149:
eastern part of the United States and is often associated with coastal plains. It can most commonly be found in East Coast and Gulf Coast states. In
Florida, about one to two human cases are reported a year, although over 60 cases of equine encephalitis are reported. In years in which conditions are favorable for the disease, the number of equine cases is over 200. Diagnosing equine encephalitis is challenging because many of the symptoms are shared with other illnesses and patients can be asymptomatic. Confirmations may require a sample of cerebrospinal fluid or brain tissue, although CT scans and MRI scans are used to detect encephalitis. This could be an indication that the need to test for EEE is necessary. If a biopsy of the cerebrospinal fluid is taken, it is sent to a specialized laboratory for testing.
516:
caudate head (arrow) and diencephalic region. B) Axial fluid attenuated inversion recovery image from brain MRI scan of patient 14 on hospital day 2; the image shows abnormal T2 hyperintense regions of the bimesial temporal regions (thick arrows) with accompanying abnormal T2 hyperintense regions of the dorsal pontomesencephalic regions (thin arrows). C, D) FLAIR images from brain MRI scan of patient 15 on hospital day 3. C) Abnormal T2 hyperintense caudate and thalamic nuclei, most prominent on the right (arrow). D) Abnormal T2 hyperintense regions are most prominent in the right parietotemporal gray matter (arrow) and subcortical white matter but are also seen scattered throughout.
382:, was first isolated from infected horse brains in 1933. In 1938, the first confirmed human cases were identified when 30 children died of encephalitis in the Northeastern United States. These cases coincided with outbreaks in horses in the same regions. The fatality rate in humans is 33%, and currently no cure is known for human infections. This virus has four variations in the types in lineage. The most common to the human disease is group 1, which is considered to be endemic in North America and the Caribbean, while the other three lineages, groups IIA, IIB, and III, are typically found in Central and South America, causing equine illness.
226:
609:
512:
44:
258:
550:
689:
3613:
3601:
659:, Scotland became the first European victim of this disease. The man had visited New Hampshire during the summer of 2007, on a fishing vacation, and was diagnosed as having EEE on 13 September 2007. He fell ill with the disease on 31 August 2007, just one day after flying home, and later fell into a coma. He later awoke from the coma with severe brain injuries.
478:
Humans, horses, and most other infected mammals do not circulate enough viruses in their blood to infect additional mosquitoes. Some cases of EEE have been contracted through laboratory exposures or from exposure of the eyes, lungs, or skin wounds to brain or spinal cord matter from infected animals.
749:
After inoculation by the vector, the virus travels via lymphatics to lymph nodes, and replicates in macrophages and neutrophils, resulting in lymphopenia, leukopenia, and fever. Subsequent replication occurs in other organs, leading to viremia. Symptoms in horses occur 1–3 weeks after infection, and
639:
As of
September 2019, a notable uptick in cases erupted in New England and Michigan, prompting some health departments to declare an outbreak. As of 31 October 2019, five people died in Michigan, three people died in Connecticut, one person died in Rhode Island, one person died in Alabama,
385:
These two clades may actually be distinct viruses. The North
American strains appear to be monotypic with a mutation rate of 2.7 × 10 substitutions/site/year (s/s/y). It appears to have diverged from the other strains 922 to 4,856 years ago. The other strains are divided into two main clades and a
616:
Several states in the
Northeast U.S. have had increased virus activity since 2004. Between 2004 and 2006, at least ten human cases of EEE were reported in Massachusetts. In 2006, about 500,000 acres (2,000 km) in southeastern Massachusetts were treated with mosquito adulticides to reduce the
515:
Magnetic resonance images (MRIs) and computed tomography (CT) neuroradiographs showing lesions in brains of three children with eastern equine encephalitis: A) Results of noncontrast CT scan of the brain of patient 12 on hospital day 2; the neuroradiograph shows subtle hypoattenuation of the left
442:
Transmission of EEEV to mammals (including humans) occurs via other mosquito species, which feed on the blood of both birds and mammals. These other mosquitoes are referred to as "bridge vectors" because they carry the virus from the avian hosts to other types of hosts, particularly mammals. The
148:
of EEE in horses have continued to occur regularly in the United States. It can also be identified in donkeys and zebras. Rarely, it can also infect humans. Due to the rarity of the disease, its occurrence can cause economic impact beyond the cost of horses and poultry. EEE is found today in the
168:
The incubation period for
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) disease ranges from 4 to 10 days. The illness can progress either systematically or encephalitically, depending on the person's age. Encephalitic disease involves swelling of the brain and can be asymptomatic, while the systemic
503:. Most vaccinations for EEE consist of the killed virus. For humans, no vaccine for EEE is available; prevention involves reducing the risk of exposure. Using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and reducing the amount of standing water is the best means for prevention.
757:, inability to swallow, and abnormal gait. Paralysis follows, causing the horse to have difficulty raising its head. The horse usually suffers complete paralysis and death 2–4 days after symptoms appear. Mortality rates among horses with the eastern strain range from 70 to 90%.
169:
illness occurs very abruptly. Those with the systemic illness usually recover within 1–2 weeks. While the encephalitis is more common among infants, in adults and children, it usually manifests after experiencing the systemic illness. Symptoms include high
1202:
646:
In 2024, a man in New
Hampshire died due to the virus. In Plymouth Massachusetts, the town closed parks in the evenings due to new cases being found in August 2024. Spraying for mosquitos is being used to reduce the risk of EEE.
1608:
2160:
2145:
2130:
1661:
1192:
753:
Nervous signs appear during the fever that include sensitivity to sound, periods of excitement, and restlessness. Brain lesions appear, causing drowsiness, drooping ears, circling, aimless wandering,
1576:
201:. Due to the virus's effect on the brain, patients who survive can be left with mental and physical impairments, such as personality disorders, paralysis, seizures, and intellectual impairment.
536:. About 4% of humans known to be infected develop symptoms, with a total of about six cases per year in the US. A third of these cases die, and many survivors suffer permanent brain damage.
1514:
1730:
825:
643:
As of
September 2020, there were five confirmed human cases between Massachusetts and Wisconsin. As of October 9, 2020, one person died in Michigan, and one person died in Wisconsin.
1545:
785:
1484:
2011:
1362:
1422:
1917:
439:. These mosquitoes feed on the blood of birds. The frequency of the virus found in nature increases throughout the summer as more birds and more mosquitoes become infected.
1598:
1269:
1169:
1804:
1136:
3273:
1445:
3673:
1224:
1323:
1671:
426:
386:
third smaller one. The two main clades diverged between 577 and 2,927 years ago. The mutation rate in the genome has been estimated to be 1.2 × 10 s/s/y.
1568:
2214:
3029:
1854:
1829:
3558:
1506:
741:
From its natural reservoir in birds, EEEV is known to infect reptiles and amphibians as well as both humans and other mammals, including horses.
1722:
933:"Evolutionary patterns of eastern equine encephalitis virus in North versus South America suggest ecological differences and taxonomic revision"
1385:
840:
560:
1115:
3571:
3283:
706:
667:
EEEV was one of more than a dozen agents that the United States researched as potential biological weapons before the nation suspended its
640:
one person died in
Indiana, and three people died in Massachusetts. The virus was also found in goats, in turkeys, in deer, and in horses.
1537:
3510:
2658:
2066:
1092:
1066:
789:
1476:
1985:
1354:
1414:
1297:
431:
3545:
668:
865:
2295:
1631:
836:
37:
2207:
1778:
2532:
1246:
1177:
496:
153:
1146:
2647:
1453:
2088:
2522:
1693:
728:
590:
492:
157:
1752:
3034:
2874:
2407:
2402:
2200:
572:
234:
3576:
1918:"State officials announce plans to spray for mosquitoes in sections of Worcester and Plymouth counties due to EEE"
1855:
https://www.plymouth-ma.gov/DocumentCenter/View/6479/Plymouth-Park-and-Field-Closures---EEE-Press-Release?bidId=
750:
begin with a fever that may reach as high as 106 °F (41 °C). The fever usually lasts for 24–48 hours.
3643:
2809:
2033:
1753:"Michiganders urged to stay indoors as officials race to stop the spread of a dangerous mosquito-borne disease"
811:
710:
980:
3066:
2706:
2305:
672:
3357:
3352:
2960:
77:
People over the age of 50 or younger than the age of 16 are at greatest risk of developing severe disease.
3668:
3663:
3648:
2987:
2982:
2970:
2395:
57:
high fever, muscle pain, altered mental status, headache, meningeal irritation, photophobia, and seizures
3591:
3076:
2994:
2975:
2341:
257:
3199:
2662:
2554:
1967:
1666:
633:
568:
457:
418:(enzootic) cycle. Two mosquito species are primarily involved in this portion of the cycle; they are
132:
that is present in North, Central, and South
America, and the Caribbean. EEE was first recognized in
43:
1892:
3638:
3278:
3221:
3099:
2894:
2419:
2175:
1942:
1088:
1062:
656:
467:
1866:
3658:
3382:
3044:
3039:
2944:
2739:
2725:
2701:
2643:
2453:
2337:
699:
119:
3653:
3563:
3472:
2729:
2697:
2673:
2508:
2386:
2310:
2285:
2271:
2250:
3633:
3162:
3071:
3049:
2713:
2622:
2390:
2192:
2139:
617:
risk of humans contracting EEE. Several human cases were reported in New
Hampshire, as well.
178:
1008:
608:
3532:
3214:
3209:
2588:
2062:
1698:
1017:
625:
445:
252:
8:
3135:
3004:
2799:
2164:
529:
511:
3150:
1021:
3347:
2474:
2018:
1041:
957:
932:
141:
52:
2169:
3519:
3427:
3204:
2547:
2361:
2084:
1033:
962:
913:
805:
420:
82:
32:
2105:
1662:"Pennsylvania Game Commission advises hunters to take precautions against EEE virus"
1045:
3524:
3155:
3140:
2770:
2581:
2576:
1603:
1274:
1197:
1141:
1120:
1025:
952:
944:
903:
833:
United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
3605:
3232:
2862:
2855:
2850:
2653:
2564:
2444:
2439:
2180:
1971:
1247:"Second Human Case Of EEE Confirmed In Mass.; 10 More Towns Now At Critical Risk"
525:
521:
330:
306:
1029:
1009:"Transmission of the Virus of Equine Encephalomy-elîtis by Aëdes taeniorhynchus"
908:
891:
3617:
3059:
2747:
2718:
244:
3114:
2154:
892:"Clinical and neuroradiographic manifestations of eastern equine encephalitis"
491:, which are usually given with vaccinations for other diseases, most commonly
225:
3627:
3495:
3406:
3316:
3264:
3185:
3167:
3089:
3009:
2885:
2867:
2779:
2569:
2226:
754:
318:
294:
133:
3420:
3246:
3020:
2835:
2754:
2688:
2677:
2634:
2469:
2462:
2457:
2412:
2377:
2320:
2262:
2012:"Chemical and Biological Weapons: Possession and Programs Past and Present"
1037:
966:
533:
451:
2122:
2077:
917:
528:, and supportive measures (treating symptoms) such as intravenous fluids,
247:: The virus particles (virions) are coloured red. (83,900x magnification)
3504:
3251:
3241:
3145:
3126:
2953:
2948:
2844:
2823:
2608:
2542:
2499:
2429:
2351:
2275:
2230:
948:
671:
in 1969, a few years before signing (1972) and then ratifying (1975) the
488:
432:
190:
174:
72:
3550:
1599:"Mass. retracts number of EEE deaths; confirms 12th human case of virus"
3438:
3368:
3338:
3288:
3172:
3054:
2935:
2790:
2668:
2599:
2481:
2330:
1193:"Two more EEE human cases reported, raising the state's count to seven"
713: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
379:
354:
342:
237:
3447:
2239:
1632:"A 2nd Person In Mass. Is Diagnosed With Mosquito-Linked EEE Disease"
407:
282:
145:
128:
92:
3466:
1569:"UPDATE: Mass. Health Officials Give New Info on EEE-Related Deaths"
688:
620:
In July 2012, the virus was identified in a mosquito of the species
3489:
2223:
1830:"New Hampshire resident dies from EEE, a rare mosquito-borne virus"
629:
415:
241:
198:
194:
186:
182:
123:
1723:"Eastern equine encephalitis kills another horse in Oswego County"
1355:"Connecticut Eastern equine encephalitis death is 10th nationwide"
3377:
3326:
3304:
1635:
1507:"1st Eastern Equine Encephalitis Human Death Reported in Indiana"
1477:"Mosquito-borne virus kills 1 in Alabama: What to know about EEE"
1301:
500:
403:
1415:"Fifth person in Michigan dies from Eastern Equine Encephalitis"
394:
EEEV is capable of infecting a wide range of animals, including
3537:
3415:
3194:
2923:
2912:
2149:
2134:
1538:"Mass. Health Officials Say 12th Person Has EEE, 1 Fewer Death"
395:
152:
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is closely related to
2222:
1298:"Massachusetts man infected with EEE now in coma, family says"
987:. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 20 May 2024
269:
170:
137:
3612:
1805:"Wisconsin woman dies of rare disease carried by mosquitoes"
1386:"Fourth person dies from mosquito-borne illness in Michigan"
2486:
1270:"It's code red for EEE in nine communities south of Boston"
411:
399:
889:
2074:
612:
A disease-incidence map for human cases of EEE, 1964–2010
2108:. Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR).
1694:"18 Louisiana Horses Confirmed Positive for EEE or WNV"
632:. On 28 July 2012, the virus was found in mosquitos in
487:
The disease can be prevented in horses with the use of
1170:"Rare, deadly virus found in mosquitoes in Pittsfield"
520:
No cure for EEE has been found. Treatment consists of
197:, which occur 3–10 days after the bite of an infected
3589:
2112:
2017:. James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies,
1986:"Family thrilled by recovery of killer virus victim"
890:
Deresiewicz RL, Thaler SJ, Hsu L, Zamani AA (1997).
1225:"Why Is EEE Highest In Southeastern Massachusetts?"
981:"Transmission of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus"
2076:
1007:
1656:
1654:
1652:
930:
3625:
2075:Evans J, Borton A, Hintz H, Van Vleck L (1977).
1190:
1324:"7 dead from rare disease spread by mosquitoes"
931:Arrigo NC, Adams AP, Weaver SC (January 2010).
87:Cerebrospinal fluid or brain tissue examination
3674:Viral infections of the central nervous system
1649:
1408:
1406:
410:. The virus is maintained in nature through a
2208:
858:
557:The examples and perspective in this section
1566:
378:The causative agent, later identified as an
2659:Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
1403:
1191:Andersen T, McDonald D (6 September 2019).
2215:
2201:
2073:Source for a portion of this information:
2067:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1093:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1067:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
790:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
575:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
224:
42:
1116:"Mosquito-borne virus infects 2d in Mass"
956:
924:
907:
729:Learn how and when to remove this message
591:Learn how and when to remove this message
2004:
1629:
1567:Pescaro M, Klein A (25 September 2019).
1089:"Eastern Equine Encephalitis Fact Sheet"
1057:
1055:
607:
510:
1081:
837:United States Department of Agriculture
3626:
1779:"West Michigan resident with EEE dies"
1720:
1412:
1383:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1321:
1005:
3471:
3470:
3030:Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
2196:
2031:
1733:from the original on 14 November 2019
1611:from the original on 14 November 2019
1579:from the original on 14 November 2019
1548:from the original on 14 November 2019
1535:
1517:from the original on 14 November 2019
1487:from the original on 14 November 2019
1446:"Third person in state dies from EEE"
1425:from the original on 14 November 2019
1365:from the original on 14 November 2019
1295:
1267:
1205:from the original on 14 November 2019
1134:
1113:
1052:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
163:
1474:
1443:
1167:
711:adding citations to reliable sources
682:
662:
543:
497:Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
154:Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
2533:Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis
2034:"Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)"
1893:"EEE (Eastern Equine Encephalitis)"
1341:
818:
786:"About Eastern Equine Encephalitis"
13:
2055:
826:"Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis"
767:
136:, United States, in 1831, when 75
97:~33% fatality rate in severe cases
14:
3685:
3511:Eastern equine encephalitis virus
3481:Eastern equine encephalitis virus
2098:
1968:"Man in coma after mosquito bite"
1670:. 22 October 2019. Archived from
1137:"Middleborough boy with EEE dies"
985:Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus
493:western equine encephalitis virus
369:Eastern equine encephalitis virus
218:Eastern equine encephalitis virus
158:western equine encephalitis virus
66:Eastern equine encephalitis virus
3611:
3599:
2523:Western equine encephalomyelitis
2513:Eastern equine encephalomyelitis
1943:"Massachusetts arbovirus update"
687:
678:
603:
548:
256:
2648:Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever
2025:
1978:
1960:
1935:
1910:
1885:
1867:"Mosquito control and spraying"
1859:
1848:
1822:
1797:
1771:
1745:
1714:
1686:
1623:
1591:
1560:
1529:
1499:
1468:
1437:
1377:
1315:
1289:
1261:
1239:
1217:
1184:
1161:
1128:
1107:
698:needs additional citations for
539:
475:also frequently bites turtles.
2810:Kemerovo tickborne viral fever
1630:Anderson DJ (17 August 2019).
1322:LaPook J (21 September 2019).
999:
973:
883:
655:In October 2007, a citizen of
1:
3067:Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
2306:Jamestown Canyon encephalitis
2063:"Eastern Equine Encephalitis"
1536:Klein A (26 September 2019).
1063:"Eastern Equine Encephalitis"
866:"Eastern Equine Encephalitis"
760:
673:Biological Weapons Convention
482:
2961:Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever
1413:Mahieu D (15 October 2019).
1249:. CBS Boston. 16 August 2019
1227:. CBS Boston. 22 August 2019
506:
389:
122:), is a disease caused by a
7:
2983:Brazilian hemorrhagic fever
2971:Argentine hemorrhagic fever
1721:Mulder J (1 October 2019).
1444:Cuda A (1 September 2019).
1384:Miller K (2 October 2019).
1353:Almasy S (2 October 2019).
1030:10.1126/science.85.2198.178
909:10.1056/NEJM199706263362604
571:, discuss the issue on the
104:Eastern equine encephalitis
27:Eastern equine encephalitis
10:
3690:
2995:Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
2875:Sandfly fever Naples virus
2032:Young A (28 August 2020).
1809:Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
1475:Gore L (28 October 2019).
1296:Congi S (13 August 2019).
1268:Seltz J (13 August 2019).
1135:Zheng Y (31 August 2006).
1114:Zheng Y (16 August 2008).
810:: CS1 maint: url-status (
669:biological-weapons program
3479:
3436:
3404:
3395:
3366:
3336:
3314:
3303:
3262:
3230:
3183:
3124:
3113:
3087:
3018:
2933:
2922:
2911:
2883:
2833:
2822:
2788:
2768:
2686:
2663:Huaiyangshan banyangvirus
2632:
2621:
2597:
2497:
2375:
2260:
2249:
2238:
2116:
1667:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
744:
650:
634:Pittsfield, Massachusetts
622:Coquillettidia perturbans
458:Coquillettidia perturbans
251:
232:
223:
216:
118:(not to be confused with
91:
81:
71:
61:
51:
31:
26:
3279:SARS-related coronavirus
3242:Henipavirus encephalitis
3100:Murid gammaherpesvirus 4
2945:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
2726:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
2698:Arbovirus encephalitides
2674:Arbovirus encephalitides
2644:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
2609:Banna virus encephalitis
2509:Arbovirus encephalitides
2454:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
2420:Saint Louis encephalitis
2387:Arbovirus encephalitides
2338:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
2272:Arbovirus encephalitides
2069:(CDC). 17 December 2018.
657:Livingston, West Lothian
468:Ochlerotatus sollicitans
209:
204:
3383:Yaba monkey tumor virus
2740:Kyasanur Forest disease
2702:Tick-borne encephalitis
2403:Australian encephalitis
2296:California encephalitis
1168:Kane T (27 July 2012).
1016:. 85–2198 (2198): 178.
630:Cape Cod, Massachusetts
473:Ochlerotatus canadensis
463:Ochlerotatus canadensis
443:bridge vectors include
120:African trypanosomiasis
2730:Omsk hemorrhagic fever
2311:La Crosse encephalitis
2038:ceh.vetmed.ucdavis.edu
839:(USDA). Archived from
613:
517:
3644:Animal viral diseases
3163:Marburg virus disease
2714:Powassan encephalitis
2391:Japanese encephalitis
1607:. 26 September 2019.
1095:(CDC). 16 August 2010
1069:(CDC). 16 August 2010
611:
514:
179:altered mental status
140:died mysteriously of
2589:Semliki Forest virus
949:10.1128/JVI.01586-09
707:improve this article
626:Nickerson State Park
569:improve this section
559:may not represent a
446:Aedes taeniorhynchus
253:Virus classification
3136:Ebola virus disease
2800:Colorado tick fever
2555:O'nyong'nyong fever
1759:. 17 September 2020
1674:on 14 November 2019
1513:. 20 October 2019.
1149:on 2 September 2006
1022:1937Sci....85..178K
530:tracheal intubation
110:), commonly called
38:Infectious diseases
3669:Viral encephalitis
3664:Parasites of birds
3649:Biological weapons
3348:Simian foamy virus
2019:Middlebury College
1992:. 22 December 2007
1456:on 17 October 2019
846:on 3 February 2017
614:
518:
427:Culiseta morsitans
164:Signs and symptoms
142:viral encephalitis
126:mosquito-vectored
3587:
3586:
3473:Taxon identifiers
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3391:
3390:
3299:
3298:
3109:
3108:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2818:
2817:
2617:
2616:
2362:Rift Valley fever
2190:
2189:
1974:. 8 October 2007.
1006:Kelser R (1937).
739:
738:
731:
663:Biological weapon
601:
600:
593:
421:Culiseta melanura
376:
375:
116:sleeping sickness
101:
100:
83:Diagnostic method
21:Medical condition
3681:
3616:
3615:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3595:
3580:
3579:
3567:
3566:
3554:
3553:
3541:
3540:
3528:
3527:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3468:
3467:
3402:
3401:
3312:
3311:
3122:
3121:
2931:
2930:
2920:
2919:
2895:Chandipura virus
2831:
2830:
2771:Orthomyxoviridae
2630:
2629:
2577:Ross River fever
2342:Bunyamwera fever
2258:
2257:
2247:
2246:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2094:
2083:. W.H. Freeman.
2082:
2070:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1873:. 31 August 2024
1863:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1836:. 28 August 2024
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1785:. 2 October 2020
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1702:. 21 August 2019
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1658:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1604:The Boston Globe
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1452:. Archived from
1450:Connecticut Post
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1410:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1350:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1275:The Boston Globe
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1198:The Boston Globe
1188:
1182:
1181:
1180:on 30 July 2012.
1176:. Archived from
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1145:. Archived from
1142:The Boston Globe
1132:
1126:
1125:
1121:The Boston Globe
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1059:
1050:
1049:
1011:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
992:
977:
971:
970:
960:
928:
922:
921:
911:
887:
881:
880:
878:
876:
862:
856:
855:
853:
851:
845:
830:
822:
816:
815:
809:
801:
799:
797:
782:
734:
727:
723:
720:
714:
691:
683:
596:
589:
585:
582:
576:
552:
551:
544:
437:
434:
261:
260:
228:
214:
213:
47:
46:
24:
23:
16:Species of virus
3689:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3639:Animal vaccines
3624:
3623:
3622:
3610:
3600:
3598:
3590:
3588:
3583:
3575:
3570:
3562:
3557:
3549:
3544:
3536:
3531:
3523:
3518:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3475:
3465:
3452:
3432:
3397:
3387:
3362:
3332:
3306:
3295:
3258:
3233:Paramyxoviridae
3226:
3179:
3116:
3105:
3083:
3014:
2925:
2914:
2899:
2879:
2863:Pappataci fever
2856:Oropouche virus
2851:Oropouche fever
2825:
2814:
2784:
2764:
2682:
2654:Heartland virus
2624:
2613:
2593:
2565:Pogosta disease
2493:
2440:West Nile fever
2371:
2252:
2241:
2234:
2221:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2125:
2104:
2101:
2091:
2061:
2058:
2056:Further reading
2053:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2030:
2026:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1972:BBC News Online
1966:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1660:
1659:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1628:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1457:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1411:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1351:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1189:
1185:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1133:
1129:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1004:
1000:
990:
988:
979:
978:
974:
929:
925:
902:(26): 1867–74.
896:N. Engl. J. Med
888:
884:
874:
872:
864:
863:
859:
849:
847:
843:
828:
824:
823:
819:
803:
802:
795:
793:
784:
783:
768:
763:
747:
735:
724:
718:
715:
704:
692:
681:
665:
653:
606:
597:
586:
580:
577:
566:
553:
549:
542:
526:anticonvulsants
522:corticosteroids
509:
485:
429:
392:
372:
332:Martellivirales
308:Kitrinoviricota
255:
212:
207:
166:
41:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3687:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3659:Horse diseases
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3621:
3620:
3608:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3568:
3555:
3542:
3529:
3516:
3501:
3485:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3412:
3410:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3322:
3320:
3309:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3238:
3236:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3191:
3189:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3132:
3130:
3119:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3095:
3093:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3026:
3024:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2941:
2939:
2928:
2917:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2841:
2839:
2828:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2796:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2694:
2692:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2671:
2666:
2656:
2651:
2640:
2638:
2627:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2505:
2503:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2383:
2381:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2268:
2266:
2255:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2227:viral diseases
2220:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2197:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2172:
2157:
2142:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:Classification
2111:
2110:
2100:
2099:External links
2097:
2096:
2095:
2090:978-0716704911
2089:
2071:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2024:
2003:
1977:
1959:
1934:
1909:
1884:
1858:
1847:
1821:
1796:
1770:
1744:
1713:
1685:
1648:
1622:
1590:
1559:
1528:
1498:
1467:
1436:
1402:
1376:
1340:
1314:
1288:
1260:
1238:
1216:
1183:
1160:
1127:
1106:
1080:
1051:
998:
972:
943:(2): 1014–25.
923:
882:
870:Florida Health
857:
817:
765:
764:
762:
759:
746:
743:
737:
736:
695:
693:
686:
680:
677:
664:
661:
652:
649:
605:
602:
599:
598:
581:September 2019
563:of the subject
561:worldwide view
556:
554:
547:
541:
538:
508:
505:
484:
481:
391:
388:
374:
373:
366:
364:
360:
359:
352:
348:
347:
340:
336:
335:
328:
324:
323:
316:
312:
311:
304:
300:
299:
292:
288:
287:
280:
273:
272:
267:
263:
262:
249:
248:
245:salivary gland
230:
229:
221:
220:
211:
208:
206:
203:
165:
162:
99:
98:
95:
89:
88:
85:
79:
78:
75:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
55:
49:
48:
35:
29:
28:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3686:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3654:Bird diseases
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3607:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3407:Rhabdoviridae
3403:
3400:
3394:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3317:Herpesviridae
3313:
3310:
3308:
3302:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3265:Coronaviridae
3261:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3186:Rhabdoviridae
3182:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3112:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3090:Herpesviridae
3086:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2910:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2886:Rhabdoviridae
2882:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2868:Toscana virus
2866:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2821:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2780:Bourbon virus
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2620:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2570:Sindbis virus
2568:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2106:"Togaviridae"
2103:
2102:
2092:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2021:. March 2008.
2020:
2013:
2007:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1851:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1407:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1264:
1248:
1242:
1226:
1220:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1002:
986:
982:
976:
968:
964:
959:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
927:
919:
915:
910:
905:
901:
897:
893:
886:
871:
867:
861:
842:
838:
834:
827:
821:
813:
807:
791:
787:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
766:
758:
756:
755:head pressing
751:
742:
733:
730:
722:
719:November 2022
712:
708:
702:
701:
696:This section
694:
690:
685:
684:
679:Other animals
676:
674:
670:
660:
658:
648:
644:
641:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
610:
604:United States
595:
592:
584:
574:
570:
564:
562:
555:
546:
545:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
513:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
480:
476:
474:
470:
469:
464:
460:
459:
454:
453:
448:
447:
440:
438:
435:
428:
423:
422:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
387:
383:
381:
371:
370:
365:
362:
361:
358:
357:
353:
350:
349:
346:
345:
341:
338:
337:
334:
333:
329:
326:
325:
322:
321:
320:Alsuviricetes
317:
314:
313:
310:
309:
305:
302:
301:
298:
297:
296:Orthornavirae
293:
290:
289:
286:
285:
281:
278:
275:
274:
271:
268:
265:
264:
259:
254:
250:
246:
243:
239:
236:
231:
227:
222:
219:
215:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
161:
159:
155:
150:
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:Massachusetts
131:
130:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
96:
94:
90:
86:
84:
80:
76:
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
56:
54:
50:
45:
39:
36:
34:
30:
25:
19:
3634:Alphaviruses
3480:
3437:
3428:Mokola virus
3405:
3367:
3339:Retroviridae
3337:
3325:
3315:
3263:
3231:
3184:
3125:
3098:
3088:
3021:Bunyavirales
3019:
2936:Arenaviridae
2934:
2884:
2836:Bunyavirales
2834:
2789:
2769:
2755:Langat virus
2689:Flaviviridae
2687:
2678:Bhanja virus
2635:Bunyavirales
2633:
2598:
2512:
2498:
2470:Yellow fever
2458:Dengue fever
2378:Flaviviridae
2376:
2321:Tahyna virus
2286:Bwamba Fever
2263:Bunyavirales
2261:
2174:
2159:
2144:
2129:
2078:
2041:. Retrieved
2037:
2027:
2006:
1994:. Retrieved
1990:The Scotsman
1989:
1980:
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1946:
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1921:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1896:
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1870:
1861:
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1833:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1808:
1799:
1787:. Retrieved
1782:
1773:
1761:. Retrieved
1756:
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1726:
1716:
1704:. Retrieved
1697:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1672:the original
1665:
1639:. Retrieved
1625:
1613:. Retrieved
1602:
1593:
1581:. Retrieved
1573:NBC10 Boston
1572:
1562:
1550:. Retrieved
1542:NBC10 Boston
1541:
1531:
1519:. Retrieved
1510:
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1480:
1470:
1458:. Retrieved
1454:the original
1449:
1439:
1427:. Retrieved
1418:
1393:. Retrieved
1389:
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1358:
1333:21 September
1331:. Retrieved
1327:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1291:
1279:. Retrieved
1273:
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1241:
1229:. Retrieved
1219:
1207:. Retrieved
1196:
1186:
1178:the original
1173:
1163:
1151:. Retrieved
1147:the original
1140:
1130:
1119:
1109:
1097:. Retrieved
1083:
1071:. Retrieved
1013:
1001:
989:. Retrieved
984:
975:
940:
936:
926:
899:
895:
885:
873:. Retrieved
869:
860:
848:. Retrieved
841:the original
832:
820:
794:. Retrieved
752:
748:
740:
725:
716:
705:Please help
700:verification
697:
666:
654:
645:
642:
638:
621:
619:
615:
587:
578:
558:
540:Epidemiology
534:antipyretics
519:
489:vaccinations
486:
477:
472:
466:
462:
456:
452:Aedes vexans
449:
444:
441:
425:
419:
393:
384:
377:
368:
367:
355:
343:
331:
319:
307:
295:
283:
276:
266:(unranked):
217:
189:irritation,
167:
151:
127:
115:
111:
107:
103:
102:
73:Risk factors
65:
18:
3505:Wikispecies
3127:Filoviridae
2949:Lassa fever
2845:Adria virus
2543:Chikungunya
2500:Togaviridae
2430:Usutu virus
2352:Ngari virus
2276:Batai virus
1952:1 September
1927:1 September
1902:1 September
1877:1 September
1840:2 September
1737:14 November
1678:14 November
1615:14 November
1583:14 November
1552:14 November
1521:14 November
1491:14 November
1429:14 November
1419:UpNorthLive
1369:14 November
1209:6 September
796:8 September
430: [
344:Togaviridae
233:Colourised
191:photophobia
175:muscle pain
3628:Categories
3439:Poxviridae
3369:Poxviridae
3289:SARS-CoV-2
2791:Reoviridae
2669:Tete virus
2600:Reoviridae
2482:Zika fever
2331:Tete virus
2229:(A80–B34,
2043:5 November
1996:4 February
1814:25 October
1789:26 October
1763:26 October
1460:16 October
761:References
483:Prevention
408:amphibians
380:alphavirus
356:Alphavirus
238:micrograph
146:Epizootics
3448:Monkeypox
2240:Arthropod
2079:The Horse
1706:22 August
1699:The Horse
1641:22 August
1395:3 October
1307:22 August
1281:22 August
1253:22 August
1231:22 August
1153:31 August
1099:30 August
991:26 August
573:talk page
507:Treatment
390:Lifecycle
363:Species:
291:Kingdom:
284:Riboviria
187:meningeal
129:Togavirus
93:Prognosis
33:Specialty
3606:Medicine
3564:11459670
3551:10388713
3490:Wikidata
3396:Multiple
3284:SARS-CoV
3274:MERS-CoV
2463:DENV-1-4
2251:Mosquito
2224:Zoonotic
1947:Mass.gov
1922:Mass.gov
1897:Mass.gov
1871:Mass.gov
1834:NBC News
1731:Archived
1727:syracuse
1609:Archived
1577:Archived
1546:Archived
1515:Archived
1485:Archived
1423:Archived
1363:Archived
1328:CBS News
1203:Archived
1073:7 August
1046:26044382
1038:17732932
967:19889755
937:J. Virol
875:30 April
806:cite web
567:You may
433:Wikidata
416:mosquito
404:reptiles
339:Family:
303:Phylum:
242:mosquito
199:mosquito
195:seizures
183:headache
124:zoonotic
112:Triple E
53:Symptoms
3618:Viruses
3592:Portals
3496:Q306966
3398:vectors
3378:Tanapox
3327:B virus
3305:Primate
2824:Sandfly
2650:(CCHFV)
2231:042–079
2181:D020242
1636:WBUR-FM
1302:WCVB-TV
1018:Bibcode
1014:Science
958:2798374
918:9197215
501:tetanus
396:mammals
351:Genus:
327:Order:
315:Class:
3538:539960
3416:Rabies
3358:HTLV-2
3353:HTLV-1
3307:-borne
3195:Rabies
3117:-borne
2926:-borne
2924:Rodent
2915:-borne
2913:Mammal
2847:(ADRV)
2826:-borne
2625:-borne
2253:-borne
2242:-borne
2087:
1511:News18
1174:News10
1044:
1036:
965:
955:
916:
745:Horses
651:Europe
532:, and
499:, and
465:, and
406:, and
193:, and
138:horses
62:Causes
40:
3577:11021
3559:IRMNG
3525:38BTD
3156:ZEBOV
3060:THAIV
2548:CHIKV
2170:062.2
2155:A83.2
2015:(PDF)
1783:mlive
1390:mlive
1042:S2CID
850:1 May
844:(PDF)
829:(PDF)
792:(CDC)
436:]
400:birds
277:Realm
270:Virus
240:of a
210:Virus
205:Cause
171:fever
3572:NCBI
3546:GBIF
3421:RABV
3222:CHPV
3210:DUVV
3205:MOKV
3200:ABLV
3173:RAVV
3168:MARV
3151:TAFV
3146:SUDV
3141:BDBV
3072:ANDV
3055:AMRV
3050:SEOV
3045:PUUV
3040:HTNV
3035:DOBV
3010:CHPV
3005:LUJV
2999:MACV
2988:SABV
2976:JUNV
2965:GTOV
2954:LASV
2804:CTFV
2759:LGTV
2748:AHFV
2744:KFDV
2734:OHFV
2719:POWV
2707:TBEV
2623:Tick
2559:ONNV
2537:VEEV
2527:WEEV
2517:EEEV
2487:ZIKV
2434:USUV
2424:SLEV
2413:KUNV
2408:MVEV
2366:RVFV
2356:NRIV
2346:BUNV
2325:TAHV
2315:LACV
2290:BWAV
2280:BATV
2176:MeSH
2165:9-CM
2140:1C84
2085:ISBN
2045:2022
1998:2020
1954:2024
1929:2024
1904:2024
1879:2024
1842:2024
1816:2020
1791:2020
1765:2020
1739:2019
1708:2019
1680:2019
1643:2019
1617:2019
1585:2019
1554:2019
1523:2019
1493:2019
1462:2019
1431:2019
1397:2019
1371:2019
1335:2019
1309:2019
1283:2019
1255:2019
1233:2019
1211:2019
1155:2006
1101:2015
1075:2012
1034:PMID
993:2024
963:PMID
914:PMID
877:2017
852:2017
812:link
798:2024
424:and
412:bird
156:and
3533:EoL
3520:CoL
3252:NiV
3247:HeV
3215:LBV
3115:Bat
3077:SNV
2582:RRV
2475:YFV
2445:WNV
2396:JEV
2300:CEV
2161:ICD
2146:ICD
2131:ICD
1757:CNN
1359:CNN
1026:doi
953:PMC
945:doi
904:doi
900:336
709:by
628:on
624:in
235:TEM
114:or
108:EEE
3630::
3574::
3561::
3548::
3535::
3522::
3507::
3492::
2947::
2728::
2700::
2676::
2646::
2511::
2456::
2389::
2340::
2274::
2179::
2168::
2153::
2150:10
2138::
2135:11
2065:.
2036:.
1988:.
1970:.
1945:.
1920:.
1895:.
1869:.
1832:.
1807:.
1781:.
1755:.
1729:.
1725:.
1696:.
1664:.
1651:^
1634:.
1601:.
1575:.
1571:.
1544:.
1540:.
1509:.
1483:.
1481:al
1479:.
1448:.
1421:.
1417:.
1405:^
1388:.
1361:.
1357:.
1343:^
1326:.
1300:.
1272:.
1201:.
1195:.
1172:.
1139:.
1118:.
1091:.
1065:.
1054:^
1040:.
1032:.
1024:.
1012:.
983:.
961:.
951:.
941:84
939:.
935:.
912:.
898:.
894:.
868:.
835:.
831:.
808:}}
804:{{
788:.
769:^
675:.
636:.
524:,
495:,
471:.
461:,
455:,
450:,
402:,
398:,
279::
185:,
181:,
177:,
173:,
160:.
144:.
3594::
2665:)
2661:(
2233:)
2216:e
2209:t
2202:v
2163:-
2148:-
2133:-
2123:D
2093:.
2047:.
2000:.
1956:.
1931:.
1906:.
1881:.
1844:.
1818:.
1793:.
1767:.
1741:.
1710:.
1682:.
1645:.
1619:.
1587:.
1556:.
1525:.
1495:.
1464:.
1433:.
1399:.
1373:.
1337:.
1311:.
1285:.
1257:.
1235:.
1213:.
1157:.
1124:.
1103:.
1077:.
1048:.
1028::
1020::
995:.
969:.
947::
920:.
906::
879:.
854:.
814:)
800:.
732:)
726:(
721:)
717:(
703:.
594:)
588:(
583:)
579:(
565:.
414:—
106:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
