123:
in his 2005 classification (see below), but all branches were retained, and all remain within the now expanded Trans–New Guinea. This language grouping should not be confused with the
500:
Ross classified each of the families in bold as a separate branch of TNG, with the exceptions of
Kainantu and Goroka, which he kept together; Kalam, which he linked to the
1873:
573:
543:
535:
1974:
1969:
1903:
919:
1918:
1888:
1858:
1979:
1893:
875:
1843:
924:
1908:
1883:
1898:
1753:
1272:
913:
566:
516:
1028:
955:
937:
814:
754:
749:
504:; and Kenati, which he had insufficient data to classify but which has since been associated with Kainantu.
1721:
1716:
929:
1295:
1216:
1104:
1042:
715:
710:
551:
1947:
1878:
1853:
1833:
1818:
1731:
1085:
1080:
948:
943:
759:
629:
598:
255:
100:
1868:
1848:
1726:
882:
774:
559:
276:
153:
112:
1923:
1599:
1333:
1014:
902:
1823:
1796:
1629:
864:
644:
588:
120:
1928:
1619:
1448:
1432:
1341:
1058:
1053:
674:
639:
1838:
1828:
1813:
1545:
1463:
1278:
1021:
984:
784:
725:
472:
212:
208:
124:
1697:
1527:
1489:
1375:
1366:
1309:
1258:
341:
84:
8:
1863:
849:
679:
501:
476:
407:
230:
204:
178:
1538:
1533:
1328:
1313:
1290:
1206:
1065:
1003:
834:
829:
779:
660:
610:
488:
484:
480:
311:
185:
108:
1767:
1711:
1637:
1624:
1614:
1563:
1558:
1469:
1411:
1380:
1231:
1075:
1070:
1048:
844:
839:
824:
720:
684:
649:
415:
397:
378:
288:
284:
226:
198:
507:
Ross believes that these languages lie near the homeland of proto–Trans New Guinea.
1644:
1609:
1604:
1454:
1443:
1390:
1138:
1124:
1117:
1090:
977:
891:
801:
769:
744:
736:
702:
582:
458:
454:
419:
382:
350:
327:
307:
303:
246:
222:
104:
80:
76:
34:
1739:
1355:
1701:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1551:
1422:
1400:
1395:
1317:
1299:
1265:
1166:
1145:
1131:
991:
819:
809:
764:
690:
428:
411:
403:
386:
319:
280:
264:
242:
238:
234:
193:
161:
145:
116:
96:
72:
41:
1938:
1774:
1517:
1495:
1474:
1385:
1348:
1323:
1303:
1283:
1194:
1180:
1173:
1159:
1109:
1094:
1035:
669:
624:
492:
468:
464:
450:
393:
358:
337:
323:
296:
272:
216:
174:
170:
166:
1963:
1785:
1760:
1686:
1593:
1578:
1506:
1500:
1480:
1438:
1405:
1187:
1152:
1098:
970:
963:
790:
634:
446:
442:
436:
374:
368:
364:
137:
1746:
1224:
619:
333:
268:
68:
581:
1582:
51:
119:
were added in 1971. East New Guinea
Highlands was broken up by
1242:
1246:
95:The original proposal consisted of West-Central (
1961:
567:
90:
574:
560:
83:that formed part of his 1975 expansion of
1962:
555:
542:(and a few languages which escaped
13:
130:
14:
1991:
529:
1:
1970:Languages of Papua New Guinea
522:
1904:Central and South New Guinea
7:
510:
10:
1996:
1980:Proposed language families
1975:Trans–New Guinea languages
1874:East Bird's Head – Sentani
517:Trans–New Guinea languages
1937:
1914:East New Guinea Highlands
1806:
1784:
1696:
1577:
1516:
1421:
1365:
1241:
1204:
1001:
920:Nuclear South Bird's Head
901:
862:
800:
734:
700:
658:
608:
597:
536:East New Guinea Highlands
127:, a separate hypothesis.
91:History of classification
65:East New Guinea Highlands
50:
42:Linguistic classification
40:
28:
23:
19:East New Guinea Highlands
18:
944:Nuclear East Bird's Head
583:Papuan language families
46:Proposed language family
1919:Yele – West New Britain
1909:Central West New Guinea
538:in the 15th edition of
402:Kamono-Yagaria branch:
1948:Proto-Trans–New Guinea
1859:Trans-Fly–Bulaka River
67:is a 1960 proposal by
1899:West Papuan Highlands
1894:West Trans–New Guinea
1705:families and isolates
1586:families and isolates
1251:families and isolates
1210:families and isolates
1043:East Cenderawasih Bay
1007:families and isolates
906:families and isolates
903:Bird's Head Peninsula
868:families and isolates
125:East Papuan languages
1844:Binanderean–Goilalan
1698:Bismarck Archipelago
925:Inanwatan–Duriankere
1889:Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran
1884:Left May – Kwomtari
815:Greater Binanderean
463:Angal-Kewa branch:
1807:Proposed groupings
1722:South Bougainville
1717:North Bougainville
1207:Western New Guinea
1004:Western New Guinea
302:Kaugel languages:
1957:
1956:
1573:
1572:
1296:Leonhard Schultze
914:South Bird's Head
876:Timor-Alor-Pantar
858:
857:
592:
299:(Medlpa) language
199:Kambaira language
103:), East-Central (
62:
61:
1987:
1834:Southeast Papuan
1819:Northwest Papuan
1727:Central Solomons
1363:
1362:
1273:Lower Sepik-Ramu
956:West Bird's Head
938:East Bird's Head
802:Papuan Peninsula
737:Papua New Guinea
703:Papua New Guinea
606:
605:
599:Trans-New Guinea
586:
576:
569:
562:
553:
552:
546:
533:
502:Rai Coast family
203:Tairora branch:
107:), and Eastern (
85:Trans–New Guinea
81:Papua New Guinea
77:Papuan languages
35:Papua New Guinea
16:
15:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1933:
1802:
1788:
1780:
1704:
1702:Solomon Islands
1692:
1585:
1569:
1512:
1417:
1361:
1250:
1237:
1209:
1200:
1006:
997:
905:
897:
883:North Halmahera
867:
854:
796:
775:East Strickland
755:Kainantu-Goroka
750:Finisterre-Huon
730:
696:
654:
601:
593:
591:classification)
585:
580:
550:
549:
534:
530:
525:
513:
377:(Upper Asaro),
373:Gahuku branch:
263:Chimbu branch:
221:Gapsup branch:
194:Oweina language
133:
131:Family division
93:
30:
12:
11:
5:
1993:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1941:
1939:Proto-language
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1790:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1600:Pahoturi River
1597:
1589:
1587:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1556:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1523:
1521:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1428:
1426:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1307:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1269:
1262:
1254:
1252:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1010:
1008:
999:
998:
996:
995:
988:
981:
974:
967:
959:
958:
953:
952:
951:
946:
934:
933:
932:
930:Konda–Yahadian
927:
922:
909:
907:
899:
898:
896:
895:
887:
886:
879:
871:
869:
860:
859:
856:
855:
853:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
806:
804:
798:
797:
795:
794:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
765:Enga-Kewa-Huli
762:
757:
752:
747:
741:
739:
732:
731:
729:
728:
723:
718:
713:
707:
705:
698:
697:
695:
694:
687:
682:
677:
672:
666:
664:
656:
655:
653:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
616:
614:
603:
595:
594:
579:
578:
571:
564:
556:
548:
547:
527:
526:
524:
521:
520:
519:
512:
509:
498:
497:
496:
495:
461:
439:
427:West-Central (
424:
423:
422:
400:
392:Siane branch:
390:
371:
361:
359:Gende language
349:East-Central (
346:
345:
344:
332:Wahgi branch:
330:
316:
315:
314:
300:
291:
251:
250:
249:
219:
201:
196:
181:
158:
150:
142:
132:
129:
92:
89:
60:
59:
54:
48:
47:
44:
38:
37:
32:
26:
25:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1992:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1824:South Pauwasi
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1786:Rossel Island
1783:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:Yelmek-Maklew
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1581:and southern
1580:
1579:Gulf of Papua
1576:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:Bayono-Awbono
1215:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1105:Tofanma-Namla
1103:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1000:
994:
993:
989:
987:
986:
982:
980:
979:
975:
973:
972:
968:
966:
965:
961:
960:
957:
954:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
940:
939:
935:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
917:
916:
915:
911:
910:
908:
904:
900:
894:
893:
889:
888:
885:
884:
880:
878:
877:
873:
872:
870:
866:
861:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
807:
805:
803:
799:
793:
792:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
742:
740:
738:
733:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
716:Turama-Kikori
714:
712:
711:Gogodala-Suki
709:
708:
706:
704:
699:
693:
692:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
665:
662:
657:
651:
648:
646:
645:West Bomberai
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
615:
612:
607:
604:
600:
596:
590:
584:
577:
572:
570:
565:
563:
558:
557:
554:
544:
541:
537:
532:
528:
518:
515:
514:
508:
505:
503:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:Enga proper:
440:
438:
437:Huli language
435:
434:
432:
430:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
399:
395:
391:
389:(Lower Asaro)
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
370:
366:
363:Fore branch:
362:
360:
357:
356:
354:
352:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
329:
325:
321:
318:Jimi branch:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
298:
295:
294:
293:Hagen branch
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:
259:
257:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
191:
189:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:
159:
156:
155:
151:
148:
147:
143:
140:
139:
135:
134:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
58:
55:
53:
49:
45:
43:
39:
36:
33:
27:
22:
17:
1946:
1929:Indo-Pacific
1913:
1879:Kwomtari–Fas
1854:Asmat–Mombum
1795:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1732:Butam-Taulil
1685:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1620:Doso-Turumsa
1592:
1550:
1526:
1505:
1488:
1479:
1462:
1453:
1449:Yellow River
1433:Middle Sepik
1431:
1408:(West Wapei)
1354:
1347:
1340:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1230:
1223:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1086:Lepki-Murkim
1041:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1013:
990:
983:
976:
969:
962:
949:Hatam–Mansim
936:
912:
890:
881:
874:
789:
760:Chimbu-Wahgi
689:
675:Greater Awyu
640:Paniai Lakes
630:Asmat-Kamoro
539:
531:
506:
499:
473:Angal Heneng
426:
348:
256:Chimbu–Wahgi
253:
213:North Tairoa
209:South Tairoa
183:
160:
152:
144:
136:
121:Malcolm Ross
101:Chimbu–Wahgi
99:), Central (
94:
69:Stephen Wurm
64:
63:
56:
31:distribution
1869:Dani–Kwerba
1849:Arai–Samaia
1839:Papuan Gulf
1829:East Papuan
1814:West Papuan
1546:Middle Ramu
1464:Upper Sepik
1279:Lower Sepik
1022:Lakes Plain
992:Tanah Merah
785:Duna-Bogaya
663:, Indonesia
620:Ok-Oksapmin
613:, Indonesia
589:Palmer 2018
475:(Katinja),
342:North Wahgi
154:Duna–Pogaya
1964:Categories
1924:Sepik–Ramu
1583:New Guinea
1528:Lower Ramu
1490:Sepik Hill
1376:Marienberg
1367:Torricelli
1334:Amto-Musan
1310:Upper Yuat
1259:Torricelli
1015:Tor-Kwerba
701:Southwest
659:Southeast
540:Ethnologue
523:References
477:Angal Enen
408:Inoke-Yate
385:(Gahuku),
205:Binumarien
79:spoken in
29:Geographic
24:(obsolete)
1864:Trans-Fly
1797:YĂ©lĂ® Dnye
1520:subgroups
1425:subgroups
1369:subgroups
1002:Northern
865:Nusantara
850:Manubaran
680:Kayagaric
602:subgroups
489:East Kewa
485:West Kewa
481:Samberigi
312:Umbu-Ungu
254:Central (
184:Eastern (
52:Glottolog
1768:Makolkol
1638:Dibiyaso
1566:(Tanggu)
1539:Misegian
1534:Ottilien
1329:Left May
1314:Arafundi
1291:Kwomtari
1232:Uhunduni
1205:Central
1066:Nimboran
863:Eastern
835:Goilalan
830:Koiarian
735:Central
609:Central
511:See also
416:Keyagana
398:Yaweyuha
379:Benabena
289:Sinasina
285:Salt-Yui
227:Awiyaana
186:Kainantu
165:family:
109:Kainantu
1789:isolate
1712:Baining
1645:Kaki Ae
1625:Komolom
1615:Teberan
1564:Ataitan
1559:Tamolan
1470:Wogamus
1455:Yerakai
1412:Monumbo
1381:Arapesh
1139:Kapauri
1125:Burmeso
1118:Abinomn
1076:Mairasi
1071:Sentani
1049:Pauwasi
978:Maybrat
892:Tambora
845:Kwalean
840:Yareban
825:Mailuan
726:Awin-Pa
721:Kiwaian
685:Kolopom
650:Somahai
483:(Sau),
459:Bisorio
455:Lembena
433:family
420:Yagaria
383:Alekano
355:family
328:Kandawo
308:Mbo-Ung
304:Imbongu
260:family
247:Usarufa
223:Agarabi
190:family
149:isolate
141:isolate
1680:Purari
1673:Porome
1666:Pawaia
1659:Karami
1652:Kamula
1610:Oriomo
1605:Eleman
1444:Nukuma
1391:Maimai
1249:basin
1167:Massep
1146:Kembra
1132:Elseng
1091:Senagi
1029:Border
780:Kutubu
770:Bosavi
745:Madang
691:Marori
412:Kanite
404:Kamono
387:Tokano
351:Goroka
320:Maring
281:Nomane
265:Chuave
243:Ontenu
239:Kosena
235:Gadsup
157:family
146:Kenati
105:Goroka
73:family
71:for a
1775:Sulka
1552:Grass
1423:Sepik
1401:Palei
1396:Wapei
1349:Tayap
1318:Piawi
1300:Walio
1266:Sepik
1243:Sepik
1195:Yetfa
1181:Molof
1174:Mawes
1160:Kimki
1110:Yapen
1095:Angor
1081:Kaure
820:Dagan
810:Angan
661:Papua
611:Papua
493:Erave
469:Angal
465:Kyaka
451:Ipili
429:Engan
394:Siane
338:Wahgi
324:Narak
297:Melpa
277:Kuman
273:Golin
217:Waffa
175:Kobon
171:Kalam
167:Gants
162:Kalam
117:Kalam
97:Engan
1761:Kuot
1740:AnĂŞm
1700:and
1687:Tabo
1518:Ramu
1507:Amal
1496:Tama
1481:Abau
1475:Iwam
1386:Urim
1356:Yadë
1342:Busa
1324:Yuat
1304:Papi
1284:Ramu
1247:Ramu
1188:Usku
1153:Keuw
1099:Dera
1059:West
1054:East
971:Mpur
964:Abun
791:Wiru
670:Anim
625:Dani
447:Nete
443:Enga
375:Dano
369:Gimi
365:Fore
138:Wiru
115:and
113:Duna
57:None
1754:Kol
1747:Ata
1594:Yam
1501:Ram
1439:Ndu
1406:One
1225:Dem
1036:Sko
985:Mor
635:Mek
334:Nii
269:Dom
231:Awa
179:Tai
111:).
75:of
1966::
491:,
487:,
479:,
471:,
467:,
457:,
453:,
449:,
445:,
418:,
414:,
410:,
406:,
396:,
381:,
367:,
340:,
336:,
326:,
322:,
310:,
306:,
287:,
283:,
279:,
275:,
271:,
267:,
245:,
241:,
237:,
233:,
229:,
225:,
215:,
211:,
207:,
177:,
169:,
87:.
1555:?
1414:?
1320:)
1316:-
1312:(
1306:)
1302:-
1298:(
1245:-
1101:)
1097:-
1093:(
587:(
575:e
568:t
561:v
545:)
431:)
353:)
258:)
188:)
173:-
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