459:
1448:
1395:
916:
that allows them to out-compete the native plants for available water.
860:
781:
573:
522:
487:
413:
241:
193:
181:
145:
129:
1469:
1334:
888:
724:
quickly during the short, frost-free period of summer. Flora includes
1967:. University of Washington College of the Environment. Archived from
1408:
1077:
1033:
896:
Yosemite National Park has documented more than 130 non-native plant
848:
736:
is not well developed as compared to neighboring alpine zones in the
713:
680:
491:
437:
421:
304:
221:
217:
213:
209:
1139:
1061:
1415:
species, delay and store seasonal floodwaters, minimize downstream
1389:
1379:
1348:
1318:
1164:
1011:
913:
507:
197:
859:
may occur along streams. Notable animals in this zone include the
1434:
1416:
897:
836:
828:
717:
565:
549:
344:
339:. In the foothills of the northern portion of the Sierra Nevada,
288:
205:
189:
744:. Some animal species that are adapted to this zone include the
2383:
1430:
1412:
1372:
1352:
1081:
987:
761:
664:
597:
515:
328:
320:
237:
185:
133:
1010:
for a few weeks in July of odd-numbered years. This keeps any
1534:
1420:
1364:
1360:
1233:
901:
729:
659:, and lodgepole pine are also found in this forest with many
340:
336:
83:
1382:
habitats found on the banks of numerous streams and rivers.
808:
Upper montane forest: 9,000–10,500 feet (2,700–3,200 m)
1908:
10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1199:HDOTFI]2.0.CO;2
1463:
1438:
1356:
1338:
Riparian habitat (riverine wetland) alongside Tenaya Creek.
1007:
721:
393:
389:
201:
1568:
Storer, Tracy Irwin; Usinger, Robert Leslie (2004-09-01).
883:
798:. The elevation of these zones in the Central Sierra are:
1943:
10.1639/0007-2745(1957)60[177:ALOWUS]2.0.CO;2
1044:
activities are thought to have had little influence upon
805:
Subalpine forest: 10,500–11,500 feet (3,200–3,500 m)
2395:
Sierra Nevada Forests images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
1809:
25:
for general information about the mountain range in the
2133:
SNFPA Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement
2074:
SNFPA Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement
268:
1873:. Seattle, WA, USA: The Mountaineers. pp. 1–304.
1068:
is one of a number of rare plants in the Sierra Nevada
236:
in the Sierra Nevada for exploring the many different
1820:
Descriptions of the Level IV Ecoregions of California
424:. Animals that may be found in this zone include the
764:
or climbing into the high elevations of the Sierra.
556:(the indicator species) are typical of this forest.
2344:Storer, T. I., Usinger, R.L., and D. Lukas. 2004.
1893:
1462:, densely vegetated riparian habitats, and shallow
1385:The Sierra contains three major types of wetland:
2162:"California Condor Endangered Species Act Profile"
1536:
1076:species in the Sierra Nevada, along with numerous
734:macrolichen flora in the Sierra Nevada alpine zone
1868:
1845:
1843:
802:Alpine zone: 11,500 feet (3,500 m) and above
388:forest zone. The accumulation of several feet of
2411:
2239:. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Nevada Office
2085:
2083:
1871:Timberline: Mountain and Arctic forest frontiers
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
1864:
1862:
600:. Upper montane forests may be viewed from the
1955:
1887:
1840:
1750:Hogan, C. Michael (2008). N. Stromberg (ed.).
1702:. United States Forest Service. Archived from
823:, the Foothill Woodland Zone is replaced by a
2080:
1983:
1981:
1660:
1658:
1567:
1473:Palustrine wetland in Yosemite National Park.
188:, is diverse and complex. The combination of
2430:Ecology of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
2283:
2026:
2024:
2022:
1859:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
642:The upper montane forest is replaced by the
264:Forest in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada
1956:McCune, Bruce; Grenon, Jill; Martin, Erin.
1210:Although Category 2 was abolished in 1996,
275:California interior chaparral and woodlands
1978:
1724:
1664:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
632:A foxtail pine in an open subalpine forest
525:lava soils. In Yosemite and points south,
2200:
2019:
1831:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1635:
1056:
975:
16:Ecological features of the Sierra Nevadas
1468:
1333:
1060:
887:
627:
470:
358:
259:
1928:
1778:The IUCN Red List of Endangered Species
1690:
1688:
1588:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1490:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
884:Exotic Plants in Yosemite National Park
789:
532:
354:
311:. Animals typical of this zone include
255:
2412:
2175:
1784:
1700:Section M261F--Sierra Nevada Foothills
760:. This zone can be viewed up close by
704:Flora of the Sierra Nevada alpine zone
1749:
466:
459:. In the middle Sierra, south to the
400:for the lower montane forest are the
1853:Terrestrial vegetation of California
1685:
1521:
1502:National Wetlands Inventory Web Site
269:Foothill Woodland and Chaparral Zone
232:, paved and unpaved roads, and vast
220:communities at lower elevations, to
623:
13:
2348:. University of California Press,
2337:
1922:
1869:Arno, S.F.; R.P. Hammerly (1984).
1729:. University of California Press.
1671:. University of California Press.
1447:wetlands generally occur on river
539:Sierra Nevada upper montane forest
372:Sierra Nevada lower montane forest
14:
2441:
2376:
2164:. Center for Biological Diversity
384:. This zone is also known as the
2382:
2307: This article incorporates
2302:
2272:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
2218:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
2094: This article incorporates
2089:
2035: This article incorporates
2030:
1992: This article incorporates
1987:
1752:"Toyon: Heteromeles arbutifolia"
1608: This article incorporates
1603:
1176:
1157:
1138:
1105:
831:Woodland Zone, characterized by
769:
572:can also be found in this zone.
57:
48:Subalpine forest at the base of
42:
2420:Plant communities of California
2250:
2229:
2154:
2139:
2121:
2062:
1949:
1668:A Natural History of California
366:is in the Lower Montane Forest.
347:often co-dominate certain open
204:influences the distribution of
2210:Oncorhynchus clarkii seleniris
1766:
1743:
1725:Kruckeberg, Arthur R. (1999).
1718:
1561:
1545:University of California Press
1433:, and aquatic animals such as
1351:in the Sierra Nevada occur in
1289:Southwestern willow flycatcher
912:), are able to produce a long
697:
594:golden-mantled ground squirrel
1:
2346:Sierra Nevada Natural History
1836:. Open-File Report 2016-1021.
1665:Schoenherr, Allan A. (1992).
1571:Sierra Nevada Natural History
1515:
1303:Oncorhynchus clarki seleniris
2389:Ecology of the Sierra Nevada
1313:Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi
1184:Slender-stemmed monkeyflower
1066:Slender-stemmed monkeyflower
980:The lodgepole needle miner (
638:Sierra Nevada subalpine zone
529:occurs in wetter locations.
174:ecology of the Sierra Nevada
89:Temperate coniferous forests
7:
1344:Beaver in the Sierra Nevada
1329:
1269:Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep
758:Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep
10:
2446:
2237:"Lahontan cutthroat trout"
1812:"Ecoregions of California"
1341:
1293:Empidonax traillii extimus
1244:Congdon's woolly sunflower
878:
839:. The underbrush contains
701:
635:
536:
369:
272:
2208:"Paiute cutthroat trout (
1127:Yosemite woolly sunflower
1072:There are at least 1,300
750:Belding's ground squirrel
518:, depending on location.
162:
154:
144:
139:
125:
115:
110:
102:
94:
82:
70:
65:
56:
41:
36:
2042:"Lodgepole Needle Miner"
1826:. US Geological Survey.
1309:Lahontan cutthroat trout
728:, grasses, willows, and
596:, and (more rarely) the
120:United States of America
2101:"Special Status Plants"
1283:Gymnogyps californianus
1273:Ovis canadensis sierrae
990:, endemic to the upper
380:give rise to the lower
351:chaparral communities.
309:California Coast Ranges
2318:Yosemite National Park
2309:public domain material
2105:Yosemite National Park
2096:public domain material
2046:Yosemite National Park
2037:public domain material
2003:Yosemite National Park
1994:public domain material
1619:Yosemite National Park
1610:public domain material
1474:
1339:
1299:Paiute cutthroat trout
1188:Erythranthe filicaulis
1089:Endangered Species Act
1069:
1057:Special-status species
1004:Sierra National Forest
983:Coleotechnites milleri
976:Lodgepole needle miner
910:Centaurea solstitialis
893:
892:The yellow starthistle
784:is in the alpine zone.
633:
568:, and the picturesque
483:
481:Yosemite National Park
367:
285:foothill woodland zone
265:
2361:A Sierra Nevada Flora
2322:National Park Service
2109:National Park Service
2050:National Park Service
2007:National Park Service
1623:National Park Service
1615:"Vegetation Overview"
1509:National Park Service
1472:
1337:
1248:Eriophyllum congdonii
1131:Eriophyllum nubigenum
1064:
1038:fire return intervals
1021:Extensive stands of "
960:cut-leaved blackberry
891:
853:Coleogyne ramosissima
756:, and the endangered
754:yellow-bellied marmot
740:and mountains of the
702:Further information:
631:
474:
434:western gray squirrel
378:Mediterranean climate
362:
263:
37:Sierra Nevada forests
2391:at Wikimedia Commons
2363:. Wilderness Press,
2359:Weeden, N.L. 1996.
1477:Since the 1970s the
1325:), endangered (1985)
1323:Gila bicolor snyderi
1315:), threatened (1975)
1305:), threatened (1975)
1295:), endangered (1995)
1285:), endangered (1967)
1275:), endangered (2000)
1117:Allium tribracteatum
952:Himalayan blackberry
940:Hypericum perforatum
865:desert bighorn sheep
845:Artemisia tridentata
790:Eastern biotic zones
586:Dendragapus obscurus
545:upper montane forest
533:Upper Montane Forest
475:Giant sequoia tree,
410:California black oak
355:Lower Montane Forest
333:California mule deer
256:Western biotic zones
1833:10.3133/ofr20161021
1500:, as a part of the
1202:Trifolium bolanderi
1113:Three-bracted onion
1046:species composition
442:American black bear
382:montane forest zone
2399:slow modem version
1774:"Anaxyrus canorus"
1756:GlobalTwitcher.com
1494:aerial photographs
1475:
1340:
1228:Allium yosemitense
1212:species of concern
1165:Tiehm's rock-cress
1150:Lomatium congdonii
1146:Congdon's lomatium
1070:
966:) and periwinkle (
906:yellow starthistle
894:
833:single-leaf pinyon
669:Clark's nutcracker
653:western white pine
634:
484:
467:Mid-Montane Forest
430:mountain chickadee
368:
266:
2387:Media related to
2258:"Owens Tui chub (
1581:978-0-520-24096-4
1554:978-0-520-26256-0
1363:through seasonal
1279:California condor
1258:Lewisia congdonii
1254:Congdon's lewisia
1208:
1207:
1198:Bolander's clover
1000:San Joaquin River
932:Verbascum thapsus
835:pines and sierra
742:Pacific Northwest
661:subalpine meadows
564:that smells like
496:Coast Douglas-fir
444:. The endangered
398:indicator species
293:foothill woodland
176:, located in the
170:
169:
2437:
2386:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2281:
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2254:
2248:
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2245:
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2233:
2227:
2226:
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2204:
2198:
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2194:
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2173:
2172:
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2158:
2152:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1962:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1902:(4): 1199–1210.
1891:
1885:
1884:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1782:
1781:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1758:. Archived from
1747:
1741:
1740:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1662:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1586:
1585:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1542:
1532:
1498:topographic maps
1238:Carex tompkinsii
1180:
1169:Boechera tiehmii
1161:
1142:
1109:
1100:Scientific name
1094:
1093:
1042:fire suppression
1016:dendrochronology
964:Rubus laciniatus
773:
657:mountain hemlock
644:subalpine forest
624:Subalpine Forest
61:
46:
34:
33:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2410:
2409:
2379:
2374:
2340:
2338:Further reading
2335:
2326:
2324:
2312:
2303:
2301:
2284:
2275:
2273:
2270:Species Profile
2256:
2255:
2251:
2242:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2221:
2219:
2216:Species Profile
2206:
2205:
2201:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2144:
2140:
2135:. January 2004.
2127:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2111:
2099:
2090:
2088:
2081:
2076:. January 2004.
2068:
2067:
2063:
2054:
2052:
2040:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2009:
1999:"Exotic Plants"
1997:
1988:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1960:
1954:
1950:
1927:
1923:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1867:
1860:
1848:
1841:
1823:
1814:
1808:
1785:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1663:
1636:
1627:
1625:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1589:
1582:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1533:
1522:
1518:
1346:
1332:
1234:Tompkin's sedge
1059:
1050:Rocky Mountains
1027:Cathedral Range
978:
924:Cirsium vulgare
886:
881:
792:
787:
786:
785:
779:
774:
738:Rocky Mountains
706:
700:
640:
626:
614:State Route 108
602:Tioga Pass Road
570:western juniper
541:
535:
469:
426:dark-eyed junco
374:
364:Yosemite Valley
357:
277:
271:
258:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2443:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2425:Nearctic realm
2422:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2392:
2378:
2377:External links
2375:
2373:
2372:
2357:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2282:
2249:
2228:
2199:
2174:
2153:
2138:
2120:
2079:
2061:
2018:
1977:
1974:on 2014-08-21.
1948:
1937:(3): 177–272.
1921:
1886:
1879:
1858:
1839:
1783:
1765:
1762:on 2009-09-06.
1742:
1735:
1717:
1684:
1677:
1634:
1587:
1580:
1574:. p. 20.
1560:
1553:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1419:, and improve
1405:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1319:Owens Tui chub
1316:
1306:
1296:
1286:
1276:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1241:
1231:
1224:Yosemite onion
1206:
1205:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1162:
1154:
1153:
1143:
1135:
1134:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1074:vascular plant
1058:
1055:
977:
974:
956:Rubus discolor
928:common mullein
885:
882:
880:
877:
817:
816:
809:
806:
803:
791:
788:
780:The summit of
776:
775:
768:
767:
766:
726:cushion plants
699:
696:
677:climate change
649:whitebark pine
636:Main article:
625:
622:
590:great grey owl
554:lodgepole pine
537:Main article:
534:
531:
500:ponderosa pine
477:Mariposa Grove
468:
465:
402:ponderosa pine
370:Main article:
356:
353:
281:Central Valley
273:Main article:
270:
267:
257:
254:
226:alpine meadows
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
156:
152:
151:
148:
142:
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137:
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127:
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108:
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103:Mammal species
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2403:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2390:
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2381:
2380:
2370:
2369:0-89997-204-7
2366:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2354:0-520-24096-0
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2323:
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2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1984:
1982:
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1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1880:0-89886-085-7
1876:
1872:
1865:
1863:
1854:
1846:
1844:
1834:
1829:
1822:
1821:
1813:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
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1792:
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1788:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1736:9780520097018
1732:
1728:
1721:
1706:on 2014-01-02
1705:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1680:
1678:0-520-06922-6
1674:
1670:
1669:
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1527:
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1520:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1479:United States
1471:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1437:and immature
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
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1266:
1265:
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1242:
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1216:
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1199:
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1189:
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1182:
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1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
984:
973:
971:
970:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
944:sweet clovers
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
890:
876:
874:
873:soil salinity
868:
866:
862:
858:
857:Jeffrey pines
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:big sagebrush
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
814:
813:Jeffrey pines
810:
807:
804:
801:
800:
799:
797:
796:precipitation
783:
778:
772:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
746:American pika
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
705:
695:
693:
692:foxtail pines
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
639:
630:
621:
617:
615:
611:
610:Glacier Point
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
578:hermit thrush
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
540:
530:
528:
527:giant sequoia
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
482:
478:
473:
464:
462:
458:
454:
449:
447:
446:Yosemite toad
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:incense-cedar
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
373:
365:
361:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:gray squirrel
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
295:community of
294:
290:
286:
282:
276:
262:
253:
249:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
230:hiking trails
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
165:
161:
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149:
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143:
138:
135:
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109:
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101:
97:
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90:
87:
85:
81:
78:
75:
73:
69:
64:
60:
55:
51:
45:
40:
35:
30:
28:
27:United States
24:
23:Sierra Nevada
19:
18:
2360:
2345:
2325:. Retrieved
2317:
2274:. Retrieved
2269:
2263:
2260:Gila bicolor
2259:
2252:
2241:. Retrieved
2231:
2220:. Retrieved
2215:
2209:
2202:
2191:. Retrieved
2177:
2166:. Retrieved
2156:
2141:
2132:
2123:
2112:. Retrieved
2104:
2073:
2064:
2053:. Retrieved
2045:
2010:. Retrieved
2002:
1969:the original
1964:
1951:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1870:
1852:
1819:
1777:
1768:
1760:the original
1755:
1745:
1726:
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1704:the original
1699:
1666:
1626:. Retrieved
1618:
1570:
1563:
1538:
1506:
1488:In 1996 the
1487:
1476:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1443:
1426:
1425:
1406:
1384:
1347:
1322:
1312:
1302:
1292:
1282:
1272:
1263:
1257:
1247:
1237:
1227:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1201:
1187:
1168:
1149:
1130:
1116:
1086:
1071:
1031:
1023:ghost forest
1020:
996:Merced River
981:
979:
967:
963:
955:
947:
939:
936:Klamath weed
931:
923:
920:Bull thistle
918:
909:
895:
869:
852:
844:
821:Owens Valley
818:
793:
707:
685:
641:
618:
585:
582:dusky grouse
560:, which has
558:Jeffrey pine
542:
520:
504:Jeffrey pine
485:
461:Merced River
453:Grass Valley
450:
406:Jeffrey pine
375:
317:ringtail cat
278:
250:
246:
234:public lands
224:forests and
210:Biotic zones
173:
171:
155:Habitat loss
140:Conservation
95:Bird species
20:
1483:no net loss
1460:wet meadows
1449:floodplains
1371:movement.
1369:groundwater
969:Vinca major
710:alpine zone
698:Alpine Zone
574:Wildflowers
457:Douglas-fir
386:yellow pine
212:range from
178:U.S. states
50:Temple Crag
2414:Categories
2327:2010-04-19
2314:"Wetlands"
2276:2014-04-27
2243:2012-10-27
2222:2013-12-25
2193:2012-02-17
2168:2014-04-26
2114:2009-10-26
2055:2009-10-27
2012:2009-05-14
1931:Bryologist
1817:(Poster).
1628:2009-10-25
1516:References
1456:Palustrine
1445:Lacustrine
1402:Palustrine
1396:Lacustrine
1342:See also:
1078:bryophytes
861:pinyon jay
849:blackbrush
782:Mount Dana
688:Bridgeport
612:Road, and
606:Crane Flat
523:ultramafic
488:Lake Tahoe
414:sugar pine
349:serpentine
313:black bear
242:ecosystems
206:ecological
194:topography
182:California
146:Global 200
130:California
1916:0012-9658
1710:30 August
1423:quality.
1409:ecosystem
1091:include:
1034:lightning
1012:predators
948:Melilotus
714:tree line
686:South of
681:pollution
673:mutualism
512:black oak
492:white fir
438:mule deer
422:white fir
305:chaparral
301:gray pine
222:subalpine
218:chaparral
163:Protected
111:Geography
1435:tadpoles
1427:Riverine
1390:Riverine
1380:riparian
1376:habitats
1365:flooding
1349:Wetlands
1330:Wetlands
992:Tuolumne
986:) is an
914:tap root
863:and the
837:junipers
718:granitic
604:east of
508:live oak
404:and the
297:blue oak
198:moisture
77:Nearctic
2264:snyderi
1896:Ecology
1780:. 2011.
1431:willows
1417:erosion
1082:lichens
950:spp.),
934:), and
898:species
879:Threats
829:Juniper
819:In the
566:vanilla
550:red fir
345:chamise
289:savanna
190:climate
158:1.0785%
116:Country
66:Ecology
2367:
2352:
1914:
1877:
1733:
1675:
1578:
1551:
1413:animal
1373:Meadow
1361:rivers
1353:valley
1250:), and
1032:While
988:insect
847:) and
825:Pinyon
762:hiking
752:, the
732:. The
730:sedges
665:flower
651:. The
598:marten
516:tanoak
514:, and
440:, and
420:, and
335:, and
329:bobcat
321:coyote
303:, and
238:biomes
200:, and
186:Nevada
166:72.55%
134:Nevada
2311:from
2262:ssp.
2187:(PDF)
2150:45534
2098:from
2039:from
1996:from
1972:(PDF)
1961:(PDF)
1824:(PDF)
1815:(PDF)
1612:from
1464:ponds
1421:water
1398:, and
1357:lakes
1097:Image
902:human
722:seeds
663:that
341:toyon
337:skunk
214:scrub
202:soils
126:State
84:Biome
72:Realm
2365:ISBN
2350:ISBN
1912:ISSN
1875:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1712:2013
1673:ISBN
1576:ISBN
1549:ISBN
1507:The
1496:and
1439:fish
1367:and
1359:and
1080:and
1008:moth
994:and
708:The
679:and
562:bark
552:and
543:The
394:tree
390:snow
343:and
299:and
291:, a
240:and
216:and
184:and
172:The
21:See
2145:73
1939:doi
1904:doi
1828:doi
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