508:
in 1980, which, it is presumed, was later withdrawn for a toxicity due to the solvent system needed for systemic administration. The semisynthetic pneumocandin analogs of echinocandins were later found to have the same kind of antifungal activity, but low toxicity. The first of these newer echinocandins to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration was caspofungin, and later micafungin and anidulafungin were also approved. All these preparations have very low oral bioavailability, so they must be given intravenously to be useful. Echinocandins have become one of the first-line treatments for
308:
Echinocandins do not have primary interactions with CYP450 or P-glycoprotein pumps. Caspofungin has triphasic nonlinear pharmacokinetics, while micafungin (hepatically metabolized by arylsulfatase, catechol O-methyltransferase, and hydroxylation) and anidulafungin (degraded spontaneously in the system and excreted mostly as a metabolite in the urine) have linear elimination. Younger patients exhibit a faster rate of elimination of micafungin and caspofungin.
486:
20:
181:
1437:
252:. Resistance patterns include alterations in the glucan synthase (Fks1-Fks2 complex), overexpression of efflux pumps, strengthening of cell wall by increased chitin production, upregulation of stress-response pathways, and dysregulation of mismatch repair pathways. In addition a few species and strains of
507:
spp. One of the first echinocandins of the pneumocandin type, discovered in 1974, echinocandin B, could not be used clinically due to risk of high degree of hemolysis. Screening semisynthetic analogs of the echinocandins gave rise to cilofungin, the first echinofungin analog to enter clinical trials,
190:
The present-day clinically used echinocandins are semisynthetic pneumocandins, which are chemically lipopeptide in nature, consisting of large cyclic hexapeptoids. Caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin are similar cyclic hexapeptide antibiotics linked to long modified N-linked acyl fatty acid
475:
formerly CD101 IV, Rezafungin is considered to be safest echinocandins which also acts longest (weekly single dose). It is developed by Cidara
Therapeutics. The STRIVE Trial (phase 2) showed weekly treatment with Rezafungin was safe and efficacious in the treatment of candidemia and/or invasive
307:
Due to the large molecular weight of echinocandins, they have poor oral bioavailability and are administered by intravenous infusion. In addition, their large structures limit penetration into cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and eyes. In plasma, echinocandins have a high affinity to serum proteins.
199:
Echinocandins noncompetitively inhibit beta-1,3-D-glucan synthase enzyme complex in susceptible fungi to disturb fungal cell glucan synthesis. Beta-glucan destruction prevents resistance against osmotic forces, which leads to cell lysis. They have fungistatic activity against
171:
at the infusion site. They can also cause a histamine-like reaction (flushing) when infused too rapidly. Toxicity is uncommon. Its use has been associated with elevated aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase levels.
63:, as their mechanism of action resembles that of penicillin in bacteria. β-glucans are carbohydrate polymers that are cross-linked with other fungal cell wall components, the fungal equivalent to bacterial
191:
chains. The chains serve as anchors on the fungal cell membrane to facilitate antifungal activity. Due to their limited oral bioavailability, echinocandins are administered through intravenous infusion.
503:
spp. (narrow spectrum). Screening of natural products of fungal fermentation in the 1970s led to the discovery of echinocandins, a new group of antifungals with broad-range activity against
1334:
Gauthier GM, Nork TM, Prince R, Andes D (August 2005). "Subtherapeutic ocular penetration of caspofungin and associated treatment failure in
Candida albicans endophthalmitis".
155:. Caspofungin is used in the treatment of febrile neutropenia and as "salvage" therapy for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Micafungin is used as prophylaxis against
499:(Pers.), which were liposaccharide - i.e., fatty acid derivatives of a disaccharide that also blocked the same target, 1,3-β glucan synthase - and had action only on
363:
Low toxicity: only histamine release (3%), fever (2.9%), nausea and vomiting (2.9%), and phlebitis at the injection site (2.9%), very rarely allergy and anaphylaxis
287:
are often resistant to echinocandins. Echinocandins have weak in vitro activity (a high minimum inhibitory concentration) and very little clinical efficacy against
115:
biofilms, especially in synergistic activity with amphotericin B and additive activity with fluconazole. Echinocandins are fungistatic against some molds (
1419:
Rezafungin versus
Caspofungin in a Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind Study for the Treatment of Candidemia and Invasive Candidiasis- The STRIVE Trial |
260:
spp. show a "paradoxic effect", i.e., they are susceptible to low concentrations but resistant to high concentrations in broth microdilution studies.
79:
are semisynthetic echinocandin derivatives with limited clinical use due to their solubility, antifungal spectrum, and pharmacokinetic properties.
436:
1266:
Lehrnbecher T, Groll AH (August 2010). "Micafungin: a brief review of pharmacology, safety, and antifungal efficacy in pediatric patients".
1420:
821:
Chang CC, Slavin MA, Chen SC (April 2017). "New developments and directions in the clinical application of the echinocandins".
2185:
1469:
1318:
1093:"Increased dose of echinocandins for invasive fungal infections: bonanza for the patient or the pharmaceutical industry?"
366:
Not an inhibitor, inducer, or substrate of the cytochrome P450 system, or P-glycoprotein, thus minimal drug interactions
768:
Cancidas. Prescribing information-(caspofungin acetate) for injection. Merck & Co Inc, Whitehouse
Station, NJ 2008.
655:
512:
before the species are identified, and even as antifungal prophylaxis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients.
212:
and mouse models show echinocandins may also enhance host immune responses by exposing highly antigenic beta-glucan
2202:
582:
Morris MI, Villmann M (September 2006). "Echinocandins in the management of invasive fungal infections, part 1".
360:
Long half-life (polyphasic elimination: alpha phase 1–2 hours + beta phase 9–11 hours + gamma phase 40–50 hours)
1952:
1441:
617:
Morris MI, Villmann M (October 2006). "Echinocandins in the management of invasive fungal infections, Part 2".
1519:
403:, and zygomycetes are often resistant to echinocandins and they show weak activity against yeast forms of
167:
All three agents are well-tolerated, with the most common adverse effects being fever, rash, nausea, and
2020:
1990:
1462:
45:
2249:
1885:
709:
Sucher AJ, Chahine EB, Balcer HE (October 2009). "Echinocandins: the newest class of antifungals".
225:
1421:
https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciaa1380/5909460#.X2j03oyvxDQ.twitter
656:"Pharmacotherapy Update - New Antifungal Agents: Additions to the Existing Armamentarium (Part 1)"
52:
2190:
2120:
905:
Beauvais A, Latgé JP (February 2001). "Membrane and cell wall targets in
Aspergillus fumigatus".
2234:
2157:
1804:
147:
2244:
2239:
87:
Drugs and drug candidates in this class are fungicidal against some yeasts (most species of
2229:
1455:
495:
Discovery of echinocandins stemmed from studies on papulacandins isolated from a strain of
417:
Embryotoxic in animal studies (category C) thus should be avoided if possible in pregnancy
8:
1947:
1763:
682:
379:
Better (or no less effective) than amphotericin B and fluconazole against yeast (mainly
2110:
2080:
2075:
1397:
1370:
1291:
1248:
1163:
1136:
1068:
1041:
1017:
992:
968:
941:
846:
803:
734:
791:
324:(rapamycin), but anidulafungin needs no dose adjustments when given with ciclosporin,
1971:
1402:
1351:
1314:
1283:
1240:
1236:
1168:
1114:
1073:
1022:
973:
922:
887:
838:
795:
738:
726:
686:
669:
Debono M, Gordee RS (1994). "Antibiotics that inhibit fungal cell wall development".
634:
599:
564:
1295:
1252:
850:
807:
2115:
2065:
1392:
1382:
1343:
1275:
1232:
1199:
1158:
1148:
1104:
1063:
1053:
1012:
1004:
963:
953:
914:
877:
830:
787:
718:
678:
626:
591:
554:
89:
1697:
1687:
958:
345:
33:
350:), thus can be given empirically in febrile neutropenia and stem cell transplant
2196:
2127:
2070:
2040:
2025:
1793:
1682:
1221:"Newer systemic antifungal agents : pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy"
521:
442:
370:
60:
23:
834:
2223:
2030:
1926:
1900:
1707:
1659:
1625:
1580:
1550:
1387:
1153:
489:
466:
76:
64:
1447:
2152:
2137:
2050:
1980:
1730:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1702:
1692:
1610:
1600:
1595:
1585:
1570:
1560:
1545:
1486:
1482:
1406:
1355:
1287:
1244:
1172:
1118:
1109:
1092:
1077:
1026:
977:
926:
918:
891:
882:
865:
842:
799:
730:
638:
603:
568:
329:
101:
95:
690:
630:
595:
216:
that can accelerate host cellular recognition and inflammatory responses.
2171:
2132:
2090:
2060:
1961:
1905:
1841:
1829:
1677:
1669:
1664:
1635:
1630:
1620:
1615:
1590:
1565:
1135:
Eschenauer, Gregory; DePestel, Daryl D; Carver, Peggy L (February 2007).
1008:
559:
542:
454:
317:
184:
141:
135:
117:
107:
68:
37:
2161:
2142:
2105:
2100:
2085:
2055:
2035:
2000:
1920:
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1910:
1871:
1850:
1815:
1768:
1605:
1555:
1540:
1504:
1478:
1058:
472:
460:
448:
325:
72:
56:
1279:
1130:
1128:
722:
2147:
2095:
1824:
1783:
1749:
1575:
1531:
942:"A drug-sensitive genetic network masks fungi from the immune system"
321:
168:
41:
1220:
2045:
1788:
1740:
1650:
1347:
1204:
1187:
1125:
129:
123:
469:(VER-002, V-echinocandin, LY303366) (trade name Eraxis, by Pfizer)
2166:
1778:
213:
19:
485:
159:
infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients.
1436:
420:
Some need adjustment of dosing for patients with liver disease.
49:
1042:"Recent Insights into the Paradoxical Effect of Echinocandins"
180:
1515:
133:), and modestly or minimally active against dimorphic fungi (
778:
Denning DW (October 2003). "Echinocandin antifungal drugs".
145:). They have some activity against the spores of the fungus
1186:
Dodds Ashley, ES; Lewis, R; Lewis, JS; et al. (2006).
208:
spp., including strains that are resistant to fluconazole.
376:
No dose adjustment is necessary based on age, gender, race
357:
or use as a second-line agent for refractory aspergillosis
232:
spp. However, case studies have shown some resistance in
1368:
1134:
814:
1333:
1040:
Wagener, Johannes; Loiko, Veronika (28 December 2017).
439:(cyclic hexapeptides linked to a long-chain fatty acid)
1218:
1185:
320:
metabolism, and micafungin has some interference with
111:). Echinocandins also have displayed activity against
1369:Eschenauer G, Depestel DD, Carver PL (March 2007).
708:
650:
648:
463:(FK463) (trade name Mycamine, by Astellas Pharma.)
423:Poor ocular penetration in fungal endophthalmitis
1308:
1219:Boucher HW, Groll AH, Chiou CC, Walsh TJ (2004).
2221:
1265:
820:
764:
762:
645:
1302:
704:
702:
700:
616:
581:
1477:
1463:
904:
451:withdrawn from trials due to solvent toxicity
204:species and fungicidal activity against most
1362:
1327:
1311:Diagnosis and Treatment of Fungal Infections
1259:
1212:
1188:"Pharmacology of Systemic Antifungal Agents"
1090:
1039:
933:
898:
857:
759:
668:
939:
771:
697:
610:
575:
534:
1470:
1456:
662:
619:American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy
584:American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy
543:"Echinocandins: a new class of antifungal"
1396:
1386:
1375:Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
1203:
1162:
1152:
1141:Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
1108:
1067:
1057:
1016:
967:
957:
881:
558:
547:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
1371:"Comparison of echinocandin antifungals"
1309:Hospenthal DR, Rinaldi MG (2015-05-12).
1137:"Comparison of echinocandin antifungals"
484:
353:Can be used in case of azole-resistant
179:
59:of antifungals," along with the related
18:
863:
777:
540:
316:Caspofungin has some interference with
2222:
990:
445:not clinically used, risk of hemolysis
194:
1451:
1091:Chandrasekar, P H (24 January 2007).
866:"Fungal beta(1,3)-D-glucan synthesis"
993:"Echinocandin Resistance in Candida"
381:Candida, NOT yeast form of dimorphic
344:Broad range (especially against all
683:10.1146/annurev.mi.48.100194.002351
302:
263:Several non-candidal yeasts, e.g.,
13:
940:Wheeler RT, Fink GR (April 2006).
14:
2261:
1429:
55:. The class has been dubbed the "
1435:
1237:10.2165/00003495-200464180-00001
392:Disadvantages of echinocandins:
387:
299:, especially their yeast forms.
1953:thymidylate synthase inhibitors
1413:
1179:
1084:
1033:
984:
457:(trade name Cancidas, by Merck)
311:
162:
82:
991:Perlin, DS (1 December 2015).
745:
36:that inhibit the synthesis of
1:
792:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14472-8
671:Annual Review of Microbiology
527:
340:Advantages of echinocandins:
335:
219:
1336:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1268:Pediatric Blood & Cancer
1192:Clinical Infectious Diseases
997:Clinical Infectious Diseases
959:10.1371/journal.ppat.0020035
175:
7:
1097:Bone Marrow Transplantation
515:
427:
279:and filamentous fungi like
16:Group of chemical compounds
10:
2266:
480:
369:Lack of interference from
2180:
2021:bromochlorosalicylanilide
2013:
1991:Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
1989:
1970:
1946:
1939:
1884:
1863:
1840:
1814:
1803:
1762:
1739:
1649:
1530:
1514:
1503:
1494:
835:10.1007/s00204-016-1916-3
711:Annals of Pharmacotherapy
541:Denning, DW (June 2002).
46:noncompetitive inhibition
1388:10.2147/tcrm.2007.3.1.71
1313:. Springer. p. 95.
1154:10.2147/tcrm.2007.3.1.71
907:Drug Resistance Updates
753:Lippincott pharmacology
497:Papularia sphaerosperma
432:List of echinocandins:
1805:Squalene monooxygenase
1642:Systemic: ketoconazole
1110:10.1038/sj.bmt.1705563
919:10.1054/drup.2001.0185
883:10.1080/mmy.39.1.55.66
823:Archives of Toxicology
492:
187:
148:Pneumocystis jirovecii
26:
1833:Systemic: terbinafine
631:10.2146/ajhp050464.p2
596:10.2146/ajhp050464.p1
488:
183:
53:1,3-β glucan synthase
22:
2121:Whitfield's ointment
1948:Pyrimidine analogues
1764:Polyene antimycotics
1444:at Wikimedia Commons
153:Pneumocystis carinii
151:, formerly known as
1003:(Suppl 6): S612-7.
864:Douglas CM (2001).
195:Mechanism of action
2207:Never to phase III
2111:tribromometacresol
2081:sodium thiosulfate
2076:selenium disulfide
1972:Mitotic inhibitors
1059:10.3390/jof4010005
1009:10.1093/cid/civ791
876:(Suppl 1): 55–66.
560:10.1093/jac/dkf045
493:
283:, zygomycetes and
188:
27:
2217:
2216:
2009:
2008:
1935:
1934:
1886:β-glucan synthase
1880:
1879:
1859:
1858:
1758:
1757:
1440:Media related to
1320:978-3-319-13090-3
1280:10.1002/pbc.22449
1231:(18): 1997–2020.
786:(9390): 1142–51.
723:10.1345/aph.1M237
409:Blastomyces, and
277:Blastoschizomyces
2257:
2116:undecylenic acid
2066:potassium iodide
1944:
1943:
1812:
1811:
1528:
1527:
1512:
1511:
1501:
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1465:
1458:
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1423:
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1411:
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1400:
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1366:
1360:
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1325:
1324:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1198:(Suppl 1): S28.
1183:
1177:
1176:
1166:
1156:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1112:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1071:
1061:
1046:Journal of Fungi
1037:
1031:
1030:
1020:
988:
982:
981:
971:
961:
937:
931:
930:
902:
896:
895:
885:
870:Medical Mycology
861:
855:
854:
829:(4): 1613–1621.
818:
812:
811:
775:
769:
766:
757:
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749:
743:
742:
706:
695:
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666:
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659:
652:
643:
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614:
608:
607:
590:(18): 1693–703.
579:
573:
572:
562:
538:
373:and hemodialysis
303:Pharmacokinetics
34:antifungal drugs
2265:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2250:Cyclic peptides
2220:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2197:Clinical trials
2176:
2005:
1985:
1966:
1951:
1931:
1888:
1876:
1855:
1836:
1832:
1807:
1799:
1791:
1766:
1754:
1735:
1688:fosravuconazole
1645:
1521:
1520:lanosterol 14α-
1507:
1496:
1490:
1476:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1418:
1414:
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1332:
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1264:
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1184:
1180:
1133:
1126:
1089:
1085:
1038:
1034:
989:
985:
938:
934:
903:
899:
862:
858:
819:
815:
776:
772:
767:
760:
751:
750:
746:
717:(10): 1647–57.
707:
698:
667:
663:
654:
653:
646:
625:(19): 1813–20.
615:
611:
580:
576:
539:
535:
530:
518:
483:
430:
390:
338:
314:
305:
250:C. parapsilosis
222:
197:
178:
165:
85:
32:are a class of
17:
12:
11:
5:
2263:
2253:
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2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2128:citronella oil
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2071:salicylic acid
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2041:crystal violet
2038:
2033:
2028:
2026:chlorophetanol
2023:
2017:
2015:
2011:
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1797:
1794:amphotericin B
1786:
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1760:
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1753:
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1728:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1683:fosfluconazole
1680:
1673:
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1667:
1662:
1655:
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1431:
1430:External links
1428:
1425:
1424:
1412:
1361:
1348:10.1086/431761
1326:
1319:
1301:
1258:
1211:
1205:10.1086/504492
1178:
1124:
1103:(3): 129–131.
1083:
1032:
983:
946:PLOS Pathogens
932:
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744:
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522:Papulacandin B
517:
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458:
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443:Echinocandin B
440:
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371:kidney failure
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304:
301:
228:is rare among
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196:
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84:
81:
40:in the fungal
24:Echinocandin B
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2262:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2235:Echinocandins
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:chlorphenesin
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1940:Intracellular
1938:
1928:
1927:ibrexafungerp
1925:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1901:anidulafungin
1898:
1897:echinocandins
1894:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1708:oteseconazole
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1698:isavuconazole
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:efinaconazole
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1626:sertaconazole
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1581:fenticonazole
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1551:chlormidazole
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1443:
1442:Echinocandins
1438:
1434:
1433:
1422:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1274:(2): 229–32.
1273:
1269:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1129:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
979:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
951:
947:
943:
936:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
901:
893:
889:
884:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
817:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
774:
765:
763:
754:
748:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
705:
703:
701:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
665:
657:
651:
649:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
613:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
578:
570:
566:
561:
556:
553:(6): 889–91.
552:
548:
544:
537:
533:
523:
520:
519:
513:
511:
506:
502:
498:
491:
490:Anidulafungin
487:
474:
471:
468:
467:Anidulafungin
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
437:Pneumocandins
435:
434:
433:
422:
419:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
395:
394:
393:
388:Disadvantages
382:
378:
375:
372:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
352:
349:
348:
343:
342:
341:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
309:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:C. tropicalis
243:
242:C. lusitaniae
239:
235:
231:
227:
224:Echinocandin
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
192:
186:
182:
173:
170:
160:
158:
154:
150:
149:
144:
143:
138:
137:
132:
131:
126:
125:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
103:
98:
97:
92:
91:
80:
78:
77:anidulafungin
74:
70:
66:
65:peptidoglycan
62:
61:papulacandins
58:
54:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
30:Echinocandins
25:
21:
2245:Hexapeptides
2240:Embryotoxins
2153:tea tree oil
2138:lemon myrtle
2051:ethylparaben
1981:griseofulvin
1896:
1842:Benzylamines
1731:ravuconazole
1726:albaconazole
1718:voriconazole
1713:posaconazole
1703:itraconazole
1693:hexaconazole
1611:neticonazole
1601:luliconazole
1596:ketoconazole
1586:flutrimazole
1571:eberconazole
1561:clotrimazole
1546:butoconazole
1415:
1381:(1): 71–97.
1378:
1374:
1364:
1342:(3): e27–8.
1339:
1335:
1329:
1310:
1304:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1147:(1): 71–97.
1144:
1140:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1000:
996:
986:
949:
945:
935:
913:(1): 38–49.
910:
906:
900:
873:
869:
859:
826:
822:
816:
783:
779:
773:
752:
747:
714:
710:
674:
670:
664:
622:
618:
612:
587:
583:
577:
550:
546:
536:
509:
504:
500:
496:
494:
476:candidiasis.
431:
412:
411:Coccidioides
408:
404:
401:Trichosporon
400:
397:Cryptococcus
396:
391:
383:) infections
380:
354:
346:
339:
330:voriconazole
315:
312:Interference
306:
297:Coccidioides
296:
292:
288:
285:Scedosporium
284:
280:
276:
272:
269:Trichosporon
268:
265:Cryptococcus
264:
262:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
223:
209:
205:
201:
198:
189:
166:
163:Side effects
156:
152:
146:
140:
134:
128:
122:
116:
112:
106:
102:Trichosporon
100:
96:Cryptococcus
94:
88:
86:
83:Medical uses
29:
28:
2230:Antifungals
2193:from market
2172:pentamidine
2133:lemon grass
2091:taurolidine
2061:polynoxylin
1962:flucytosine
1906:caspofungin
1830:terbinafine
1816:Allylamines
1678:fluconazole
1670:terconazole
1665:fluconazole
1636:tioconazole
1631:sulconazole
1621:oxiconazole
1616:omoconazole
1591:isoconazole
1566:croconazole
1524:inhibitors)
1522:demethylase
1479:Antifungals
455:Caspofungin
405:Histoplasma
318:ciclosporin
293:Blastomyces
289:Histoplasma
273:Rhodotorula
258:Aspergillus
238:C. glabrata
234:C. albicans
202:Aspergillus
185:Caspofungin
142:Histoplasma
136:Blastomyces
118:Aspergillus
108:Rhodotorula
69:Caspofungin
2224:Categories
2162:atovaquone
2143:orange oil
2106:tolnaftate
2101:tolciclate
2086:sulbentine
2056:haloprogin
2036:ciclopirox
2001:tavaborole
1993:inhibitors
1979:Systemic:
1960:Systemic:
1921:rezafungin
1916:micafungin
1911:cilofungin
1895:Systemic:
1889:inhibitors
1872:amorolfine
1851:butenafine
1808:inhibitors
1792:Systemic:
1769:ergosterol
1676:Systemic:
1606:miconazole
1556:climbazole
1541:bifonazole
1532:Imidazoles
1508:inhibitors
1505:Ergosterol
952:(4): e35.
677:: 471–97.
528:References
473:Rezafungin
461:Micafungin
449:Cilofungin
336:Advantages
326:tacrolimus
226:resistance
220:Resistance
121:, but not
93:, but not
73:micafungin
57:penicillin
2203:Phase III
2191:Withdrawn
2148:patchouli
2096:ticlatone
1999:Topical:
1870:Topical:
1849:Topical:
1825:naftifine
1823:Topical:
1796:, hamycin
1784:natamycin
1777:Topical:
1750:abafungin
1748:Topical:
1741:Thiazoles
1724:Unknown:
1658:Topical:
1651:Triazoles
1576:econazole
1539:Topical:
739:207263606
322:sirolimus
256:spp. and
176:Chemistry
169:phlebitis
42:cell wall
2046:dimazole
1789:nystatin
1771:binding)
1497:membrane
1407:18360617
1356:16007519
1296:31575233
1288:20583216
1253:46957874
1245:15341494
1173:18360617
1119:17245422
1078:29371498
1052:(1): 5.
1027:26567278
978:16652171
927:11512152
892:11800269
851:31029386
843:28180946
808:35067894
800:14550704
731:19724014
639:16990627
604:16960253
569:12039879
516:See also
428:Examples
281:Fusarium
214:epitopes
210:In vitro
130:Rhizopus
124:Fusarium
38:β-glucan
2167:dapsone
1779:hamycin
1398:1936290
1164:1936290
1069:5872308
1018:4643482
969:1447670
691:7826015
510:Candida
505:Candida
501:Candida
481:History
355:Candida
347:Candida
254:Candida
230:Candida
206:Candida
157:Candida
113:Candida
90:Candida
48:of the
2186:WHO-EM
2014:Others
1864:Others
1516:Azoles
1405:
1395:
1354:
1317:
1294:
1286:
1251:
1243:
1171:
1161:
1117:
1076:
1066:
1025:
1015:
976:
966:
925:
890:
849:
841:
806:
798:
780:Lancet
737:
729:
689:
637:
602:
567:
295:, and
248:, and
105:, and
75:, and
50:enzyme
1495:Wall/
1292:S2CID
1249:S2CID
1225:Drugs
847:S2CID
804:S2CID
735:S2CID
328:, or
1485:and
1403:PMID
1352:PMID
1315:ISBN
1284:PMID
1241:PMID
1169:PMID
1115:PMID
1074:PMID
1023:PMID
974:PMID
923:PMID
888:PMID
839:PMID
796:PMID
727:PMID
687:PMID
635:PMID
600:PMID
565:PMID
275:and
139:and
127:and
44:via
2158:PCP
1487:J02
1483:D01
1393:PMC
1383:doi
1344:doi
1276:doi
1233:doi
1200:doi
1159:PMC
1149:doi
1105:doi
1064:PMC
1054:doi
1013:PMC
1005:doi
964:PMC
954:doi
915:doi
878:doi
831:doi
788:doi
784:362
719:doi
679:doi
627:doi
592:doi
555:doi
2226::
2199::
2160::
1401:.
1391:.
1377:.
1373:.
1350:.
1340:41
1338:.
1290:.
1282:.
1272:55
1270:.
1247:.
1239:.
1229:64
1227:.
1223:.
1196:43
1194:.
1190:.
1167:.
1157:.
1143:.
1139:.
1127:^
1113:.
1101:39
1099:.
1095:.
1072:.
1062:.
1048:.
1044:.
1021:.
1011:.
1001:61
999:.
995:.
972:.
962:.
948:.
944:.
921:.
909:.
886:.
874:39
872:.
868:.
845:.
837:.
827:91
825:.
802:.
794:.
782:.
761:^
733:.
725:.
715:43
713:.
699:^
685:.
675:48
673:.
647:^
633:.
623:63
621:.
598:.
588:63
586:.
563:.
551:49
549:.
545:.
407:,
399:,
332:.
291:,
271:,
267:,
244:,
240:,
236:,
99:,
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67:.
1950:/
1923:)
1899:(
1767:(
1518:(
1489:)
1481:(
1471:e
1464:t
1457:v
1409:.
1385::
1379:3
1358:.
1346::
1323:.
1298:.
1278::
1255:.
1235::
1208:.
1202::
1175:.
1151::
1145:3
1121:.
1107::
1080:.
1056::
1050:4
1029:.
1007::
980:.
956::
950:2
929:.
917::
911:4
894:.
880::
853:.
833::
810:.
790::
755:.
741:.
721::
693:.
681::
658:.
641:.
629::
606:.
594::
571:.
557::
413:.
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