47:
70:
466:
456:
are club-shaped and highly elongated. Spores arise in succession from four loci at the apex (which is sometimes partly septate). These spores are passively released and may remain on the basidium in chains, unless disturbed. In the type species, the spores germinate to form yeast cells, but yeast
403:
The cells of species that produce yeasts are covered in a thin layer of glycoprotein capsular material that has a gelatin-like consistency, and that among other functions, serves to help extract nutrients from the soil. The
433:
species have a huge diversity at the infraspecific level with different molecular types based on their genetic differences, mainly due to their geographical distribution, molecular characteristics, and ecological niches.
613:, and is known from Sri Lanka, England, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, and Canada. It is not known to produce a yeast state. This species grows as long, branching filaments and is self-fertile, i.e. it is
564:) is endemic to tropical parts of the continent of Africa and Australia. It is capable of causing disease in non-immunocompromised people. In its yeast state it has been isolated from
523:; when dust of the droppings is stirred up, it can infect humans or pets that inhale the dust. Infected humans and animals do not transmit their infection to others. The taxonomy of
1214:
Passer, A. R.; Clancey, S. A.; Shea, T.; David-Palma, M.; Averette, A. F.; Boekhout, T.; Porcel, B. M.; Nowrousian, M.; Cuomo, C. A.; Sun, S.; Heitman, J.; Coelho, M. A. (2022).
380:
599:
643:
625:
411:
consists of several polysaccharides, of which the major one is the immunomodulatory polysaccharide called glucuronoxylomannan (GXM). GXM is made up of the
348:
440:
species are not known to produce distinct, visible fruitbodies. All teleomorph forms appear to be parasites of other fungi. In teleomorphs the
1590:
1473:
46:
664:
1525:
1551:
647:
was originally isolated as a yeast from beetle tunnels in South
African trees. It forms a basidia-bearing teleomorph in culture.
426:
and can also contain O-acetyl groups. The capsule functions as the major virulence factor in cryptococcal infection and disease.
695:
Liu XZ, Wang QM, Göker M, Groenewald M, Kachalkin AV, Lumbsch HT, Millanes AM, Wedin M, Yurkov AM, Boekhout T, Bai FY (2015).
1556:
804:
cap10 and cap59 mutant strains, affected in glucuronoxylomannan synthesis, differentially activate human dendritic cells"
1216:"Obligate sexual reproduction of a homothallic fungus closely related to the Cryptococcus pathogenic species complex"
674:
495:
is cosmopolitan and is the most prominent medically important species. It is best known for causing a severe form of
1626:
1595:
328:. Over 300 additional names were subsequently added to the genus, almost all of which were later removed following
69:
1451:
1659:
1577:
1631:
1605:
631:
1517:
1654:
610:
486:
361:
329:
165:
56:
1465:
1413:
512:
20:
1618:
1165:
1019:
917:
Findley K, Rodriguez-Carres M, Metin B, Kroiss J, Fonseca A, Vilgalys R, Heitman J (2009).
639:
fungus, and is known from
England and Italy. It too is not known to produce a yeast state.
8:
618:
547:
500:
311:
207:
148:
1353:
Findley K, Sun S, Fraser JA, Hsueh Y, Averette AF, Li W, Dietrich FS, Heitman J (2012).
1169:
1389:
1354:
1335:
1242:
1215:
1188:
1145:
1126:
1094:
998:
947:
918:
894:
859:
772:
721:
696:
224:
64:
1613:
1486:
1478:
1394:
1327:
1247:
1193:
1118:
1075:
952:
899:
825:
820:
799:
780:
726:
670:
1339:
1002:
1491:
1384:
1374:
1319:
1286:
1237:
1227:
1183:
1173:
1130:
1110:
1065:
990:
942:
934:
889:
879:
815:
764:
716:
708:
445:
260:
1664:
1379:
1178:
712:
415:
412:
263:
131:
111:
27:
1582:
1512:
299:
1323:
1070:
1049:
994:
515:
recipients and people receiving certain cancer treatments. In its yeast state
1648:
1436:
576:
531:
408:
337:
320:
101:
1398:
1331:
1251:
1197:
1079:
956:
903:
829:
730:
614:
605:
371:
352:
157:
1122:
884:
697:"Towards an integrated phylogenetic classification of the Tremellomycetes"
294:
comes from the Greek for "hidden sphere" (literally "hidden berry"). Some
1538:
1445:
1291:
1266:
784:
469:
121:
1232:
938:
1530:
1114:
776:
636:
565:
520:
496:
275:
1543:
1306:
Sivakumaran S, Bridge P, Roberts P (2002). "Genetic relatedness among
1499:
1460:
1144:
Rodriguez-Carres M, Findley K, Sun S, Dietrich FS, Heitman J (2010).
449:
333:
315:
286:
was reserved for the yeasts. Most yeast species formerly referred to
81:
1569:
1407:
768:
1564:
1504:
1430:
384:
1143:
916:
453:
423:
366:
271:
174:
572:
has been reviewed; it has now been divided into five species:
465:
441:
419:
381:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
91:
923:
species and closely related saprobic taxa in the
Tremellales"
798:
Grijpstra J, Tefsen B, van Die I, de Cock H (November 2009).
797:
527:
has been reviewed: it has now been divided into two species:
267:
256:
1213:
452:
with filaments that attach to the hyphae of host fungi. The
340:. As a result, some ten species are currently recognized in
1026:. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. April 28, 2010
508:
383:, the practice of giving different names to teleomorph and
919:"Phylogeny and phenotypic characterization of pathogenic
504:
1305:
387:
forms of the same fungus was discontinued, meaning that
242:
Y. Yamada, H. Kawas., Itoh, I. Banno & Nakase (1988)
694:
1352:
1092:
977:(Tremellales): haustorial branches and parasitism of
1355:"Discovery of a modified tetrapolar sexual cycle in
1258:
663:
Kurtzman, Cletus P.; Fell, Jack W. (20 March 1998).
460:
1048:Hagen F, Khayhan K, Theelen B, et al. (2015).
1047:
968:
966:
290:have now been placed in different genera. The name
1150:: a homothallic sibling species of the pathogenic
842:
1646:
1137:
963:
1264:
1146:"Morphological and genomic characterization of
847:. American Society for Microbiology, ASM Press.
519:is found in the droppings of wild birds, often
746:
347:The teleomorph was first described in 1975 by
1209:
1207:
310:The genus was described by French mycologist
1095:"On the taxonomy of the entomogenous fungus
972:
791:
742:
740:
662:
379:for the new genus. Following changes to the
1346:
1299:
1093:Samson RA, Stalpers JA, Weijman AC (1983).
1052:Cryptococcus gattii/Cryptococcus neoformans
851:
1204:
910:
398:
45:
1388:
1378:
1290:
1241:
1231:
1187:
1177:
1069:
1014:
1012:
946:
893:
883:
836:
819:
737:
720:
690:
688:
686:
26:Do not confuse Cryptococcus (fungi) with
1043:
1041:
857:
808:FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology
464:
656:
621:with itself throughout its life cycle.
1647:
1086:
1009:
683:
457:states are not known for all species.
278:were formerly classified in the genus
1412:
1411:
1050:"Recognition of seven species in the
1038:
747:Kwon-Chung KJ. (1975). "A new genus,
391:became a synonym of the earlier name
1606:1e47a6d6-a376-452b-bc55-69319fcc0043
568:trees in Australia. The taxonomy of
19:For the genus of scale insects, see
359:, by crossing strains of the yeast
274:. The filamentous, sexual forms or
13:
868:: An Atlas of the Molecular Types"
860:"Global Molecular Epidemiology of
14:
1676:
843:Casadevall A, Perfect JR (1998).
461:Habitat, distribution and species
324:in the yeast previously known as
1359:and the evolution of MAT in the
821:10.1111/j.1574-695X.2009.00587.x
314:in 1901, when he failed to find
68:
351:, who obtained cultures of the
298:species cause a disease called
1265:Ginns J, Bernicchia A (2000).
666:The Yeasts - A Taxonomic Study
369:similar to those of the genus
1:
973:Ginns J, Malloch DW (2003). "
650:
1380:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002528
1179:10.1371/journal.pone.0009620
1024:infection (cryptococcosis)?"
713:10.1016/j.simyco.2015.12.001
318:characteristic of the genus
7:
1097:Filobasidiella arachnophila
1058:Fungal Genetics and Biology
305:
10:
1681:
1148:Filobasidiella depauperata
975:Filobasidiella depauperata
545:
484:
365:. She was able to observe
25:
18:
1420:
1071:10.1016/j.fgb.2015.02.009
995:10.1007/s11557-006-0051-6
632:Granulobasidium vellereum
600:Cryptococcus depauperatus
536:Cryptococcus deneoformans
357:Filobasidiella neoformans
230:
223:
180:
173:
163:
156:
65:Scientific classification
63:
53:
44:
37:
1357:Cryptococcus amylolentus
644:Cryptococcus amylolentus
326:Saccharomyces neoformans
183:Cryptococcus amylolentus
1324:10.1023/A:1023309311643
1103:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
862:Cryptococcus neoformans
845:Cryptococcus neoformans
802:Cryptococcus neoformans
753:Cryptococcus neoformans
751:, the perfect state of
611:entomopathogenic fungus
529:Cryptococcus neoformans
493:Cryptococcus neoformans
487:Cryptococcus neoformans
448:or unclamped, and bear
399:General characteristics
362:Cryptococcus neoformans
166:Cryptococcus neoformans
57:Cryptococcus neoformans
1273:Hypochnicium vellereum
477:
476:species in lung tissue
1452:Cryptococcus (Vuill.)
606:Lecanicillium lecanii
511:. It may also infect
468:
21:Cryptococcus (insect)
1660:Basidiomycota genera
1292:10.29203/ka.2000.351
1269:Filobasidiella lutea
983:Mycological Progress
979:Verticillium lecanii
444:are colourless, are
1233:10.7554/eLife.79114
1170:2010PLoSO...5.9620R
939:10.1128/EC.00373-08
885:10.1155/2013/675213
866:Cryptococcus gattii
858:Cogliati M (2013).
701:Studies in Mycology
626:Cryptococcus luteus
617:. It can reproduce
554:Cryptococcus gattii
548:Cryptococcus gattii
501:meningoencephalitis
312:Jean Paul Vuillemin
266:that includes both
1115:10.1007/BF00399323
478:
332:research based on
1642:
1641:
1614:Open Tree of Life
1414:Taxon identifiers
375:, hence the name
248:
247:
243:
237:
236:Kwon-Chung (1975)
152:
1672:
1635:
1634:
1622:
1621:
1609:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1586:
1585:
1583:BMSSYS0000005323
1573:
1572:
1560:
1559:
1547:
1546:
1534:
1533:
1521:
1520:
1508:
1507:
1495:
1494:
1482:
1481:
1469:
1468:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1392:
1382:
1363:species complex"
1350:
1344:
1343:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1271:: parasitism of
1262:
1256:
1255:
1245:
1235:
1211:
1202:
1201:
1191:
1181:
1154:species complex"
1141:
1135:
1134:
1109:(4–5): 447–456.
1090:
1084:
1083:
1073:
1054:species complex"
1045:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1016:
1007:
1006:
970:
961:
960:
950:
914:
908:
907:
897:
887:
855:
849:
848:
840:
834:
833:
823:
795:
789:
788:
763:(6): 1197–1200.
744:
735:
734:
724:
692:
681:
680:
660:
629:is parasitic on
603:is parasitic on
585:C. deuterogattii
581:C. bacillisporus
513:organ-transplant
450:haustorial cells
270:and filamentous
259:of fungi in the
241:
235:
203:C. deuterogattii
187:C. bacillisporus
147:
73:
72:
49:
35:
34:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1655:Tremellomycetes
1645:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1630:
1625:
1617:
1612:
1604:
1602:
1594:
1589:
1581:
1576:
1568:
1563:
1555:
1550:
1542:
1537:
1529:
1524:
1516:
1511:
1503:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1477:
1472:
1464:
1459:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1416:
1406:
1373:(2): e1002528.
1351:
1347:
1304:
1300:
1263:
1259:
1212:
1205:
1142:
1138:
1091:
1087:
1046:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1010:
971:
964:
927:Eukaryotic Cell
915:
911:
856:
852:
841:
837:
796:
792:
769:10.2307/3758842
745:
738:
693:
684:
677:
661:
657:
653:
550:
503:in people with
489:
463:
416:glucuronic acid
413:monosaccharides
401:
349:K.J. Kwon-Chung
308:
264:Cryptococcaceae
215:
211:
205:
201:
199:C. depauperatus
197:
195:C. deneoformans
193:
189:
185:
169:
146:
132:Cryptococcaceae
112:Tremellomycetes
67:
54:Yeast state of
31:
28:Cryptosporidium
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1678:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1623:
1610:
1600:
1587:
1574:
1561:
1548:
1535:
1522:
1509:
1496:
1483:
1470:
1457:
1442:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1405:
1404:
1345:
1318:(3): 157–162.
1312:Mycopathologia
1308:Filobasidiella
1298:
1285:(1–2): 49–51.
1257:
1203:
1136:
1085:
1037:
1008:
989:(2): 137–140.
962:
933:(3): 353–361.
909:
850:
835:
790:
749:Filobasidiella
736:
682:
675:
654:
652:
649:
589:C. tetragattii
546:Main article:
485:Main article:
462:
459:
400:
397:
389:Filobasidiella
377:Filobasidiella
307:
304:
300:cryptococcosis
280:Filobasidiella
246:
245:
233:Filobasidiella
228:
227:
221:
220:
217:C. tetragattii
178:
177:
171:
170:
161:
160:
154:
153:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
61:
60:
51:
50:
42:
41:
16:Genus of fungi
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1677:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:PLOS Genetics
1364:
1362:
1358:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1208:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1025:
1023:
1015:
1013:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
969:
967:
958:
954:
949:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
922:
913:
905:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
867:
863:
854:
846:
839:
831:
827:
822:
817:
814:(2): 142–50.
813:
809:
805:
803:
794:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
743:
741:
732:
728:
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
691:
689:
687:
678:
676:9780080542690
672:
668:
667:
659:
655:
648:
646:
645:
640:
638:
634:
633:
628:
627:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:
602:
601:
596:
594:
593:C. decagattii
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:sensu stricto
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:C. neoformans
555:
551:
549:
543:
542:
539:
537:
533:
532:sensu stricto
530:
526:
525:C. neoformans
522:
518:
517:C. neoformans
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
488:
482:
481:
475:
471:
467:
458:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
414:
410:
407:
406:C. neoformans
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:
368:
364:
363:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
338:DNA sequences
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:
321:Saccharomyces
317:
313:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
262:
258:
254:
253:
244:
240:
234:
229:
226:
222:
219:
218:
214:
210:
209:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:C. decagattii
188:
184:
179:
176:
172:
168:
167:
162:
159:
155:
150:
145:
144:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
102:Basidiomycota
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
71:
66:
62:
59:
58:
52:
48:
43:
40:
36:
33:
29:
22:
1422:Cryptococcus
1421:
1370:
1366:
1361:Cryptococcus
1360:
1356:
1348:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1223:
1219:
1164:(3): e9620.
1161:
1157:
1152:Cryptococcus
1151:
1147:
1139:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1088:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1028:. Retrieved
1022:Cryptococcus
1021:
986:
982:
978:
974:
930:
926:
921:Cryptococcus
920:
912:
875:
871:
865:
861:
853:
844:
838:
811:
807:
801:
793:
760:
756:
752:
748:
704:
700:
669:. Elsevier.
665:
658:
642:
641:
630:
624:
623:
604:
598:
597:
592:
588:
584:
580:
573:
569:
561:
557:
553:
552:
544:
541:
540:
535:
528:
524:
516:
492:
491:
483:
480:
479:
474:Cryptococcus
473:
438:Cryptococcus
437:
436:
431:Cryptococcus
430:
428:
405:
402:
393:Cryptococcus
392:
388:
376:
372:Filobasidium
370:
360:
356:
353:type species
346:
342:Cryptococcus
341:
336:analysis of
325:
319:
309:
296:Cryptococcus
295:
292:Cryptococcus
291:
288:Cryptococcus
287:
284:Cryptococcus
283:
279:
252:Cryptococcus
251:
250:
249:
238:
232:
231:
216:
212:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
181:
164:
158:Type species
143:Cryptococcus
142:
141:
55:
39:Cryptococcus
38:
32:
1539:iNaturalist
1446:Wikispecies
872:Scientifica
615:homothallic
470:Field stain
276:teleomorphs
122:Tremellales
30:(protists).
1649:Categories
1310:species".
878:: 675213.
707:: 85–147.
651:References
637:corticioid
566:eucalyptus
556:(formerly
497:meningitis
316:ascospores
239:Tsuchiyaea
98:Division:
1461:AlgaeBase
1279:Karstenia
1064:: 16–48.
1020:"What is
757:Mycologia
574:C. gattii
570:C. gattii
334:cladistic
330:molecular
213:C. luteus
208:C. gattii
88:Kingdom:
82:Eukaryota
1565:MycoBank
1513:Fungorum
1479:60015594
1474:AusFungi
1431:Wikidata
1399:22359516
1340:41798563
1332:12749578
1252:35713948
1198:20224779
1158:PLOS ONE
1080:25721988
1003:34250983
957:19151324
904:24278784
830:19694810
731:26955199
619:sexually
472:showing
385:anamorph
306:Taxonomy
282:, while
225:Synonyms
128:Family:
78:Domain:
1531:2518146
1437:Q309498
1390:3280970
1243:9296135
1189:2835752
1166:Bibcode
1131:2752286
1123:6651289
1030:8 March
948:2653247
895:3820360
777:3758842
722:4777781
521:pigeons
454:basidia
446:clamped
424:mannose
409:capsule
367:basidia
272:species
175:Species
138:Genus:
118:Order:
108:Class:
1665:Yeasts
1632:603997
1603:NZOR:
1596:107441
1557:194666
1544:464082
1505:1CRYCG
1397:
1387:
1338:
1330:
1250:
1240:
1196:
1186:
1129:
1121:
1078:
1001:
955:
945:
902:
892:
828:
785:765816
783:
775:
729:
719:
673:
591:, and
562:gattii
442:hyphae
420:xylose
268:yeasts
261:family
151:(1901)
149:Vuill.
1627:WoRMS
1619:90104
1570:11060
1518:11060
1492:9269G
1466:49539
1336:S2CID
1220:eLife
1127:S2CID
999:S2CID
800:"The
773:JSTOR
609:, an
560:var.
429:Some
257:genus
255:is a
92:Fungi
1591:NCBI
1552:ITIS
1526:GBIF
1500:EPPO
1395:PMID
1328:PMID
1248:PMID
1194:PMID
1119:PMID
1076:PMID
1032:2012
953:PMID
900:PMID
876:2013
864:and
826:PMID
781:PMID
727:PMID
671:ISBN
635:, a
534:and
509:AIDS
499:and
422:and
1578:NBN
1487:CoL
1385:PMC
1375:doi
1320:doi
1316:156
1287:doi
1238:PMC
1228:doi
1184:PMC
1174:doi
1111:doi
1066:doi
991:doi
981:".
943:PMC
935:doi
890:PMC
880:doi
816:doi
765:doi
755:".
717:PMC
709:doi
583:, '
505:HIV
1651::
1629::
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