3121:
travail de révision trop intense, incompatible avec les quelques mois de préparation passés dans les centres de préparation mili- taires. Ces épreuves, reléguées a l'oral, voyaient d'ailleurs leur programme considérablement limité par rapport a celui des concours ordinaires. Ainsi, en histoire, les connaissances exigées portaient sur la France de 1789 a la fin du
Directoire et sur u I'Empire allemand, I'Autriche-Hongrie, l'Angleterre et l'Amérique dans la seconde moitié du xrx" siècle >. L'organisation de ce concours spécial avait naturellement pour but, on I'a vu, de sauvegarder les droits des khàgneux dont la mobilisation et les années au front avaient interrompu les études. De son cóté, la III" République entendait ainsi reconstituer le plus rapidement possible cette ( élite u que son système scolaire était chargé de promouvoir et que la guerre venait de décimer. Et, de fait, la session spéciale de 1919 déboucha sur une promotion plus importante que les promotions habituelles, mais aussi, en termes relatifs, sur un pourcentage de réussites plus élevé qu'a l'habitude. Sur 233 candidats littéraires inscrits, 70 furent regus normaliens et 75 boursiers de licence ls. A titre de comparaison, avant et après le conflit mondial, pour un nombre a peu près égal de candidats, les promotions littéraires comptaient un peu moins d'une trentaine de membres, et une vingtaine de bourses de licence étaient allouées. D'une manière générale, et toujours dans le double dessein de préserver les droits des mobilisés et' de reconstituer des cadres vidés par la guerre, beaucoup d'examens et de concours universitaires de I'année 1919 et des années suivantes furent largement ouverts aux démobilisés : par exemple, l'agrégation d'histoire et de géographie de 1920 compta, pour sa session normale, sept regus - dont le premier fut Pierre Gaxotte -, ¤t, pour sa < session spéciale >, vingt-six regus. L'École normale supérieure en 1919. Du fait de la guerre, se cÒtoyèrent donc a l'École normale supérieure, en 1919 et dans les années suivantes, des élèves d'àges et d'expériences très différents. La promotion spéciale de 1919 comprenait des mobilisés de l'été 1914 et des soldats appelés sous les drapeaux au cours des années suivantes. Des élèves reQus au Concours de 1914 ei mobilisés aussitót après, tel Marcel Déat, commengaient, en réalité, eux aussi leur scolarité rue d'Ulm en 1919. Les survivants des promotions 1912 et 1913 reprenaient leurs années de scolarité a I'Ecole, interrompues par la guerre avant I'agrégation. Les élèves des promo- tions 191ó, 1917 ou 1918 continuaient leurs études ou les reprenaient, certains ayant été mobilisés après leur réussite au concours. Enfin, les élèves du concours normal de 1919 entamaient, eux aussi, leurs années d'études. Un texte de Paul Dupuy, qui fut pendant plusieurs décennies < surveillant 13. Joumal Officiel, 21 juillet 1925, p. ó859.
492:
631:
1553:
1021:" can be selected but they do not have their study paid. They are selected with the preparation of a research project (baccalaureate + 2–4 years). PhD students at ENS are either graduate students from the ENS doctoral school or from another doctoral school co-accredited by ENS. Since 2016 PhD students preparing their doctoral research at ENS are awarded a PhD from PSL University. ENS also welcomes selected foreign students (the "international selection"), participates in various graduate programs, and has extensive research laboratories. The foreign students selected often receive a scholarship which covers their expenses.
63:
1065:
899:
1084:, ENS is now an institution training researchers, professors, high-level civil servants, and business and political leaders. It focuses on the association of training and research, with an emphasis on freedom of curriculum. The school's resources are equally divided between its "Letters" (social and human sciences and literature) and its "Sciences" (natural sciences and mathematics) sections. The school's fifteen departments and its thirty-five units of research (
1334:
2131:
308:
1890:
5334:
527:, who were part of the commission on public education. The École normale was intended as the core of a planned centralised national education system. The project was also conceived as a way to reestablish trust between the Republic and the country's elites, which had been alienated to some degree by the
1533:. However, the ENS system is different from that of most higher education systems outside France, thus making it difficult to compare with foreign institutions; in particular, it is much smaller than a typical English collegiate university. It is ranked as the second "small university" worldwide behind
1493:
In 1975 the school founded its university press, first called
Presses de l'ENS then renamed in 1997 to Editions Rue d'Ulm. This press, which operates on a small scale, publishes specialist academic books mainly in the spheres of literature and the social sciences. Some 300 works are available on line
1226:
A secondary library concerned with social science, economics, and law is located at the
Jourdan campus for social science. This library has more than 150,000 books in the subjects it covers. The school also has specialised libraries in archeology, cognitive sciences, mathematics and computer science,
1203:
The École normale supérieure has a network, known as Rubens, of ten libraries shared over its sites, which taken together make up the third largest library in France. The catalogue is available for consultation online. Entrance to the libraries is reserved to domestic and international researchers of
1819:
Its position as a leading institution in the training of the critical spirit has made ENS into France's premier training ground for future philosophers and producers of what has been called by some "French theory". Its position as a philosophical birthplace can be traced back to its very beginnings,
1489:
internet portal, called
Diffusion des savoirs ("Spreading knowledge") has offered access to more than 2000 recordings of conferences and seminars that have taken place at the school, in all sciences natural and social. The school also has launched its own short conference platform, Les Ernest, which
1288:
achieve this. The students are free to choose their own course of study but must at least attain a master's degree in research. Since, traditionally, the institution does not have the powers to grand university degrees, students have to follow courses in other universities in Paris. To this end, ENS
1227:
theoretical physics. A recently unified natural sciences library was opened in 2013, aiming to bring together in a central place on rue d'Ulm the libraries of physics, chemistry, biology and geoscience. The school also features two specialised centres for documentation, the
Bibliothèque des Archives
927:
The main site at 45 rue d'Ulm is organized around a central courtyard, the Cour aux
Ernests. Another courtyard south of this one, the Cour Pasteur, separates the school from the apartment buildings of the rue Claude-Bernard. These buildings house the administrative functions of the school, and some
1413:
Furthermore, ENS has partnerships for research at Master's and
Doctorate levels, sending its students to universities around the world to complete their tuition. It also shares thesis habilitation with universities abroad, meaning that somes theses can be written with support from both the ENS and
999:
are thus recruited every year, half of them in the sciences and the same number in the humanities, and receive a monthly salary (around €1,350/month in 2018), and in exchange they sign a ten-year contract to work for the state. Although it is seldom applied in practice, this exclusivity clause is
947:
Several auxiliary buildings surround this main campus in adjacent streets. The closest one, opposite the main entrance, at 46 rue d'Ulm, houses the school's biology department and laboratories as well as a part of its student residences. The seat of the school's physics and chemistry departments,
3120:
1926, p. 26). AUx oRIGINES DE IJ\ KHAGNE 31 grecque, soit une explication d'allemand, ou d'anglais, ou d'italien, ou d'espagnol, soit une seconde interrogation sur I'histoire ou la philosophie ,. On avait donc tenté, semble-t-il, d'éliminer de l'écrit la plupart des épreuves qui demandaient un
1537:
by the 2016 Times Higher
Education Smaller Universities Ranking (a ranking of institutions of fewer than 5000 students). It is generally regarded as the premier French institute for higher education and research, and it is currently ranked first among French universities by the ARWU and Times.
1507:
laboratories. It has for example financed the Louis
Pasteur villa, situated close by ENS, which welcomes foreign researchers for extended stays. It has also contributed to financing several positions for scientists in ENS laboratories, for instance in research on telecom network security with
1223:. This main library, which covers several thousand square metres, is one of the largest free access funds of books in France, with upwards of 800,000 books readily available and more than 1600 periodicals. Its classics section is part of the national network of specialised libraries (Cadist).
873:
typically have much smaller class sizes and student bodies than public universities in France, and many of their programs are taught in
English, and while most are more expensive than French universities, École normale supérieure charges the same tuition fees: for 2021/2022, they were €243 to
1046:, which allows them to teach in high schools or universities. Faculty recruitment is selective, with between zero and one ENS professorship open per year. Faculty recruitments usually happen upon previous incumbent retirements. In informal ENS jargon, ENS full professors are popularly called
1506:
by law. It contributes to the development of the school, most notably by encouraging and facilitating the reception of foreign students and researchers. The Foundation, presided by Alain-Gérard Slama, manages some investments into financed positions for foreign researchers in ENS-associated
959:
ENS has a second campus on Boulevard Jourdan (previously the women's college), in the 14th arrondissement of Paris, which is home to the school's research department of social sciences, law, economics and geography, as well as further student residences. The site has been undergoing major
1386:(in Hanoi) to the Maghreb (in Tunis, Casablanca, Oran, and Rabat to name but a few) and Subsaharan Africa (in Nouakchott, Libreville, Yaoundé, Dakar, Niamey, Bangui for example). ENS maintains good relations and close links with these institutions. In 2005, ENS opened a branch at the
1414:
one of its partner institutions. It is also customary for students in the literary and linguistic subjects to go to teach for one year in universities abroad with the position of junior fellows. These exchange and cooperation programs link ENS with universities such as the
1167:. In addition to these fifteen departments, a language laboratory for non-specialists offers courses in most major world languages to all the students. Additional centres of research and laboratories gravitate around the departments, which function as nodes of research.
554:. The goal of these courses was to train a body of teachers for all the secondary schools in the country and thereby to ensure a homogenous education for all. These courses covered all the existing sciences and humanities and were given by scholars such as: scientists
1268:, a union of several higher education institutions, all located in Paris, which aims at achieving cooperation and developing synergies between its member institutions to promote French research abroad. In addition to this, the École normale supérieure cooperates in
7364:
6419:
382:
as well as one of the most prestigious higher education institutions in France. Its pupils, predominantly postgraduate students, generally have considerable freedom to structure their own curriculum and learning. Its pupils are generally referred to as
5078:
5504:
2007:, in 1964. This period of his teaching is significant as it is the one in which it acquired "a much larger audience" than before and represented a "change of front" from his previous work. During this time the school became a focal point of the
5329:
6391:
3154:
The decree of 26 August 1987 states that the Minister for Higher Education and Research has authority over ENS in the same way rectors have authority over universities, thus ensuring ENS's independence from the mainstream university
1613:. Though mathematics continued to be taught at the school throughout the 19th century, its real dominance of the mathematic sphere would not emerge until after the First World War, with a young generation of mathematicians led by
5524:
601:
charged with "training in the art of teaching the sciences and the humanities". The establishment was opened in 1810, its strict code including a mandatory uniform. By then a sister establishment had been created by Napoleon in
5369:
7224:
5514:
5379:
2031:
One of the school's foremost specialities has always been the teaching of history, and as such it has produced a large number of renowned historians who have been important in the development of their subject, starting with
1397:
ENS welcomes international researchers for one-year stays through the mediation of the Paris Institute of Advanced Research and the Villa Louis-Pasteur. The Blaise Pascal, Marie Curie, Condorcet and Lagrange research places
1361:
was founded in 1810 as a branch of the École normale supérieure by Napoleon and later gained independence. ENS and its Italian twin have retained very close links since this time and since 1988 a special partnership has 80
7299:
6222:
5556:
5274:
1272:, the first permanent platform for European excellence that brings together some of Europe's leading universities, newspapers and businesses. The school is a member of the Conference of University Presidents and of the
5479:
5739:
5499:
910:
The École normale supérieure is one of a few schools that still occupy a campus in the heart of Paris. The historic Paris ENS campus is located around the rue d'Ulm, the main building being at 45 rue d'Ulm in the
610:(SNS), which continues to exist today and still has close ties to the Paris school. Up to 1818, the students are handpicked by the academy inspectors based on their results in the secondary school. However, the "
5339:
5354:
5254:
6542:
6378:
1194:
introductory courses are on offer for the students from the "literary" departments. The school's diploma, instituted in 2006, requires students to attend a certain number of courses not related to their major.
108:
5073:
5464:
5289:
2455:
hero and a major national leader during World War II. The institution has continued to be seen as a left-wing school since then. Later, as ENS came increasingly to be seen by some as an antechamber to the
4404:
919:
and given to ENS by law in 1841. Above the entrance door are sculptures of two female figures who respectively represent letters and sciences. They are portrayed sitting on either side of a medallion of
5519:
1318:
662:
by expanding the duration of study to three years, and was divided into its present-day Sciences and Letters divisions. In 1847 the school moved into its current quarters at the rue d'Ulm, next to the
5284:
6117:
428:
2862:
810:, called B/L (the A/L concours standing for the traditional letters and human sciences), greatly emphasises proficiency in mathematics and economics alongside training in philosophy and literature.
547:), where, from all the parts of the Republic, citizens already educated in the useful sciences shall be called upon to learn, from the best professors in all the disciplines, the art of teaching."
4603:
1289:
cultivates a large number of partnerships and conventions with other higher education institutions to create master's degrees which are co-presided by two institutions. ENS works closely with the
7349:
3208:
1402:) also allow researchers from abroad to stay for more than a year at ENS laboratories. ENS also is a member of the Franco-Chinese laboratory Saladyn since 2013. It has been hosting an antenna of
5826:
5717:
5359:
5389:
1284:
Its educational project being based on research, ENS seeks to train its students to become researchers. The main objective of the education given is getting a doctorate, and more than 85% of
2044:, all students of the school in the second half of the nineteenth century who later would come back to direct it. Around the turn of the century two men who would become the founders of the
979:. It features green areas and sporting facilities as well as some 200 student rooms. A fourth site in the town of Villejuif, south of Paris, hosts some of the school's biology laboratories.
5324:
7488:
5911:
3426:
1309:
Business School in particular to deliver joint diplomas to a certain number of students who have followed courses shared between the two institutions. It is also the main partner in the
2342:
928:
of its literary departments (philosophy, literature, classics and archeology), its mathematics and computer science departments, as well as its main human sciences library. The site's
4077:
776:, but it was perceived ambivalently by the authorities as a nexus of protest, particularly due to the teachings delivered there by such controversial figures as political philosopher
5712:
3318:
3454:, « Les recherches sociologiques sur les grandes écoles : de la reproduction à la recherche de justice », Éducation et sociétés 1/2008 (No. 21), p. 95-103.
3089:
6472:
6449:
5764:
3013:
1394:, whose French name was changed to École normale supérieure de l'Est de la Chine to reflect the agreement, and a joint doctoral program between the two institutions was launched.
5098:
495:
Entrance of the historic building of the ENS, at 45, rue d'Ulm. The inscriptions on the pediment of the monumental doorway display the school's two dates of creation (the first,
4183:
1840:, the founder of French anti-communist thought in the 1960s and Sartre's great adversary, was a student from the same year as Sartre, and they were both near contemporaries of
7284:
5640:
1212:
students. The main library, devoted to literature, classics, and human sciences, dates back to the nineteenth century when it was greatly expanded by its director, the famous
7359:
3579:
6411:
6132:
5804:
5424:
5374:
5242:
5404:
5182:
5035:
2535:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5976:
6157:
2979:
4964:
6320:
5645:
5364:
956:, lies north of the school on rue Lhomond, while further up the rue d'Ulm its number 29 houses secondary libraries and the school's department of cognitive sciences.
874:
register for the master's degree. International internships, study abroad opportunities, and close ties with government and the corporate world are a hallmark of the
7279:
4575:
3277:
6006:
5749:
2213:
are a few other examples of major authors who were educated there. The school has also long been a centre for literary criticism and theory, from one-time director
6486:
5794:
5307:
5197:
4545:
7047:
7006:
5618:
5439:
5434:
2695:
6363:
6202:
5779:
5744:
5571:
575:
5769:
4397:
6227:
6991:
5754:
5603:
5509:
744:. The high sacrifice paid by normaliens in the First World War was recognized by the award of the croix de guerre avec citation à l ordre de l armée in 1925.
7513:
7057:
7024:
5863:
5784:
5394:
5312:
5269:
1524:
1257:
was created in January 2014 under the name of École Normale Supérieure de Rennes (pure and applied sciences, economics and management, law school, sport) in
375:(PSL). Due to its special historical role, large endowment, and influence within French society, the ENS is generally considered the most prestigious of the
167:
6996:
5608:
5809:
5650:
2858:
6986:
5799:
5598:
1322:
5419:
5317:
3378:
5774:
3200:
7314:
6900:
6289:
5996:
5677:
5302:
5227:
2545:
2376:
646:. This date can be taken as the definitive date of creation of the current school. After the July Revolution, the school regained its original name of
6276:
6167:
3238:
7424:
7132:
6480:
6431:
802:
The school continued to expand and include new subjects, seeking to cover all the disciplines of natural and social sciences. In this manner, a new
7339:
5028:
3458:
4209:
412:
from 1808 to 1822, before being recreated in 1826 and taking the name École normale in 1830. When institutes for primary teachers training called
5961:
5349:
2003:
821:. However, women were not explicitly barred entry until a law of 1940, and some women were students at Ulm before this date, such as philosopher
6197:
6162:
5630:
2836:
2307:
and notably ENS as the standard-bearer of that system, studied at ENS in the early 1950s, at the same time as his later intellectual adversary,
1290:
724:– was accepted in 1910, which made headline news in France and polarised opinion. The ranks of the school were significantly reduced during the
6425:
6152:
5561:
5202:
4957:
4346:
2550:
814:
281:
38:
5344:
2368:
6437:
6097:
5687:
5259:
2530:
7204:
5759:
5093:
4265:
4069:
3553:
3340:
5264:
3310:
2525:
2145:
The school has a long-standing reputation as a training ground for men and women of letters, and its alumni include novelist and dramatist
1547:
447:
388:
6960:
5583:
3084:
1912:
was a student at ENS and taught there for many years, and many of his disciples later became known for their own thought: among them were
7294:
7274:
6551:
6356:
5021:
2755:
551:
5536:
4620:
3017:
829:. In 1985, after heated debates, the two were merged into a single entity with its main campus at the historic site at the rue d'Ulm in
673:
Having been recognised as a success, a second school was created on its model at Sèvres for girls in 1881, followed by other schools at
7182:
7172:
7167:
7091:
6883:
6177:
6127:
5546:
4992:
2510:
1250:
686:
31:
6701:
6036:
5566:
5249:
4187:
7493:
7442:
7384:
6895:
5150:
5145:
4950:
7419:
7354:
2573:
2330:. The school also has a tradition of geography, with the founder of modern French geography and of the French School of Geopolitics
7229:
7157:
6786:
5951:
5682:
4317:
4047:
3138:
3067:
2717:
2303:, who studied dynamics of power in society and its transmission over generations and became a vocal critic of the French system of
17:
7029:
5868:
4161:
3575:
7101:
6878:
6294:
6212:
6142:
5971:
5489:
5002:
3943:
2345:, and there is a growing output of economists from ENS, as evidenced by the young generation of French economists represented by
879:
571:
7414:
6766:
6711:
5921:
3404:
2460:, more young students drawn to politics and public policy began to be attracted to it, such as future President of the Republic
2337:
As for economics, its history at the school is less long, as it was not among the subjects first taught at the school. However,
1370:
every year while half the class of the SNS spend a year at the Paris school. During its history and due to the far reach of the
964:
inaugurated a new building on site, which is home to the ENS economics department, the school's social science library, and the
7508:
7249:
6798:
6349:
5707:
2598:
6644:
6107:
2540:
2457:
7234:
7096:
6818:
6669:
6510:
6386:
6172:
6137:
5162:
4997:
2897:
2665:
2505:
1246:
850:
666:
in the 5th arrondissement of Paris. This helped it gain some stability, which was further established under the direction of
6873:
6246:
4375:
3891:
3500:
Jean Leclant, "L'École normale supérieure et l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres : passé, présent et futur",
3481:
3169:
2975:
2903:
1609:, was an early student at ENS, then still called École préparatoire, in the 1820s, at the same time as fellow mathematician
6776:
6634:
5848:
5692:
5576:
4764:
Humanités normaliennes. L'enseignement classique et l'érudition philologique dans l'École normale supérieure au XIXe siècle
1684:
have been recipients, contributing to ENS's reputation as one of the world's foremost training grounds for mathematicians:
420:(meaning upper) was added to form the current name. In 1936, the institution started providing university-level education.
372:
6751:
6207:
5217:
4827:
4567:
6803:
6251:
2363:
2020:
5926:
4537:
2886:"La mixité à dominance masculine : l'exemple des filières scientifiques de l'École normale supérieure d'Ulm-Sèvres"
678:
674:
7389:
7034:
6461:
5873:
5625:
5044:
2151:
1534:
1443:
1273:
286:
2691:
728:, but the 1920s marked a degree of expansion of the school, which had among its students at this time such figures as
559:
7379:
7177:
6574:
6564:
5531:
3271:
6182:
5108:
2415:
ENS has never had a public policy division, but some of its students have become leading statesmen and politicians.
906:
at the main ENS building on rue d'Ulm is known as the Cour aux Ernests – the Ernests being the goldfish in the pond.
42:
7162:
6679:
5853:
5494:
4923:
3527:
2806:
2515:
607:
511:
The current institution finds its roots in the creation of the École normale de l'an III by the post-revolutionary
6791:
3106:
Brasseur, Roland (April 2011). "Quelques scientifiques ayant enseigné en classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles".
2632:
2318:
in philosophy at the end of their studies at the school. Other major ENS sociologists and anthropologists include
7447:
6781:
6532:
6147:
4287:
2443:
were early examples of this trend. At this time, quite a few ENS former students and intellectuals were drawn to
1000:
redeemable (often by the hiring firm). A small part of the students are admitted without having to pass an exam.
6624:
6192:
3709:
1298:
7483:
7409:
7369:
6868:
6813:
6604:
6299:
5986:
5212:
5155:
2033:
878:. Degrees from École normale supérieure are accredited by the Conférence des Grandes Écoles and awarded by the
491:
7219:
6939:
6589:
5207:
5128:
4239:
3917:
3374:
1253:(pure and applied sciences, sociology, economics and management, English language). More recently, the fourth
7122:
7077:
6689:
6599:
6396:
6256:
6122:
5991:
5956:
5931:
5484:
5429:
4975:
2499:
1240:
1040:
countries are considered civil servants in training. Many students devote at least one of those years to the
615:
96:
3787:
7503:
6843:
6833:
6649:
6629:
6609:
6011:
5946:
3969:
3230:
2481:
2308:
2120:
1633:
project, whose work permeated the field of mathematics throughout the 20th century. In 1940 former student
1490:
shows renowned specialists speaking for fifteen minutes on a given subject in a wide scope of disciplines.
1387:
890:). Alums go on to occupy elite positions within government, administration, and corporate firms in France.
781:
7214:
7194:
6726:
6684:
5232:
5167:
5083:
3865:
3761:
2008:
7269:
7264:
7137:
6976:
6736:
6654:
6614:
6051:
5901:
5821:
3839:
3427:"Etablissements dispensant des formations supérieures initiales diplômantes conférant le grade de master"
3190:
Decree of 24 July 1985 relative to the creation of public establishments of a scientific nature (EPCSCP).
1645:. His teaching, which continued until 1965, was vastly influential in shaping his students, who included
912:
768:. This leftist tradition continued into the 1960s and 1970s during which an important fraction of French
6944:
5222:
5133:
4733:
L'Excellence scolaire : une affaire de famille. Le cas des normaliennes et normaliens scientifiques
4489:
1741:
1740:, received a substantial part of his training at the school. These twelve former students have made ENS
1419:
630:
7452:
6756:
6716:
6016:
4459:
4213:
3683:
3455:
3298:
2384:
2256:
1848:
1841:
976:
737:
563:
7498:
6929:
6325:
5118:
4515:
1871:
studies in France, also studied at the school at this time and later influenced many of its students.
1374:
during the colonial era, many schools have been created around the world based on the ENS model, from
1186:, and chemistry or biology) are encouraged to attend courses in the literary departments. Conversely,
7462:
7457:
7329:
7304:
7259:
6761:
6706:
6619:
6217:
5906:
5409:
3995:
3813:
3631:
2828:
2560:
2202:
2176:
1825:
1310:
1294:
1152:
965:
903:
6934:
6284:
5123:
4433:
4339:
3735:
3657:
3605:
1629:). This rejuvenation continued into the 1930s, as exemplified by the 1935 launch of the influential
924:, who represents wisdom. A formalised version of this frontal piece is used as the school's emblem.
643:
427:, the vast majority of the academic staff hosted at the ENS belong to external institutions such as
7016:
6971:
6921:
6853:
6559:
6076:
6061:
5896:
5588:
5113:
4103:
2565:
2124:
1808:
1354:
1338:
7148:
6741:
6401:
4841:
3351:
2272:
7434:
7404:
7127:
6071:
5734:
4261:
4021:
3549:
3451:
2331:
2096:
1804:
1764:
1552:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1265:
1209:
1092:
in French) work in close coordination with other public French research institutions such as the
567:
550:
The inaugural course was given on 20 January 1795 and the last on 19 May of the same year at the
192:
62:
7209:
6949:
2244:
7374:
7324:
6863:
6848:
6838:
6808:
6639:
6594:
6261:
6026:
5916:
3201:"Article on the fusion of ENS Lyon and ENS-LSH referencing the former merger of Ulm and Sèvres"
2350:
1760:
1756:
1733:
1705:
1463:
1371:
765:
524:
455:
202:
6731:
6540:
6330:
5399:
3261:
2743:
869:
are elite academic institutions that admit students through an extremely competitive process.
721:
634:
The main entrance to the ENS on Rue d'Ulm. The school moved into its current premises in 1847.
6664:
6066:
6056:
6046:
5981:
4642:
4598:
2926:"Hsu & Wai survey of universities worldwide ranked by ratio of Nobel laureates to alumni"
2416:
2057:
2041:
1872:
1844:
1725:
1646:
1451:
1415:
826:
741:
619:
4128:
1976:
696:
as a separate college, perhaps as a result of its exposure to national attention during the
6981:
6858:
6721:
6579:
6569:
6304:
6031:
5966:
5789:
5593:
4693:
2248:
2012:
1852:
1784:
1459:
1431:
1407:
598:
152:
7199:
7117:
5172:
4742:
1929:
961:
792:
443:
in France to have departments of research in all the natural, social, and human sciences.
8:
7399:
7254:
6890:
6828:
6771:
6659:
6525:
6041:
2400:
2222:
1964:
1508:
1447:
1403:
1171:
1008:
773:
693:
512:
507:, the second, 17 March 1808), and the date of dedication of this building, 24 April 1841.
504:
137:
6341:
4811:
4313:
4043:
3131:
3060:
2520:
1921:
716:
spearheaded the campaign to overturn the wrongful conviction pronounced against Captain
618:
as a nexus of liberal thought and was suppressed by then-minister of public instruction
7394:
6696:
6674:
6584:
5936:
5841:
5444:
4905:
4767:
4157:
2957:
2798:
2448:
2392:
2167:
2161:
have become staple elements of the French theatrical repertory; and acclaimed novelist
2016:
1956:
1948:
1897:
1875:
1729:
1709:
1642:
1622:
1567:, have become notable in many varied fields, both academic and otherwise, ranging from
1455:
916:
473:
157:
5138:
4752:
2428:
2108:
1968:
1913:
1673:, a famous symplectic geometer at Harvard University, is also an acclaimed Normalien.
1598:
1579:
7309:
4942:
4786:
Pour une histoire de l'École normale supérieure : sources d'archives (1794–1993)
4674:
4124:
3400:
3267:
2949:
2893:
2790:
2452:
2319:
2240:
2198:
2104:
1800:
1796:
1713:
1689:
1666:
1439:
1124:
757:
397:
6911:
5054:
4897:
3000:
Law of 10 May 1806 relative to the creation of the Imperial University, article 118.
2602:
2292:
2284:
2226:
1879:
1721:
1013:
791:, himself a former student at the school, to force the resignation of its director,
101:
5831:
5192:
5088:
5063:
4869:
4612:
4314:"People's Daily Online - Article on ENS - East China Normal University partnership"
2961:
2939:
2930:
2461:
2327:
2134:
1972:
1944:
1833:
1776:
1685:
1630:
1610:
1325:. This project seeks to create a unified Master's-level economics school in Paris.
1108:
846:
806:
was opened in 1982 to reinforce the teaching of social sciences at the school. The
788:
753:
733:
579:
578:
were some of the teachers. The school was closed as a result of the arrival of the
2669:
2432:
2338:
2218:
2210:
2092:
1231:, and the Centre d'Archives de Philosophie, d'Histoire et d'Edition des Sciences.
987:
The school is very small in student numbers. Its core of students, who are called
709:
689:). The school's status evolved further at the beginning of the twentieth century.
7001:
5888:
5836:
5613:
5474:
5384:
5279:
5237:
4831:
4371:
3887:
3485:
3478:
3462:
3345:
3165:
3142:
3093:
3071:
2555:
2396:
2380:
2300:
2077:
1952:
1937:
1925:
1909:
1717:
1654:
1650:
1467:
1269:
1064:
937:
883:
777:
725:
528:
467:
333:
6271:
5177:
5013:
2885:
2494:
1529:
In France, ENS has been regarded since the late 19th century as one of foremost
898:
799:
as his successor . Both Flacelière and Bousquet were distinguished classicists.
760:, the school became more visible and increasingly perceived as a bastion of the
377:
359:
7189:
6518:
5816:
5068:
4883:
4824:
4816:
4736:
4704:
2473:
2469:
2388:
2358:
2323:
2311:
2296:
2214:
2206:
2180:
2146:
2084:
2065:
2045:
2037:
1933:
1864:
1772:
1658:
1641:, carrying the school's importance in the field still further with his work in
1572:
1563:
Throughout its history, a sizeable number of ENS alumni, some of them known as
1379:
1144:
1037:
941:
849:
that is separate from, but parallel and connected to the main framework of the
761:
717:
713:
697:
520:
270:
2944:
2925:
2892:, Sociétés, Espaces, Temps (in French), Lyon: ENS Éditions, pp. 181–193,
2465:
2440:
2011:, and many of Lacan's disciples were educated there, including psychoanalysts
1638:
1494:
on in the press's bookshop, and about 25 new titles are published every year.
705:
179:
1,400 (630 teaching fellows, 170 professors and 580 post-doctoral researchers)
7477:
7225:École nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques
5941:
2794:
2404:
2372:
2346:
2184:
2157:
2100:
2073:
2061:
2053:
1998:
1991:
1987:
1960:
1941:
1829:
1821:
1792:
1788:
1618:
1602:
1568:
1556:
1525:
Paris Sciences et Lettres University § International university rankings
953:
796:
667:
655:
555:
544:
404:
in France, but it later closed. The school was subsequently reestablished by
265:
4775:
Regards sur les études classiques au XIXe siècle. Catalogue du fonds Morante
3134:
Pour une histoire de l'École normale supérieure: Source d'archives 1794-1993
3063:
Pour une histoire de l'École normale supérieure: Source d'archives 1794-1993
1980:
1883:
1780:
1614:
1080:
1042:
6266:
5727:
5449:
4913:
Génération intellectuelle. Khâgneux et normaliens dans l'entre-deux-guerres
4891:
4726:
Les Normaliens. De Charles Péguy à Bernard-Henri Lévy, un siècle d'histoire
4616:
3502:
Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres
3433:. Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation
2953:
2477:
2354:
2264:
2162:
2138:
2081:
2069:
1995:
1928:, founder of the history of systems of thought and future professor at the
1917:
1837:
1701:
1677:
1670:
1634:
1606:
1583:
729:
586:
was to serve as a basis when the school was founded for the second time by
539:), states in its first article that "There will be established in Paris an
459:
6543:Établissements publics à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel
2424:
2231:
1697:
1662:
1587:
1349:, which was founded as a branch of ENS and retains very close links to it.
1028:
remain at the school for a length of time ranging from four to six years.
949:
7319:
7289:
6112:
6092:
5878:
5469:
5454:
2420:
2116:
1893:
1860:
1768:
1626:
1576:
1216:
1187:
1179:
1160:
1100:
822:
701:
516:
451:
5702:
3939:
2802:
2778:
1333:
787:
The fallout from the May 1968 protests caused President of the Republic
663:
439:. Generalistic in its recruitment and organisation, the ENS is the only
6187:
5858:
5541:
4668:
3466:
2624:
2236:
2194:
2172:
2088:
2049:
1967:, and the school has also produced prominent public intellectuals like
1745:
1693:
1213:
1164:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1054:)" because traditionally ENS was created to educate future professors.
854:
587:
405:
245:
7062:
5722:
4291:
2130:
1896:
attended the École normale supérieure in the 1920s and beat classmate
478:, as well as several French and foreign politicians and statespeople.
6001:
5635:
5414:
4845:
4599:"Article on the Bicentenary book directed by Jean-François Sirinelli"
3705:
3044:
Universités et grandes écoles à Paris : les palais de la science
2444:
2436:
2288:
2189:
2112:
1302:
1156:
1148:
1112:
972:
862:
257:
213:
3992:"Passerelle des arts – Department for the History and Theory of Art"
3523:
1856:
818:
307:
5551:
5459:
4235:
3913:
2343:
Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel
2268:
1889:
1391:
1319:École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique
1258:
1140:
858:
534:
498:
4280:
2367:. Since its creation in 2000, ten of the twenty recipients of the
2357:, who won the same medal in 2010 and the Nobel prize in 2019, and
1924:. Still later, in the 1940s and 1950s, the world-renowned thinker
1824:
a student in the early 19th century. Two ENS philosophers won the
658:, the school enhanced its status as an institution to prepare the
6492:
6443:
5697:
5103:
3783:
2260:
1905:
1383:
1228:
1191:
1183:
1136:
1116:
1104:
995:(baccalaureate + 2 years) after a preparatory class. Two hundred
921:
780:. As of now, by law, ENS comes under the direct authority of the
769:
531:. The decree establishing the school, issued on 30 October 1794 (
401:
3965:
2072:, were both students at the school starting in 1933. Sinologist
1920:, who still teaches at the school as an emeritus professor, and
932:, which was inaugurated in 1923 and stands as a reminder of the
7052:
6823:
6455:
6021:
5294:
4877:
4511:
3861:
3757:
2291:, was a student at the school in 1879, around the same time as
1559:
was a student at the school before directing it for many years.
1512:
1033:
813:
For a long time, most women were taught at a separate ENS, the
368:
234:
4851:
Méchoulan, Eric & Mourier, Pierre-FrançoisÉric Méchoulan,
3835:
2718:"Frédéric Worms nommé à la tête de l'École normale supérieure"
7244:
7239:
6746:
6498:
6102:
5187:
4481:
3489:
3341:"FT European Business Schools Ranking 2021: France dominates"
2137:
attended the school at the same time as his intellectual foe
1947:. The tradition continues today through such philosophers as
1868:
1375:
1346:
1314:
1306:
830:
519:
in 1794. The school was created based on a recommendation by
436:
364:
249:
228:
4731:
Ferrand, Michèle, Imbert, Françoise & Marry, Catherine,
4455:
3679:
2267:, who would become one of the most prominent voices of Arab
1099:
The school has seven departments in its "Sciences" section:
298:
7489:
Buildings and structures in the 5th arrondissement of Paris
4838:
L'École normale supérieure : Les chemins de la liberté
4682:
4062:
2890:
La mixité dans l'éducation : Enjeux passés et présents
2884:
Ferrand, Michèle (30 January 2014), Rogers, Rebecca (ed.),
2283:
There is a tradition of social sciences at the school, and
1990:
school of thought, alongside Althusser and Foucault, major
1791:, while other ENS physicists include such major figures as
1502:
In 1986, an ENS foundation was created and recognised as a
1367:
1358:
1342:
1093:
975:, which houses some of its laboratories alongside those of
682:
603:
463:
432:
3991:
3809:
3627:
2754:(1). Albany, State University of New York Press: 123–127.
1204:
doctoral level, as well as to the teachers at the school,
1127:. It also has eight departments in its "Letters" section:
7280:
Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales
6371:
4797:
Les Études et la guerre. Les normaliens dans la tourmente
4429:
3731:
3653:
3601:
3401:"Conférence des grandes écoles: commission Accréditation"
2271:, was a student at the school, as well as Belgian writer
1680:, often called the "Nobel Prize for mathematics", eleven
704:
and his disciples, who included the socialist politician
4810:, Herald Publications Company, Grand Forks, N.D., 1907.
4099:
3576:"Law granting ENS students the status of civil servants"
2259:, who failed the entrance exam. Around this same period
2217:
to major twentieth-century figures of the field such as
1178:(thus having mainly studied in their preparatory school
3263:
The State Nobility: Elite Schools in the Field of Power
2287:, regarded as one of the founders of the discipline of
1863:
was accomplishing her years of study at the same time.
1264:
The École normale supérieure is also an institution of
772:
came from ENS. In 1953 it was made autonomous from the
654:. During the 1830s, under the direction of philosopher
4972:
4853:
Normales Sup' : des élites pour quoi faire ?
4538:"Times Higher Education Ranking of Small Universities"
4017:
2829:"Small vocabulary for the use of the normaliens | ENS"
2666:"Faits et chiffres – École normale supérieure – Paris"
2334:
having been a student at the school starting in 1863.
2001:
taught there in the 1960s, notably giving his course,
1637:
was appointed professor at the school like his father
7048:École nationale d'ingénieurs de Saint-Etienne (ENISE)
4937:
4100:"Halley integrated catalogue of the Rubens libraries"
2744:"The Ecole Normale Supérieure and the Third Republic"
2684:
1859:, in the ENS for young women, philosopher and mystic
1742:
the institution with the most Fields medallist alumni
1571:, the chemist and microbiologist famed for inventing
614:" created by Napoleon came to be perceived under the
756:, in which some of its students were players in the
7285:
Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace
4665:
The Ecole Normale Supérieure and the Third Republic
3086:
The Ecole Normale Supérieure and the Third Republic
7315:School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences
6290:Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management
6281:Institut national des postes et télécommunications
4920:École normale supérieure: le livre du bicentenaire
3568:
3479:Les inégalités sociales d'accès aux grandes écoles
3350:
3166:"Encyclopedia of Bourges biography of Simone Weil"
2599:"L'Institution - École normale supérieure - Paris"
1932:was a student a few years ahead of the founder of
1078:Founded to train high school teachers through the
37:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
6228:Union des industries et métiers de la métallurgie
5043:
3578:. Légifrance (French government legal database).
2243:, prepared and passed the entrance exam from the
1625:(also the brother of fellow student, philosopher
1261:. All four together form the informal ENS-group.
971:The school has a secondary site in the suburb of
400:, to provide homogeneous training of high-school
7475:
3108:Bulletin de l'Union des Professeurs de Spéciales
2278:
1986:Contributing to ENS's role as the centre of the
387:, while its alumni are generally referred to as
6321:Bilan d'aptitude délivré par les grandes écoles
4724:Dufay, François & Dufort, Pierre-Bertrand,
4340:"The International CNRS Laboratory " SALADYN ""
3259:
2741:
2004:The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis
1736:, also a Fields medallist, though he was not a
991:, are selected via a competitive exam called a
593:On 17 March 1808, Napoleon created by decree a
27:Institution of higher learning in Paris, France
4808:École normale supérieure: An Historical Sketch
4641:Lacan, Jacques. "Report on the 1964 Seminar".
3810:"LILA – Department of Literature and Language"
2859:"ENS Cachan Bretagne – Les écoles de l'an III"
2536:Academic staff of the École Normale Supérieure
960:reconstruction since 2015. In 2017, President
6526:
6357:
5029:
4958:
3299:What are Grandes Ecoles Institutes in France?
3008:
3006:
2779:"Trois Études Sur L'école Normale Supérieure"
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2546:École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris
1744:of any institution worldwide. Former student
1328:
1313:project which it has launched along with the
7514:Educational institutions established in 1794
7425:Federal University of Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées
6295:École supérieure des communications de Tunis
2107:were all students at the school, as well as
1484:
1291:École des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales
503:(30 October 1794), in the oculus, under the
471:
343:
318:
83:
67:
51:
6277:HEC Management School – University of Liège
4874:Rue d'Ulm. Chroniques de la vie normalienne
4844: » (nº 221), série Mémoire des lieux.
3016:. lemonde.fr. 24 March 2005. Archived from
2314:, both of them having taken and passed the
2295:, a psychologist well known for developing
642:was created on 9 March 1826 at the site of
7205:Conservatoire national des arts et métiers
6533:
6519:
6364:
6350:
5036:
5022:
4965:
4951:
4719:La Rue d'Ulm à la Belle époque (1899–1903)
4076:. bibliobs.nouvelobs.fr. 2 December 2011.
3445:
3136:, Éditions Rue d'ULM via OpenEdition, 2013
3065:, Éditions Rue d'ULM via OpenEdition, 2013
3003:
2917:
2647:
2551:Paris Sciences et Lettres – Quartier latin
2410:
1593:
1518:
1245:were established in the 20th century: the
1219:. Its main reading room is protected as a
782:Minister for Higher Education and Research
396:The school was founded in 1794 during the
371:. It is one of the constituent members of
306:
61:
7443:Polytechnic University of Hauts-de-France
7385:Leonardo da Vinci consolidated University
7133:Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale
4749:, Presses universitaires de France, 1971.
4184:"ENSSIB – French record of new libraries"
2943:
2026:
1174:. Students who entered from a scientific
815:École normale supérieure de jeunes filles
39:École Normale Supérieure (disambiguation)
4596:
3888:"Jourdan – Department of Social Science"
3105:
3099:
2976:"Top universities – University profiles"
2369:Prize of the best young French economist
2129:
1888:
1551:
1332:
1279:
1063:
897:
629:
490:
4236:"Atomium culture – member universities"
3758:"DEC – Department of Cognitive Science"
2883:
2694:. French Ministry of Higher Education.
2526:List of École Normale Supérieure people
1548:List of École Normale Supérieure people
880:Ministry of National Education (France)
764:. Many of its students belonged to the
462:, more than half the recipients of the
14:
7476:
7355:University of Burgundy - Franche-Comté
7250:Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris
4568:"Times Ranking of French Universities"
4492:from the original on 21 September 2011
3280:from the original on 28 September 2023
3083:Adolphus Ballard, James Tait. (2010.)
3048:Action artistique de la ville de Paris
3014:"Historical article on ENS by Pollens"
2923:
2776:
2531:Alumni of the École Normale Supérieure
2480:, respectively the current and former
2127:of social class in ancient societies.
7275:Institut national d'histoire de l'art
7092:École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay
6514:
6372:French scientific research facilities
6345:
5017:
4946:
4790:Presses de l'École normale supérieure
4779:Presses de l'École normale supérieure
4663:Ballard, Adolphus & Tait, James,
4623:from the original on 23 December 2017
4462:from the original on 29 November 2014
4436:from the original on 18 November 2014
4410:from the original on 29 November 2014
4352:from the original on 12 December 2013
4268:from the original on 22 November 2014
4210:"Paris Sciences et Lettres – history"
4050:from the original on 29 November 2014
3894:from the original on 29 November 2014
3790:from the original on 18 December 2020
3712:from the original on 18 December 2020
3654:"DI – Department of Computer Science"
3634:from the original on 29 November 2014
3513:Serge Benoît, "La rue d'Ulm", p. 179.
3471:
2982:from the original on 27 November 2021
2511:École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay
1617:, known for his foundational work in
1442:in Montréal, and the universities at
1251:École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay
888:Le Ministère de L'éducation Nationale
332:
32:École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay
7415:Université Paris Sciences et Lettres
4378:from the original on 10 October 2016
4316:. peopledaily.com.cn. 22 June 2005.
4288:"Scuola Normale Superiore – history"
4164:from the original on 2 November 2014
4131:, Ministère français de la Culture.
4106:from the original on 9 February 2011
4080:from the original on 25 October 2014
3972:from the original on 4 November 2020
3946:from the original on 12 October 2012
3920:from the original on 12 October 2016
3868:from the original on 21 January 2021
3608:from the original on 15 January 2013
3556:from the original on 23 October 2019
3530:from the original on 23 October 2019
3431:Ministry of France, Higher Education
3407:from the original on 20 January 2022
3381:from the original on 25 January 2022
3321:from the original on 5 February 2022
3211:from the original on 13 October 2016
2906:from the original on 3 November 2023
2839:from the original on 3 November 2023
2809:from the original on 3 November 2023
2758:from the original on 6 February 2021
2119:with his analyses of sovereignty in
1886:hero, were educated at ENS as well.
1676:Since the 1936 establishment of the
1511:and on "artificial vision" with the
747:
373:Paris Sciences et Lettres University
7230:École nationale supérieure maritime
6252:National School of Mineral Industry
4759:, Société nouvelle d'édition, 1932.
4712:Les Normaliens peints par eux-mêmes
4024:from the original on 9 October 2016
3842:from the original on 11 August 2020
3311:"FAQ about International selection"
2635:from the original on 10 August 2020
2364:Capital in the Twenty-First Century
2021:World Association of Psychoanalysis
1692:(also a recipient of the inaugural
1249:(sciences and humanities); and the
1170:The emphasis is placed squarely on
692:In 1903 it was integrated into the
24:
7390:University of Lille Nord de France
7295:National Museum of Natural History
7102:École normale supérieure de Rennes
6446:(transports and civil engineering)
6247:École Hassania des travaux publics
4819:, " L'École normale supérieure ",
4548:from the original on 21 April 2016
4242:from the original on 13 March 2010
3998:from the original on 16 April 2020
3764:from the original on 30 March 2018
3172:from the original on 10 April 2016
2865:from the original on 26 April 2012
2698:from the original on 22 April 2021
2183:were both teachers at the school.
2171:is now considered a classic. Poet
2152:The Trojan War Will Not Take Place
2149:, many of whose plays among which
1535:California Institute of Technology
625:
25:
7525:
7380:Languedoc-Roussillon Universities
6489:(nuclear industry and renewables)
6208:École de design Nantes Atlantique
4931:
4518:from the original on 5 April 2015
4320:from the original on 3 March 2016
3686:from the original on 22 June 2018
3602:"DMA – Department of Mathematics"
3582:from the original on 1 March 2023
3477:Valérie Albouy et Thomas Wanecq,
3403:. Conférence des grandes écoles.
3349:. 5 December 2021. Archived from
3241:from the original on 27 July 2018
2783:L'Année sociologique (1940/1948-)
2263:novelist, essayist and filmmaker
2247:where he was friends with future
2229:. The founder of the influential
2111:, who revolutionised comparative
1748:was also awarded the Abel prize.
1541:
470:, several hundred members of the
7235:École pratique des hautes études
7123:École française d'Extrême-Orient
7097:École normale supérieure de Lyon
4924:Presses universitaires de France
4918:Sirinelli, Jean-François (ed.),
4018:"ECLA - ENS Language Laboratory"
3738:from the original on 16 May 2016
3732:"TAO – Department of Geoscience"
3266:. Stanford UP. pp. 133–35.
3207:. lemonde.fr. 23 December 2009.
2574:Écoles de l'an III scientifiques
2541:École nationale d'administration
2516:Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa
2506:École normale supérieure de Lyon
2458:École nationale d'administration
2371:have been ENS alumni, including
2361:, author of the 2013 bestseller
1422:in Germany, the universities of
1247:École Normale Supérieure de Lyon
795:and to appoint his contemporary
429:one of the Parisian universities
252:and its suburbs (5th & 14th
7448:Institut polytechnique de Paris
4656:
4635:
4590:
4578:from the original on 9 May 2023
4560:
4530:
4504:
4474:
4448:
4422:
4390:
4364:
4332:
4306:
4254:
4228:
4202:
4176:
4150:
4145:Administration et bibliothèques
4137:
4118:
4092:
4036:
4010:
3984:
3958:
3932:
3906:
3880:
3854:
3828:
3816:from the original on 3 May 2019
3802:
3776:
3750:
3724:
3698:
3672:
3660:from the original on 5 May 2019
3646:
3620:
3594:
3542:
3516:
3507:
3494:
3419:
3393:
3367:
3333:
3303:
3292:
3253:
3223:
3193:
3184:
3158:
3148:
3124:
3114:
3077:
3053:
3032:
2994:
2968:
2877:
1234:
915:, which was built by architect
851:French public university system
836:
416:were created in 1845, the word
7420:Sorbonne Paris Cité University
6452:(computer science and control)
6300:Technical University of Madrid
5987:European Business School Paris
4456:"Online "Les Ernest" platform"
3862:"CEA – Department of Classics"
3038:Serge Benoît, "La rue d'Ulm",
2924:Clynes, Tom (7 October 2016).
2851:
2821:
2770:
2735:
2710:
2617:
2591:
2034:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges
1024:The students selected via the
982:
841:École normale supérieure is a
681:(both of which later moved to
88:, ENS Ulm, Ulm, ENS Paris, ENS
43:École Normale (disambiguation)
13:
1:
7509:1794 establishments in France
6257:Louvain School of Engineering
5045:Conférence des Grandes écoles
4714:, Chamerot et Renouard, 1895.
4158:"ENS sciences expérimentales"
3628:"FIP – Department of Physics"
2580:
2279:Social sciences and economics
2064:, respectively historians of
2019:, the first president of the
1900:to first place in philosophy.
1882:, the latter also known as a
1814:
1586:and socialist Prime Minister
1497:
1478:
1151:(this section is the base of
720:. The first female student –
454:laureates, of which 8 are in
287:Conférence des grandes écoles
4398:"ENS – list of partnerships"
3375:"Higher Education in France"
3317:. École normale supérieure.
3231:"France's educational elite"
3168:. encyclopedie-bourges.com.
3059:Decree of 10 November 1903 (
2121:Proto-Indo-European religion
2103:civilisation anthropologist
1851:and historian of philosophy
1755:have gone on to receive the
1504:fondation d'utilité publique
1473:
1388:East China Normal University
1299:Panthéon-Sorbonne University
1274:Conference of Grandes Écoles
1198:
1072:under a coat of snow (2013).
1057:
334:[ekɔlnɔʁmalsypeʁjœʁ]
121:; 230 years ago
7:
7494:Écoles Normales Supérieures
7265:Institut Agro Rennes-Angers
7220:École Nationale des Chartes
7138:Roman Historical Institutes
6940:École centrale de Marseille
6397:Écoles normales supérieures
6379:University-grade institutes
5854:Télécom Physique Strasbourg
4976:écoles normales supérieures
4430:"Online "Savoirs" platform"
3940:"Paris School of Economics"
3130:Decree of 3 February 1953 (
2487:
1242:écoles normales supérieures
1086:unités mixtes de recherches
1052:professeurs des professeurs
1017:). Other students called "
913:5th arrondissement of Paris
486:
10:
7530:
7453:University of Paris-Saclay
6412:Public research institutes
4911:Sirinelli, Jean-François,
4888:Le Cloître de la rue d'Ulm
3784:"Department of Philosophy"
2861:. Bretagne.ens-cachan.fr.
1545:
1522:
1486:École normale supérieure's
1329:International partnerships
1208:, other ENS students, and
1011:which last two years (see
977:Paris Descartes University
845:, a French institution of
481:
69:École normale supérieure's
36:
29:
7463:Gustave Eiffel University
7458:CY Cergy Paris University
7433:
7410:Université Paris Lumières
7338:
7330:Grenoble Alpes University
7305:Paris Dauphine University
7260:Institut agro Montpellier
7215:École des ponts ParisTech
7195:Arts et Métiers ParisTech
7146:
7110:
7075:
7043:
7015:
6958:
6920:
6909:
6550:
6471:
6410:
6377:
6313:
6236:
6218:Université Paris-Dauphine
6085:
5887:
5168:École des ponts ParisTech
5084:Arts et Métiers ParisTech
5051:
4983:
4512:"Fondation ENS – accueil"
3966:"Department of Geography"
3914:"Department of Economics"
3680:"Department of Chemistry"
2945:10.1038/nature.2016.20757
2561:Paris School of Economics
2203:Nobel Prize in Literature
2177:Nobel Prize in Literature
2056:, studied at the school.
2009:École freudienne de Paris
1826:Nobel Prize in Literature
1485:
1311:Paris School of Economics
1295:Paris-Sorbonne University
1153:Paris School of Economics
966:Paris School of Economics
700:, in which its librarian
572:Bernardin de Saint-Pierre
552:Museum of Natural History
472:
344:
319:
305:
293:
282:Paris Sciences et Lettres
276:
264:
241:
223:
211:
201:
191:
183:
173:
163:
151:
143:
133:
115:
92:
84:
77:
68:
60:
52:
7158:Instituts polytechniques
7111:French institutes abroad
7087:École normale supérieure
7078:École normale supérieure
7017:Institutes of technology
6945:École centrale de Nantes
6922:Centrale Graduate School
4821:La Revue des deux Mondes
4597:Belhoste, Bruno (1996).
4290:. sns.it. Archived from
3260:Pierre Bourdieu (1998).
3042:Christian Hottin (ed.),
2742:Robert J. Smith (1983).
2692:"Decree of 11 June 2009"
2668:. Ens.fr. Archived from
2585:
2566:Centrale Graduate School
2500:École normale supérieure
2472:, and ministers such as
2125:trifunctional hypothesis
1809:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1795:, famous for developing
1420:Freie Universität Berlin
1355:Scuola Normale Superiore
1339:Scuola Normale Superiore
1255:école normale supérieure
893:
652:École normale supérieure
650:and in 1845 was renamed
608:Scuola Normale Superiore
320:École normale supérieure
53:École normale supérieure
30:Not to be confused with
18:Ecole Normale Superieure
7435:Institute of technology
7405:University of Paris-Est
7128:French School at Athens
6963:des sciences appliquées
6930:École centrale de Lille
6495:(maritime applications)
4806:Judson Ladd, Adoniram,
4604:Histoire de l'éducation
3836:"Department of History"
3706:"Department of Biology"
3452:Monique de Saint-Martin
3092:3 November 2023 at the
2777:Karady, Victor (1973).
2748:Histoire de l'Éducation
2411:Government and politics
2332:Paul Vidal de La Blache
2097:Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie
1765:Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
1594:Mathematics and physics
1519:Rankings and reputation
1434:in the United Kingdom,
1266:PSL Research University
1210:PSL Research University
948:inaugurated in 1936 by
7340:Groups of universities
7325:University of Lorraine
7270:Institut Mines-Télécom
6935:École centrale de Lyon
6428:(fundamental sciences)
6285:Polytechnique Montréal
6262:Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech
5917:Emlyon Business School
5822:Institut Mines-Télécom
5074:Bordeaux Sciences Agro
4864:Les écoles de l'an III
4690:Le Livre du centenaire
4617:10.3406/hedu.1996.2809
3461:7 January 2022 at the
3141:3 January 2018 at the
3070:3 January 2018 at the
2502:(for the generic term)
2351:John Bates Clark Medal
2142:
2027:History and literature
1901:
1761:Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
1757:Nobel Prize in Physics
1734:Alexander Grothendieck
1706:Jean-Christophe Yoccoz
1560:
1470:in the United States.
1410:Institute since 2007.
1350:
1073:
907:
887:
857:in the United States,
766:French Communist Party
644:Collège Louis-le-Grand
635:
525:Dominique-Joseph Garat
508:
7484:Universities in Paris
7149:Grands établissements
6402:Grands établissements
6392:Autonomous institutes
4842:Découvertes Gallimard
4788:, National Archives,
4728:, J.-C. Lattès, 1993.
4345:. ambafrance-cn.org.
4262:"PSE – master's page"
3524:"ENS Doctoral School"
2625:"Grandes dates | ENS"
2349:, winner of the 2009
2273:Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt
2257:Léopold Sédar Senghor
2133:
2058:Jacqueline de Romilly
1892:
1849:Vladimir Jankélévitch
1845:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
1647:Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat
1555:
1523:Further information:
1416:University of Beijing
1336:
1280:Domestic partnerships
1067:
901:
827:Jacqueline de Romilly
742:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
738:Vladimir Jankélévitch
633:
620:Denis-Luc Frayssinous
494:
330:French pronunciation:
7210:École Centrale Paris
6950:École Centrale Paris
6782:Sorbonne Paris North
6305:University of Lisbon
6213:Sciences Po Grenoble
5967:ESCP Business School
4938:ENS Official website
4862:Nusimovici, Michel,
4840:, collection «
4830:11 July 2014 at the
3237:. 17 November 2003.
3096:, Suny Press, p. 73.
2978:. Top Universities.
2482:Ministers of Finance
2375:(who now teaches at
2249:President of Senegal
2245:Lycée Louis-le-Grand
2013:Jacques-Alain Miller
1853:Maurice de Gandillac
1828:for their writings,
1785:Jean Baptiste Perrin
1408:Erich Maria Remarque
1019:normaliens étudiants
1003:Preparation for the
599:University of France
597:within the imperial
7504:University of Paris
7400:Normandy University
7365:Centre-Val de Loire
7255:Institut Agro Dijon
7025:Belfort-Montbéliard
6814:Polynésie française
6237:Universities abroad
5400:École Polytechnique
4701:Notre Ecole normale
4544:. 25 January 2016.
4294:on 29 November 2014
3504:, 1999, 138, no. 4.
3484:9 June 2021 at the
3355:on 10 December 2022
2605:on 29 November 2014
2223:Jean-Pierre Richard
2165:, whose 1951 novel
2123:and formulated the
1965:Quentin Meillassoux
1940:and the thinker of
1751:In addition, eight
1404:New York University
1221:monument historique
1172:interdisciplinarity
1009:preparatory classes
774:University of Paris
722:Marguerite Rouvière
694:University of Paris
513:National Convention
505:National Convention
138:National Convention
57:
7395:University of Lyon
6792:Paris-East Créteil
6737:Nouvelle-Calédonie
6600:Bordeaux Montaigne
6326:Mastère spécialisé
6314:Accredited degrees
6158:ENSCI–Les Ateliers
5937:ESC Bretagne Brest
5626:Institut d'optique
4801:Éditions Rue d'Ulm
4795:Israël, Stéphane,
4768:Les Belles Lettres
4743:Flacelière, Robert
4721:, G. Thomas, 1970.
4679:Notre avant-guerre
4675:Brasillach, Robert
4147:, 2006, p. 174-176
4070:"Article from the
3550:"ENS PhD programs"
3020:on 13 October 2016
2672:on 7 December 2013
2464:, Prime Ministers
2449:Pierre Brossolette
2168:The Opposing Shore
2143:
2017:Jean-Claude Milner
1977:Bernard-Henri Lévy
1957:Claudine Tiercelin
1949:Jacques Bouveresse
1908:political thinker
1902:
1898:Simone de Beauvoir
1876:Georges Canguilhem
1730:Hugo Duminil-Copin
1710:Pierre-Louis Lions
1643:algebraic topology
1623:algebraic geometry
1561:
1351:
1074:
968:, an ENS project.
930:monument aux morts
917:Alphonse de Gisors
908:
640:école préparatoire
636:
606:under the name of
509:
474:Institut de France
248:: 4 main sites in
158:Pierre-Louis Lions
50:
7471:
7470:
7310:Paris Observatory
7200:Collège de France
7183:Clermont-Auvergne
7118:Casa de Velázquez
7071:
7070:
6977:Euro-Méditerranée
6961:Institut national
6777:Sorbonne Nouvelle
6767:Panthéon-Sorbonne
6630:Clermont Auvergne
6508:
6507:
6339:
6338:
5455:ESIEE Engineering
5011:
5010:
4870:Peyrefitte, Alain
4784:Hummel, Pascale,
4773:Hummel, Pascale,
4762:Hummel, Pascale,
4372:"Remarque at ENS"
4044:"The ENS diploma"
2899:978-2-84788-424-1
2722:acteurspublics.fr
2320:Maurice Halbwachs
2199:Robert Brasillach
2187:, the founder of
2105:Jacques Soustelle
1930:Collège de France
1867:, the founder of
1801:Langevin equation
1797:Langevin dynamics
1714:Laurent Lafforgue
1690:Jean-Pierre Serre
1667:Jean-Pierre Serre
1601:, the founder of
1440:McGill University
1125:cognitive science
962:Francois Hollande
853:. Similar to the
793:Robert Flacelière
748:Twentieth century
595:pensionnat normal
570:and philosophers
410:pensionnat normal
398:French Revolution
314:
313:
214:Doctoral students
16:(Redirected from
7521:
7342:and institutions
6918:
6917:
6535:
6528:
6521:
6512:
6511:
6366:
6359:
6352:
6343:
6342:
6128:ENS Paris-Saclay
5889:Business schools
5750:Clermont-Ferrand
5089:Chimie ParisTech
5064:Agrocampus Ouest
5038:
5031:
5024:
5015:
5014:
4993:ENS Paris-Saclay
4967:
4960:
4953:
4944:
4943:
4836:Masson, Nicole,
4770:, No. 298, 1995.
4753:Herriot, Edouard
4747:Normale en péril
4651:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4409:
4402:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4351:
4344:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4212:. Archived from
4206:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4186:. Archived from
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4154:
4148:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4014:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3505:
3498:
3492:
3475:
3469:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3354:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3307:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3162:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3132:Pascale Hummel,
3128:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3103:
3097:
3081:
3075:
3061:Pascale Hummel,
3057:
3051:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3010:
3001:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2947:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2662:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2601:. Archived from
2595:
2572:
2521:Jeune République
2462:Georges Pompidou
2419:Prime Ministers
2328:Philippe Descola
2135:Jean-Paul Sartre
2087:, archaeologist
2042:Jérôme Carcopino
1973:New Philosophers
1945:Gilbert Simondon
1922:Jacques Rancière
1834:Jean-Paul Sartre
1777:Gabriel Lippmann
1686:Laurent Schwartz
1631:Nicolas Bourbaki
1611:Augustin Cournot
1488:
1487:
1483:Since 2001, the
1321:(ENSAE) and the
1109:computer science
1070:Cour aux Ernests
936:who died in the
847:higher education
789:Georges Pompidou
754:Second World War
734:Jean-Paul Sartre
708:and the writers
580:French Directory
477:
476:
460:Fields Medalists
347:
346:
337:; also known as
336:
331:
322:
321:
310:
301:
289:
129:
127:
122:
111:(administrative)
87:
86:
71:
70:
65:
58:
55:
54:
49:
21:
7529:
7528:
7524:
7523:
7522:
7520:
7519:
7518:
7474:
7473:
7472:
7467:
7429:
7341:
7334:
7142:
7106:
7067:
7039:
7011:
6982:Hauts-de-France
6962:
6954:
6905:
6702:Marne-la-Vallée
6546:
6539:
6509:
6504:
6473:Public industry
6467:
6406:
6373:
6370:
6340:
6335:
6309:
6232:
6081:
5883:
5740:Annecy-Chambéry
5594:Hauts-de-France
5475:ESPCI ParisTech
5385:ENSTA ParisTech
5350:ENSG-Géomatique
5335:ENSEIRB-MATMECA
5325:ENSCBP Bordeaux
5280:ENSAE ParisTech
5238:Mines ParisTech
5208:École des mines
5047:
5042:
5012:
5007:
4979:
4971:
4934:
4929:
4915:, Fayard, 1988.
4898:Rosset, Clément
4884:Rolland, Romain
4832:Wayback Machine
4817:Lanson, Gustave
4659:
4654:
4640:
4636:
4626:
4624:
4595:
4591:
4581:
4579:
4574:. 18 May 2016.
4566:
4565:
4561:
4551:
4549:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4521:
4519:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4495:
4493:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4465:
4463:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4439:
4437:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4381:
4379:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4323:
4321:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4297:
4295:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4271:
4269:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4245:
4243:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4217:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4193:
4191:
4190:on 14 July 2014
4182:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4165:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4143:Y. Desrichard,
4142:
4138:
4132:
4123:
4119:
4109:
4107:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4083:
4081:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4053:
4051:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4027:
4025:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4001:
3999:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3973:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3949:
3947:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3923:
3921:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3897:
3895:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3871:
3869:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3845:
3843:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3819:
3817:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3793:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3767:
3765:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3741:
3739:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3713:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3689:
3687:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3663:
3661:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3637:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3609:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3585:
3583:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3559:
3557:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3533:
3531:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3499:
3495:
3486:Wayback Machine
3476:
3472:
3463:Wayback Machine
3450:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3410:
3408:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3382:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3358:
3356:
3346:Financial Times
3339:
3338:
3334:
3324:
3322:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3293:
3283:
3281:
3274:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3242:
3235:Daily Telegraph
3229:
3228:
3224:
3214:
3212:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3173:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3149:
3143:Wayback Machine
3129:
3125:
3119:
3115:
3104:
3100:
3094:Wayback Machine
3082:
3078:
3072:Wayback Machine
3058:
3054:
3050:, 1999, p. 177.
3037:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3012:
3011:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2922:
2918:
2909:
2907:
2900:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2840:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2810:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2664:
2663:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2570:
2556:Atomium Culture
2490:
2429:Édouard Herriot
2413:
2397:Pascaline Dupas
2381:Camille Landais
2301:Pierre Bourdieu
2281:
2109:Georges Dumézil
2078:Jacques Le Goff
2029:
1969:Stéphane Hessel
1953:Jean-Luc Marion
1938:Jacques Derrida
1926:Michel Foucault
1914:Étienne Balibar
1910:Louis Althusser
1873:Epistemologists
1847:, musicologist
1842:phenomenologist
1817:
1718:Wendelin Werner
1655:Jacques Dixmier
1651:Gustave Choquet
1599:Évariste Galois
1596:
1580:Georges Dumézil
1550:
1544:
1527:
1521:
1500:
1481:
1476:
1436:Trinity College
1331:
1323:École des Ponts
1282:
1270:Atomium Culture
1237:
1201:
1076:
1075:
1060:
1007:takes place in
985:
940:, is a work by
938:First World War
896:
861:in the UK, and
839:
825:and classicist
778:Louis Althusser
750:
726:First World War
628:
626:Second founding
529:Reign of Terror
489:
484:
414:écoles normales
329:
297:
285:
280:
254:arrondissements
237:
231:
216:
176:
125:
123:
120:
107:
100:
80:
73:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7527:
7517:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7499:Grandes écoles
7496:
7491:
7486:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7439:
7437:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7360:Bretagne-Loire
7357:
7352:
7346:
7344:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7190:Agro ParisTech
7187:
7186:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7154:
7152:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7114:
7112:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7083:
7081:
7073:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7044:
7041:
7040:
7038:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7021:
7019:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6968:
6966:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6926:
6924:
6915:
6912:Grandes écoles
6907:
6906:
6904:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6887:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6795:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6620:Cergy-Pontoise
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6556:
6554:
6548:
6547:
6538:
6537:
6530:
6523:
6515:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6496:
6490:
6484:
6477:
6475:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6459:
6453:
6447:
6441:
6435:
6429:
6423:
6416:
6414:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6383:
6381:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6368:
6361:
6354:
6346:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6317:
6315:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6240:
6238:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6089:
6087:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5942:La Rochelle BS
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5893:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5845:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5819:
5817:SIGMA Clermont
5814:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5735:Polytech Group
5732:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5713:ENSTA Bretagne
5710:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5246:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5173:École de l'air
5170:
5165:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5114:École centrale
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5069:Agro ParisTech
5066:
5060:
5058:
5055:grandes écoles
5049:
5048:
5041:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5018:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4970:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4933:
4932:External links
4930:
4928:
4927:
4916:
4909:
4902:En ce temps-là
4895:
4881:
4867:
4860:
4849:
4834:
4814:
4804:
4793:
4782:
4771:
4760:
4750:
4740:
4729:
4722:
4717:Dimoff, Paul,
4715:
4708:
4705:Belles lettres
4697:
4686:
4672:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4634:
4589:
4559:
4529:
4503:
4486:presses.ens.fr
4473:
4447:
4421:
4389:
4363:
4331:
4305:
4279:
4253:
4227:
4201:
4175:
4149:
4136:
4117:
4091:
4061:
4035:
4009:
3983:
3957:
3931:
3905:
3879:
3853:
3827:
3801:
3775:
3749:
3723:
3697:
3671:
3645:
3619:
3593:
3567:
3541:
3515:
3506:
3493:
3470:
3444:
3418:
3392:
3366:
3332:
3302:
3291:
3272:
3252:
3222:
3192:
3183:
3157:
3147:
3123:
3113:
3098:
3076:
3052:
3031:
3002:
2993:
2967:
2916:
2898:
2876:
2850:
2833:www.ens.psl.eu
2820:
2769:
2734:
2709:
2683:
2646:
2616:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2474:Bruno Le Maire
2470:Laurent Fabius
2417:Third Republic
2412:
2409:
2389:Emmanuel Farhi
2359:Thomas Piketty
2324:Alain Touraine
2312:Raymond Boudon
2305:grandes écoles
2293:Théodule Ribot
2285:Émile Durkheim
2280:
2277:
2227:Gérard Genette
2215:Gustave Lanson
2207:Romain Rolland
2181:Samuel Beckett
2147:Jean Giraudoux
2085:Gaston Maspero
2076:, medievalist
2066:Ancient Greece
2046:Annales School
2038:Ernest Lavisse
2028:
2025:
1934:deconstruction
1916:, philosopher
1880:Jean Cavaillès
1865:Jean Hyppolite
1816:
1813:
1773:Alfred Kastler
1722:Cédric Villani
1659:Roger Godement
1595:
1592:
1573:pasteurisation
1546:Main article:
1543:
1542:Notable alumni
1540:
1531:grandes écoles
1520:
1517:
1509:France Télécom
1499:
1496:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1380:Port-au-Prince
1330:
1327:
1281:
1278:
1236:
1233:
1200:
1197:
1145:social science
1062:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1038:European Union
1014:grandes écoles
984:
981:
942:Paul Landowski
895:
892:
876:grandes écoles
871:Grandes écoles
867:grandes écoles
838:
835:
762:communist left
749:
746:
718:Alfred Dreyfus
714:Romain Rolland
698:Dreyfus Affair
627:
624:
543:(literally, a
521:Joseph Lakanal
488:
485:
483:
480:
378:grandes écoles
312:
311:
303:
302:
295:
291:
290:
278:
274:
273:
268:
262:
261:
243:
239:
238:
233:
227:
225:
221:
220:
217:
212:
209:
208:
205:
199:
198:
195:
193:Undergraduates
189:
188:
185:
181:
180:
177:
175:Academic staff
174:
171:
170:
168:Frédéric Worms
165:
161:
160:
155:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
117:
113:
112:
94:
90:
89:
81:
78:
75:
74:
66:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7526:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7440:
7438:
7436:
7432:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7347:
7345:
7343:
7337:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7300:Oniris Nantes
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7160:
7159:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7151:
7150:
7145:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7115:
7113:
7109:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7080:
7079:
7074:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7045:
7042:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7018:
7014:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6957:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6923:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6913:
6908:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6879:Paul Sabatier
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6849:Saint-Étienne
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6712:Montpellier 3
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6560:Aix-Marseille
6558:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6544:
6536:
6531:
6529:
6524:
6522:
6517:
6516:
6513:
6500:
6497:
6494:
6491:
6488:
6485:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6474:
6470:
6464:(development)
6463:
6460:
6457:
6454:
6451:
6448:
6445:
6442:
6439:
6436:
6433:
6430:
6427:
6424:
6422:(agriculture)
6421:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6409:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6380:
6376:
6367:
6362:
6360:
6355:
6353:
6348:
6347:
6344:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6312:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:Fondation 2ie
6242:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6178:ESM Saint-Cyr
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6084:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5932:EM Strasbourg
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5886:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5733:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5582:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5345:ENSG-Géologie
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5243:Saint-Étienne
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5079:AgroSup Dijon
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5050:
5046:
5039:
5034:
5032:
5027:
5025:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5004:
5003:ENS de Rennes
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4978:
4977:
4968:
4963:
4961:
4956:
4954:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4723:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4638:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4593:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4435:
4431:
4425:
4406:
4399:
4393:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4348:
4341:
4335:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4216:on 3 May 2015
4215:
4211:
4205:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4146:
4140:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4079:
4075:
4073:
4065:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4023:
4019:
4013:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3510:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3456:lire en ligne
3453:
3448:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3353:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3295:
3279:
3275:
3273:9780804733465
3269:
3265:
3264:
3256:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3187:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3151:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3127:
3117:
3110:(234). Paris.
3109:
3102:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3056:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3007:
2997:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2938:(7624): 152.
2937:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2920:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2451:who became a
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2433:Paul Painlevé
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2405:Xavier Gabaix
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2373:Antoine Bozio
2370:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2347:Emmanuel Saez
2344:
2341:won the 1983
2340:
2339:Gérard Debreu
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2309:individualist
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2219:Paul Bénichou
2216:
2212:
2211:Charles Péguy
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2185:Jules Romains
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2158:Amphitryon 38
2154:
2153:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2101:Pre-Columbian
2098:
2094:
2093:ancien régime
2090:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2074:Marcel Granet
2071:
2067:
2063:
2062:Pierre Grimal
2059:
2055:
2054:Lucien Febvre
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1999:Jacques Lacan
1997:
1993:
1992:psychoanalyst
1989:
1988:structuralist
1984:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1961:Francis Wolff
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1942:individuation
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1830:Henri Bergson
1827:
1823:
1822:Victor Cousin
1812:
1810:
1806:
1805:Paul Sabatier
1802:
1798:
1794:
1793:Paul Langevin
1790:
1789:Serge Haroche
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1619:number theory
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:Galois theory
1600:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1569:Louis Pasteur
1566:
1558:
1557:Louis Pasteur
1554:
1549:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1495:
1491:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1372:French Empire
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1293:(EHESS), the
1292:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1232:
1230:
1224:
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1218:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1196:
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1189:
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1177:
1173:
1168:
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1154:
1150:
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1134:
1130:
1126:
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1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1071:
1068:The school's
1066:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1001:
998:
994:
990:
980:
978:
974:
969:
967:
963:
957:
955:
954:Albert Lebrun
951:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
925:
923:
918:
914:
905:
900:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
809:
805:
800:
798:
797:Jean Bousquet
794:
790:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
710:Charles Péguy
707:
703:
699:
695:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
669:
668:Louis Pasteur
665:
661:
657:
656:Victor Cousin
653:
649:
648:École normale
645:
641:
632:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
584:école normale
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
545:normal school
542:
541:école normale
538:
536:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
506:
502:
500:
493:
479:
475:
469:
465:
461:
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449:
444:
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438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
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411:
407:
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399:
394:
392:
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386:
381:
379:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:
356:
352:
348:
340:
335:
327:
323:
309:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
279:
275:
272:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
244:
240:
236:
230:
226:
222:
218:
215:
210:
206:
204:
203:Postgraduates
200:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
172:
169:
166:
162:
159:
156:
154:
150:
147:$ 130 million
146:
142:
139:
136:
132:
118:
114:
110:
105:
104:
98:
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82:
76:
64:
59:
48:
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41: and
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19:
7147:
7086:
7076:
6959:
6910:
6896:Valenciennes
6610:Bretagne-Sud
6552:Universities
6541:
6483:(geoscience)
6434:(demography)
6387:Universities
6272:HEC Montréal
6267:HEC Lausanne
6012:ICN Graduate
5947:ESC Clermont
5927:EM Normandie
5800:Paris-Saclay
5728:Supmicrotech
5547:INP Toulouse
5495:Grenoble INP
5450:ESIEE Amiens
5218:Albi-Carmaux
5178:École navale
5053:
5052:Engineering
4987:
4974:
4919:
4912:
4901:
4892:Albin Michel
4887:
4873:
4863:
4856:
4852:
4837:
4820:
4807:
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4796:
4789:
4785:
4778:
4774:
4763:
4756:
4746:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4710:Collective,
4700:
4699:Collective,
4689:
4688:Collective,
4678:
4664:
4657:Bibliography
4647:
4643:
4637:
4625:. Retrieved
4611:(1): 81–86.
4608:
4602:
4592:
4580:. Retrieved
4571:
4562:
4550:. Retrieved
4541:
4532:
4520:. Retrieved
4506:
4494:. Retrieved
4485:
4476:
4464:. Retrieved
4450:
4438:. Retrieved
4424:
4412:. Retrieved
4392:
4380:. Retrieved
4366:
4354:. Retrieved
4334:
4322:. Retrieved
4308:
4296:. Retrieved
4292:the original
4282:
4270:. Retrieved
4256:
4244:. Retrieved
4230:
4218:. Retrieved
4214:the original
4204:
4192:. Retrieved
4188:the original
4178:
4166:. Retrieved
4152:
4144:
4139:
4125:Base Mérimée
4120:
4108:. Retrieved
4094:
4082:. Retrieved
4071:
4064:
4052:. Retrieved
4038:
4026:. Retrieved
4012:
4000:. Retrieved
3986:
3974:. Retrieved
3960:
3948:. Retrieved
3934:
3922:. Retrieved
3908:
3896:. Retrieved
3882:
3870:. Retrieved
3856:
3844:. Retrieved
3830:
3818:. Retrieved
3804:
3792:. Retrieved
3778:
3766:. Retrieved
3752:
3740:. Retrieved
3726:
3714:. Retrieved
3700:
3688:. Retrieved
3674:
3662:. Retrieved
3648:
3636:. Retrieved
3622:
3610:. Retrieved
3596:
3584:. Retrieved
3570:
3558:. Retrieved
3544:
3532:. Retrieved
3518:
3509:
3501:
3496:
3473:
3447:
3435:. Retrieved
3430:
3421:
3409:. Retrieved
3395:
3383:. Retrieved
3369:
3357:. Retrieved
3352:the original
3344:
3335:
3323:. Retrieved
3314:
3305:
3294:
3282:. Retrieved
3262:
3255:
3243:. Retrieved
3234:
3225:
3213:. Retrieved
3204:
3195:
3186:
3174:. Retrieved
3160:
3150:
3133:
3126:
3116:
3107:
3101:
3085:
3079:
3062:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3022:. Retrieved
3018:the original
2996:
2984:. Retrieved
2970:
2935:
2929:
2919:
2908:, retrieved
2889:
2879:
2867:. Retrieved
2853:
2841:. Retrieved
2832:
2823:
2811:. Retrieved
2786:
2782:
2772:
2760:. Retrieved
2751:
2747:
2737:
2725:. Retrieved
2721:
2712:
2700:. Retrieved
2686:
2674:. Retrieved
2670:the original
2637:. Retrieved
2628:
2619:
2607:. Retrieved
2603:the original
2593:
2495:Grande école
2478:Michel Sapin
2414:
2362:
2355:Esther Duflo
2336:
2315:
2304:
2282:
2265:Assia Djebar
2252:
2241:Aimé Césaire
2230:
2193:, essayists
2188:
2166:
2163:Julien Gracq
2156:
2150:
2144:
2139:Raymond Aron
2082:Egyptologist
2070:Ancient Rome
2030:
2002:
1996:psychiatrist
1985:
1918:Alain Badiou
1903:
1838:Raymond Aron
1818:
1752:
1750:
1737:
1726:Ngô Bảo Châu
1702:Alain Connes
1681:
1678:Fields Medal
1675:
1671:Denis Auroux
1635:Henri Cartan
1607:group theory
1597:
1584:Julien Gracq
1564:
1562:
1530:
1528:
1515:foundation.
1503:
1501:
1492:
1482:
1412:
1399:
1396:
1363:
1352:
1285:
1283:
1263:
1254:
1241:
1238:
1235:Affiliations
1225:
1220:
1205:
1202:
1175:
1169:
1098:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1069:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1004:
1002:
996:
992:
988:
986:
970:
958:
946:
933:
929:
926:
909:
875:
870:
866:
843:grande école
842:
840:
837:Organisation
812:
807:
803:
801:
786:
751:
730:Raymond Aron
691:
672:
659:
651:
647:
639:
637:
611:
594:
592:
583:
549:
540:
532:
510:
496:
445:
441:grande école
440:
425:grande école
424:
422:
417:
413:
409:
395:
389:
384:
376:
360:grande école
358:
354:
350:
345:Normale sup'
342:
338:
325:
317:
315:
277:Affiliations
253:
103:grande école
102:
99:(informal),
85:Normale sup'
47:
7370:Côte d'Azur
7320:Sciences Po
7290:VetAgro Sup
6874:Jean Jaurès
6839:La Rochelle
6707:Montpellier
6501:(aerospace)
6113:ENAC Alumni
6093:CELSA Paris
6052:Montpellier
5879:VetAgro Sup
5775:Montpellier
5470:ESME-Sudria
5308:Montpellier
5156:ECAM Rennes
4998:ENS de Lyon
4988:ENS (Paris)
4825:online text
4812:online text
4737:L'Harmattan
4644:Hurly-Burly
4522:14 February
4466:21 November
4440:21 November
4414:20 November
4403:. .ens.fr.
4382:21 November
4356:21 November
4298:20 November
4272:21 November
4246:22 November
4220:22 November
4194:22 November
4168:22 November
4133:(in French)
4110:14 February
4084:22 November
4054:22 November
4002:21 November
3976:21 November
3950:21 November
3898:21 November
3872:21 November
3846:21 November
3820:21 November
3794:21 November
3768:21 November
3742:21 November
3716:21 November
3690:21 November
3638:21 November
3612:21 November
3586:22 November
3205:Le Monde.fr
2986:19 November
2789:: 223–233.
2702:20 November
2609:20 November
2571:(in French)
2484:of France.
2466:Alain Juppé
2441:Jean Jaurès
2435:as well as
2421:Jules Simon
2407:(Harvard).
2297:Ribot's Law
2251:and fellow
2201:, novelist
2117:mythography
2095:specialist
1894:Simone Weil
1861:Simone Weil
1769:Albert Fert
1639:Élie Cartan
1627:Simone Weil
1582:, novelist
1577:philologist
1438:in Dublin,
1217:Lucien Herr
1161:art history
1101:mathematics
983:Recruitment
823:Simone Weil
706:Jean Jaurès
702:Lucien Herr
679:Saint-Cloud
616:Restoration
560:Vandermonde
517:Robespierre
452:Nobel Prize
450:include 14
116:Established
79:Other names
7478:Categories
7002:Strasbourg
6901:Versailles
6854:Strasbourg
6834:La Réunion
6458:(medicine)
6440:(agronomy)
6188:HEC Alumni
6163:ENV Alfort
6148:ENSA Nancy
6143:ENS Rennes
5997:ESC Troyes
5957:ESC Rennes
5859:Unilasalle
5693:ITECH Lyon
5651:ISARA Lyon
5614:Strasbourg
5542:IFP School
5465:ESITC Caen
4669:SUNY Press
4627:12 October
4582:15 October
4552:15 October
4324:12 October
4129:PA00132985
4072:Nouvel obs
4028:12 October
3924:12 October
3560:23 October
3534:23 October
3467:Cairn.info
3437:16 January
3411:21 January
3385:26 January
3359:26 January
3325:5 February
3284:5 February
3245:5 February
3215:12 October
3176:12 October
3024:12 October
2910:3 November
2843:3 November
2813:3 November
2629:ens.psl.eu
2581:References
2453:Resistance
2447:, such as
2316:agrégation
2237:Martinican
2235:movement,
2195:Paul Nizan
2173:Paul Celan
2089:Paul Veyne
2050:Marc Bloch
1981:Benny Lévy
1884:Résistance
1815:Philosophy
1803:. Alumnus
1781:Louis Néel
1753:normaliens
1746:Yves Meyer
1696:in 2003),
1694:Abel Prize
1682:normaliens
1615:André Weil
1565:normaliens
1498:Foundation
1479:Publishing
1418:in China,
1390:(ECNU) in
1364:normaliens
1286:normaliens
1239:Two other
1214:dreyfusard
1206:normaliens
1133:literature
1129:philosophy
1121:geoscience
1081:agrégation
1043:agrégation
1036:and other
1030:Normaliens
997:normaliens
989:normaliens
934:normaliens
904:quadrangle
865:in China,
855:Ivy League
758:Resistance
752:After the
660:agrégation
612:pensionnat
588:Napoleon I
568:Berthollet
468:Gold Medal
418:supérieure
406:Napoleon I
390:archicubes
385:normaliens
299:ens.psl.eu
7350:Aquitaine
7030:Compiègne
6869:Capitole
6804:Perpignan
6098:CFJ Paris
6037:ISC Paris
6002:HEC Paris
5907:EDC Paris
5770:Marseille
5163:ECE Paris
5151:ECAM Lyon
5129:Marseille
4846:Gallimard
4777:, Paris,
4572:THE Times
4542:THE Times
3664:23 August
3046:, Paris,
2795:0066-2399
2445:socialism
2437:socialist
2425:Léon Blum
2289:sociology
2253:Négritude
2232:Négritude
2209:and poet
2190:Unanimism
2113:philology
1971:and such
1738:normalien
1698:René Thom
1663:René Thom
1588:Léon Blum
1474:Academics
1460:Princeton
1428:Edinburgh
1424:Cambridge
1366:going to
1303:HEC Paris
1199:Libraries
1157:geography
1149:economics
1113:chemistry
1058:Divisions
973:Montrouge
950:Léon Blum
863:C9 League
622:in 1824.
590:in 1808.
582:but this
564:Daubenton
355:ENS Paris
258:Montrouge
153:President
7178:Bordeaux
7173:Toulouse
7168:Lorraine
7163:Grenoble
7007:Toulouse
6864:Toulouse
6829:Rennes 2
6809:Poitiers
6772:Sorbonne
6762:Nanterre
6717:Mulhouse
6670:Littoral
6650:Le Havre
6625:Chambéry
6595:Bordeaux
6590:Besançon
6575:Antilles
6198:INP-ENVT
6138:ENS Lyon
6077:Toulouse
5992:Grenoble
5897:Audencia
5827:Bretagne
5805:Sorbonne
5755:Grenoble
5703:Polyméca
5619:Toulouse
5557:ENSIACET
5552:ENSEEIHT
5460:ESIGELEC
5365:ENSICAEN
5313:Mulhouse
5099:CPE Lyon
4828:Archived
4823:, 1926.
4694:Hachette
4650:, p. 17.
4621:Archived
4576:Archived
4546:Archived
4516:Archived
4490:Archived
4460:Archived
4434:Archived
4405:Archived
4376:Archived
4347:Archived
4318:Archived
4266:Archived
4240:Archived
4162:Archived
4104:Archived
4078:Archived
4048:Archived
4022:Archived
3996:Archived
3970:Archived
3944:Archived
3918:Archived
3892:Archived
3866:Archived
3840:Archived
3814:Archived
3788:Archived
3762:Archived
3736:Archived
3710:Archived
3684:Archived
3658:Archived
3632:Archived
3606:Archived
3580:Archived
3554:Archived
3528:Archived
3488:(2003),
3482:Archived
3459:Archived
3405:Archived
3379:Archived
3319:Archived
3278:Archived
3239:Archived
3209:Archived
3170:Archived
3139:Archived
3090:Archived
3068:Archived
2980:Archived
2954:27734890
2904:archived
2863:Archived
2837:Archived
2807:Archived
2803:27888250
2756:Archived
2696:Archived
2633:Archived
2488:See also
2401:Stanford
2269:feminism
2261:Algerian
1869:Hegelian
1807:won the
1799:and the
1464:Stanford
1448:Columbia
1444:Berkeley
1392:Shanghai
1259:Brittany
1176:concours
1141:classics
1026:concours
1005:concours
993:concours
859:Oxbridge
808:concours
804:concours
675:Fontenay
664:Panthéon
535:brumaire
499:brumaire
487:Founding
435:and the
402:teachers
224:Location
184:Students
164:Director
7063:Supméca
6787:Paris 8
6742:Orléans
6697:Le Mans
6665:Limoges
6585:Avignon
6493:IFREMER
6444:IFSTTAR
6133:ENS LSH
6072:Telecom
5952:ESC Pau
5795:Orléans
5723:Supméca
5698:SupAgro
5505:ENSIMAG
5275:ENITIAA
5193:EI Cesi
5104:CY Tech
4973:French
4926:, 1994.
4908:, 1992.
4894:, 1952.
4880:, 1994.
4866:, 2010.
4859:, 1994.
4848:, 1994.
4803:, 2005.
4792:, 1995.
4781:, 1990.
4757:Normale
4739:, 1999.
4707:, 1994.
4696:, 1895.
4685:, 1941.
4496:2 April
3377:. BSB.
3155:system.
2962:4466329
2727:1 April
2439:leader
2393:Harvard
2255:author
2205:winner
2179:winner
1906:Marxist
1904:Later,
1456:Harvard
1452:Cornell
1400:chaires
1384:Vietnam
1229:Husserl
1192:physics
1184:physics
1137:history
1117:biology
1105:physics
922:Minerva
770:Maoists
515:led by
482:History
456:Physics
357:) is a
294:Website
266:Colours
134:Founder
124: (
7053:ENSAIT
7035:Troyes
6992:Rennes
6859:Toulon
6824:Rennes
6722:Nantes
6690:Lyon 3
6685:Lyon 2
6680:Lyon 1
6655:Guyane
6580:Artois
6570:Angers
6565:Amiens
6456:INSERM
6420:IRSTEA
6223:Oniris
6118:ENSFEA
6086:Others
6067:Skema
6027:INSEEC
6022:INSEAD
5785:Nantes
5745:Angers
5688:ISMANS
5671:Toulon
5604:Rennes
5525:ESISAR
5520:PHELMA
5515:PAGORA
5480:ESTACA
5390:ENSTIB
5380:ENSSAT
5375:ENSISA
5370:ENSIIE
5355:ENSGSI
5318:Rennes
5295:ENSAIT
5290:ENSAIA
5255:ENGEES
5233:Nantes
5134:Nantes
4906:Minuit
4878:Fayard
4857:L'Aube
4671:, 2010
4482:"Home"
3270:
2960:
2952:
2931:Nature
2896:
2869:15 May
2801:
2793:
2676:15 May
2639:1 July
2403:) and
1857:Sèvres
1513:Airbus
1466:, and
1432:Oxford
1317:, the
1297:, the
1165:theory
1159:; and
1123:; and
1034:France
884:French
819:Sèvres
687:Cachan
685:, and
576:Volney
537:an III
501:an III
448:alumni
431:, the
369:France
284:(PSL)
271:Purple
242:Campus
235:France
144:Budget
72:emblem
7375:Hesam
7245:INSEP
7240:EHESP
7058:ENTPE
6997:Rouen
6891:Tours
6844:Rouen
6819:Reims
6752:Assas
6747:Paris
6732:Nîmes
6660:Lille
6640:Dijon
6635:Corse
6605:Brest
6499:ONERA
6450:INRIA
6153:ENSBA
6103:EHESP
6057:NEOMA
6047:KEDGE
6017:IESEG
5982:ESSEC
5977:ESSCA
5972:ESDES
5962:ESCEM
5912:EDHEC
5849:ESILV
5842:Paris
5837:Lille
5810:Tours
5780:Nancy
5760:Lille
5718:ENSMA
5708:ENSCI
5683:ISIMA
5666:Lille
5661:Brest
5609:Rouen
5572:ENSAT
5510:ENSGI
5485:ESTIA
5445:ESIEA
5435:ESCOM
5425:ESAIP
5405:EPITA
5395:ENTPE
5360:ENSIC
5340:ENSEM
5330:ENSEA
5303:Lille
5299:ENSC
5285:ENSAI
5270:ENISE
5228:Nancy
5223:Douai
5198:EIGSI
5188:EFREI
5139:Paris
5119:Lille
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