Easter Offensive - Knowledge

4568:). In return, part of the territory gained in the initial months of fighting was lost back to South Vietnam (the battle for Quang Tri city lasted 81 days with South Vietnam eventually gaining control of the city in September as well as the majority of Quang Tri province). However the PAVN did hold territory at the end of the offensive as well as the western fringes of the II and III Corps sectors. In total around 10% of the country. It is believed that the North Vietnamese leadership had both underestimated the fighting ability of the ARVN, which, by 1972, had become one of the best-equipped armies in the world, and failed to grasp the destructiveness of American air power against an enemy fighting a conventional battle. Combined with these strategic errors, PAVN commanders had also thrown away their local numerical superiority by making frontal attacks into heavy defensive fire and suffered massive casualties as a consequence. However, by its own estimate, the PAVN had also dealt the most severe blow in the entire war, with over 200,000 ARVN casualties, a third of the ARVN's forces. This claim is disputed and countered by US and South Vietnamese numbers, and they claimed the North Vietnamese lost much of their armor and equipment and as many as 100,000 troops. None of North Vietnam's strategic aims for the offensive were completely achieved. However, the offensive also allowed Viet Cong irregulars and political agents to make a return through the gaps in the defensive lines, which had been torn open during the offensive. Hanoi wasted no time in making use of what little ground it had gained. The North Vietnamese immediately began to extend their supply corridors from Laos and Cambodia into South Vietnam. The PAVN rapidly expanded port facilities at the captured town of Đông Hà, and within a year, over 20 percent of the materiel destined for the southern battlefield was flowing across its docks. 3688: 4891: 4305: 3465: 3992:

destroyed by anti-tank weapons and helicopter gunships. PAVN infantry did, however, manage to seize most of the northern sector of the town, where they began digging in (often right across the street from the ARVN defenders). The initial shock of ARVN troops instilled by North Vietnamese armor was soon abated when they discovered that, because the supporting infantry failed to advance with the tanks, they became easy prey for anti-tank weapons. On other occasions, the opposite would occur, with massed infantry assaults moving forward without armored support. This failure of tactical coordination was one of PAVN's prime weaknesses during the offensive, and one that the allies were quick to exploit.

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mustered a defensive force that consisted of the 23rd Division and several Ranger groups. Their three-week delay cost the North Vietnamese dearly. By 14 May, the worst of the fighting in I and II Corps was over and a majority of the B-52s were free to concentrate on the Central Highlands. During the North Vietnamese attack, the positions of the 44th and 45th ARVN Regiments crumbled and were overrun, but a well-placed B-52 strike landed directly on the PAVN attackers at the point of the breakthrough. The next morning, when the South Vietnamese returned to their former positions unopposed, 400 bodies were discovered, along with seven destroyed tanks.

3771: 133: 216: 120: 4101:. It had become evident as early as January that the North Vietnamese were building up for offensive operations in the tri-border region and numerous B-52 strikes had been conducted in the area in hopes of slowing the build-up. ARVN forces had also been deployed forward toward the border in order to slow the PAVN advance and allow the application of airpower to deplete North Vietnamese manpower and logistics. The Bình Định offensive, however, threw General Du into a panic and almost convinced him to fall for the North Vietnamese ploy and divert his forces from the highlands. 4271:, however the PAVN recaptured the area when the 7th Division was withdrawn back into IV Corps in July to counter the PAVN/VC threat to Route QL-4, the vital supply line between the Delta's ricebowl and Saigon. With the return of the ARVN 21st Division and 15th Regiment, 9th Division to IV Corps and continuous pounding from the air by U.S. tactical air and B-52's, the ARVN was able to mount a series of operations in Định Tường Province and Base Area 470 that forced the PAVN/VC to reduce their operations and disperse into smaller units or withdraw into Cambodia. 3508:

the 11th Armored Cavalry was brought up from the I Corps reserve. Both units were experienced, well-trained, well-equipped, and well-led. The 3rd Division's other two regiments, the 56th and 57th were made up of recaptured deserters, men released from jail, and regional and provincial forces. It was led by cast-off officers and sergeants from other units. Like other ARVN units at this stage of the conflict, the division suffered from a dearth of American advisors, who then served only at regimental, brigade, and divisional headquarters.

3735:, commander of IV Corps. Trưởng's mission was to defend Huế, minimize further losses, and retake captured territory. Although saddled with raw troops and constantly countermanded by his superiors, General Giai had conducted a reasonably good defense. Even Trưởng pleaded his case with Thiệu, wanting to keep Giai in command of the 3rd Division. It was in vain. Giai, who was to be made the scapegoat for the collapse, was tried for "desertion in the face of the enemy", and sentenced to five years in prison. 4160:, whose outwardly confident and assertive nature was the complete opposite of Du's. The actions at Kon Tum for the following two weeks became characterized by massed PAVN assaults that were lashed by B-52, tactical air, and helicopter gunship attacks. ARVN troops then counterattacked over the remains of the attacking wave. On 26 May, four North Vietnamese regiments supported by armored forces managed to punch a hole in the defense, but their advance was halted by U.S. helicopters firing the new 3219:, the first sustained bombing of North Vietnam by the U.S. since November 1968. Although South Vietnamese forces withstood their greatest trial thus far in the conflict, as well as thwarting North Vietnam's goal of large territorial gains, the North Vietnamese accomplished two important goals: they had gained valuable territory within South Vietnam from which to launch future offensives and they had obtained a better bargaining position at the peace negotiations being conducted in Paris. 165: 108: 4031:

way into An Lộc, but the effort collapsed in the face of tremendous aerial attack, which cost the North Vietnamese 40 tanks and over 800 men. The reasons for the failure were not hard to discern. Beginning at 05:30 that morning and continuing for the next 25 hours, the U.S. Air Force delivered a B-52 strike every 55 minutes to support the defense. For the next three days, each time PAVN troops assembled to resume the attack, they were bombed in their assembly areas.

4107:, director of the U.S. Second Regional Assistance Group, reassured Du that it was only a ruse and to remain ready for the main blow, which he was convinced would come from western Laos. Vann, although a civilian, had been granted the unique authority to command all U.S. military advisors within his region. Vann worked day and night, using his extensive civilian and military contacts to channel U.S. support (especially air support) to the region. Major General 7491: 7481: 3302:(DMZ) that separated the two Vietnams. There, the line of communication would be shortest and forces could be concentrated where "the enemy is weakest...violent attacks will disintegrate enemy forces...making it impossible for him to have enough troops to deploy elsewhere." This was an important consideration, since the northern thrust would serve to divert South Vietnamese attention and resources, while two other attacks were to be launched: one into the 4485: 3314: 3387:(VC) in the initial phase, which had been destroyed in the process. Without VC support, a large-scale PAVN offensive was considered highly unlikely. A PAVN thrust across the DMZ was also considered unlikely. Past infiltration and offensive operations had been conducted through and from Laotian and Cambodian territory and a DMZ offensive would be a blatant violation of the Geneva Agreement, which North Vietnam was adamant in defending. 3445:, that the North Vietnamese might attempt to "duplicate the effects of the 1968 offensive, perhaps by a limited operation aimed less at inflicting defeat on the battlefield than in influencing American public opinion." The consensus at MACV was that such an offensive would be launched against II Corps, in the Central Highlands. When the offensive did not occur, he and his headquarters were ridiculed in the American press for 4168:

Okinawa in early April. By early June, the PAVN faded back to the west, leaving behind over 4,000 dead on the battlefield. It was estimated by U.S. intelligence that total PAVN casualties in the Central Highlands during the offensive totaled between 20,000 and 40,000 troops. John Vann did not have time to savor his victory. While returning to Kon Tum from a briefing in Saigon on 9 June, he was killed in a helicopter crash.

4599:, signed in January 1973, the terms were favorable to North Vietnam., confirmed that North Vietnamese troops and support would remain in South Vietnam in the areas that they occupied, while all fighting was to be stopped by the signatory parties on both sides. With the U.S. committed to disengagement (and after threats from Nixon that Thiệu would be abandoned if he did not agree), Thiệu had little choice but to accede. 7501: 4043:

faded away to the north and west as others covered their withdrawal. On 18 June, the headquarters of III Corps declared the siege to be over. The Saigon government claimed that 12,500 South Vietnamese soldiers had been killed or wounded at An Lộc. American sources claimed that 25,000 PAVN or NLF troops had been killed or wounded during the action, although those numbers could never be confirmed.

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had been rectified somewhat during the emergency, reappeared once it had passed. During the Easter offensive, more than 25,000 South Vietnamese civilians had been killed and almost a million became refugees, 600,000 of whom were living in camps under government care. American casualties in combat for all of 1972 totaled 300 killed, most during the offensive.

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difficult by the loss of the airfield. Resupply was accomplished, however, by 448 aerial missions which managed to deliver 2,693 tons of air-dropped food, medical supplies, and ammunition, supported by the US Army's "549th QM (AD/Airborne)" (QuarterMaster, Air Delivery/Airborne) Rigger Company, which had been rapid-deployed from Okinawa in early April.

3833:. The Airborne Division led the way and, utilizing airmobile end-runs and the North Vietnamese were slowly levered out of their defensive positions. The division then advanced to the outskirts of Quảng Trị City within ten days, but then President Thieu intervened in the operation. Trưởng had planned to bypass the city and push on quickly to the 3578:– approximately 30,000 troops) supported by more than 100 tanks (in 2 Regiments) then rolled over the Demilitarized Zone to attack I Corps, the five northernmost provinces of South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese 308th Division and two independent regiments assaulted the "ring of steel", the arc of ARVN firebases just south of the DMZ. 3988:

the senior U.S. advisor, was not happy with General Hung's continuous reluctance to launch counterattacks and his reliance on U.S. air power to defeat the North Vietnamese. His hesitation and lack of motivation prompted Miller to report that: "He is tired – unstable – irrational – irritable – inadvisable – and unapproachable."

3921:'s 5th PAVN/VC Division and 203rd Armoured Regiment, which advanced down Highway 9 toward the border outpost of Loc Ninh. There, the 2,000 men of the ARVN 9th Regiment and a battalion of Rangers beat back five separate infantry/armor assaults before collapsing under the attack on 7 April. The North Vietnamese then isolated the 3968:. The North Vietnamese had decided that An Lộc, with its close proximity to Saigon, would be proclaimed as the capital of the Provisional Revolutionary Government, but even if they had been able to seize the town, they would never have been able to hold it. American air power would have made such an eventuality impossible. 3815:, senior U.S. advisor in I Corps, believed that the fall of Quảng Trị should have heralded the fall of Huế, but the North Vietnamese did not exploit their opportunity quickly enough. "That he failed completely to take advantage of the moment must be classed as another great blunder of the Quảng Trị campaign." 4508:. The first B-52 strike of the new operation was conducted on 10 April. President Nixon then decided to up the ante by targeting Hanoi and Haiphong. Between 1 May and 30 June, B-52s, fighter-bombers, and fixed-wing gunships had carried out 18,000 sorties over North Vietnam and suffered 29 aircraft losses. 4552:

At the conclusion of the ARVN counteroffensive, both sides were exhausted but considered their efforts to have been successful. The South Vietnamese and the Americans believed the policy of Vietnamization to have been validated, the internal weaknesses of the South Vietnamese command structure, which

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On 4 April, reacting to the ferocity of the offensive, President Nixon authorized tactical airstrikes from the DMZ north to the 18th parallel, the southern panhandle of North Vietnam. This supply interdiction effort was the first systematic bombing carried out in North Vietnam proper since the end of

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was to seize the cities of Kon Tum and Pleiku, thereby overrunning the Central Highlands. This would then open the possibility of proceeding east to the coastal plains, splitting South Vietnam in two. The highlands offensive was preceded by VC diversionary operations that opened on 5 April in coastal

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The climactic attack on An Lộc was launched on 14 May, when the North Vietnamese attacked directly into the teeth of the ARVN defense. The failed assault was described by Colonel Walt Ulmer, the 5th Division's senior advisor: "they were simply trying to pile on and pile on and pile on. They frittered

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delivered by U.S. and South Vietnamese aircraft supported by massed artillery, tank, and small arms fire. Inside the town, the contingent of U.S. advisors became essential to the defense, serving as a separate staff organizing fire and air support, logistics, and intelligence. Colonel William Miller,

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The PAVN also attempted to press their attack southward down Highway 1 and across the Mỹ Chánh River to Huế, but, fortunately for the South Vietnamese, after Trưởng took command, the 1st and Marine Divisions were reinforced by the 2nd and 3rd Brigades of the Airborne Division (which now totaled three

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Bearing the initial brunt of the attack would be the 3rd Division, which had been created in October 1971 and was located in an arc of outposts near the DMZ, to replace departing American troops. To create the new unit, the 1st Division (arguably ARVN's best unit) was stripped of its 2nd Regiment and

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and heavy-caliber, long-range artillery. To man the new equipment, 25,000 North Vietnamese troops received specialized training abroad, 80 percent of them in the Soviet Union or Eastern Europe. A contingent of high-level Soviet military personnel also arrived in Vietnam and stayed until March 1972 in

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A civilian official had never before in American history assumed the position of a general and commanded U.S. military forces in the field during wartime. A retired U.S. Army lieutenant colonel with ten years of experience in Vietnam, Vann had become notorious for his outspoken criticism of both his

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The loss of the northern firebases early in the offensive in I Corps made U.S. naval gunfire the primary source of artillery support in that area. U.S. Marine Corps gunfire observers were then assigned to fly with forward air controllers, providing coordinates for shore targets. At the height of the

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missiles were launched from the DMZ area, downing three F-4s. This heralded the farthest southern advance of SA-2 units thus far during the conflict. This classic high-low anti-aircraft coverage made aerial attacks extremely hazardous, especially when it was enhanced by the new shoulder-fired Grail.

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The PAVN advance was slowed by delaying actions for three weeks, and the South Vietnamese launched several counterattacks, but on the morning of 27 April, the North Vietnamese came on again, launching multi-pronged attacks against Đông Hà (which fell on the following day) and advancing to within 1.5

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U.S. intelligence had been squabbling over a possible PAVN attack across the DMZ attack during the months preceding the offensive. DIA analysts "cautiously" predicted such a contingency, but the CIA downplayed the possibility. General Lãm's American advisors agreed with his assessment that a blatant

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had decided to launch a major offensive early in the following year. 1972 would be a U.S. presidential election year, and the possibility of affecting the outcome was enticing and there was increasing anti-war sentiment among the population and government of the U.S. With American troop withdrawals,

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The ARVN suffered 39,587 dead in the same period, while American military deaths that year were 759, per U.S. military records. For the PAVN, the offensive was very costly. General Trần Văn Trà, writing about the offensive ten years after the fact, stated, "Our troops were exhausted and their units

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A relief effort had been launched by the 21st ARVN Division, but it never arrived at An Lộc. For three weeks the division crept northward along Highway 13 but it was held up by constant delaying actions by smaller PAVN forces. Although the division never reached its goal, it inadvertently supported

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On the morning of 11 May, another PAVN assault was launched after being preceded by an artillery bombardment that fired over 8,300 shells into a defense perimeter that had shrunk to a mere 1,000 yards (910 m) by 1,500 yards (1,400 m) before the day was over. PAVN forces again forced their

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As a result of his failure to seize the town quickly, the commander of the 9th Division was officially reprimanded and local command was handed over the senior officer of the 5th PAVN/VC Division. Besides the lack of coordination, the major difficulty for the PAVN was the rain of ordnance delivered

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areas and discovered a buildup of PAVN forces and equipment. MACV then decided that the North Vietnamese were preparing for an offensive in the central highlands and the northern provinces of South Vietnam. The brunt of an attack would be borne by South Vietnamese forces since the U.S. strength had

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of 1968 had led to a downgrading of Giáp's influence, but the victory achieved over South Vietnamese forces during the Laotian incursion brought Giáp's strategy back into the ascendant. Lê Duẩn was given responsibility for planning the operation but Giáp never rose to his former prominence, dealing

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Plaudits were showered upon Vann after his death. He had risen to become "the indispensable man" and "the heart and soul of the defense of Kon Tum." Even his enemy paid him a reverse tribute by exulting in his end, calling the death of "this outstanding chief advisor" "a stunning blow" against the

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Toàn, one of South Vietnam's most undistinguished officers, had been General Lam's assistant operations officer in I Corps during the opening phase of the offensive and had no wish to follow his former commander into ignominy. He assumed administrative control and conceded all command functions to

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With clearing weather the number of aircraft sorties soared. Between April and June there were 18,000 combat sorties flown to support the ARVN defense, 45 percent by the U.S. Air Force, 30 percent by the Navy and Marine Corps, and 25 percent by the VNAF. B-52s flew an additional 2,724 sorties. Ten

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deployed to the Elephant's Foot area to engage PAVN forces and with strong U.S. air support inflicted severe losses on the PAVN units there. However, despite their losses two regiments from the PAVN 5th Division and the 24th and Z18 Regiments pushed towards Base Area 470 and by early July six PAVN

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Although North Vietnamese forces remained in the area and continued to shell An Lộc heavily, the impetus of their offensive was over. By 12 June, the last PAVN forces were driven from the city and its environs and over 1,000 ARVN wounded were evacuated. Slowly, the decimated North Vietnamese units

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in the west). Because of a truck shortage, the units were moved simultaneously and became hopelessly intermixed and disorganized. At 11:30 on 30 March, both unit headquarters shut down their radios, for the exchange of operational areas. With communications fragmented, its units entangled, and the

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would visit the People's Republic of China, on a diplomatic mission before May 1972. The Chinese placated the suspicions of their ally, by reassuring North Vietnam that even more military and economic aid would be forthcoming in 1972. The Soviet Union, perceiving the growing antagonism between the

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The campaign can be divided into three phases: April was a month of PAVN advances; May became a period of equilibrium; in June and July the South Vietnamese forces counter-attacked, culminating in the recapture of Quảng Trị City in September. On all three fronts, initial North Vietnamese successes

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The North Vietnamese southern advance inexplicably halted for three crucial weeks. While the northern crisis waned, however, General Du began to unravel, finding it increasingly difficult to make decisions. Vann gave up all pretext of South Vietnamese command, took over himself, and openly issued

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After the failure of the assault on 21 April, the battle devolved into a siege, with the North Vietnamese pounding An Lộc and its defenders with 1,200 to 2,000 mortar, rocket, and artillery rounds per day. An Lộc was completely surrounded and could only be resupplied by air, a situation made more

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The attacks persisted and PAVN forces eventually battered their way into the town, seizing the airfield and reducing the ARVN perimeter to about a square kilometer. During another assault on the 21st, PAVN tanks actually forced their way through the defense perimeter but were held at bay and then

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The defense of the city and its walled citadel was left to PAVN replacement units and militia. One participant recalled : "The new recruits came in at dusk. They were dead by dawn... No one had time to check where they were from, or who was their commander." Others described the defense as a

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The offensive was given a title steeped in Vietnamese history. In 1773, the three Tây Sơn brothers (so-called because of the place of their origin) united a Vietnam divided by civil war and social unrest. The youngest brother, Nguyễn Huệ, then defeated an invading Chinese army on the outskirts of

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The North Vietnamese had timed their offensive well by having it coincide with the end of the annual winter monsoon when low cloud cover and rain provided a blanket under which the offensive could proceed without interference by allied aerial attack. Air strikes were possible only by all-weather

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On 28 April 29 and 803rd PAVN Regiments seized Firebase Bastogne, the strongest anchor on Huế's western flank. This made Firebase Checkmate untenable, and it too was evacuated that night. This exposed Huế to a direct thrust along Route 547. On 2 May PAVN forces south of Huế tried to surround the

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The exodus of ARVN forces was joined by tens of thousands of South Vietnamese civilians fleeing from the fighting. As the mass of humanity jostled and shoved its way south on Highway 1, it presented an inviting target for North Vietnamese artillerists. They were soon joined by PAVN infantry, who

3593:, and into the Quảng Trị River Valley. Significantly, allied intelligence had failed to predict both the scale of the offensive and the method of attack, giving PAVN "the inestimable benefit of shock effect, a crucial psychological edge over defenders who had expected something quite different." 3338:, was also enticing. The attitude of the North Vietnamese leadership was illustrated in an article in a 1972 party journal: "It doesn't matter whether the war is promptly ended or prolonged...Both are opportunities to sow the seeds; all we have to do is to wait for the time to harvest the crop." 4583:

by the Saigon government, and the total American withdrawal from South Vietnam as incentives. For the United States, getting North Vietnam to finally recognize South Vietnam's government as a legitimate body was crucial to any deal in Paris. For North Vietnam, the terms were enough to meet the

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With the aid of the U.S. and Republic of Vietnam Air Forces and despite severe losses, ARVN managed to hold Kon Tum during the remainder of the battle. Aerial resupply was supported by the US Army's "549th QM (AD)" (QuarterMaster, Air Delivery) Rigger Company, which had been rapid-deployed from

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By 14 May, North Vietnamese forces had reached Kon Tum and launched their main assault. The 320th PAVN Division, the 1st and 141st Regiments of the 2nd PAVN Division, and elements of the 203rd Tank Regiment attacked the city from the north, south, and west. By the time of the assault, the city

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On 27 July, the ARVN Marine Division was ordered to relieve the Airborne units as the lead element in the battle. But progress was slow, consisting of vicious house-to-house fighting and incessant artillery barrages by both sides. In September, the final assault to capture the heavily defended

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On 12 April, the 2nd PAVN Division, elements of the 203rd Tank Regiment, and several independent regiments of the B-3 Front attacked the outpost at Tan Canh and the nearby Đắk Tô base. When the ARVN armor moved out of Ben Het toward Đắk Tô, it was ambushed and destroyed. The overwhelmed South

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attacked the ARVN 42nd Ranger Group outpost at Kompong Trach 15 km north of the Cambodia-South Vietnam border. Fighting continued until the end of April as each side reinforced. The PAVN 1st Division eventually seized Kompong Trach but had suffered heavy losses which impacted its later

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By mid-June, clearing weather allowed more accurate aerial bombardment and shelling from U.S. warships offshore. On the 14th, Trưởng briefed President Thiệu and MACV on his planned counterattack to retake Quảng Trị Province. Thiệu was not convinced, preferring a smaller-scale operation. The

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It was not going to be an easy task for General Trưởng. The ARVN assault bogged down in the outskirts and the North Vietnamese, apprised of the plans for the offensive, moved the 304th and 308th Divisions to the west to avoid the U.S. airpower that was about to be unleashed upon Quảng Trị.

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During late 1971, U.S. and South Vietnamese intelligence estimates of communist intentions were mixed. An offensive was expected, but intelligence as to its timing, location, and size were confusing. The communists had mounted the Tet Offensive in 1968, but it had been conducted mainly by

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The U.S. high command had been expecting an attack in 1972 but the size and ferocity of the assault caught the defenders off balance, because the attackers struck on three fronts simultaneously, with the bulk of the PAVN. This first attempt by North Vietnam to invade the south since the

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kilometers of Quảng Trị City. General Giai had planned a staged withdrawal from the city to consolidate south of the Thạch Hãn, but bewildered by conflicting orders from Lãm and Giai, most ARVN formations splintered and then collapsed, conceding most of the province north of the city.

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While not as dramatic as the fighting on the other fronts of the Easter Offensive, IV Corps had managed to prevent the PAVN/VC from cutting Route QL-4 or seriously disrupting pacification efforts in the Mekong Delta while sharing nearly half of its forces with III Corps and I Corps.

3668:, an artillery firebase halfway between the Laotian border and the coast, was the linchpin of the South Vietnamese northern and western defense line and was the strongest obstacle to the North Vietnamese before Quảng Trị City. The camp was cut off and surrounded. On 2 April, Colonel 4471:

The weather conditions made early ground support haphazard, and these difficulties were compounded by North Vietnamese anti-aircraft units, which advanced behind the front line elements. PAVN moved 85 and 100 mm radar-directed batteries south of the DMZ and, on 17 February 81

4340:. Besides the weather the most serious problem facing the Americans was that the drawdown of U.S. forces during the previous four years had included valuable ground support aircraft and their maintenance crews. By the spring of 1972, the U.S. Air Force had only three squadrons of 4721:

superiors and the U.S. conduct of the war after his arrival in South Vietnam in 1962, and had been forced to resign his Army commission. Almost a decade after leaving the U.S. military under a personal and professional cloud, Vann had risen to the equivalent rank of general.

3845:"senseless sacrifice" and referred to Quảng Trị as "Hamburger City". Nevertheless, the PAVN units stationed within the citadel were well dug in, had the advantage of terrain and mass artillery support. An ARVN early victory was denied, and the fighting continued unabated. 4215:

On 23 May following fighting between the PAVN 207th Regiment and ARVN Ranger and armored forces in Cambodia, 15 km north of Cai Cai, the ARVN captured documents indicating plans for PAVN infiltration into northern Kiến Tường Province and subsequent attacks against

4591:, whose government would have to assent to any agreement. The intransigence of Thiệu and his demand for the U.S. not to abandon his nation after any agreement, as well as new demands by Hanoi, caused the stalling of peace talks in December. That led Nixon to launch 3703:

In summary...the pressure is mounting and the battle has become brutal...the senior military leadership has begun to bend and in some cases to break. In adversity, it is losing its will and cannot be depended upon to take the measures necessary to stand and

4530:), would withhold a negative reaction in return for improved relations with the West. He was correct. The People's Republic of China also muted any overt response to the escalatory measures for the same reason. Emboldened, Nixon decided to launch Operation 4111:, Du's senior military advisor, described Vann's extraordinary actions: "The rest of us organized around Vann's personal efforts and concentrated on getting the resources marshalled to take advantage of the leadership he was exerting with the Vietnamese." 3156:) was a radical departure from previous North Vietnamese offensives. The offensive was designed to achieve a decisive victory, which even if it did not lead to the collapse of South Vietnam, would greatly improve the North's negotiating position at the 5212:

Shortly after Podgorny's departure, a high-level Soviet military mission arrived in Hanoi to stay until March 1972. Much of this Soviet activity was in preparation for the large-scale assault by North Vietnam's army across the 17th parallel in March

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north and east of the city which would cut the last remaining road and force the PAVN to reinforce and resupply across the Thach Han River, making them vulnerable to air strikes. After a vicious, three-day battle against the 48th Regiment of the

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On 25 May a second North Vietnamese assault managed to cross the My Chanh River, but ARVN defenders put up ferocious resistance, forcing their enemy back across on 29 May. This was the last serious assault on the defenses of Huế. Major General

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Vietnamese defense northwest of Kon Tum quickly disintegrated, placing the command of III Corps in a quandary. With the remainder of the 22nd Division covering the coast there were few forces left to defend the provincial capital of Kon Tum.

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moved by the flank to attack the column. ARVN units, with no leadership and all unit cohesion gone, could muster no defense. Meanwhile, to the west, Fire Support Bases Bastogne and Checkmate had fallen after staunch ARVN defense and massive

3524:. Lãm concentrated on administrative matters and left tactical decisions to his subordinate commanders. Considering the circumstances, that was a workable solution only as long as his division commanders encountered no major difficulties. 3511:

Because of the general belief that the North Vietnamese would not violate the sacrosanct boundary, the unit was stationed in the relatively "safe" area directly below the DMZ. The division was commanded by newly promoted Brigadier General

3804:(Tsunami) that were planned to throw the North Vietnamese off balance, enlarge the defensive perimeter around Huế, and deny the enemy time and space to maneuver. Between 15 and 20 May, Firebases Bastogne and Checkmate were recaptured. 4730:

The forward deployment of the division had actually been Vann's idea. Although Du would not always do as Vann wanted, he did so enough times for the more xenophobic members of his staff to mock him as "the slave of John Paul

4149:, commander of the 23rd Division. Vann then used massive B-52 strikes to hold the North Vietnamese at arm's length and reduce their numbers while he managed to find additional troops with which to stabilize the situation. 3869:

citadel was launched; it was finally taken on 16 September. Trưởng's forces then advanced to the southern bank of the Thach Han River, where they halted, exhausted and depleted by heavy casualties and unable to push on to

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operations in Cambodia began returning to the border areas. In Laos and Cambodia, there was also an unusual expansion of infiltration. In North Vietnam, there was a noticeable increase in military recruitment. In January,

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At the time, it was assumed that the Soviet Union was supplying the bulk of North Vietnam's military needs but of the $ 1.5 billion in military aid sent to North Vietnam between 1970 and 1972, two-thirds came from

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Bình Định Province, which aimed at closing Highway 1, seizing several ARVN firebases, and diverting South Vietnamese forces from operations further west. North Vietnamese forces, under the command of Lieutenant General

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It was not uncommon for Vann to lobby hard to obtain 21 of the 25 B-52 flights coming into South Vietnam every day. Between 14 May and 7 June, approximately 300 B-52 strikes were conducted in the environs of Kon

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The campaign eventually employed the equivalent of 14 divisions. There was the distinct possibility of destroying or at least crippling large elements of the ARVN; possibly deposing of South Vietnamese President

3779:

brigades), and the reorganized 1st Ranger Group, raising the ARVN manpower total to 35,000. Also fortuitous was a one-week clearing of the weather, which allowed the application of massive U.S. bombing.

3716:, thirteen kilometers to the south. U.S. military advisors in Quảng Trị called for emergency helicopter extraction and, on 1 May 132 survivors were evacuated from Quảng Trị, including 80 U.S. soldiers. 3983:

By 13 April, An Lộc was surrounded and under a combined artillery, armored, and infantry attack by the 9th PAVN/VC Division. PAVN forces advanced on the town through a deluge of rockets, bombs, and

4526:, the aerial mining of Haiphong and other North Vietnamese ports. Nixon had taken a gamble that the Soviet Union, with which he was conducting negotiations for a strategic arms limitation treaty ( 3535:

When the weekend of Easter 1972 arrived, General Giai had planned to rotate the operational areas of his 56th Regiment (along the central DMZ) with the 2nd Regiment (around the artillery base at

3819:

persistent Trưởng finally convinced the president, emphasizing that such an effort would be possible "employing the superior firepower of our American ally." Thiệu finally approved the concept.

6876: 4580: 3335: 4676:, who had been shot down on 2 April by a surface-to-air missile behind PAVN lines. During the 12-day attempt to rescue him, a no-bombing/no-shelling zone was imposed south and west of the 4556:

Hanoi had committed 14 divisions and 26 independent regiments to the offensive and had suffered approximately 100,000 casualties and lost almost all of its armored forces committed (134

3070: 3608:

in order for his troops to reorganize. The following morning, ARVN armoured elements held off a PAVN offensive briefly when the crucial Highway QL-1 bridge over the Cửa Việt River at

3902:

The initial wave of the offensive was followed on 5 April by a PAVN advance out of Cambodia into Bình Long Province, northeast of Saigon. Its targets were the towns and airfields at

4595:, a bombing campaign aimed at North Vietnam's transport network, especially around Hanoi and Haiphong. This bombing campaign lasted from 18 Dec to 29 Dec 1972. Despite this, in the 3168:

of 1968, became characterized by conventional infantry–armor assaults backed by heavy artillery, with both sides fielding the latest in technological advances in weapons systems.

3294:

The central questions then became where and with what forces the offensive would be launched and what its goals were to be. North Vietnam had used the border regions of Laos and

4740:

It was indicative of the ARVN command structure that Bá, a skilled and aggressive commander with few political connections, was the only divisional commander of such low rank.

3437:, was convinced an offensive was likely but was also convinced that the attack would begin during or near the Tết holidays, at the beginning of the year. He notified Admiral 3727:

Giai evacuated the last of his forces from Quảng Trị City, which fell to PAVN forces on 2 May. That same day General Lam was summoned to Saigon for a meeting with President

3255:

South Vietnamese forces were stretched to breaking point along a border of more than 600 miles (966 km) and the poor performance of ARVN troops in the offensive into

3075: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3837:, thereby isolating any PAVN defenders. Thiệu, however, now demanded that Quảng Trị be taken immediately, seeing the city as "a symbol and a challenge" to his authority. 226: 7676: 7386: 4184: 3287:

chiefly with logistical matters and the approval of operational planning. The officer entrusted with the conduct of the offensive was the PAVN chief of staff, General

3215:

were hampered by high casualties, lack of fuel and the increasing application of U.S. and South Vietnamese air power. One result of the offensive was the launching of

2450: 3449:. The moment of crisis seemed to have passed, and by the end of March, allied forces that had been standing by had returned to pacification efforts. U.S. Ambassador 6435: 3829:

The 1st Division continued its westward push toward Laos while the Airborne and Marine Divisions, the 1st Ranger Group, and the 7th Armored Cavalry moved north to

5498:

Trưởng, p. 38. See also Fulghum and Maitland, pp. 145–147. For those units that did not fall apart, see ibid., p. 147. For Lãm's culpability, see Andrade, p. 150.

7686: 3713: 3346:

People's Republic and North Vietnam, sought to widen the rift by also agreeing to "additional aid without reimbursement", for North Vietnam's military forces.

3018: 3940:

to hold the town. They were reinforced by two battalions of the Ranger Group (on 7 April) and by two additional infantry battalions (on 10 and 11 April). The

7266: 6911: 1649: 1639: 3654:, whose 500 feet (152 m) cloud ceilings negated many U.S. airstrikes. PAVN advance elements were soon followed by anti-aircraft units armed with new 3914:. The possible initial goals of the offensive in III Corps remain unclear, but probably began as probes that, if successful, could be easily reinforced. 7494: 556: 3520:, was an officer who epitomized the indecision and the ineffectiveness of Saigon's command structure, as had been discovered all too blatantly during 7057: 4212:, the fighting continued for ten days before ARVN Rangers and armored forces succeeded in forcing the PAVN to withdraw towards the Cambodian border. 3567:

The offensive began at noon on 30 March 1972, when an intense artillery barrage rained down on the northernmost ARVN outposts in Quảng Trị Province.

456: 397: 4171:

In late July the ARVN 22nd Division, now commanded by Brigadier General Phan Dinh Niem, in cooperation with Bình Định Province RF/PF forces, retook

3876:

During July, American aircraft flew 5,461 tactical sorties and 2,054 B-52 strikes and operated 5 aircraft carriers to support the counteroffensive.

6614: 3834: 1030: 4164:

missiles. During the following three days of fighting, 24 North Vietnamese T-54 and PT-76 tanks were destroyed by TOWs and the breach was sealed.

3669: 1654: 3848:

On 11 July, the ARVN Airborne Division and South Vietnamese Marines launched a heli-borne assault supported by U.S. Marine helicopter squadrons

546: 407: 6896: 7691: 7103: 1644: 578: 3960:, commander of the 5th Division. The move was fortuitous for the South Vietnamese, since PAVN forces were indeed proceeding eastward toward 3262:

This decision marked the end of three years of political infighting between two factions within the Politburo: those members grouped around

7398: 7537: 4067: 3918: 3756: 3857: 4575:

In Paris, the peace negotiations continued, but this time, both sides were willing to make concessions. The chief American negotiator,

4329: 4929: 3540:

weather bad enough to prevent aerial operations, the 3rd Division offered the massed PAVN forces to the north an irresistible target.

7434: 4538:, the U.S. Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps lost 104 aircraft in combat, while they claimed the North Vietnamese opponents lost 63. 3687: 3964:. Simultaneously, the PAVN 7th Division bypassed the town and moved south along Highway 13 to block any relief effort launched from 7391: 2565: 1963: 3680:

bridge, 11 kilometers to the west of Đông Hà. PAVN then had almost unrestricted access to western Quảng Trị Province north of the

7322: 4220:. Subsequent intelligence showed that the PAVN 5th Division which had been beaten at An Lộc was moving into the Elephant's Foot ( 4175:

and Tam Quan district towns and reestablished communications on Highway 1 north to the southern boundary of Quảng Ngãi Province.

7071: 3807:

PAVN forces then launched another attempt to take the city on 21 May, losing 18 tanks and approximately 800 men in the process.

7681: 6836: 6526: 6329:

Operation "Bullet Shot" conducted during 1972 and resulted in the North Vietnamese finally getting serious about negotiating.

4939: 4816: 4348:

available in the Republic of Vietnam, a total of 76 aircraft. Another 114 fighter-bombers were stationed at various bases in

4094: 3430:

been reduced to 69,000 troops, most of whom were in support roles and the number was to be reduced to 27,000 by 30 November.

390: 6144:

These figures were derived from Project CHECO's "Kontum: Battle for the Central Highlands", 27 October 1972, pp. 88–89.

4851: 4267:

In late June after 22 days of fighting the ARVN 7th Division recaptured Kompong Trabek and cleared Route QL-1 (Cambodia) to

6921: 5043: 3418: 3672:, commander of the 56th ARVN Regiment, surrendered the camp and his 1,500 troops. Later in the day, ARVN troops abandoned 7449: 7416: 7365: 7094: 3800:

By mid-May, Trưởng felt strong enough to go on the offensive in a series of limited attacks, feints, and raids codenamed

3489: 2267: 1268: 6442: 4689:

Instead of sacking Lam for poor leadership, Thieu promoted the politically connected general to the Ministry of Defense.

7461: 7305: 7080: 7032: 6688: 5437: 4711:

On 30 April 1975, Lê Văn Hưng, "the hero of An Lộc", committed suicide rather than surrender to victorious PAVN forces.

4304: 4157: 4156:

At Vann's insistence, a personnel shake-up took place in III Corps when President Thieu replaced Du with Major General

3830: 3696: 3410:

holidays and that the offensive would involve the widespread use of armored forces. Laird was unconvinced and told the

3400: 3349:

These agreements led to a flood of equipment and supplies necessary for a modern, conventional army. This included 400

2955: 2487: 1634: 197: 48: 3783: 3464: 2470: 7027: 6805: 6769: 6741: 6711: 6656: 5970: 5137: 3903: 3625: 3341:

The northern leadership was taken aback during the summer of 1971, when an announcement was made that U.S. President

3200: 2603: 2455: 431: 4039:

the beleaguered city by eventually diverting almost all of the elements of the 7th PAVN Division from the fighting.

7381: 7022: 6987: 6901: 4313: 4261: 4223: 3617: 3334:. The prospect of seizing a South Vietnamese provincial capital, which could then be proclaimed as the seat of the 2855: 1629: 1584: 438: 383: 4534:

a systematic aerial assault on North Vietnam's transportation, storage, and air defense systems on 10 May. During

4504:

in November 1968. Airstrikes north of the 20th parallel were authorized on 5 April under the cover name Operation

7530: 6890: 5020: 4997: 4297:

fighters or bombers, which could deliver their ordnance accurately through the cloud cover by radar direction or

3961: 3929: 3911: 3691:

ARVN M-48 tanks are positioned near the Dong Ha River overlooking QL-9 during the Easter Offensive, 10 April 1972

3501: 3497: 3250:

in early 1971. Convinced that they had destroyed South Vietnam's best units during Lam Son 719, by December, the

3208: 3126: 2191: 2074: 1548: 1390: 461: 323: 282: 4615:

Military operations are generally designated by the title attributed to them by the attacking force. During the

4572:

in disarray. We had not been able to make up losses. We were short of manpower as well as food and ammunition."

3763:

toward Huế with the 324B Division. Spoiling attacks by the ARVN 1st Division, however, threw off the timetable.

3330:; convincing the U.S. as to the hopelessness of continued support to the South and demonstrating the failure of 6931: 6926: 6542: 5049: 4202: 1145: 1099: 424: 4074:

and 2nd PAVN Divisions in the highlands and the 3rd PAVN Division in the lowlands – approximately 50,000 men.

3504:, approximately 30,000 men. The units were in static defensive positions and lacked adequate mobile reserves. 551: 7254: 4438: 4090: 4086: 3941: 3922: 3299: 3006: 2282: 1831: 1317: 1203: 4971:

Bách khoa tri thức quốc phòng toàn dân. NXB Chính trị quốc gia. Hà Nội.2003. các trang 280–284 và 1734–1745.

4114: 2980: 444: 7504: 7338: 7271: 7017: 5191: 4256: 3953: 3937: 3485: 3481: 3477: 2033: 1858: 1024: 943: 571: 4627:. Returning to the previous convention, the 1972 Spring offensive has returned to its correct designation. 3604:

On 1 April, South Vietnamese General Giai, ordered a withdrawal of the 3rd Division south of the Cửa Việt/

7261: 6906: 6872: 5182: 4698:

Almost one out of every four of the 8,000 ARVN Marines in the division had been killed or wounded during

3995: 3396: 3303: 3118: 2651: 2555: 2205: 1915: 1764: 765: 449: 357: 337: 7194: 4588: 3728: 3327: 3246:

leadership began discussing a possible offensive during the 19th Plenum of the Central Committee of the

2575: 7523: 7439: 7244: 7108: 6854: 3907: 3795: 3721: 3586: 3365:

light amphibious tanks, hundreds of anti-aircraft missiles, including the shoulder-fired, heat-seeking

3134: 2817: 2520: 2515: 2179: 2142: 1847: 1787: 1726: 1666: 7444: 7411: 7310: 7283: 7113: 7089: 6829: 4769:

Eighty-five TOWs were fired in combat during the offensive, only ten of which were counted as misses.

4501: 4414: 4333: 4130: 3732: 3554: 3247: 3175:, North Vietnamese forces overran the ARVN’s defensive positions in a month-long battle and captured 2923: 2700: 2369: 2343: 2219: 1950: 1880: 1518: 1397: 933: 913: 907: 758: 705: 509: 203: 181: 4145:

orders. He placed responsibility for the defense of the city of Kon Tum on the shoulders of Colonel

4126: 4125:

To counter the possible threat from the west, Du had deployed two regiments of the 22nd Division to

2608: 7466: 7343: 7052: 6959: 6916: 4071: 3862: 3632: 3621: 3582: 3575: 3571: 2962: 2762: 2596: 2399: 2362: 2310: 2303: 2162: 2149: 2135: 2128: 2114: 2053: 2018: 2002: 1983: 1976: 1929: 1866: 1603: 1511: 1445: 1238: 1152: 1055: 1017: 187: 4197:

On 7 April PAVN/VC local main force units, the 18B, 95B, D1 and D2 Regiments began attacks in the

3191:, threatening to open a way to the sea, which would have split South Vietnam in two. Northeast of 2570: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7317: 7176: 7085: 7006: 4592: 4361: 3770: 3417:

U.S. and South Vietnamese intelligence services had no consensus as to communist intentions, but

3196: 2992: 2911: 2882: 2840: 2782: 2413: 2336: 2289: 2247: 2238: 2226: 2088: 2067: 2010: 1887: 1771: 1434: 1363: 1329: 1282: 1118: 1105: 812: 638: 541: 300: 171: 4803: 4008:

upon them by incessant air strikes, which further reduced manpower and made resupply difficult.

2419: 233: 7348: 7300: 7012: 5180:

Garver, John W. (Autumn 1981). "Sino-Vietnamese Conflict and the Sino-American Rapproachment".

4673: 4523: 4408: 4190: 3446: 3288: 3184: 2985: 2968: 2936: 2833: 2810: 2686: 2679: 2665: 2589: 2525: 2405: 2317: 2212: 2046: 2039: 1873: 1841: 1778: 1732: 1562: 1336: 1130: 996: 966: 690: 646: 561: 4380:, were on station at the onset of the offensive. Their air wings totaled 140 strike aircraft. 4063: 3933: 3681: 3517: 3271: 3144:

This conventional invasion (the largest invasion since 300,000 Chinese troops had crossed the

375: 258: 209: 177: 7203: 7162: 6316: 4869: 4396: 4369: 3956:

as a relief force. All forces in the area were placed under the command of Brigadier General

3521: 3516:, the former deputy commander of the 1st Division. The I Corps commander, Lieutenant General 3442: 3239: 3233: 3172: 2943: 2929: 2917: 2789: 2775: 2730: 2709: 2672: 2582: 2530: 2480: 2392: 2383: 2356: 2254: 2232: 2172: 2156: 2121: 2107: 1990: 1922: 1826: 1808: 1794: 1738: 1700: 1671: 1483: 1376: 1350: 1224: 1192: 1125: 1085: 1062: 880: 833: 826: 739: 725: 626: 268: 3752: 3751:

Hoping to break the stalemate that was developing on the northern front, Lieutenant General

3204: 248: 7484: 6822: 6762:

A Better War: The Unexamined Victories and Final Tragedy of America's Last Years in Vietnam

4432: 4407:

was also beefed up by the addition of five aircraft carrier groups, including those of the

4291: 4024: 3949: 3889: 3812: 3529: 3216: 3117:) as romanticized in South Vietnamese literature, was a military campaign conducted by the 2875: 2849: 2824: 2737: 2658: 2636: 2550: 2535: 2465: 2323: 2296: 2261: 2100: 2081: 1720: 1616: 1534: 1406: 1357: 1323: 1252: 1231: 1217: 1003: 860: 805: 3925:

in neighboring Tây Ninh Province by sending two regiments to attack its forward outposts.

8: 7406: 7355: 7275: 7185: 6998: 6954: 4861: 4596: 4446: 4426: 4375: 4353: 3434: 3422: 3157: 3097: 2999: 2716: 2693: 2644: 2540: 2502: 2425: 2198: 1969: 1936: 1693: 1554: 1476: 1453: 1440: 1275: 1180: 989: 868: 847: 819: 792: 674: 516: 504: 499: 4838:

Army: 410,000 Air Force: 50,000 Marines: 14,000 Regional Forces: 284,000 Total: 758,000.

3957: 3263: 2743: 529: 238: 7224: 7149: 7135: 6731: 6608: 5203: 4856: 4420: 4384: 3885: 3644: 3613: 3493: 3476:

The ARVN units upon which the initial North Vietnamese attack was to fall included the

2974: 2868: 2861: 2616: 2545: 2460: 2350: 2329: 2275: 1996: 1957: 1853: 1801: 1757: 1685: 1623: 1608: 1597: 1541: 1497: 1343: 1310: 1289: 1261: 1245: 1140: 1092: 952: 938: 927: 901: 874: 779: 772: 718: 711: 660: 631: 619: 589: 535: 524: 487: 6723:

Summons of the Trumpet: The History of the Vietnam War from a Military Man's Viewpoint

4481:

offensive three U.S. cruisers and 38 destroyers were providing naval gunfire support.

4437:. This made five carriers available at any one time to conduct aerial operations. The 4209: 4146: 7229: 7139: 7122: 6949: 6801: 6784: 6765: 6737: 6707: 6684: 6652: 6522: 5966: 5433: 5133: 4935: 4812: 4547: 4388: 4325: 3640: 3267: 3176: 3011: 2768: 2629: 2560: 2185: 2094: 1942: 1902: 1714: 1707: 1659: 1469: 1420: 1296: 1210: 1159: 1078: 1036: 1010: 920: 854: 840: 798: 786: 699: 602: 596: 482: 5427: 7239: 6992: 6982: 6964: 5195: 4108: 4052: 4020: 3636: 3513: 3450: 2756: 2510: 2494: 2475: 2431: 1836: 1821: 1750: 1677: 1590: 1568: 1490: 1459: 1427: 1369: 1111: 1071: 980: 973: 751: 681: 607: 566: 476: 468: 220: 6436:"United States Air Force in Southeast Asia: Aces and Aerial Victories – 1965–1973" 7455: 7360: 7279: 7066: 6677: 4576: 4337: 3965: 3605: 3414:

in late January that a large communist offensive "was not a serious possibility"

2803: 2375: 1896: 1744: 1526: 1504: 1413: 1383: 1303: 1186: 1173: 1166: 1135: 894: 745: 667: 5963:

Hell in An Loc: The 1972 Easter Invasion and the Battle that Saved South Vietnam

4646:

More than 3,000 PAVN tank crews received training at the Soviet armor school in

4584:

criteria for victory that Hanoi's leaders had established before the offensive.

4403:

with a further 124 bombers, bringing the total available in-theater to 209. The

3870: 3609: 52: 7234: 7208: 7158: 6700: 4473: 4464: 4345: 4252: 4172: 4118: 4104: 3426: 3331: 2898: 2796: 2749: 2723: 2623: 2026: 1908: 959: 732: 613: 4217: 3369:(called the Grail in the West), anti-tank missiles, including the wire-guided 3275: 3270:

and rebuilding the north, and the "southern firsters" around Defense Minister

7670: 7131: 7002: 6886: 6868: 6788: 6496:

United States Army in Vietnam: Advice and Support: The Final Years, 1965–1973

5450: 4624: 4442: 4404: 4357: 4238: 4225: 4208:

On 18 May elements of the PAVN 52D and 101D Regiments, 1st Division attacked

3760: 3438: 3411: 3342: 3283: 3165: 3130: 3122: 2904: 2890: 1815: 1577: 1042: 887: 492: 215: 164: 138: 125: 113: 78: 4015:

From 22 April to 10 May, the tactical situation remained stable at what the

3306:, to cut the country in two and another eastwards from Cambodia to threaten 328:

30,000 killed, 78,000 wounded and 14,000 missing (excluding U.S. casualties)

7249: 4677: 4317: 4198: 4134: 3945: 3731:. He was relieved of command of I Corps and replaced by Lieutenant General 3676:, the last western base. This allowed North Vietnamese forces to cross the 3673: 3665: 3536: 3403: 3358: 3279: 296: 44: 4831: 3650:

The North Vietnamese advance had been timed to coincide with the seasonal

6845: 6507:

Stanley Karnow. "Vietnam: A History." Penguin Books, June 1997. Page 659.

6498:, Washington, D.C: Center of Military History, United States Army, p. 275 4383:

To rectify the aircraft shortage, from 7 April to 13 May 176 F-4s and 12

4341: 4268: 3391: 3370: 3149: 3138: 413: 30: 6733:

Powerful and Brutal Weapons: Nixon, Kissinger, and the Easter Offensive

6631:

Trial by Fire: The 1972 Easter Offensive, America's Last Vietnam Battle

5207: 4515: 4161: 4000: 3677: 3390:

In December, intelligence became conclusive that PAVN units supporting

3153: 3145: 6583:

The Vietnamese Air Force, 1951–1975, An Analysis of its Role in Combat

5045:

Courage and Blood: South Vietnam's Repulse of the 1972 Easter Invasion

3932:

would be the next target, the III Corps commander, Lieutenant General

3421:(MACV), was suspicious and sent several reconnaissance teams into the 6880: 4581:

Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam

3266:, who favored following the Chinese model of continued low-intensity 3251: 1199: 150: 7515: 5199: 4931:

Between War and the State: Civil Society in South Vietnam, 1954–1975

4663:

That contention was challenged by General Ngô Quang Trưởng as false.

4484: 4098: 3313: 193: 6798:

Abandoning Vietnam: How America Left and South Vietnam Lost Its War

4865: 4616: 4496:

U.S. and six VNAF aircraft were lost to SAM or anti-aircraft fire.

4488: 4449:, a total of 119 strike aircraft. There were also two squadrons of 4349: 3659: 3655: 3590: 3458: 3384: 3366: 3295: 2061: 6638:

Casey, Michael; Clark Dougan; Samuel Lipsman; et al. (1987).

6478: 6476: 5756: 4852:"If the Vietnamese Took Over the War, the Americans Could Go Home" 3563:

PAVN 122mm artillery battery goes into action on the Kon Tum front

5860: 5858: 5449:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

5432:. History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. 5163: 5161: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5073: 4557: 4546:

Further information on US and North Vietnamese negotiations:

4251:) area of Cambodia and would then move into Base Area 470 in the 3976: 3853: 3849: 3651: 3647:, which protected the old imperial capital of Huế from the west. 3407: 3188: 3180: 6674: 4368:. Task Force 77 had four carriers assigned to it, but only two, 6637: 6473: 4647: 4527: 4454: 4324:

These missions were conducted by aircraft assigned to the U.S.

3984: 3488:, further south. The force was supplemented by two brigades of 3307: 3192: 3183:. The PAVN similarly eliminated frontier defense forces in the 405: 6814: 6519:

The Linebacker raids : the bombing of North Vietnam, 1972

6030: 5930: 5855: 5549: 5429:

U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The War That Would Not End, 1971–1973

5392: 5158: 5070: 3999:

North Vietnamese T-54 tank knocked out in An Lộc by U.S. Army

3917:

The invasion was launched from Cambodian Base Area 708 by the

6683:. The Vietnam Experience. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. 6521:. Internet Archive. London : Cassell. pp. 173–174. 6288: 5130:

No Wider War: A history of the Vietnam War Volume 2 1965-1975

4805:

MACV: The Joint Command in the Years of Withdrawal, 1968-1973

4619:, this convention was disregarded. Thus the North Vietnamese 4561: 4450: 4309: 4298: 4278: 3454: 3362: 3243: 2949: 6753:

A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam

5106: 5104: 4651: 4565: 4460: 4365: 4057:

The objective of PAVN forces during the third phase of the

3354: 3350: 3256: 6594:. Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program. 6231: 6219: 6195: 6183: 5979: 5729: 5561: 4834:

The Development and Training of the South Viet Namese Army

4674:

rescue Air Force officer Lt Col Iceal Hambleton ("Bat-21")

4185:

Easter Offensive in southern Cambodia and the Mekong Delta

3658:

tracked weapon platforms and man-portable, shoulder-fired

3585:, including an armoured regiment, moved out of Laos along 38: 6675:

Lipsman, Samuel; Boston Publishing Company, eds. (1988).

6603:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History. 6394: 5996: 5994: 5797: 5795: 5746: 5744: 5537: 5089: 5060: 5058: 4979: 4977: 4836:. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army. p. 151. 6647:

Fulghum, David; Maitland, Terrence; et al. (1984).

6276: 5645: 5456: 5368: 5310: 5308: 5295: 5293: 5101: 4955: 4953: 4951: 6159: 6147: 6126: 6114: 6102: 6090: 6078: 6066: 5597: 5501: 4511: 4077: 3971: 3894: 3743: 3596: 3559: 3492:(the 147th and 258th), the 51st Infantry Regiment, the 91:

PAVN takes control of 10% of South Vietnamese territory

6665: 6461: 6382: 6370: 6358: 6334: 6243: 6207: 6171: 6054: 6042: 6018: 6006: 5991: 5942: 5906: 5831: 5792: 5780: 5768: 5741: 5657: 5633: 5609: 5585: 5525: 5266: 5055: 4974: 4391:

and the continental U.S. to Thailand during Operation

6421:

Michael Casey, Clark Dougan, Samuel Lispman, et al.,

6346: 6255: 5870: 5843: 5819: 5807: 5513: 5480: 5404: 5380: 5344: 5320: 5305: 5290: 5230: 5218: 5146: 4948: 5918: 5882: 5717: 5705: 5693: 5681: 5669: 5621: 5573: 5468: 5356: 5332: 5254: 5242: 4909: 4332:

in South Vietnam and Thailand or by the U.S. Navy's

5021:"North Vietnamese Army's 1972 Eastertide Offensive" 4998:"North Vietnamese Army's 1972 Eastertide Offensive" 4832:Brigadier General James Lawton Collins Jr. (1975). 4441:(VNAF) at this time consisted of nine squadrons of 3712:On 29 April, Giai ordered a general retreat to the 3298:as supply and manpower conduits for a decade and a 6699: 6676: 4093:Divisions, two armored cavalry squadrons, and the 3662:, which made low-level bombing attacks hazardous. 3232:Further information on the Laotian incursion: 7677:Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1972 6668:Webster's New World Dictionary of the Vietnam War 6565: 6425:. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1987, p. 39. 4672:This situation was exacerbated by the attempt to 4518:shoulder-fired anti-aircraft missile and launcher 4178: 3639:and advanced directly eastward toward Fire Bases 3620:. The initial PAVN units were then joined by the 3179:city, before moving south in an attempt to seize 3137:between 30 March and 22 October 1972, during the 7668: 6800:. Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press. 6585:. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History. 6576:. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History. 5965:. University of North Texas Press. p. 187. 3774:An ARVN outpost on the My Chanh Line, 2 May 1972 3111: 6646: 6482: 6036: 5936: 5864: 5762: 5555: 5398: 5167: 5083: 4927: 4085:Arrayed against them in II Corps were the ARVN 3361:(a Chinese version of the T-54) medium and 200 3187:and advanced towards the provincial capital of 7687:Military campaigns involving the United States 6599:Trưởng, Ngô, Lieutenant General Quang (1980). 4457:fixed-wing gunships, totaling of 28 aircraft. 4097:, all under the command of Lieutenant General 3979:anti-tank rockets during the defense of An Lộc 3484:in Quảng Trị and Thừa Thiên Provinces and the 7531: 6830: 6543:"Việt Nam - Nixon ép Sài Gòn ký hòa đàm 1973" 4467:anti-aircraft missile on camouflaged launcher 3789: 3461:to spend the Easter holiday with his family. 3282:model of big offensives). The failure of the 391: 320:~10,000 killed, 33,000 wounded, 3,500 missing 6613:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3782:The PAVN advance was halted on 5 May at the 69:(6 months, 3 weeks and 1 day) 7366:Normalization of US–Vietnam relations 4811:. Government Printing Office. p. 378. 4522:On 8 May Nixon authorized the launching of 3724:strikes, which inflicted heavy casualties. 3238:In the wake of the failed South Vietnamese 342:213,307 killed and wounded, 13,000 captured 7538: 7524: 6837: 6823: 4579:, offered a ceasefire, recognition of the 4121:and his staff at their Pleiku headquarters 3406:to state that PAVN would attack after the 398: 384: 67:30 March – 22 October 1972 37: 6795: 6306:Tilford, p. 224. See also Lavalle, p. 27. 5421: 5419: 5123: 5121: 5119: 4680:, a tragic decision for the 3rd Division. 4395:I-IV. Between 5 February and 23 May, the 3317:Republic of Vietnam: Corps Tactical Zones 6729: 6697: 6428: 6282: 5018: 4995: 4797: 4795: 4623:of 1968 became known in the West as the 4510: 4483: 4459: 4303: 4113: 4076: 3994: 3970: 3893: 3769: 3742: 3686: 3595: 3558: 3463: 3312: 344:More than 1,000 tanks and APCs destroyed 7387:Opposition to United States involvement 6750: 6736:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 6666:Leepson, Marc; Helen Hannaford (1999). 6628: 6571: 6376: 6364: 6340: 6294: 6165: 6153: 6132: 6120: 6108: 6096: 6084: 6072: 6060: 6048: 6024: 6012: 6000: 5985: 5948: 5912: 5876: 5837: 5801: 5786: 5774: 5750: 5735: 5663: 5651: 5639: 5615: 5591: 5567: 5531: 5462: 5386: 5374: 5350: 5326: 5314: 5272: 5236: 5224: 5152: 5110: 5064: 4983: 4959: 4849: 4399:(SAC) reinforced Guam during Operation 4387:were transferred from air bases in the 3928:Sensing that the provincial capital of 3203:and advanced to assault the capital of 7669: 6778: 6759: 6720: 6598: 6580: 6574:Air Power and the 1972 Spring Invasion 6467: 6388: 6249: 6237: 6225: 6213: 6201: 6189: 6177: 5924: 5888: 5849: 5825: 5813: 5723: 5711: 5699: 5675: 5603: 5579: 5543: 5519: 5507: 5486: 5474: 5425: 5416: 5410: 5362: 5338: 5299: 5179: 5127: 5116: 5095: 4915: 4801: 4587:The only obstacle to a settlement was 3747:South Vietnamese northern defense line 3695:On 21 April, Abrams notified the U.S. 3548: 7545: 7519: 6818: 6706:. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. 6651:. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. 6649:South Vietnam on Trial: Mid-1970–1972 6592:Air War Over South Vietnam: 1968–1975 6589: 6516: 6400: 6352: 6261: 5687: 5627: 5260: 5248: 4928:Nguyen-Marshall, Van (15 July 2023). 4892:Vietnam Department of Defense website 4792: 4046: 3879: 3274:, supported by First Party Secretary 2969:Bo De River, Nha Trang, Tha Cau River 379: 370:25,000+ killed and 1 million refugees 7692:Military campaigns involving Vietnam 7500: 6642:. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. 6622: 4189:On 22 March the PAVN 101D Regiment, 3759:, attacked on 1 April west from the 3419:Military Assistance Command, Vietnam 3336:Provisional Revolutionary Government 362:100,000+ casualties (~40,000 killed) 7104:U.S. escalation / "Americanization" 6581:Momyer, General William W. (1975). 6572:Lavalle, Major A.J.C., ed. (1985). 5960: 5954: 4621:General Offensive, General Uprising 4260:regiments were located in northern 13: 7033:1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt 6783:. Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press. 3944:, which had been stationed in the 3528:North Vietnamese violation of the 14: 7703: 7028:North Vietnamese invasion of Laos 6670:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 3377: 7499: 7490: 7489: 7480: 7479: 7382:Draft evasion in the Vietnam War 6702:Rain of Fire: Air War, 1969–1973 6535: 6510: 6501: 6488: 6441:. Air University. Archived from 6415: 6406: 6309: 6300: 6267: 6138: 5444: 4772: 4763: 4753: 4743: 4035:away an awful lot of manpower." 3738: 353:250–700 tanks and APCs destroyed 214: 163: 143: 131: 118: 106: 7018:Vietnamese migration of 1954–55 6844: 5894: 5492: 5278: 5173: 5035: 5012: 4989: 4965: 4734: 4724: 4714: 4705: 4692: 4683: 4666: 4657: 4640: 4630: 4609: 3618:3rd Vietnamese Marine Battalion 3374:preparation for the offensive. 3127:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 290:~1,500 aircraft and helicopters 7267:United States prisoners of war 6779:Turley, Colonel G. H. (1985). 6566:Published government documents 5050:United States Army War College 4921: 4906:Leepson and Hannaford, p. 115. 4900: 4885: 4876: 4843: 4825: 4356:heavy bombers were located at 4308:Increased American air power: 4179:Southern Cambodia and IV Corps 16:Part of the Vietnam War (1972) 1: 7450:Henry Kissinger’s involvement 6730:Randolph, Stephen P. (2007). 6721:Palmer, Dave Richard (1978). 6633:. New York: Hippocrene Books. 4786: 4491:tracked anti-aircraft vehicle 4439:Republic of Vietnam Air Force 4133:and two armored squadrons to 3457:, and General Abrams went to 3222: 1585:New Year's Day battle of 1968 7682:Campaigns of the Vietnam War 6796:Willbanks, James H. (2004). 6601:The Easter Offensive of 1972 5192:Academy of Political Science 4934:. Cornell University Press. 4541: 4330:Seventh/Thirteenth Air Force 3543: 3433:The U.S. commander, General 3278:(both of whom supported the 3093:1972 spring–summer offensive 1650:Joint General Staff Compound 1640:Cholon and Phu Tho Racetrack 982:Thayer, Irving and Thayer II 7: 7058:Independence Palace bombing 6764:. New York: Harvest Books. 6494:Clarke, Jeffrey J. (1988), 6483:Fulghum & Maitland 1984 6458:, on-line book, pp. 95–102. 6037:Fulghum & Maitland 1984 5937:Fulghum & Maitland 1984 5865:Fulghum & Maitland 1984 5763:Fulghum & Maitland 1984 5556:Fulghum & Maitland 1984 5399:Fulghum & Maitland 1984 5183:Political Science Quarterly 5168:Fulghum & Maitland 1984 5084:Fulghum & Maitland 1984 3898:PAVN offensive in III Corps 3397:Defense Intelligence Agency 3227: 3129:(ARVN, the regular army of 3121:(PAVN, the regular army of 3105:) by North Vietnam, or the 1578:Tet Offensive and aftermath 10: 7708: 7440:Canada and the Vietnam War 7109:1965 South Vietnamese coup 6917:People's Republic of China 6897:International participants 6590:Nalty, Bernard C. (2000). 6560: 4802:Cosmas, Graham A. (2007). 4545: 4289: 4182: 4081:PAVN offensive in II Corps 4050: 3952:to join a regiment of the 3883: 3822:Trưởng launched Operation 3796:Second Battle of Quang Tri 3793: 3790:I Corps – Counteroffensive 3635:Division moved out of the 3552: 3259:promised an easy victory. 3231: 3019:Lists of allied operations 333:300 killed, ~1,500 wounded 7551: 7475: 7445:CIA activities in Vietnam 7427: 7374: 7331: 7293: 7217: 7041: 6975: 6942: 6861: 6852: 6755:. New York: Random House. 4850:Correll, John T. (2017). 4502:Operation Rolling Thunder 3600:PAVN offensive in I Corps 3555:First Battle of Quang Tri 2451:Cambodia and Mekong Delta 421: 366: 311: 274: 156: 99: 59: 36: 28: 23: 7467:Women in the Vietnam War 7399:United States news media 7344:Indochina refugee crisis 7339:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 7114:Bombing of North Vietnam 7053:Strategic Hamlet Program 5426:Melson, Charles (1991). 5287:magazine, 24 March 1972. 4602: 4194:operations in IV Corps. 3570:Two PAVN divisions (the 3119:People's Army of Vietnam 2034:DMZ Campaign (1969–1971) 2027:Vietnamization 1969–1971 1269:Malheur I and Malheur II 89:Both sides claim victory 7086:Gulf of Tonkin incident 7007:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 6725:. New York: Ballantine. 6698:Morrocco, John (1985). 6517:Smith, John T. (2000). 6317:"Operation Bullet Shot" 5961:Thi, Lam Quang (2009). 5128:Miller, Sergio (2021). 4593:Operation Linebacker II 4362:Andersen Air Force Base 3197:III Corps Tactical Zone 3102:Chiến dịch Xuân–Hè 1972 547:Dương Liễu – Nhông Pass 7495:Battles and operations 7435:Awards and decorations 7349:Vietnamese boat people 7318:Impact of Agent Orange 7306:Body count controversy 7013:1954 Geneva Conference 6760:Sorley, Lewis (1999). 6751:Sheehan, Neil (1988). 6629:Andrade, Dale (1995). 5042:Sorley, Lewis (1999), 4524:Operation Pocket Money 4519: 4492: 4468: 4321: 4122: 4082: 4004: 3980: 3899: 3775: 3748: 3706: 3692: 3612:was blown up by Capt. 3601: 3564: 3473: 3441:, the chairman of the 3318: 3248:Vietnam Workers' Party 3199:, PAVN forces overran 3185:II Corps Tactical Zone 3135:United States military 3112: 3101: 1655:Bien Hoa and Long Binh 351: 100,000+ killed 288:550 tanks and 900 APCs 157:Commanders and leaders 7204:1975 spring offensive 7163:ARVN campaign in Laos 7159:Vietnamization policy 6297:, pp. 19, 23–26. 6273:Tilford, pp. 223–224. 4870:Air Force Association 4514: 4487: 4463: 4397:Strategic Air Command 4307: 4203:Chương Thiện Province 4117: 4080: 3998: 3974: 3897: 3794:Further information: 3773: 3746: 3701: 3690: 3599: 3562: 3553:Further information: 3522:Operation Lam Son 719 3467: 3443:Joint Chiefs of Staff 3316: 3240:Operation Lam Son 719 3234:Operation Lam Son 719 3173:I Corps Tactical Zone 2856:Tan Son Nhut Air Base 2192:Montgomery Rendezvous 2075:Massachusetts Striker 1645:Tan Son Nhut Air Base 579:American intervention 312:Casualties and losses 7323:Environmental impact 7195:Battle of Phước Long 6960:Cold War (1962–1979) 6781:The Easter Offensive 6319:. GlobalSecurity.org 4447:F-5 Freedom Fighters 4292:Operation Linebacker 4095:2nd Airborne Brigade 4059:Nguyen Hue Offensive 3865:broke and withdrew. 3858:Troop F, 4th Cavalry 3813:Frederick J. Kroesen 3697:Secretary of Defense 3631:Simultaneously, the 3470:Nguyen Hue Offensive 3401:Secretary of Defense 3217:Operation Linebacker 3091:, also known as the 1031:Tan Son Nhut airbase 409:Military engagements 7403:In popular culture 7356:Sino-Vietnamese War 7186:Paris Peace Accords 6999:First Indochina War 6988:Japanese occupation 6955:Cambodian Civil War 6545:. BBC. 24 June 2009 6403:, pp. 369–370. 6240:, pp. 150–153. 6228:, pp. 149–150. 6204:, pp. 145–146. 6192:, pp. 143–145. 5988:, pp. 499–500. 5765:, pp. 178–180. 5738:, pp. 211–213. 5546:, pp. 62, 166. 5098:, pp. 310–311. 4597:Paris Peace Accords 4385:F-105 Thunderchiefs 4354:B-52 Stratofortress 4262:Định Tường Province 4235: / 4066:, commander of the 3755:, commander of the 3581:From the west, the 3549:I Corps – Quảng Trị 3435:Creighton W. Abrams 3158:Paris Peace Accords 2503:Paris Peace Accords 2283:Pennsylvania Square 1937:Phase III Offensive 1832:Landing Zone Center 946:Baton Rouge Victory 7177:Christmas bombings 7150:Cambodian campaign 6679:War in the Shadows 6448:on 5 November 2006 5570:, p. 181–182. 4857:Air Force Magazine 4520: 4493: 4469: 4336:, offshore in the 4322: 4123: 4083: 4047:II Corps – Kon Tum 4005: 4003:helicopter gunship 3981: 3975:ARVN soldier with 3900: 3886:Battle of Loc Ninh 3880:III Corps – An Lộc 3863:320B PAVN Division 3776: 3749: 3693: 3602: 3565: 3474: 3319: 3300:demilitarized zone 3205:Bình Long Province 2617:Fall of Phnom Penh 2276:Cambodian campaign 307:322 tanks and APCs 49:20th Tank Regiment 7664: 7663: 7546:Vietnam War years 7513: 7512: 7230:Ho Chi Minh trail 7123:Buddhist Uprising 7081:Coup against Minh 7072:Coup against Diem 6995:(1949–1955) 6950:Laotian Civil War 6943:Related conflicts 6922:Republic of China 6640:Flags into Battle 6623:Secondary sources 6528:978-0-304-35295-1 6423:Flags into Battle 5654:, pp. 56–58. 5606:, pp. 56–57. 5510:, pp. 45–46. 5465:, pp. 94–95. 5377:, pp. 67–68. 5113:, pp. 36–37. 5019:web site (1997). 4996:web site (1997). 4941:978-1-5017-7060-9 4818:978-0-16-087286-0 4548:Paris Peace Talks 4389:Republic of Korea 4326:Seventh Air Force 3616:, adviser to the 3399:officers briefed 3304:Central Highlands 3268:guerrilla warfare 3084: 3083: 2630:Mayaguez incident 2324:Firebase O'Reilly 2206:Campbell Streamer 1916:Pocahontas Forest 787:Buddhist Uprising 683:Masher/White Wing 374: 373: 95: 94: 47:captured by ARVN 43:North Vietnamese 7699: 7540: 7533: 7526: 7517: 7516: 7503: 7502: 7493: 7492: 7483: 7482: 7240:Operation Popeye 7172:Easter Offensive 6993:State of Vietnam 6983:French Indochina 6965:Cold War in Asia 6873:Việt Minh / PAVN 6839: 6832: 6825: 6816: 6815: 6811: 6792: 6775: 6756: 6747: 6726: 6717: 6705: 6694: 6682: 6671: 6662: 6643: 6634: 6618: 6612: 6604: 6595: 6586: 6577: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6514: 6508: 6505: 6499: 6492: 6486: 6480: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6447: 6440: 6432: 6426: 6419: 6413: 6412:Tilford, p. 228. 6410: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6324: 6313: 6307: 6304: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6280: 6274: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6169: 6163: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6142: 6136: 6130: 6124: 6118: 6112: 6106: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6064: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6040: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5958: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5934: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5529: 5523: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5423: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5303: 5297: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5246: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5156: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5125: 5114: 5108: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5068: 5062: 5053: 5052: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5005: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4972: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4946: 4945: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4810: 4799: 4780: 4779:U.S. and Saigon. 4776: 4770: 4767: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4738: 4732: 4728: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4703: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4681: 4670: 4664: 4661: 4655: 4644: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4613: 4589:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 4250: 4249: 4247: 4246: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4228: 4131:Đắk Tô Base Camp 4109:John G. Hill Jr. 4053:Battle of Kontum 4027:" in III Corps. 3948:, was rushed to 3890:Battle of An Lộc 3856:and U.S. Army's 3831:retake Quảng Trị 3733:Ngô Quang Trưởng 3729:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 3494:1st Ranger Group 3451:Ellsworth Bunker 3328:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 3115: 3107:Red Fiery Summer 3089:Easter Offensive 2891:Naval operations 2818:Proud Deep Alpha 2511:War of the flags 2495:The Vinh wiretap 2445:Easter Offensive 2180:Pipestone Canyon 2143:Washington Green 1848:Concordia Square 1788:Burlington Trail 1727:Truong Cong Dinh 416: 410: 400: 393: 386: 377: 376: 221:Creighton Abrams 219: 218: 182:Ngô Quang Trưởng 168: 167: 149: 147: 146: 137: 135: 134: 124: 122: 121: 112: 110: 109: 61: 60: 41: 24:Easter Offensive 21: 20: 7707: 7706: 7702: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7697: 7696: 7667: 7666: 7665: 7660: 7547: 7544: 7514: 7509: 7471: 7456:Pentagon Papers 7423: 7370: 7327: 7289: 7213: 7067:Buddhist crisis 7037: 7023:1955 referendum 6971: 6938: 6857: 6848: 6843: 6808: 6772: 6744: 6714: 6691: 6659: 6625: 6606: 6605: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6548: 6546: 6541: 6540: 6536: 6529: 6515: 6511: 6506: 6502: 6493: 6489: 6481: 6474: 6466: 6462: 6451: 6449: 6445: 6438: 6434: 6433: 6429: 6420: 6416: 6411: 6407: 6399: 6395: 6387: 6383: 6375: 6371: 6363: 6359: 6351: 6347: 6339: 6335: 6322: 6320: 6315: 6314: 6310: 6305: 6301: 6293: 6289: 6281: 6277: 6272: 6268: 6260: 6256: 6248: 6244: 6236: 6232: 6224: 6220: 6212: 6208: 6200: 6196: 6188: 6184: 6176: 6172: 6164: 6160: 6152: 6148: 6143: 6139: 6131: 6127: 6119: 6115: 6107: 6103: 6095: 6091: 6083: 6079: 6071: 6067: 6059: 6055: 6047: 6043: 6035: 6031: 6023: 6019: 6011: 6007: 5999: 5992: 5984: 5980: 5973: 5959: 5955: 5947: 5943: 5935: 5931: 5923: 5919: 5911: 5907: 5899: 5895: 5887: 5883: 5875: 5871: 5863: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5836: 5832: 5824: 5820: 5812: 5808: 5800: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5773: 5769: 5761: 5757: 5749: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5722: 5718: 5710: 5706: 5698: 5694: 5686: 5682: 5674: 5670: 5662: 5658: 5650: 5646: 5638: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5614: 5610: 5602: 5598: 5590: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5566: 5562: 5554: 5550: 5542: 5538: 5530: 5526: 5518: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5493: 5485: 5481: 5473: 5469: 5461: 5457: 5445: 5440: 5424: 5417: 5409: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5361: 5357: 5349: 5345: 5337: 5333: 5325: 5321: 5313: 5306: 5298: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5247: 5243: 5235: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5200:10.2307/2150555 5178: 5174: 5166: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5140: 5126: 5117: 5109: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5082: 5071: 5063: 5056: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5026: 5024: 5017: 5013: 5003: 5001: 4994: 4990: 4982: 4975: 4970: 4966: 4958: 4949: 4942: 4926: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4905: 4901: 4896:(in Vietnamese) 4895: 4890: 4886: 4882:Karnow, p. 640. 4881: 4877: 4848: 4844: 4830: 4826: 4819: 4808: 4800: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4783: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4725: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4697: 4693: 4688: 4684: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4631: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4577:Henry Kissinger 4550: 4544: 4346:A-37 Dragonflys 4338:South China Sea 4294: 4288: 4243: 4241: 4239:10.87°N 105.9°E 4237: 4234: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4201:, initially in 4187: 4181: 4158:Nguyễn Văn Toàn 4070:, included the 4064:Hoàng Minh Thảo 4055: 4049: 4019:was calling "a 3950:Chơn Thành Camp 3936:dispatched the 3934:Nguyễn Văn Minh 3892: 3884:Main articles: 3882: 3798: 3792: 3741: 3682:Thạch Hãn River 3606:Thach Han River 3557: 3551: 3546: 3380: 3322:Hanoi in 1788. 3236: 3230: 3225: 3085: 3080: 3007:Paracel Islands 2702:Rolling Thunder 2370:Toan Thang 1/71 2344:Jefferson Glenn 2220:Nantucket Beach 1951:Champaign Grove 1881:Mameluke Thrust 1745:My Lai Massacre 1399:Wheeler/Wallowa 1187:The Hill Fights 914:John Paul Jones 908:Minh Thanh Road 706:Suoi Bong Trang 511:Quyet Thang 202 425:Guerrilla phase 417: 408: 406: 404: 354: 352: 343: 335: 334: 331:U.S casualties: 329: 321: 306: 299: 295: 291: 289: 287: 266: 261: 259:Hoàng Minh Thảo 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 213: 212: 210:Nguyễn Văn Minh 208: 201: 198:Nguyễn Văn Toàn 192: 185: 176: 169: 162: 144: 142: 141: 132: 130: 119: 117: 116: 107: 105: 90: 81: 68: 42: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7705: 7695: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7543: 7542: 7535: 7528: 7520: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7507: 7497: 7487: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7431: 7429: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7401: 7396: 7395: 7394: 7384: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7341: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7314: 7313: 7308: 7297: 7295: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7287: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7242: 7237: 7235:Sihanouk Trail 7232: 7227: 7225:Củ Chi tunnels 7221: 7219: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7209:Fall of Saigon 7206: 7197: 7188: 7179: 7174: 7165: 7152: 7143: 7125: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7097: 7092: 7083: 7074: 7069: 7060: 7055: 7045: 7043: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 6996: 6990: 6985: 6979: 6977: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6957: 6952: 6946: 6944: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6894: 6884: 6865: 6863: 6859: 6858: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6842: 6841: 6834: 6827: 6819: 6813: 6812: 6806: 6793: 6776: 6770: 6757: 6748: 6742: 6727: 6718: 6712: 6695: 6690:978-0939526383 6689: 6672: 6663: 6657: 6644: 6635: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6596: 6587: 6578: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6534: 6527: 6509: 6500: 6487: 6485:, p. 183. 6472: 6470:, p. 324. 6460: 6427: 6414: 6405: 6393: 6391:, p. 326. 6381: 6369: 6357: 6355:, p. 333. 6345: 6333: 6308: 6299: 6287: 6285:, p. 170. 6275: 6266: 6264:, p. 358. 6254: 6252:, p. 155. 6242: 6230: 6218: 6216:, p. 148. 6206: 6194: 6182: 6180:, p. 105. 6170: 6168:, p. 786. 6158: 6156:, p. 363. 6146: 6137: 6135:, p. 368. 6125: 6123:, p. 356. 6113: 6111:, p. 318. 6101: 6099:, p. 313. 6089: 6087:, p. 322. 6077: 6075:, p. 783. 6065: 6063:, p. 286. 6053: 6051:, p. 759. 6041: 6039:, p. 156. 6029: 6027:, p. 749. 6017: 6015:, p. 252. 6005: 6003:, p. 241. 5990: 5978: 5971: 5953: 5951:, p. 104. 5941: 5939:, p. 154. 5929: 5917: 5915:, p. 472. 5905: 5903:, 5 July 1972. 5893: 5881: 5869: 5867:, p. 153. 5854: 5852:, p. 119. 5842: 5840:, p. 439. 5830: 5828:, p. 116. 5818: 5816:, p. 115. 5806: 5804:, p. 373. 5791: 5789:, p. 212. 5779: 5777:, p. 226. 5767: 5755: 5753:, p. 213. 5740: 5728: 5716: 5704: 5692: 5690:, p. 391. 5680: 5668: 5666:, p. 176. 5656: 5644: 5642:, p. 198. 5632: 5630:, p. 368. 5620: 5618:, p. 190. 5608: 5596: 5594:, p. 187. 5584: 5572: 5560: 5558:, p. 150. 5548: 5536: 5534:, p. 171. 5524: 5522:, p. 329. 5512: 5500: 5491: 5489:, p. 330. 5479: 5467: 5455: 5439:978-1482384055 5438: 5415: 5413:, p. 317. 5403: 5401:, p. 129. 5391: 5379: 5367: 5355: 5343: 5331: 5319: 5304: 5302:, p. 316. 5289: 5277: 5275:, p. 238. 5265: 5263:, p. 326. 5253: 5251:, p. 348. 5241: 5229: 5217: 5172: 5170:, p. 120. 5157: 5145: 5138: 5132:. Bloomsbury. 5115: 5100: 5088: 5086:, p. 122. 5069: 5067:, p. 529. 5054: 5034: 5011: 4988: 4986:, p. 536. 4973: 4964: 4962:, p. 531. 4947: 4940: 4920: 4918:, p. 339. 4908: 4899: 4884: 4875: 4842: 4824: 4817: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4771: 4762: 4752: 4742: 4733: 4723: 4713: 4704: 4691: 4682: 4665: 4656: 4639: 4629: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4543: 4540: 4474:SA-2 Guideline 4465:SA-2 Guideline 4443:A-1 Skyraiders 4393:Constant Guard 4290:Main article: 4287: 4277: 4253:Plain of Reeds 4183:Main article: 4180: 4177: 4119:John Paul Vann 4105:John Paul Vann 4051:Main article: 4048: 4045: 3881: 3878: 3835:Cua Viet River 3791: 3788: 3753:Trần Văn Quang 3740: 3737: 3714:Mỹ Chánh River 3660:Grail missiles 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3532:was unlikely. 3518:Hoàng Xuân Lãm 3502:Popular Forces 3427:Ban Karai Pass 3379: 3378:Miscalculation 3376: 3332:Vietnamization 3272:Võ Nguyên Giáp 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3125:) against the 3082: 3081: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3015: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2997: 2990: 2983: 2978: 2971: 2966: 2963:Deckhouse Five 2959: 2952: 2947: 2940: 2933: 2926: 2921: 2914: 2912:Gulf of Tonkin 2909: 2887: 2886: 2879: 2872: 2865: 2858: 2853: 2846: 2837: 2830: 2821: 2814: 2807: 2800: 2793: 2786: 2779: 2772: 2765: 2760: 2753: 2746: 2741: 2734: 2727: 2724:Combat Skyspot 2720: 2713: 2706: 2697: 2690: 2683: 2676: 2669: 2662: 2655: 2648: 2637:Air operations 2633: 2632: 2627: 2624:Fall of Saigon 2620: 2613: 2606: 2601: 2594: 2579: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2498: 2497: 2492: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2422: 2417: 2410: 2409: 2408: 2400:Middlesex Peak 2396: 2389: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2366: 2363:Cuu Long 44-02 2359: 2354: 2347: 2340: 2333: 2326: 2321: 2314: 2311:Wolfe Mountain 2307: 2304:Pickens Forest 2300: 2293: 2286: 2279: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2258: 2251: 2244: 2235: 2230: 2223: 2216: 2209: 2202: 2195: 2188: 2183: 2176: 2169: 2168: 2167: 2164:Hamburger Hill 2153: 2150:Virginia Ridge 2146: 2139: 2136:Oklahoma Hills 2132: 2129:Montana Mauler 2125: 2118: 2115:Frederick Hill 2111: 2104: 2097: 2092: 2085: 2078: 2071: 2064: 2059: 2055:Toan Thang III 2050: 2043: 2036: 2023: 2022: 2019:Fayette Canyon 2015: 2008: 2004:Speedy Express 1999: 1994: 1987: 1984:Sheridan Sabre 1980: 1977:Henderson Hill 1973: 1966: 1961: 1954: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1933: 1930:Somerset Plain 1926: 1919: 1912: 1905: 1900: 1893: 1884: 1877: 1870: 1867:Jeb Stuart III 1863: 1862: 1861: 1859:Coral–Balmoral 1856: 1851: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1812: 1805: 1798: 1791: 1784: 1775: 1768: 1761: 1754: 1747: 1742: 1735: 1730: 1723: 1718: 1711: 1704: 1697: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1620: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1604:Ban Houei Sane 1594: 1587: 1574: 1573: 1566: 1559: 1552: 1545: 1538: 1531: 1522: 1515: 1512:Kien Giang 9-1 1508: 1501: 1494: 1487: 1480: 1473: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1431: 1424: 1417: 1410: 1403: 1394: 1387: 1380: 1373: 1366: 1361: 1354: 1347: 1340: 1333: 1326: 1321: 1314: 1307: 1300: 1293: 1286: 1279: 1272: 1265: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1249: 1242: 1235: 1228: 1221: 1214: 1196: 1189: 1184: 1177: 1170: 1163: 1156: 1153:Francis Marion 1149: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1115: 1108: 1103: 1096: 1089: 1082: 1075: 1068: 1059: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1033: 1028: 1021: 1018:Paul Revere IV 1014: 1007: 1000: 993: 986: 977: 970: 963: 956: 949: 941: 936: 931: 924: 917: 910: 905: 898: 891: 884: 877: 872: 865: 858: 851: 844: 837: 830: 823: 816: 809: 802: 795: 790: 783: 776: 769: 762: 755: 748: 743: 736: 729: 722: 715: 708: 703: 696: 695: 694: 678: 671: 664: 651: 650: 643: 636: 629: 624: 623: 622: 610: 605: 600: 593: 575: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 532: 527: 522: 514: 507: 502: 497: 490: 485: 480: 473: 466: 459: 457:Palace Bombing 454: 447: 442: 435: 422: 419: 418: 403: 402: 395: 388: 380: 372: 371: 364: 363: 345: 314: 313: 309: 308: 303: 277: 276: 272: 271: 249:Trần Văn Quang 223: 178:Hoàng Xuân Lãm 159: 158: 154: 153: 128: 102: 101: 97: 96: 93: 92: 87: 83: 82: 77: 75: 71: 70: 65: 57: 56: 34: 33: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7704: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7553: 7550: 7541: 7536: 7534: 7529: 7527: 7522: 7521: 7518: 7506: 7498: 7496: 7488: 7486: 7478: 7477: 7474: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7457: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7426: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7350: 7347: 7346: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7330: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7312: 7311:POW/MIA issue 7309: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7292: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7216: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7147: 7144: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7132:Tet Offensive 7129: 7126: 7124: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7095:December coup 7093: 7091: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7040: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6997: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6974: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6902:United States 6900: 6899: 6898: 6895: 6892: 6888: 6887:South Vietnam 6885: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6869:North Vietnam 6867: 6866: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6851: 6847: 6840: 6835: 6833: 6828: 6826: 6821: 6820: 6817: 6809: 6807:0-7006-1331-5 6803: 6799: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6777: 6773: 6771:0-15-601309-6 6767: 6763: 6758: 6754: 6749: 6745: 6743:9780674024915 6739: 6735: 6734: 6728: 6724: 6719: 6715: 6713:0-939526-14-X 6709: 6704: 6703: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6681: 6680: 6673: 6669: 6664: 6660: 6658:0-939526-10-7 6654: 6650: 6645: 6641: 6636: 6632: 6627: 6626: 6616: 6610: 6602: 6597: 6593: 6588: 6584: 6579: 6575: 6570: 6569: 6544: 6538: 6530: 6524: 6520: 6513: 6504: 6497: 6491: 6484: 6479: 6477: 6469: 6464: 6444: 6437: 6431: 6424: 6418: 6409: 6402: 6397: 6390: 6385: 6379:, p. 46. 6378: 6373: 6367:, p. 34. 6366: 6361: 6354: 6349: 6343:, p. 17. 6342: 6337: 6330: 6318: 6312: 6303: 6296: 6291: 6284: 6283:Morrocco 1985 6279: 6270: 6263: 6258: 6251: 6246: 6239: 6234: 6227: 6222: 6215: 6210: 6203: 6198: 6191: 6186: 6179: 6174: 6167: 6162: 6155: 6150: 6141: 6134: 6129: 6122: 6117: 6110: 6105: 6098: 6093: 6086: 6081: 6074: 6069: 6062: 6057: 6050: 6045: 6038: 6033: 6026: 6021: 6014: 6009: 6002: 5997: 5995: 5987: 5982: 5974: 5972:9781574412765 5968: 5964: 5957: 5950: 5945: 5938: 5933: 5927:, p. 47. 5926: 5921: 5914: 5909: 5902: 5897: 5891:, p. 50. 5890: 5885: 5879:, p. 86. 5878: 5873: 5866: 5861: 5859: 5851: 5846: 5839: 5834: 5827: 5822: 5815: 5810: 5803: 5798: 5796: 5788: 5783: 5776: 5771: 5764: 5759: 5752: 5747: 5745: 5737: 5732: 5726:, p. 89. 5725: 5720: 5714:, p. 67. 5713: 5708: 5702:, p. 65. 5701: 5696: 5689: 5684: 5678:, p. 66. 5677: 5672: 5665: 5660: 5653: 5648: 5641: 5636: 5629: 5624: 5617: 5612: 5605: 5600: 5593: 5588: 5582:, p. 49. 5581: 5576: 5569: 5564: 5557: 5552: 5545: 5540: 5533: 5528: 5521: 5516: 5509: 5504: 5495: 5488: 5483: 5477:, p. 30. 5476: 5471: 5464: 5459: 5452: 5451:public domain 5441: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5422: 5420: 5412: 5407: 5400: 5395: 5389:, p. 52. 5388: 5383: 5376: 5371: 5365:, p. 18. 5364: 5359: 5353:, p. 49. 5352: 5347: 5341:, p. 56. 5340: 5335: 5329:, p. 47. 5328: 5323: 5317:, p. 46. 5316: 5311: 5309: 5301: 5296: 5294: 5286: 5281: 5274: 5269: 5262: 5257: 5250: 5245: 5239:, p. 28. 5238: 5233: 5227:, p. 27. 5226: 5221: 5214: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5176: 5169: 5164: 5162: 5155:, p. 43. 5154: 5149: 5141: 5139:9781472838520 5135: 5131: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5112: 5107: 5105: 5097: 5092: 5085: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5066: 5061: 5059: 5051: 5047: 5046: 5038: 5022: 5015: 4999: 4992: 4985: 4980: 4978: 4968: 4961: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4943: 4937: 4933: 4932: 4924: 4917: 4912: 4903: 4893: 4888: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4820: 4814: 4807: 4806: 4798: 4796: 4791: 4775: 4766: 4756: 4746: 4737: 4727: 4717: 4708: 4701: 4695: 4686: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4660: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4633: 4626: 4625:Tet Offensive 4622: 4618: 4612: 4608: 4600: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4573: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4507: 4506:Freedom Train 4503: 4497: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4445:, A-37s, and 4444: 4440: 4436: 4435: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4417: 4416:Constellation 4412: 4411: 4406: 4405:Seventh Fleet 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4358:U-Tapao RTAFB 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4334:Task Force 77 4331: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4300: 4293: 4286: 4282: 4281:Freedom Train 4279:Air support, 4276: 4272: 4270: 4265: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4219: 4213: 4211: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4192: 4186: 4176: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4148: 4142: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4079: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4054: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3986: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3942:21st Division 3939: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3924: 3923:25th Division 3920: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3896: 3891: 3887: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3866: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3827: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3814: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3784:Mỹ Chánh Line 3780: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3762: 3761:A Shau Valley 3758: 3754: 3745: 3739:I Corps – Huế 3736: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3723: 3717: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3698: 3689: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3670:Pham Van Dinh 3667: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3598: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3561: 3556: 3541: 3538: 3533: 3531: 3530:Geneva Accord 3525: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3482:3rd Divisions 3479: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3439:Thomas Moorer 3436: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3413: 3412:U.S. Congress 3409: 3405: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3344: 3343:Richard Nixon 3339: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3290: 3289:Văn Tiến Dũng 3285: 3284:Tet Offensive 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3235: 3220: 3218: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3167: 3166:Tet Offensive 3161: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3131:South Vietnam 3128: 3124: 3123:North Vietnam 3120: 3116: 3114: 3113:Mùa hè đỏ lửa 3108: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3020: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2996: 2995: 2994:Custom Tailor 2991: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2895: 2894: 2893: 2892: 2885: 2884: 2883:Frequent Wind 2880: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2845: 2844: 2843: 2842:Linebacker II 2838: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2822: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2785: 2784: 2783:Commando Hunt 2780: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2705: 2704: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2556:Iron Triangle 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2488:2nd Quang Trị 2486: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2471:Mỹ Chánh Line 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2456:1st Quang Trị 2454: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2440: 2439: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2415: 2414:Caroline Hill 2411: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2339: 2338: 2337:Imperial Lake 2334: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2290:Clinch Valley 2287: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2250: 2249: 2248:Randolph Glen 2245: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2240:Toan Thang IV 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2228: 2227:Fulton Square 2224: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2160: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2090: 2089:Purple Martin 2086: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2070: 2069: 2068:Iron Mountain 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2014: 2013: 2012:Taylor Common 2009: 2007: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1889:Toan Thang II 1885: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1816:May Offensive 1813: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1773: 1772:Cochise Green 1769: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1740: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1624:Tet Offensive 1621: 1619: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1572: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1564: 1560: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1435:Shenandoah II 1432: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1423: 1422: 1418: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1385: 1381: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1364:Suoi Chau Pha 1362: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1346: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1338: 1334: 1332: 1331: 1330:Hong Kil Dong 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1305: 1301: 1299: 1298: 1294: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1285: 1284: 1283:Barking Sands 1280: 1278: 1277: 1273: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1226: 1222: 1220: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1194: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1169: 1168: 1164: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1131:2nd Prek Klok 1129: 1127: 1126:1st Prek Klok 1123: 1122: 1121: 1120:Junction City 1116: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1107: 1106:Tra Binh Dong 1104: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1095: 1094: 1090: 1088: 1087: 1083: 1081: 1080: 1076: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1044: 1043:Firebase Bird 1041: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1020: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1006: 1005: 1001: 999: 998: 994: 992: 991: 987: 985: 984: 983: 978: 976: 975: 971: 969: 968: 964: 962: 961: 957: 955: 954: 950: 948: 947: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 929: 925: 923: 922: 918: 916: 915: 911: 909: 906: 904: 903: 899: 897: 896: 892: 890: 889: 885: 883: 882: 878: 876: 873: 871: 870: 866: 864: 863: 859: 857: 856: 852: 850: 849: 845: 843: 842: 838: 836: 835: 831: 829: 828: 824: 822: 821: 817: 815: 814: 813:Davy Crockett 810: 808: 807: 803: 801: 800: 796: 794: 791: 789: 788: 784: 782: 781: 777: 775: 774: 770: 768: 767: 763: 761: 760: 756: 754: 753: 749: 747: 744: 742: 741: 737: 735: 734: 730: 728: 727: 723: 721: 720: 716: 714: 713: 709: 707: 704: 702: 701: 697: 693: 692: 688: 687: 686: 685: 684: 679: 677: 676: 672: 670: 669: 665: 663: 662: 658: 657: 656: 655: 649: 648: 644: 642: 641: 640:Bushmaster II 637: 635: 634: 630: 628: 625: 621: 618: 617: 616: 615: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 598: 594: 592: 591: 587: 586: 585: 584: 581: 580: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 542:Camp Holloway 540: 538: 537: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 520: 515: 513: 512: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 495: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 478: 474: 472: 471: 467: 465: 464: 460: 458: 455: 453: 452: 448: 446: 443: 441: 440: 436: 434: 433: 429: 428: 427: 426: 420: 415: 411: 401: 396: 394: 389: 387: 382: 381: 378: 369: 365: 361: 359: 355: 350: 349:U.S estimate: 346: 341: 339: 332: 327: 325: 319: 316: 315: 310: 304: 302: 298: 294: 285: 284: 279: 278: 273: 270: 264: 260: 254: 250: 244: 240: 235: 229: 228: 224: 222: 217: 211: 206: 205: 199: 196:(replaced by 195: 190: 189: 183: 180:(replaced by 179: 174: 173: 166: 161: 160: 155: 152: 140: 139:North Vietnam 129: 127: 126:United States 115: 114:South Vietnam 104: 103: 98: 88: 85: 84: 80: 79:South Vietnam 76: 73: 72: 66: 63: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 40: 35: 32: 27: 22: 19: 7454: 7428:Other topics 7250:Agent Orange 7199: 7190: 7181: 7171: 7167: 7154: 7145: 7127: 7118: 7099: 7076: 7062: 7048: 6862:Participants 6797: 6780: 6761: 6752: 6732: 6722: 6701: 6678: 6667: 6648: 6639: 6630: 6600: 6591: 6582: 6573: 6547:. Retrieved 6537: 6518: 6512: 6503: 6495: 6490: 6463: 6450:. Retrieved 6443:the original 6430: 6422: 6417: 6408: 6396: 6384: 6377:Lavalle 1985 6372: 6365:Lavalle 1985 6360: 6348: 6341:Lavalle 1985 6336: 6328: 6321:. Retrieved 6311: 6302: 6295:Lavalle 1985 6290: 6278: 6269: 6257: 6245: 6233: 6221: 6209: 6197: 6185: 6173: 6166:Sheehan 1988 6161: 6154:Andrade 1995 6149: 6140: 6133:Andrade 1995 6128: 6121:Andrade 1995 6116: 6109:Andrade 1995 6104: 6097:Andrade 1995 6092: 6085:Andrade 1995 6080: 6073:Sheehan 1988 6068: 6061:Andrade 1995 6056: 6049:Sheehan 1988 6044: 6032: 6025:Sheehan 1988 6020: 6013:Andrade 1995 6008: 6001:Andrade 1995 5986:Andrade 1995 5981: 5962: 5956: 5949:Lavalle 1985 5944: 5932: 5920: 5913:Andrade 1995 5908: 5900: 5896: 5884: 5877:Lavalle 1985 5872: 5845: 5838:Andrade 1995 5833: 5821: 5809: 5802:Andrade 1995 5787:Andrade 1995 5782: 5775:Andrade 1995 5770: 5758: 5751:Andrade 1995 5736:Andrade 1995 5731: 5719: 5707: 5695: 5683: 5671: 5664:Andrade 1995 5659: 5652:Lavalle 1985 5647: 5640:Andrade 1995 5635: 5623: 5616:Andrade 1995 5611: 5599: 5592:Andrade 1995 5587: 5575: 5568:Andrade 1995 5563: 5551: 5539: 5532:Andrade 1995 5527: 5515: 5503: 5494: 5482: 5470: 5463:Andrade 1995 5458: 5428: 5406: 5394: 5387:Andrade 1995 5382: 5375:Andrade 1995 5370: 5358: 5351:Andrade 1995 5346: 5334: 5327:Andrade 1995 5322: 5315:Andrade 1995 5284: 5280: 5273:Andrade 1995 5268: 5256: 5244: 5237:Andrade 1995 5232: 5225:Andrade 1995 5220: 5211: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5153:Andrade 1995 5148: 5129: 5111:Andrade 1995 5091: 5065:Andrade 1995 5044: 5037: 5025:. 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Retrieved 4991: 4984:Andrade 1995 4967: 4960:Andrade 1995 4930: 4923: 4911: 4902: 4887: 4878: 4855: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4804: 4774: 4765: 4760:Vann and Ba. 4755: 4745: 4736: 4726: 4716: 4707: 4699: 4694: 4685: 4678:Cam Lo River 4668: 4659: 4642: 4632: 4620: 4611: 4586: 4574: 4570: 4555: 4551: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4505: 4498: 4494: 4479: 4470: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4400: 4392: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4342:F-4 Phantoms 4323: 4318:Takhli RTAFB 4295: 4284: 4280: 4273: 4266: 4257:7th Division 4244:10.87; 105.9 4214: 4207: 4199:Mekong Delta 4196: 4191:1st Division 4188: 4170: 4166: 4155: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4124: 4103: 4084: 4058: 4056: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4006: 3990: 3982: 3954:9th Division 3946:Mekong Delta 3938:5th Division 3927: 3916: 3901: 3875: 3867: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3828: 3826:on 28 June. 3823: 3821: 3817: 3809: 3806: 3801: 3799: 3781: 3777: 3765: 3750: 3726: 3718: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3694: 3666:Camp Carroll 3664: 3649: 3637:A Sầu Valley 3630: 3603: 3580: 3569: 3566: 3537:Camp Carroll 3534: 3526: 3510: 3506: 3486:2nd Division 3475: 3469: 3432: 3416: 3404:Melvin Laird 3389: 3381: 3348: 3340: 3324: 3320: 3293: 3264:Trường Chinh 3261: 3237: 3213: 3170: 3162: 3143: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3086: 3017: 3016: 3000: 2993: 2987:Pocket Money 2986: 2973: 2961: 2954: 2942: 2937:Double Eagle 2935: 2928: 2916: 2903: 2897: 2889: 2888: 2881: 2874: 2867: 2860: 2848: 2841: 2839: 2834:Enhance Plus 2832: 2826:Linebacker I 2825: 2823: 2816: 2811:Freedom Deal 2809: 2802: 2795: 2788: 2781: 2774: 2767: 2755: 2748: 2736: 2729: 2722: 2715: 2708: 2701: 2699: 2692: 2687:Flaming Dart 2685: 2680:Pony Express 2678: 2671: 2666:Pierce Arrow 2664: 2657: 2650: 2643: 2635: 2634: 2622: 2615: 2609: 2597: 2591:Ban Me Thuot 2590: 2581: 2580: 2526:Tong Le Chon 2500: 2499: 2481: 2444: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2424: 2412: 2406:FSB Mary Ann 2398: 2391: 2384: 2382: 2368: 2361: 2357:Son Tay Raid 2349: 2342: 2335: 2328: 2318:Chicago Peak 2316: 2309: 2302: 2295: 2288: 2281: 2274: 2260: 2253: 2246: 2239: 2237: 2225: 2218: 2213:Idaho Canyon 2211: 2204: 2197: 2190: 2178: 2171: 2163: 2155: 2148: 2141: 2134: 2127: 2120: 2113: 2106: 2099: 2087: 2080: 2073: 2066: 2054: 2052: 2047:Dewey Canyon 2045: 2040:Bold Mariner 2038: 2025: 2024: 2017: 2011: 2003: 2001: 1989: 1982: 1975: 1968: 1956: 1949: 1935: 1928: 1921: 1914: 1907: 1895: 1888: 1886: 1879: 1874:Nevada Eagle 1872: 1865: 1846: 1842:South Saigon 1814: 1807: 1800: 1793: 1786: 1780:Toan Thang I 1779: 1777: 1770: 1763: 1756: 1749: 1737: 1733:Lima Site 85 1725: 1713: 1706: 1699: 1692: 1678: 1676: 1660: 1622: 1615: 1596: 1589: 1576: 1575: 1569: 1563:Badger Tooth 1561: 1555: 1547: 1540: 1533: 1525: 1524: 1517: 1510: 1503: 1496: 1489: 1482: 1475: 1468: 1460: 1452: 1446:1st Loc Ninh 1433: 1426: 1419: 1412: 1405: 1398: 1396: 1389: 1382: 1375: 1368: 1356: 1349: 1342: 1337:Diamond Head 1335: 1328: 1316: 1309: 1302: 1295: 1288: 1281: 1274: 1267: 1260: 1251: 1244: 1237: 1230: 1223: 1216: 1209: 1198: 1191: 1179: 1172: 1165: 1158: 1151: 1146:2nd Bàu Bàng 1119: 1117: 1110: 1098: 1091: 1084: 1077: 1070: 1063: 1061: 1054: 1048: 1047: 1035: 1023: 1016: 1009: 1002: 997:Deckhouse IV 995: 988: 981: 979: 972: 967:Sunset Beach 965: 958: 951: 945: 926: 919: 912: 900: 893: 886: 879: 867: 861: 853: 846: 839: 832: 825: 818: 811: 804: 797: 785: 778: 771: 764: 757: 750: 738: 731: 724: 717: 710: 698: 691:Double Eagle 689: 682: 680: 673: 666: 659: 653: 652: 647:Harvest Moon 645: 639: 632: 627:1st Bau Bang 612: 595: 588: 582: 577: 576: 534: 518: 510: 493: 475: 469: 462: 450: 437: 430: 423: 367: 356: 348: 347: 336: 330: 322: 318:U.S claimed: 317: 301:US 7th Fleet 297:US Air Force 293:U.S. forces: 292: 280: 269:Trần Văn Trà 262: 252: 242: 239:Trần Quý Hai 234:Lê Trọng Tấn 225: 202: 186: 170: 100:Belligerents 45:Type 59 tank 29:Part of the 18: 6932:New Zealand 6927:South Korea 6846:Vietnam War 6549:27 December 6468:Palmer 1978 6452:15 February 6389:Sorley 1999 6250:Trưởng 1980 6238:Trưởng 1980 6226:Trưởng 1980 6214:Trưởng 1980 6202:Trưởng 1980 6190:Trưởng 1980 6178:Trưởng 1980 5925:Momyer 1975 5901:Paris Match 5889:Momyer 1975 5850:Trưởng 1980 5826:Trưởng 1980 5814:Trưởng 1980 5724:Trưởng 1980 5712:Trưởng 1980 5700:Trưởng 1980 5676:Trưởng 1980 5604:Trưởng 1980 5580:Trưởng 1980 5544:Trưởng 1980 5520:Sorley 1999 5508:Trưởng 1980 5487:Sorley 1999 5475:Trưởng 1980 5411:Palmer 1978 5363:Trưởng 1980 5339:Turley 1985 5300:Palmer 1978 5096:Palmer 1978 4916:Sorley 1999 4401:Bullet Shot 4352:, while 83 4344:and one of 4320:in Thailand 4269:Neak Loeung 4255:. The ARVN 4242: / 4017:Paris Match 3958:Lê Văn Hưng 3722:B-52 bomber 3628:Divisions. 3614:John Ripley 3514:Vũ Văn Giai 3447:crying wolf 3392:Khmer Rouge 3371:AT-3 Sagger 3367:SA-7 Strela 3152:during the 3150:North Korea 3139:Vietnam War 2944:Stable Door 2930:Game Warden 2924:Vung Ro Bay 2918:Market Time 2790:Giant Lance 2776:Igloo White 2731:Tiger Hound 2710:Steel Tiger 2673:Barrel Roll 2598:Hue–Da Nang 2583:Spring 1975 2531:Trung Nghia 2505:(1973–1974) 2482:Thunderhead 2393:Finney Hill 2385:Lam Son 719 2268:FSB Ripcord 2255:Green River 2173:Lamar Plain 2157:Apache Snow 2122:Geneva Park 2108:Atlas Wedge 1991:Meade River 1923:Quyet Chien 1827:West Saigon 1809:Allen Brook 1795:Scotland II 1739:Quyet Thang 1701:Coronado XI 1549:Yellowstone 1484:Coronado IX 1391:Dragon Fire 1377:Coronado IV 1351:Coronado II 1225:Prairie III 1193:Beaver Cage 1086:Sam Houston 1064:Cedar Falls 1056:Deckhouse V 881:Nathan Hale 834:Crazy Horse 827:Paul Revere 740:Silver City 726:Cocoa Beach 414:Vietnam War 412:during the 31:Vietnam War 7671:Categories 7301:Casualties 7272:War crimes 7255:Land mines 7090:Resolution 6976:Background 6401:Nalty 2000 6353:Nalty 2000 6262:Nalty 2000 5688:Nalty 2000 5628:Nalty 2000 5261:Nalty 2000 5249:Nalty 2000 5027:1 February 5023:. web site 5004:1 February 5000:. web site 4787:References 4700:Lam Son 72 4536:Linebacker 4532:Linebacker 4516:SA-7 Grail 4410:Kitty Hawk 4285:Linebacker 4210:Kiên Lương 4147:Lý Tòng Bá 4025:Stalingrad 4001:AH-1 Cobra 3966:Chơn Thành 3824:Lam Son 72 3223:Background 3154:Korean War 3146:Yalu River 3133:) and the 3098:Vietnamese 2956:Sea Dragon 2876:Eagle Pull 2850:Homecoming 2738:Shed Light 2659:Ranch Hand 2576:Phước Long 2566:Thượng Đức 2551:Svay Rieng 2536:Ap Da Bien 2420:Long Khánh 2297:Elk Canyon 2262:Texas Star 2101:Maine Crag 2082:Wayne Grey 1964:Thượng Đức 1635:US Embassy 1617:Coronado X 1535:Manchester 1407:Coronado V 1358:Hood River 1324:The Slopes 1253:Kingfisher 1232:Prairie IV 1218:Prairie II 1100:Enterprise 1004:Shenandoah 862:Lam Son II 806:Birmingham 368:Civilians: 326:’s report: 7375:Reactions 7332:Aftermath 7003:Việt Minh 6912:Australia 6881:Viet Cong 6789:865926418 6609:cite book 4862:Arlington 4650:, in the 4542:Aftermath 4371:Coral Sea 4173:Hoài Nhơn 4068:B-3 Front 3919:B-2 Front 3802:Song Than 3757:B-4 Front 3645:Checkmate 3544:Offensive 3453:left for 3252:Politburo 3195:, in the 3177:Quảng Trị 3001:End Sweep 2744:Thanh Hoa 2717:Arc Light 2694:Iron Hand 2645:Farm Gate 2604:Phan Rang 2541:Quang Duc 2426:Chenla II 2199:Utah Mesa 1970:Maui Peak 1694:Hop Tac I 1667:Quảng Trị 1556:Muscatine 1477:Lancaster 1454:MacArthur 1441:Ong Thanh 1318:Concordia 1276:Kole Kole 1200:Con Thien 1181:Manhattan 990:Attleboro 869:Hawthorne 848:Hardihood 820:Austin IV 793:Xa Cam My 675:Van Buren 572:Dong Xoai 505:Kien Long 500:Long Dinh 445:Đồng Khởi 360:estimate: 286:: 758,000 263:B-2 Front 253:B-3 Front 243:B-4 Front 227:B-5 Front 204:III Corps 151:Viet Cong 51:south of 7485:Category 7392:Protests 7361:Veterans 7218:Conflict 7136:Khe Sanh 6907:Thailand 4866:Virginia 4617:Cold War 4489:ZSU-57-2 4434:Saratoga 4350:Thailand 4230:105°54′E 4127:Tân Cảnh 3908:Quần Lợi 3904:Lộc Ninh 3656:ZSU-57-2 3641:Bastogne 3591:Khe Sanh 3498:Regional 3459:Thailand 3385:Vietcong 3296:Cambodia 3228:Planning 3201:Lộc Ninh 3012:East Sea 2981:Đồng Hới 2975:Sealords 2908:stations 2869:New Life 2862:Babylift 2763:Yen Vien 2610:Xuân Lộc 2546:Tri Phap 2521:Hồng Ngự 2516:Cửa Việt 2461:Loc Ninh 2351:Tailwind 2330:Chenla I 1997:Hat Dich 1958:Vinh Loc 1854:Kham Duc 1802:Delaware 1758:Carentan 1686:Lo Giang 1609:Lang Vei 1598:Khe Sanh 1542:Saratoga 1519:Napoleon 1498:Santa Fe 1344:Coronado 1311:Billings 1290:Union II 1262:Crockett 1246:Kentucky 1141:Suoi Tre 1093:Pershing 1025:Geronimo 953:Amarillo 939:Long Tan 928:Colorado 902:Hastings 875:Hill 488 780:Jackstay 773:Fillmore 719:Harrison 712:New York 661:Marauder 633:Ia Drang 620:Gang Toi 590:Starlite 552:Qui Nhơn 536:Binh Gia 525:Nam Dong 488:Hiep Hoa 439:Biên Hòa 305:300,000 275:Strength 188:II Corps 74:Location 7505:Commons 7294:Impacts 7284:Đắk Sơn 7245:Weapons 6855:Outline 6561:Sources 6323:23 July 5208:2150555 5194:: 456. 4564:and 60 4428:America 4377:Hancock 4360:and at 4227:10°52′N 4218:Mộc Hóa 4135:Ben Het 3977:M72 LAW 3871:Đông Hà 3854:HMM-165 3850:HMM-164 3674:Mai Loc 3652:monsoon 3610:Đông Hà 3589:, past 3587:Route 9 3490:Marines 3472:of 1972 3359:Type 59 3276:Lê Duẩn 3189:Kon Tum 3171:In the 3071:1973–74 2769:Niagara 2652:Chopper 2571:Phú Lộc 2561:Duc Duc 2233:LZ Kate 2186:Binh Ba 2095:Ben Het 2062:2nd Tet 1943:Duc Lap 1903:Binh An 1765:Pegasus 1715:Patrick 1708:Houston 1672:Bến Tre 1630:Da Nang 1527:Phoenix 1470:Osceola 1421:Bolling 1297:Dragnet 1239:Buffalo 1211:Hickory 1160:Lejeune 1079:Gadsden 1037:Fairfax 1011:Atlanta 921:Prairie 855:Wahiawa 841:El Paso 799:Georgia 766:Lincoln 700:Mastiff 608:Plei Me 603:An Ninh 597:Piranha 562:Sông Bé 483:Go Cong 463:Sunrise 451:Chopper 172:I Corps 53:Đông Hà 7280:My Lai 7042:Events 6804: 6787: 6768: 6740: 6710: 6687: 6655: 6525: 5969: 5436: 5206: 5136: 4938: 4815: 4731:Vann." 4648:Odessa 4637:China. 4562:PT-76s 4528:SALT I 4455:AC-119 4431:, and 4422:Midway 4310:F-111s 4283:, and 4099:Ngô Du 4021:Verdun 3985:napalm 3962:An Lộc 3930:An Lộc 3912:An Lộc 3910:, and 3767:city. 3704:fight. 3678:Cam Lộ 3423:Mụ Giạ 3308:Saigon 3280:Soviet 3242:, the 3209:An Lộc 3193:Saigon 2902:& 2899:Yankee 2757:Popeye 2476:Kontum 2466:An Lộc 2432:Nui Le 1837:An Bao 1822:Dai Do 1751:Walker 1721:Tam Kỳ 1679:Coburg 1591:McLain 1570:Auburn 1491:Neosho 1461:Dak To 1428:Medina 1370:Benton 1112:Bribie 1072:Desoto 974:Seward 934:Duc Co 752:Oregon 567:Ba Gia 557:Ka Nak 530:An Lao 477:Ấp Bắc 470:Shufly 340:claim: 281:Total 267: 257: 247: 237: 232: 194:Ngô Du 148: 136: 123: 111: 86:Result 7462:SEATO 7417:Songs 7412:Games 6446:(PDF) 6439:(PDF) 5213:1972. 5204:JSTOR 5190:(3). 4809:(PDF) 4603:Notes 4566:T-34s 4560:, 56 4558:T-54s 4451:AC-47 4299:LORAN 4072:320th 4023:or a 3699:that 3583:312th 3576:308th 3572:304th 3455:Nepal 3363:PT-76 3244:Hanoi 3148:into 2950:PIRAZ 2905:Dixie 2804:Patio 2501:Post- 2376:Snuol 1897:Robin 1505:Essex 1414:Kunia 1384:Swift 1304:Akron 1174:Baker 1167:Union 1136:Ap Gu 895:Macon 759:Texas 746:A Sau 668:Crimp 517:USNS 7656:1975 7651:1974 7646:1973 7641:1972 7636:1971 7631:1970 7626:1969 7621:1968 7616:1967 7611:1966 7606:1965 7601:1964 7596:1963 7591:1962 7586:1961 7581:1960 7576:1959 7571:1958 7566:1957 7561:1956 7556:1955 7407:Film 7262:Rape 7200:1975 7191:1974 7182:1973 7168:1972 7155:1971 7146:1970 7128:1968 7119:1966 7100:1965 7077:1964 7063:1963 7049:1962 6891:ARVN 6802:ISBN 6785:OCLC 6766:ISBN 6738:ISBN 6708:ISBN 6685:ISBN 6653:ISBN 6615:link 6551:2014 6523:ISBN 6454:2007 6325:2011 5967:ISBN 5434:ISBN 5285:Life 5134:ISBN 5029:2010 5006:2010 4936:ISBN 4813:ISBN 4750:Tum. 4652:USSR 4374:and 4366:Guam 4328:and 4314:F-4s 4312:and 4129:and 4091:23rd 4089:and 4087:22nd 3888:and 3643:and 3633:324B 3626:325C 3624:and 3622:320B 3574:and 3500:and 3496:and 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