428:
444:
458:
40:
61:
4066:
4054:
420:
1282:. By the start of the 20th century it was the most common herbal remedy in America. Commercial cultivation began in Germany in the late 1930s, and in Switzerland in 1950, by A. Vogel. Soon chemists and pharmacologists began the task of identifying potentially active ingredients and their properties. These included
1215:, with archaeological evidence dating back to the 18th century. Traditional use included external application (insect bites, burns, wounds), chewing of roots (throat and tooth infections) and internal use (cough, pain, snake bites, stomach cramps). Some
3138:
Urbatsch, Lowell E.; Baldwin, Bruce G.; Donoghue, Michael J. (July 2000). "Phylogeny of the
Coneflowers and Relatives (Heliantheae: Asteraceae) Based on Nuclear rDNA Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) Sequences and Chlorplast DNA Restriction Site Data".
1700:, there is significant variability of products used among studies, leading to low-quality or no evidence for efficacy and safety, leading to considerable controversy. Consequently, regulatory authorities, such as the United States
1673:, "There is no scientific evidence to show that echinacea can help treat, prevent or cure cancer in any way. Some therapists have claimed that echinacea can help relieve side effects from cancer treatments such as
1096:
is restricted to North
America, east of the Rocky Mountains, and in the Atlantic drainage area, predominantly the Great Plains and central United States and adjacent areas of Canada. The genus range is from
3022:
Binns, Shannon E.; Baum, Bernard R.; Arnason, John T. (2001). "Typification of
Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (Heliantheae: Asteraceae) and its implications for the correct naming of two Echinacea taxa".
2684:
Species
Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. 2 vols
3700:
695:
opens, thus forming a cone. Plants are generally long lived, with distinctive flowers. The common name "coneflower" comes from the characteristic center "cone" at the center of the flower head.
3306:
Hart, Anna; Dey, Paola (August 2009). "Echinacea for prevention of the common cold: An illustrative overview of how information from different systematic reviews is summarised on the internet".
3499:
Schapowal, A; Klein, P; Johnston, SL (March 2015). "Echinacea reduces the risk of recurrent respiratory tract infections and complications: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
2433:
2900:"Echinacea species (Echinacea angustifolia (DC.) Hell., Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench): a review of their chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties"
2666:
Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, sive, Enumeratio contracta ordinum generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarium, juxta methodi naturalis, normas digesta 17 vols
3797:
1511:
products failed quality testing. Four of the failing products contained levels of phenols below the potency level stated on the labels. One failing product was contaminated with lead.
363:", due to the spiny central disk. These flowering plants and their parts have different uses. Some species are cultivated in gardens for their showy flowers. Two of the species,
1129:
are threatened by over-harvesting of wild specimens for the herbal product trade and modification of their habitats by humans. Major reductions in the size of populations of
4415:
3701:"Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Removal of Echinacea tennesseensis (Tennessee Purple Coneflower) From the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Plants"
3746:
3723:
3337:
Huntley, Alyson L; Thompson Coon, Joanna; Ernst, Edzard (2005). "The Safety of Herbal
Medicinal Products Derived from Echinacea Species: A Systematic Review".
3852:
3848:
1602:
may vary significantly in chemical composition. Inconsistent process control in manufactured echinacea products may involve poor inter- and intra-batch
831:(Nutt.) DC. Alternative classification include with four species and eight subspecies, and two subgenera with four species, has been proposed, based on
3820:
3075:
Flagel, L. E.; Rapp, R. A.; Grover, C. E.; Widrlechner, M. P.; Hawkins, J.; Grafenberg, J. L.; Alvarez, I.; Chung, G. Y.; Wendel, J. F. (1 June 2008).
2768:
2448:
4258:
3750:
1507:
As a matter of manufacturing safety, one investigation by an independent-consumer testing laboratory found that five of eleven selected retail
1527:
products that had product licenses for children with a warning that they should not be given to children under 12 as a precautionary measure.
1318:. Despite many different preparations and hundreds of publications, no exact identification of a truly active ingredient has been identified.
4284:
3376:
Izzo, Angelo A.; Ernst, Edzard (September 2009). "Interactions
Between Herbal Medicines and Prescribed Drugs: An Updated Systematic Review".
1519:
The
European Herbal Medicinal Products Committee (HMPC) and the UK Herbal Medicines Advisory Committee (HMAC) recommended against the use of
3673:
815:, ranging between 2 and 11. One of the most widely adopted schemes was that of McGregor (1968), which included nine species, of which two,
174:
578:
below the flower head, are persistent and number 15–50. The phyllaries are produced in a 2–4 series. The receptacles are hemispheric to
4320:
2956:
Hostettmann, K. (2003). "Geschichte einer
Pflanze am Beispiel von Echinacea" [History of a plant: the example of Echinacea].
707:
species were named by
European explorers after seeing them in the forests of southeastern North America during the 18th century. The
4206:
779:
Historically, there has been much confusion over the taxonomic treatment of the genus, largely due to the ease with which the taxa
3878:
4271:
4219:
3816:
3696:
3421:
3415:
Karsch-Völk, Marlies; Barrett, Bruce; Kiefer, David; Bauer, Rudolf; Ardjomand-Woelkart, Karin; Linde, Klaus (20 February 2014).
1651:
and expressed juice), and different chemical compositions which complicate understanding of a potential effect. Well-controlled
523:
often decrease in length. The leaf blades in different species may have one, three, or five nerves. Some species have linear to
3857:
3054:
Binns, Shannon E.; Baum, Bernard R.; Arnason, John Thor (2002). "A Taxonomic
Revision of Echinacea (Asteraceae: Heliantheae)".
222:
2881:
2807:
2786:
2632:
2607:
2586:
2561:
2536:
2500:
2035:
1717:
4430:
4276:
2904:
2873:
2944:
594:) have orange to reddish purple ends, and are longer than the disc corollas. The paleae bases partially surrounding the
531:; often the leaves decrease in size as they progress up the stems. Leaf bases gradually increase in width away from the
4425:
1208:
3628:
1416:
products concluded that overall, "adverse events are rare, mild and reversible," with the most common symptoms being "
2735:
4382:
4122:
4070:
3754:
3731:
4289:
3271:"Echinacea and trypanasomatid parasite interactions: Growth-inhibitory and anti-inflammatory effects of Echinacea"
635:
4245:
3906:"A Comprehensive Echinacea Germplasm Collection Located at the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station"
3589:
3122:
2958:
4338:
3905:
3544:
3238:
Ang-Lee, Michael K.; Moss, Jonathan; Yuan, Chun-Su (11 July 2001). "Herbal Medicines and Perioperative Care".
3178:
Zhang, N; Erickson, DL; Ramachandran, P; Ottesen, AR; Timme, RE; Funk, VA; Luo, Y; Handy, SM (16 March 2017).
3916:
2752:
3832:
3077:"Phylogenetic, morphological, and chemotaxonomic incongruence in the North American endemic genus Echinacea"
1064:
3462:
2778:
2660:
1701:
1580:
1381:
691:– "cone-shaped" because the petals of the outer ray florets tend to point downward (are reflexed) once the
427:
3920:
2945:"Echinacea: A Literature Review: Botany, History, Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Clinical Uses"
1473:
795:(L) Moench was not the one originally described by Linnaeus, but rather that described by De Candolle as
4198:
4185:
4003:
3943:
3583:
Turner, Ronald B.; Bauer, Rudolf; Woelkart, Karin; Hulsey, Thomas C.; Gangemi, J. David (28 July 2005).
2641:
4420:
4333:
4058:
4011:
3999:
3708:
3084:
2996:
1179:
in gardens. Many cultivars exist, and many of them are asexually propagated to keep them true to type.
904:
787:
where species ranges overlap, and high morphological variation. Furthermore it was discovered that the
4387:
60:
4299:
4224:
3983:
2444:
515:(1–4 rings of cells), but sometimes they lack hairs. The basal leaves and the lower stem leaves have
2703:
2815:
2678:
1477:
3650:
2468:
4325:
4193:
3953:
1656:
1412:
with other medications. One of the most extensive and systematic studies to review the safety of
1006:
404:
365:
3935:
Fifty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Eastern Region of the International Plant Propagators' Society
3538:
Shah, Sachin A; Sander, Stephen; White, C Michael; Rinaldi, Mike; Coleman, Craig I (July 2007).
3180:"An analysis of Echinacea chloroplast genomes: Implications for future botanical identification"
2682:
2664:
4180:
4084:
3948:
3275:
1633:
1400:
supplements is not well understood, with possibilities that it may cause side effects, such as
1260:
1203:
1165:
916:
875:
443:
213:
4263:
3540:"Evaluation of echinacea for the prevention and treatment of the common cold: a meta-analysis"
2518:
2727:
The Genera of North American Plants: And a Catalogue of the Species, to the Year 1817. 2 vols
2045:
1341:
650:
are pinkish, greenish, reddish-purple or yellow and have tubes shorter than the throats. The
4312:
1587:
because some products may not be risk free under certain circumstances or may interact with
4154:
3681:
3193:
1377:
1212:
1191:
926:
396:
2869:
The families and genera of vascular plants v. 8 Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Asterales
8:
3501:
3308:
1584:
1523:-containing products in children under the age of 12. Manufacturers re-labelled all oral
1493:
1453:
1243:. Early European settlers noticed this and began to develop their own uses. According to
976:
936:
888:
species, allowing clear distinctions among species based on chemical differences in root
743:
371:
3475:
3197:
500:
with fibrous roots. They have erect stems that in most species are unbranched. Both the
4410:
4369:
4030:
4026:
3793:
3566:
3539:
3526:
3487:
3443:
3416:
3403:
3364:
3214:
3184:
3179:
3166:
3158:
3063:
3042:
2983:
2931:
2748:
2707:
1736:
1670:
1663:
1627:
1445:
1373:
1159:
1138:
996:
986:
966:
956:
908:
768:
726:
672:
are persistent and variously crown-shaped with 0 to 4 or more prominent teeth. x = 11.
492:
449:
400:
391:
376:
200:
55:
20:
3727:
3557:
2898:
Barnes, Joanne; Anderson, Linda A; Gibbons, Simon; Phillipson, J David (August 2005).
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
457:
4307:
4141:
3608:
3571:
3518:
3479:
3448:
3395:
3391:
3356:
3352:
3325:
3294:
3257:
3219:
3141:
3109:
2975:
2923:
2877:
2803:
2782:
2731:
2693:
2628:
2603:
2582:
2557:
2532:
2496:
1685:
1639:
1588:
1389:
1252:
1171:
946:
656:
559:
3491:
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3368:
3170:
2987:
2935:
4374:
3598:
3561:
3553:
3530:
3510:
3471:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3387:
3348:
3317:
3284:
3249:
3209:
3201:
3150:
3101:
3093:
3034:
2967:
2913:
2645:
2624:
2202:
1592:
1417:
1409:
1176:
1110:
863:
832:
780:
615:
532:
520:
516:
475:
315:
239:
4146:
3629:"Study: Echinacea Cuts Colds by Half. Skeptic Remains Unconvinced by New Analysis"
3378:
3025:
2867:
2797:
2772:
2744:
2725:
2709:
Methodus plantas horti botanici et agri Marburgensis: a staminum situ describendi
2618:
2597:
2572:
2547:
2522:
2509:
2492:
2486:
1544:
1303:
1299:
1244:
1114:
599:
483:
318:
98:
4361:
3321:
3269:
Canlas, Judith; Hudson, James B; Sharma, Manju; Nandan, Devki (September 2010).
1295:
1283:
567:
39:
4107:
3585:"An Evaluation of Echinacea angustifolia in Experimental Rhinovirus Infections"
3205:
3076:
2863:
2721:
2429:
1652:
1614:
with other products, leading to potential for substantial product variability.
1548:
1489:
1425:
1102:
747:
583:
505:
85:
3514:
3289:
3270:
2862:
Panero, J L (2007). "Heliantheae". In Kadereit, Joachim W.; Jeffrey, Charles;
4404:
3934:
3853:"Echinacea herbal products should not be used in children under 12 years old"
2699:
1689:
1607:
1564:
1536:
1365:
1330:
1287:
1236:
1232:
1216:
788:
784:
731:
688:
680:
563:
436:
411:
products are effective or safe for improving health or treating any disease.
330:
311:
191:
3751:"The Common Cold and Complementary Health Approaches: What the Science Says"
423:
The spiny center of the head showing the paleae, from which the name derives
4351:
3821:"Echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida, Echinacea purpurea)"
3773:
3612:
3575:
3522:
3452:
3399:
3360:
3329:
3298:
3261:
3253:
3223:
3113:
2979:
2927:
2578:
1919:
1678:
1674:
1611:
1357:
1291:
1264:
1098:
892:. The research concluded that of the 40 genetically diverse populations of
881:
639:
555:
540:
338:
4133:
3483:
2918:
2899:
486:
growing up to 140 cm (4 ft 7 in) in height. They grow from
4232:
4116:
3828:
3658:
3603:
3584:
3339:
1603:
1457:
1248:
1106:
1085:, in recognition that in the seed stage, the cone has spiny projections.
763:
692:
643:
607:
164:
154:
3969:
3460:
Mullins, Raymond J (February 1998). "Echinacea-associated anaphylaxis".
3097:
1780:
1750:
1472:
products were administered. There are isolated case reports of rare and
1306:
properties and were mainly promoted for the prevention and treatment of
734:
subsequently reclassified it in 1794 as the separate but related genus,
570:
shaped involucres which are 12–40 mm (0.47–1.57 in) wide. The
4211:
3815:
3162:
3105:
3067:
3046:
2528:
2217:
1693:
1481:
1279:
1082:
889:
676:
623:
603:
591:
548:
544:
536:
528:
524:
509:
501:
461:
322:
144:
2971:
2716:: Marburgi cattorum: in officina nova libraria academiae. p. 591.
1708:
products as safe and effective for any health or therapeutic purpose.
1606:, species or plant part differences, variable extraction methods, and
1555:
products until stronger safety supporting evidence becomes available.
1145:
had recovered sufficiently by 2011 that it was removed from the list.
345:, blooming in summer. The generic name is derived from the Greek word
4237:
4167:
3769:
2553:
2078:
1625:
products vary widely in composition. They contain different species (
1485:
1385:
1311:
1275:
1240:
1071:
1044:
1037:
720:
353:
134:
4078:
3154:
3038:
1953:
1951:
1949:
19:
This article is about the flowering plant. For the sea urchins, see
4346:
4101:
4065:
3978:
3774:"Echinacea Uses, Benefits & Dosage - Drugs.com Herbal Database"
2674:
1648:
1644:
1429:
1405:
1369:
1228:
1078:
836:
824:
715:
665:
595:
571:
512:
360:
124:
111:
4172:
1885:
1883:
1881:
2713:
2687:. Vol. 2. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. p. 907.
1946:
1337:
827:. Treatments that include ten species, differ by the addition of
627:
614:
are dark purple to pale pink, white, or yellow. The tubes of the
487:
479:
334:
4250:
3177:
2163:
2161:
2159:
4053:
3942:
Urbatsch, Lowell E.; Neubig, Kurt M.; Cox, Patricia B. (2006).
1878:
1449:
1421:
1401:
1315:
874:. Subsequently, McGregor's classification was preserved in the
684:
651:
497:
342:
4159:
3904:
McCoy, Ann; Widrlechner, Mark; Carstens, Jeff (October 2005).
2389:
668:), are tan or bicolored with a dark brown band distally. The
419:
3633:
2156:
1307:
1224:
1062:
708:
669:
661:
647:
611:
587:
579:
575:
508:. The leaves are normally hairy with a rough texture, having
346:
72:
2263:
2261:
2259:
1808:
1806:
1329:
is of no benefit as a treatment for the common cold. A 2016
3240:
2477:
2173:
1968:
1966:
1571:
products due to insufficient safety information available.
1437:
1433:
1361:
812:
631:
619:
302:
299:
293:
278:
269:
266:
260:
245:
2107:
2105:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
296:
3874:
3695:
2285:
2256:
2084:
1856:
1854:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1803:
1465:
1157:
are cultivated for commercial use, while others, notably
654:
is normally yellow in most species, but usually white in
284:
251:
2377:
2348:
2302:
2300:
2117:
2056:
2054:
1963:
1907:
1500:
itself. Up to 58 drugs or supplements may interact with
766:
elevated this variety to a species in its own right, as
16:
Genus of flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae
3417:"Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold"
2552:. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles.
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2102:
2090:
1978:
1936:
1934:
1105:
in Louisiana and Texas in the south, and from the Ohio
554:
The flowers are collected together into single rounded
2401:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2129:
1851:
1818:
3678:
Kansas Biological Survey: Research - medicinal plants
2851:
Taxonomic history and revision of the genus Echinacea
2297:
2244:
2066:
2051:
1360:, but may have undesirable interactions with various
835:
alone, but has proved controversial. This recognised
718:
in 1753, and this specimen as one of five species of
290:
281:
275:
263:
257:
248:
242:
2223:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2146:
2144:
1931:
1895:
1598:
As with any herbal preparation, individual doses of
972:– Purple coneflower, eastern purple coneflower
772:(Nutt.) DC, by which time four species of the genus
4416:
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
2835:
2822:
2360:
2273:
1957:
1889:
1839:
1267:. The first preparation was Meyers Blood Purifier (
962:– Yellow coneflower, Bush's purple coneflower
942:– Smooth coneflower, smooth purple coneflower
287:
254:
3792:
3123:"The taxonomy of the genus Echinacea (Compositae)"
2849:Binns, S. E.; Arnason, J. T.; Baum, B. R. (2004).
2838:The naming and classification of Echinacea species
2825:The naming and classification of Echinacea species
2395:
2336:
1535:Although research has not found increased risk of
1496:, although it is not clear that these were due to
896:studied, there were nine to ten distinct species.
750:, using the original name, described a variety of
622:are spreading, reflexed, or drooping in habit and
3879:"What You Need to Know about Dietary Supplements"
3414:
2519:"A Review of the Taxonomy of the Genus Echinacea"
2185:
2167:
2141:
1999:
1866:
1460:. Muscle and joint pain has been associated with
1388:. Although there are no specific case reports of
1016:These two databases differ in their treatment of
4402:
2659:
2312:
2011:
1925:
823:(Norton) Britton, were further divided into two
325:. It has ten species, which are commonly called
3498:
2324:
2179:
2023:
375:, were formerly listed in the United States as
3941:
3137:
2836:Kindscher, Kelly; Wittenberg, Rebecca (2016).
2823:Kindscher, Kelly; Wittenberg, Rebecca (2006).
2546:Miller, Sandra Carol; Yu, He-ci, eds. (2004).
2488:Echinacea: Herbal Medicine with a Wild History
2428:
1812:
1514:
1235:for headaches, and many tribes, including the
1023:, the former considering this as a synonym of
687:arranged in a prominent, somewhat cone-shaped
337:and open wooded areas. They have large, showy
329:. They are native only in eastern and central
3674:"Conservation planning for Echinacea species"
3336:
3237:
2291:
2267:
1643:), different plant segments (roots, flowers,
1420:and skin-related." Such side effects include
811:have recorded varying numbers of subordinate
683:, with rose-colored (rarely yellow or white)
519:, and as the leaves progress up the stem the
3582:
3268:
3074:
2897:
2470:The Conservation Status of Echinacea Species
2383:
2354:
2218:Natural Standard Research Collaboration 2013
1972:
1655:are limited and low in quality, with little
884:has been applied to determine the number of
862:. In this scheme, other taxa are reduced to
3903:
3053:
3021:
2955:
2848:
2467:Kindscher, Kelly, ed. (30 September 2006).
2111:
2096:
1993:
1860:
1833:
1088:
3537:
2997:"No Easy Answers to Echinacea's Evolution"
2767:Kindscher, Kelly (2007). "Plant Lore". In
2443:. Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products,
2407:
38:
3913:Iowa Botanical Supplement Research Center
3671:
3648:
3602:
3565:
3442:
3375:
3288:
3213:
2917:
2843:
2830:
2766:
2484:
2466:
2306:
2250:
2123:
2072:
2060:
1464:, but it may have been caused by cold or
1227:used it for coughs and sore throats, the
679:, the flowering structure is a composite
642:have typically 200–300 fertile, bisexual
3968:
3768:
3120:
2856:
2774:Encyclopedia of the Great Plains Indians
2673:
2545:
2238:
1940:
1901:
1845:
1789:Environmental Conservation Online System
1759:Environmental Conservation Online System
1681:, but this has not been proven either."
1030:
618:are hairless or sparsely hairy, and the
456:
442:
426:
418:
3944:"Echinacea Moench, Methodus. 591. 1794"
3817:Natural Standard Research Collaboration
3802:Complementary and alternative therapies
3459:
3422:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3305:
2814:, also searchable at Internet Archive,
2795:
2720:
2616:
2570:
2516:
2371:
2279:
2135:
2041:
1913:
992:– Narrow-leaved purple coneflower
807:Many taxonomic treatments of the genus
504:and cauline (stem) leaves are arranged
4403:
3745:
2861:
2730:. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Nuttall.
2698:
2595:
2524:Perspectives on New Crops and New Uses
2422:
2342:
1872:
1321:
1113:and the Carolinas in the east, to the
1027:and the latter as a distinct species.
624:linear to elliptic or obovate in shape
383:has been delisted due to recovery and
4083:
4082:
3722:
3626:
3127:University of Kansas Science Bulletin
2994:
2942:
2874:Springer Science & Business Media
2196:
2150:
2005:
1718:List of ineffective cancer treatments
1666:are useful for treating any disease.
1574:
1333:found tentative evidence that use of
4300:49072172-2d11-4b41-9132-0c68c87d0378
3998:
3847:
2905:Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
2802:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 309.
2434:"European Union herbal monograph on
2318:
2017:
1137:have led to their classification as
4025:
3873:
3476:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1998.tb126773.x
2330:
2029:
13:
4339:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30035795-2
2943:Hobbs, Christopher (Winter 1994).
1791:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
1761:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
1583:recommends precaution about using
1002:– Wavyleaf purple coneflower
982:– Sanguine purple coneflower
746:is given as (L.) Moench. In 1818,
14:
4442:
4046:
1364:prescribed for diseases, such as
1209:North American Indigenous peoples
907:gives nine accepted species, and
4064:
4052:
3755:US National Institutes of Health
3732:US National Institutes of Health
3392:10.2165/11317010-000000000-00000
3353:10.2165/00002018-200528050-00003
2799:Encyclopedia of the Great Plains
1259:was used for cold prevention by
932:– Topeka purple coneflower
529:elliptic- to ovate-shaped leaves
333:, where they grow in wet to dry
238:
59:
3649:Cooperman, Tod (17 July 2021).
3590:New England Journal of Medicine
2959:Complementary Medicine Research
2617:Plowden, C. Chicheley (1972) .
2416:
1958:Kindscher & Wittenberg 2016
1890:Kindscher & Wittenberg 2006
1347:
1302:. Extracts appeared to exhibit
1120:
714:was then formally described by
677:members of the sunflower family
3651:"Echinacea Supplements Review"
3627:Chang, Louise (26 June 2007).
3545:The Lancet Infectious Diseases
3435:10.1002/14651858.CD000530.pub3
2747:, both volumes also available
2549:Echinacea: The genus Echinacea
2485:Kindscher, Kelly, ed. (2016).
2085:Fish and Wildlife Service 2011
1773:
1751:"Tennessee purple coneflower (
1743:
1729:
1148:
952:– Pale purple coneflower
922:– Narrow-leaf coneflower
802:
414:
399:. Although commonly sold as a
1:
3780:. New Zealand: Drugsite Trust
3558:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70160-3
2794:(Excerpted and expanded from
1723:
1563:It is recommended that women
1340:reduced the risk of repeated
1268:
387:is now listed as threatened.
3463:Medical Journal of Australia
2779:University of Nebraska Press
2602:. McGraw-Hill Professional.
1702:Food and Drug Administration
1684:Although there are multiple
1581:Food and Drug Administration
1558:
1530:
1072:
1052:
1012:– Tennessee coneflower
354:
7:
4431:Taxa named by Conrad Moench
3921:Iowa State University, Ames
3620:
3322:10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.04.006
3121:McGregor, Ronald L (1968).
2891:
2760:
2669:. Paris: Treuttel et Würtz.
2574:Native American Ethnobotany
2571:Moerman, Daniel E. (1998).
1711:
1647:), different preparations (
1617:
1515:Children under 12 years old
1101:in the north to almost the
698:
660:. The three or four-angled
590:on the receptacles of many
496:, which grows from a short
212:Necker ex T.C.Porter &
10:
4447:
4012:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
4008:Plants of the World Online
3709:Department of the Interior
3206:10.1038/s41598-017-00321-6
3085:American Journal of Botany
2796:Wishart, David J. (2004).
2521:. In Janick, Jules (ed.).
2438:(L.) Moench, herba recens"
1692:published on the supposed
1274:), which was promoted for
1197:
1063:
905:Plants of the World Online
899:
842:, with the single species
738:, with the single species
598:, and are keeled with the
347:
18:
4426:Flora of Northern America
4091:
3984:Missouri Botanical Garden
3697:Fish and Wildlife Service
3672:Kindscher, Kelly (2021).
3515:10.1007/s12325-015-0194-4
3290:10.3109/13880200903483468
2995:Perry, Ann (March 2010).
2445:European Medicines Agency
1737:"Definition of ECHINACEA"
1547:, it is recommended that
1263:who lived in the area of
1247:, its modern use for the
638:or moderately hairy. The
547:, but sometimes they are
206:
199:
56:Scientific classification
54:
46:
37:
30:
1567:should use caution with
1478:thrombocytopenic purpura
1444:has also been linked to
1278:, rattlesnake bites and
1190:has long been used as a
1089:Distribution and habitat
646:but some have more. The
602:abruptly constricted to
527:leaves, and others have
403:, there is insufficient
3954:Oxford University Press
2620:A Manual of Plant Names
2396:Cancer Research UK 2019
1753:Echinacea tennesseensis
1539:associated with use of
1474:idiosyncratic reactions
1468:symptoms for which the
1408:, and that it may have
1356:does not usually cause
1223:for cold symptoms. The
1207:was widely used by the
1182:
1125:Natural populations of
1117:foothills in the west.
1061:, from the Greek word
1057:Moench named the genus
1007:Echinacea tennesseensis
537:rounded to heart shaped
4123:Echinacea (Asteraceae)
3949:Flora of North America
3276:Pharmaceutical Biology
3254:10.1001/jama.286.2.208
3016:Taxonomy and phylogeny
2857:Miller & Yu (2004)
2168:Karsch-Volk et al 2014
1928:, p. 5: 554.
1396:, safety about taking
1342:respiratory infections
1261:Native American tribes
1231:for sore throats, the
1204:Echinacea angustifolia
917:Echinacea angustifolia
876:Flora of North America
850:, with three species,
468:
454:
440:
424:
3915:(Conference poster).
3858:The National Archives
3825:Drugs and supplements
3004:Agricultural Research
2919:10.1211/0022357056127
2517:McKeown, K A (1999).
2508:(additional excerpts
2251:Izzo & Ernst 2009
1926:de Candolle 1824–1873
1352:When taken by mouth,
1031:Former classification
460:
446:
430:
422:
4061:at Wikimedia Commons
3898:Databases and floras
3877:(29 November 2017).
3682:University of Kansas
3604:10.1056/NEJMoa044441
3232:Traditional medicine
2876:. pp. 440–477.
2531:. pp. 482–489.
2432:(24 November 2015).
2180:Schapowal et al 2015
1781:"Smooth coneflower (
1704:, have not approved
1378:rheumatoid arthritis
1255:maker was told that
1192:traditional medicine
927:Echinacea atrorubens
610:number 8–21 and the
566:have crateriform to
558:at the ends of long
539:. Most species have
397:traditional medicine
3819:(1 November 2013).
3796:(18 January 2019).
3502:Advances in Therapy
3309:Preventive Medicine
3198:2017NatSR...7..216Z
3098:10.3732/ajb.0800049
2423:Books and documents
2372:Hart & Dey 2009
1813:Urbatsch et al 2006
1783:Echinacea laevigata
1664:supplement products
1657:scientific evidence
1585:dietary supplements
1494:atrial fibrillation
1454:shortness of breath
1404:, stomach upset or
1374:autoimmune diseases
1322:Infectious diseases
1251:began when a Swiss
1111:glades of Tennessee
977:Echinacea sanguinea
937:Echinacea laevigata
744:botanical authority
405:scientific evidence
4004:"Echinacea Moench"
3972:Echinacea purpurea
3851:(20 August 2014).
3794:Cancer Research UK
3749:(December 2020a).
3185:Scientific Reports
2661:de Candolle, A. P.
2654:Historical sources
2436:Echinacea purpurea
2292:Ang-Lee et al 2001
2268:Huntley et al 2005
1686:scientific reviews
1671:Cancer Research UK
1575:General precaution
1456:, and one case of
1446:allergic reactions
1139:endangered species
997:Echinacea simulata
987:Echinacea serotina
967:Echinacea purpurea
957:Echinacea paradoxa
909:World Flora Online
797:Echinacea serotina
793:Echinacea purpurea
769:Echinacea serotina
756:Rudbeckia purpurea
752:Rudbeckia purpurea
740:Echinacea purpurea
727:Rudbeckia purpurea
549:dentate or serrate
469:
466:Echinacea purpurea
455:
450:Echinacea purpurea
441:
433:Echinacea paradoxa
425:
401:dietary supplement
392:Echinacea purpurea
377:endangered species
48:Echinacea purpurea
21:Echinacea (animal)
4421:Asteraceae genera
4398:
4397:
4308:Open Tree of Life
4085:Taxon identifiers
4057:Media related to
3699:(3 August 2011).
3386:(13): 1777–1798.
3142:Systematic Botany
3056:Systematic Botany
2972:10.1159/000071678
2883:978-3-540-31051-8
2840:. pp. 37–45.
2809:978-0-8032-4787-1
2788:978-0-8032-9862-0
2769:Wishart, David J.
2694:Species Plantarum
2634:978-0-04-580007-0
2625:Allen & Unwin
2609:978-0-87983-610-8
2596:Mowrey D (1998).
2588:978-0-88192-453-4
2563:978-0-203-02269-6
2538:978-0-9615027-0-6
2502:978-3-319-18155-4
2384:Turner et al 2005
2355:Barnes et al 2005
1973:Flagel et al 2008
1410:adverse reactions
1390:drug interactions
1253:herbal supplement
1177:ornamental plants
1022:
1011:
1001:
991:
981:
971:
961:
951:
947:Echinacea pallida
941:
931:
921:
776:were recognised.
754:, which he named
535:or the bases are
230:
229:
225:
216:
195:
4438:
4391:
4390:
4378:
4377:
4365:
4364:
4355:
4354:
4342:
4341:
4329:
4328:
4316:
4315:
4303:
4302:
4293:
4292:
4280:
4279:
4267:
4266:
4254:
4253:
4241:
4240:
4228:
4227:
4215:
4214:
4202:
4201:
4189:
4188:
4176:
4175:
4163:
4162:
4150:
4149:
4137:
4136:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4080:
4079:
4069:Data related to
4068:
4056:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4022:
4020:
4018:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3938:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3910:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3831:. Archived from
3812:
3810:
3808:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3772:(8 April 2021).
3765:
3763:
3761:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3705:Federal Register
3692:
3690:
3688:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3616:
3606:
3579:
3569:
3534:
3495:
3456:
3446:
3411:
3372:
3333:
3302:
3292:
3283:(9): 1047–1052.
3265:
3227:
3217:
3174:
3134:
3117:
3081:
3071:
3050:
3033:(4): 1169–1175.
3011:
3001:
2991:
2952:
2939:
2921:
2887:
2854:
2853:. pp. 3–11.
2844:Kindscher (2016)
2841:
2831:Kindscher (2006)
2828:
2827:. pp. 8–31.
2819:
2813:
2792:
2756:
2741:
2717:
2688:
2670:
2649:
2646:Internet Archive
2638:
2623:(3rd ed.).
2613:
2592:
2567:
2542:
2513:
2506:
2481:
2475:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2447:. Archived from
2442:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2221:
2215:
2200:
2194:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2154:
2148:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2112:Hostettmann 2003
2109:
2100:
2097:McCoy et al 2005
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2049:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1994:Binns et al 2002
1991:
1976:
1970:
1961:
1955:
1944:
1938:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1916:, p. 2:178.
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1861:Binns et al 2001
1858:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1834:Binns et al 2004
1831:
1816:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1593:over-the-counter
1418:gastrointestinal
1273:
1270:
1153:Many species of
1143:E. tennesseensis
1135:E. tennesseensis
1075:
1068:
1067:
1020:
1010:
1000:
990:
980:
970:
960:
950:
940:
930:
920:
484:perennial plants
381:E. tennesseensis
366:E. tennesseensis
357:
350:
349:
319:flowering plants
309:
308:
305:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
272:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
221:
211:
190:
64:
63:
42:
28:
27:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4386:
4381:
4373:
4368:
4360:
4358:
4350:
4345:
4337:
4332:
4324:
4319:
4311:
4306:
4298:
4296:
4288:
4283:
4275:
4270:
4262:
4257:
4249:
4244:
4236:
4231:
4223:
4218:
4210:
4205:
4197:
4192:
4184:
4179:
4171:
4166:
4158:
4153:
4145:
4140:
4132:
4130:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4087:
4049:
4044:
4035:
4033:
4016:
4014:
3989:
3987:
3959:
3957:
3932:
3925:
3923:
3908:
3887:
3885:
3883:Food: Consumers
3864:
3862:
3861:(Press release)
3838:
3836:
3806:
3804:
3783:
3781:
3759:
3757:
3736:
3734:
3713:
3711:
3686:
3684:
3663:
3661:
3655:Product reviews
3639:
3637:
3623:
3429:(2): CD000530.
3155:10.2307/2666695
3079:
3039:10.2307/1224737
2999:
2894:
2884:
2864:Kubitzki, Klaus
2810:
2793:
2789:
2781:. p. 166.
2763:
2742:
2738:
2722:Nuttall, Thomas
2639:
2635:
2610:
2589:
2564:
2539:
2507:
2503:
2493:Springer Nature
2473:
2457:
2455:
2454:on 19 June 2018
2451:
2440:
2425:
2419:
2414:
2408:Shah et al 2007
2406:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2224:
2216:
2203:
2195:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2157:
2149:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2052:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1979:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1947:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1819:
1811:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1714:
1653:clinical trials
1634:E. angustifolia
1620:
1577:
1561:
1545:first trimester
1533:
1517:
1350:
1324:
1304:immunostimulant
1300:polysaccharides
1271:
1245:Wallace Sampson
1241:pain medication
1239:, used it as a
1200:
1185:
1175:, are grown as
1166:E. angustifolia
1151:
1123:
1091:
1055:
1033:
902:
846:, and subgenus
817:E. angustifolia
805:
701:
417:
274:
241:
237:
217:
189:
58:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4444:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4379:
4375:wfo-4000012904
4366:
4356:
4343:
4330:
4317:
4304:
4294:
4281:
4268:
4255:
4242:
4229:
4216:
4203:
4190:
4177:
4164:
4151:
4138:
4128:
4113:
4097:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4077:
4076:
4075:at Wikispecies
4062:
4048:
4047:External links
4045:
4043:
4042:
4023:
3996:
3966:
3939:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3871:
3845:
3835:on 8 July 2017
3813:
3790:
3766:
3743:
3720:
3693:
3646:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3597:(4): 341–348.
3580:
3552:(7): 473–480.
3535:
3509:(3): 187–200.
3496:
3470:(4): 170–171.
3457:
3412:
3373:
3347:(5): 387–400.
3334:
3316:(2–3): 78–82.
3303:
3266:
3248:(2): 208–216.
3234:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3175:
3135:
3118:
3092:(6): 756–765.
3072:
3062:(3): 610–632.
3051:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3012:
2992:
2953:
2940:
2912:(8): 929–954.
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2882:
2859:
2846:
2833:
2820:
2808:
2787:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2736:
2718:
2700:Moench, Conrad
2696:
2675:Linnaeus, Carl
2671:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2633:
2614:
2608:
2593:
2587:
2568:
2562:
2543:
2537:
2514:
2501:
2482:
2464:
2430:European Union
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2400:
2388:
2376:
2359:
2347:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2307:Cooperman 2021
2296:
2284:
2272:
2255:
2243:
2222:
2201:
2184:
2172:
2155:
2140:
2138:, p. 205.
2128:
2126:, p. 156.
2124:Kindscher 2007
2116:
2101:
2089:
2077:
2073:Kindscher 2006
2065:
2061:Kindscher 2021
2050:
2034:
2022:
2010:
1998:
1977:
1962:
1945:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1894:
1877:
1865:
1850:
1838:
1817:
1802:
1772:
1742:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1619:
1616:
1576:
1573:
1560:
1557:
1549:pregnant women
1532:
1529:
1516:
1513:
1490:kidney failure
1426:abdominal pain
1349:
1346:
1323:
1320:
1199:
1196:
1184:
1181:
1150:
1147:
1122:
1119:
1115:Rocky Mountain
1103:Gulf of Mexico
1090:
1087:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1032:
1029:
1014:
1013:
1003:
993:
983:
973:
963:
953:
943:
933:
923:
901:
898:
804:
801:
742:, so that the
700:
697:
564:inflorescences
416:
413:
228:
227:
204:
203:
197:
196:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
115:
114:
109:
102:
101:
96:
89:
88:
83:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
52:
51:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4443:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4389:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4165:
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4156:
4152:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4129:
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4118:
4114:
4109:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4081:
4074:
4073:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3973:
3967:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3907:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3733:
3729:
3726:(July 2020).
3725:
3721:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3624:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2962:(in German).
2961:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2885:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2790:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2737:9780608408859
2733:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2663:(1824–1873).
2662:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2409:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2385:
2380:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2356:
2351:
2344:
2339:
2332:
2327:
2320:
2315:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2293:
2288:
2281:
2276:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2252:
2247:
2240:
2239:Drugsite 2021
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2181:
2176:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2137:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2098:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2031:
2026:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2002:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1960:, p. 38.
1959:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1942:
1941:McGregor 1968
1937:
1935:
1927:
1922:
1915:
1910:
1903:
1902:Tropicos 2021
1898:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1874:
1869:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1847:
1846:Linnaeus 1753
1842:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1776:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:immunological
1691:
1690:meta-analyses
1687:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1669:According to
1667:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1608:contamination
1605:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1565:breastfeeding
1556:
1554:
1551:should avoid
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:birth defects
1528:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:heart disease
1363:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1331:meta-analysis
1328:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:cichoric acid
1285:
1281:
1277:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:Plains tribes
1214:
1213:folk medicine
1210:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1066:
1060:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1019:
1009:
1008:
1004:
999:
998:
994:
989:
988:
984:
979:
978:
974:
969:
968:
964:
959:
958:
954:
949:
948:
944:
939:
938:
934:
929:
928:
924:
919:
918:
914:
913:
912:
910:
906:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
877:
873:
869:
868:E. atrorubens
865:
861:
857:
853:
852:E. atrorubens
849:
845:
841:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
800:
798:
794:
790:
789:type specimen
786:
785:introgression
782:
777:
775:
771:
770:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:Conrad Moench
729:
728:
723:
722:
717:
713:
710:
706:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:inflorescence
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
630:faces of the
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
467:
463:
459:
452:
451:
445:
438:
437:inflorescence
434:
429:
421:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:
368:
367:
362:
358:
356:
344:
341:of composite
340:
336:
332:
331:North America
328:
324:
320:
317:
313:
307:
236:
235:
226:
224:
220:
215:
210:
205:
202:
198:
193:
188:
187:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
86:Tracheophytes
84:
81:
78:
77:
74:
71:
68:
67:
62:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
4092:
4071:
4036:15 September
4034:. Retrieved
4017:19 September
4015:. Retrieved
4007:
3990:14 September
3988:. Retrieved
3977:
3974:(L.) Moench"
3971:
3960:23 September
3958:. Retrieved
3956:. p. 88
3952:. New York:
3947:
3924:. Retrieved
3912:
3886:. Retrieved
3882:
3863:. Retrieved
3856:
3837:. Retrieved
3833:the original
3824:
3805:. Retrieved
3801:
3784:29 September
3782:. Retrieved
3777:
3760:25 September
3758:. Retrieved
3737:17 September
3735:. Retrieved
3714:21 September
3712:. Retrieved
3704:
3687:30 September
3685:. Retrieved
3677:
3662:. Retrieved
3654:
3638:. Retrieved
3632:
3594:
3588:
3549:
3543:
3506:
3500:
3467:
3461:
3426:
3420:
3383:
3377:
3344:
3338:
3313:
3307:
3280:
3274:
3245:
3239:
3189:
3183:
3146:
3140:
3130:
3126:
3089:
3083:
3059:
3055:
3030:
3024:
3007:
3003:
2963:
2957:
2951:(30): 33–48.
2948:
2909:
2903:
2868:
2850:
2837:
2824:
2798:
2773:
2726:
2712:(in Latin).
2708:
2690:
2683:
2665:
2619:
2598:
2579:Timber Press
2573:
2548:
2523:
2487:
2469:
2456:. Retrieved
2449:the original
2435:
2417:Bibliography
2403:
2391:
2379:
2350:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2287:
2280:Mullins 1998
2275:
2246:
2175:
2136:Moerman 1998
2131:
2119:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2042:Plowden 1972
2037:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1921:
1914:Nuttall 1818
1909:
1897:
1892:, p. 9.
1868:
1841:
1793:. Retrieved
1788:
1782:
1775:
1763:. Retrieved
1758:
1752:
1745:
1731:
1705:
1697:
1683:
1679:radiotherapy
1675:chemotherapy
1668:
1660:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1612:adulteration
1599:
1597:
1589:prescription
1578:
1568:
1562:
1552:
1540:
1534:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1469:
1461:
1448:, including
1441:
1413:
1397:
1393:
1358:side effects
1353:
1351:
1348:Side effects
1334:
1326:
1325:
1292:echinacoside
1265:South Dakota
1256:
1220:
1202:
1201:
1187:
1186:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1142:
1134:
1131:E. laevigata
1130:
1126:
1124:
1121:Conservation
1107:oak savannas
1099:Saskatchewan
1093:
1092:
1070:
1058:
1056:
1043:
1036:
1024:
1021:(Nutt.) DC.
1017:
1015:
1005:
995:
985:
975:
965:
955:
945:
935:
925:
915:
903:
893:
885:
882:DNA analysis
880:
871:
867:
859:
856:E. laevigata
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
828:
820:
816:
808:
806:
799:(Nutt.) DC.
796:
792:
778:
773:
767:
759:
755:
751:
739:
735:
725:
719:
711:
704:
702:
674:
655:
644:disc florets
640:flower heads
553:
541:leaf margins
491:
474:species are
471:
470:
465:
448:
447:A bee on an
432:
431:A bee on an
408:
390:
389:
385:E. laevigata
384:
380:
372:E. laevigata
370:
364:
359:), meaning "
352:
326:
323:daisy family
233:
232:
231:
218:
208:
207:
185:
184:
118:
105:
92:
79:
47:
31:
25:
4233:iNaturalist
4117:Wikispecies
4031:"Echinacea"
3829:Mayo Clinic
3798:"Echinacea"
3728:"Echinacea"
3659:ConsumerLab
3340:Drug Safety
3106:10261/15034
2966:(1): 9–12.
2704:"Echinacea"
2679:"Rudbeckia"
2640:(Available
2343:NCCIH 2020a
1873:Moench 1794
1696:effects of
1628:E. purpurea
1604:homogeneity
1595:medicines.
1543:during the
1458:anaphylaxis
1296:ketoalkenes
1284:alyklamides
1272: 1880
1249:common cold
1160:E. purpurea
1149:Cultivation
1025:E. purpurea
1018:E. serotina
911:gives ten:
890:metabolites
866:rank, e.g.
844:E. purpurea
829:E. serotina
821:E. paradoxa
803:Subdivision
764:De Candolle
762:. In 1836,
693:flower head
608:ray florets
568:hemispheric
506:alternately
493:E. purpurea
415:Description
395:is used in
327:coneflowers
165:Heliantheae
155:Asteroideae
151:Subfamily:
99:Angiosperms
4405:Categories
3926:10 October
3640:12 October
3192:(1): 216.
3149:(3): 539.
3133:: 113–142.
2949:HerbalGram
2529:ASHS Press
2197:NCCIH 2020
2151:Chang 2007
2006:Perry 2010
1724:References
1640:E. pallida
1482:leucopenia
1476:including
1376:, such as
1280:rheumatism
1172:E. pallida
1083:sea-urchin
860:E. pallida
833:morphology
703:The first
657:E. pallida
606:tips. The
592:Asteraceae
572:phyllaries
525:lanceolate
510:uniseriate
482:-tolerant
476:herbaceous
462:Fasciation
316:herbaceous
171:Subtribe:
145:Asteraceae
4411:Echinacea
4093:Echinacea
4072:Echinacea
4059:Echinacea
3888:9 October
3865:9 October
3839:4 October
3807:4 October
3778:Drugs.com
3664:9 October
2599:Echinacea
2554:CRC Press
2319:MHRA 2014
2046:p. 7
2018:POWO 2021
1706:Echinacea
1698:Echinacea
1661:Echinacea
1623:Echinacea
1600:Echinacea
1579:The U.S.
1569:Echinacea
1559:Lactation
1553:Echinacea
1541:Echinacea
1531:Pregnancy
1525:Echinacea
1521:Echinacea
1509:Echinacea
1502:Echinacea
1498:Echinacea
1486:hepatitis
1470:Echinacea
1462:Echinacea
1442:Echinacea
1414:Echinacea
1398:Echinacea
1394:Echinacea
1386:psoriasis
1354:Echinacea
1335:Echinacea
1327:Echinacea
1312:influenza
1276:neuralgia
1257:Echinacea
1221:Echinacea
1188:Echinacea
1155:Echinacea
1127:Echinacea
1094:Echinacea
1059:Echinacea
1053:Etymology
1045:Brauneria
1038:Rudbeckia
894:Echinacea
886:Echinacea
840:Echinacea
825:varietals
809:Echinacea
781:hybridize
774:Echinacea
736:Echinacea
721:Rudbeckia
712:Echinacea
705:Echinacea
675:Like all
560:peduncles
543:that are
513:trichomes
490:, except
472:Echinacea
409:Echinacea
234:Echinacea
219:Helichroa
209:Brauneria
186:Echinacea
175:Zinniinae
135:Asterales
69:Kingdom:
50:'Maxima'
32:Echinacea
4359:VASCAN:
4352:40000806
4347:Tropicos
4131:BioLib:
4108:Q1642983
4102:Wikidata
4029:(2021).
4002:(2021).
3979:Tropicos
3917:USDA/ARS
3770:Drugsite
3621:Websites
3613:16049208
3576:17597571
3523:25784510
3492:11837168
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3400:19719333
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2892:Articles
2866:(eds.).
2761:Chapters
2745:Volume 2
2724:(1818).
2702:(1794).
2691:see also
2677:(1753).
2458:16 March
2331:FDA 2017
2030:WFO 2021
1712:See also
1649:extracts
1645:extracts
1618:Research
1430:diarrhea
1406:diarrhea
1370:bleeding
1338:extracts
1229:Cheyenne
1079:hedgehog
878:(2006).
872:neglecta
837:subgenus
760:serotina
716:Linnaeus
699:Taxonomy
666:cypselae
648:corollas
636:glabrous
612:corollas
604:awn-like
596:cypselae
533:petioles
521:petioles
517:petioles
488:taproots
361:hedgehog
335:prairies
201:Synonyms
141:Family:
125:Asterids
112:Eudicots
4388:1076372
4264:1070836
4212:3150914
3567:7106401
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1795:19 June
1765:19 June
1198:History
1073:ekhinos
900:Species
864:variety
848:Pallida
819:DC and
748:Nuttall
685:florets
632:laminae
628:abaxial
620:laminae
616:corolla
480:drought
355:ekhinos
343:flowers
321:in the
214:Britton
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1372:, and
1316:sepsis
1237:Lakota
1233:Pawnee
1169:, and
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1065:ἐχῖνος
1048:(1790)
662:fruits
652:pollen
626:. The
600:apices
588:chaffs
584:paleae
582:. The
576:bracts
562:. The
545:entire
498:caudex
464:on an
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4326:ECHIN
4290:53747
4277:37275
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4238:48628
4173:1ECEG
4160:59379
3909:(PDF)
3747:NCCIH
3724:NCCIH
3634:WebMD
3527:S2CID
3488:S2CID
3404:S2CID
3379:Drugs
3365:S2CID
3167:S2CID
3159:JSTOR
3080:(PDF)
3064:JSTOR
3043:JSTOR
3026:Taxon
3000:(PDF)
2984:S2CID
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580:conic
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4285:NCBI
4272:ITIS
4246:IPNI
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4220:GRIN
4207:GBIF
4168:EPPO
4147:49FY
4038:2021
4019:2021
4000:POWO
3992:2021
3962:2021
3928:2021
3890:2021
3867:2021
3849:MHRA
3841:2021
3809:2021
3786:2021
3762:2021
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3689:2021
3666:2021
3642:2021
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3519:PMID
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3396:PMID
3357:PMID
3326:PMID
3295:PMID
3258:PMID
3241:JAMA
3220:PMID
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2878:ISBN
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2497:ISBN
2478:USDA
2460:2018
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