38:
1187:
187:
131:
198:
142:
2672:. Dundas was insistent throughout 1799 and 1800 that the priority for Rainier should be the invasion and capture of Java, thus eliminating the Dutch East Indies entirely. Contradictory orders came from Lord Mornington, who was instructing Rainier to plan an invasion of Ăle de France, while Rainier himself wished to resurrect the abandoned operation against Manila. So confused was the command structure that in September 1800 Rainier threatened to resign, but in October 1800 a renewed threat from Egypt redirected the focus of his squadron to the Red Sea and only a handful of minor operations against Dutch posts on Java were carried out by a small force under Captain
119:
175:
106:
154:
1717:
2517:
1846:. On 3 June Sercey seized a British Indiaman and his squadron arrived at Ăle de France unopposed on 18 June, the blockade squadron having departed the coast a few days earlier. The Colonial Assembly had been forewarned of the arrival of the government agents, possibly by Sercey, and they were met with armed troops. The agents demanded Magallon attack the colonial troops, but he refused to do so, and Baco and Burnel were forced onto the corvette
2398:
1449:. Control of the Dutch colonies, whose loyalty was uncertain, became Rainier's main priority due principally to their strategic positions along intercontinental trade routes, and he immediately organised operations to seize them. The largest force, with Rainier in personal command, descended on Trincomalee, while a smaller force under Captain Edward Pakenham in
1083:, supplemented by smaller local trading vessels known as "country ships". The EIC maintained a standing army in India and their own small fleet, designed for the protection of commerce. The EIC navy was supplemented by Royal Navy forces, which had been depleted of forces shortly before the outbreak of war; Rear-Admiral
1734:
Until 1796 there had been no reaction from the French
Convention to the operations in the East Indies, and they were eventually inspired to reinforce the region not by British actions but by French ones. In 1795 orders had arrived at Ăle de France formally abolishing slavery. The Colonial Assembly on
960:
labour. The islands were only commercially viable when left ungarrisoned, and if any troops had to be supported or the islands came under blockade there were corresponding economic difficulties and food shortages. The island was most valuable as a naval base, situated in an ideal position for raiders
789:
all ending in failure. Growing resentment on Ăle de France at the cost of maintaining the squadron eventually required most of the ships to return to France. The survivors, forced to operate independently, were subsequently defeated and captured by the Royal Navy in a series of individual engagements
2441:
conducted a commerce raiding operation under
Captain Ravanel in the Bay of Bengal and the Bali Strait which achieved moderate success but also saw the first of a number of mutinies among Sercey's crews. The French admiral then planned a joint operation with the Spanish squadron at Manila, sailing to
2170:
threatening them with destruction. Intimidated the seamen surrendered, the incident followed by floggings and executions. Despite this paralysis, Sercey's squadron was in no position to contest control of the Indian Ocean: supplies and manpower were severely limited and the
Colonial Committee, still
2834:
that he was returning to
Britain as he had received "no Intelligence of Importance". Apparently his own crew were unaware of his intentions, and his departure caused consternation among the British authorities in India. Cornwallis's orders, issued in 1791, granted him discretion over when to retire
1528:
sailed from Ăle de France and attacked shipping in the Sunda Strait, seizing a number of merchant ships. When reports of this attack reached
Rainier he took most of his squadron eastwards to the Dutch East Indies, leaving only Gardner's squadron to watch Colombo. Elphinstone assumed command of the
2710:
was wrecked entering the port. Blankett's forces landed unopposed at Suez on 22 March, the French having withdrawn their forces in
Southern Egypt to oppose the Mediterranean landings. His mission complete, Blankett withdrew in June after sending 300 soldiers to join the conflict in Northern Egypt,
2080:
in Europe caused the cancellation of these plans; Britain now fought France and its allies alone and fears were raised that the Tipu Sultan of Mysore might once again attack
British colonies in India. To ensure the safety of the 1798 China Fleet from Spanish attack, in July 1797 Rainier deployed
1627:
on 8 March. The value of these captures was significant: the captains involved each received ÂŁ15,000. However, these successes were offset by the complicated political position
Rainier discovered in the Dutch East Indies; he spent the entirety of the remainder of the year diffusing or defeating a
2784:
came into effect on 1 October 1801, bringing the French
Revolutionary Wars to an end. Confirmation of this armistice did not reach India until 1 February 1802, but it had been widely expected and neither side had undertaken significant naval operations during the interim. The terms of the treaty
2579:
As the French naval presence in the Indian Ocean declined, the commerce raiding role was taken up by privateers. These fast vessels operated with considerable success against
British merchant shipping, and protecting convoys from their depredations consumed a considerable proportion of Rainier's
1506:
and clashes continued throughout August. A major Dutch attack on 3 September was forestalled by the arrival of a large fleet of Indiamen carrying British reinforcements, and as these troops came ashore the outnumbered Dutch surrendered. A much-delayed Batavian expeditionary force, sent to retake
1440:
Rainier decided not to renew the blockade of Ăle de France in 1794, concerned by false rumours that a French battle squadron was sailing to the East Indies. In July 1795 news arrived in India which significantly changed the strategic situation: during the winter of 1794â1795 the French Army had
1078:
The East Indies were very important to the British war effort due to their pivotal position in maintaining British revenue through trade. The EIC controlled the shipment of large quantities of valuable commodities from India, China and other Asian markets to Europe with their fleet of large and
2802:
wrote that "It cannot be said that the naval war in the Indian Ocean from 1794 to 1801 had been a brilliant success" for either side. The lack of French reinforcements and Sercey's ineffectiveness counterbalanced by confused British leadership and scattered priorities, with aborted operations
2321:
early in the month, and plans had been drawn up for a small French Red Sea squadron, but Blankett's force and the regional supremacy it brought rendered these plans obsolete. Attacks were made on commercial shipping at Suez in April, and the entrance to the Red Sea was effectively blockaded by
2501:
in an effort to contain the disaffection. With his forces unexpectedly reduced, Sercey then sent his remaining ships to Manila for operations with the Spanish, but the condition of the Spanish ships was so poor that no operations could be undertaken in 1798. An attack on the China Fleet was
2797:
erupting in May 1803, by which time Emperor Napoleon had sent substantial reinforcements to Ăle de France and the other French territories in the East Indies. Although the campaign had personally benefited Rainier by around ÂŁ300,000 (the equivalent of ÂŁ33,830,000 as of 2015), historian
1400:
1969:. Captain Charles Lennox saved his convoy by disguising his ships as a Royal Navy squadron and making aggressive moves towards Sercey's ships, intimidating the French admiral into withdrawing without combat. Sercey subsequently returned to Ăle de France, where he learned of his error.
1897:. Sercey sailed on 14 July 1796, reaching Ceylon by 14 August. He was unaware at this stage that the ports of eastern India were undefended, Rainier's prolonged stay in the East Indies leaving no warships to protect Madras and Calcutta, and Sercey consequently sent the privateer
2835:
from the East Indies and protected him from censure, but it is clear that the Admiralty expected him to remain in Indian waters: Rainier's orders explicitly placed him subordinate to Cornwallis, who was already on his return journey when they were issued and actually arrived at
742:
on 1 February 1793, British forces in the Indian Ocean held a considerably stronger military position, which was immediately utilised to seize the French territories in India. The remaining French forces continued operating from their base on the remote island of
1912:, and documents detailing Sercey's strength found aboard. This information was used to surreptitiously supply Sercey with false information that a British battle squadron was at anchor in Madras. Dissuaded from further operations in the region, Sercey raided
2316:
coast: there was concern in London that Bonaparte might proceed to attack India from Egypt, in conjunction with the Tipu Sultan and the armies of Mysore. Blankett's force arrived in December 1798, joined by a squadron sent by Rainier. Bonaparte had visited
683:
and its allies and a shifting alliance of rival powers. Although the Indian Ocean was separated by vast distance from the principal theatre of the conflict in Western Europe, it played a significant role due to the economic importance of the region to
1635:
Alarmed at the distance Elphinstone had been forced to travel to defend the Cape, the Admiralty separated command of the Cape and the East Indies in Spring 1796. In October 1796, Elphinstone was recalled to Britain, sending a squadron comprising
893:
was an open harbour with little in the way of defences; while Bombay, on the western coast, was the point of communication with Europe and the strongest naval base in the region. To the east, British merchants operated from the small harbours of
2348:
British attention elsewhere in the theatre was focused on Southern India. In January 1798, a French privateer brought envoys from Mysore to Ăle de France with a request for support. Malartic supplied 86 volunteers, which were sent to India on
2048:, transferring Spain from an ally of Britain to an ally of France. British attention in the East Indies therefore shifted from the French island territories to the Spanish Philippines, where the defence squadron had been badly damaged in a
1019:. The Cape Colony at the Southern tip of Africa was far less significant, acting principally as a resupply harbour with little commercial activity or penetration into the surrounding countryside. The commercially significant harbours of
2171:
resentful following the incident with the agents in 1796, was reluctant to offer support. Sercey's only operations were limited cruises in the Seychelles and the supply of 300 reinforcements to Batavia during the summer of 1797, while
1983:
Sercey's campaign had ended in failure, with little disruption to British trade or naval operations in the East Indies. The East India Company had however taken more serious losses from the depredations of privateers. Most active was
231:
366:
961:
to intercept British trade between Europe and the East Indies. The upheavals of the French Revolution had reached Ăle de France, with accusations against senior officials leading to arrests in 1792. The arrival of news that the
1178:
for 22 days until the French commander, Colonel Prosper de Clermont, agreed to surrender. Cornwallis's blockade was augmented by several large East Indiamen, proving sufficient as a deterrent to drive off the French frigate
1590:
attacked city and secured the total surrender of the remaining Batavian garrison on the island. In March word arrived at Madras of the Batavian attempt to recapture the Cape Colony and Elphinstone returned westwards with
1519:
Elphinstone's arrival at the Cape officially placed him in overall command of the East Indies squadron, but the great distances involved meant that immediate operational control remained with Rainier. In July 1795
1837:
in the South Atlantic. Baco and Burnel proved a bigger problem: at one stage the squabbling pair attempted to kill one another and had to be pulled apart by Sercey. The squadron took a Portuguese Indiaman off
224:
2821:
Cornwallis's withdrawal from the Indian Ocean has provoked surprise in historians as it appears he did so on his own initiative, leaving an economically vital theatre defended only by makeshift EIC ships.
1031:
were of strategic importance, but weakly garrisoned against attack. These colonies were defended by a Dutch naval squadron, sent to the region in 1782 in the aftermath of the American War of Independence.
359:
2693:
The Red Sea campaign of 1801 was intended to complement the British invasion of French-held Egypt from the Mediterranean, which went ahead in March 1801. Initial operations were trusted to Blankett at
2793:
noted, "who then could doubt that, although the wax on the seals of the treaty concluding the last had scarcely cooled, a new war was on the eve of bursting forth?". The peace was short lived, the
2764:
and captured. The final operations in the Indian Ocean saw British forces consolidate further, landing troops at the Portuguese colonies in the region to prevent the enforcement of the terms of the
217:
1479:
was wrecked during the landing operation. With the principal fort taken, the remaining Batavian towns on Ceylon surrendered peaceably over the following month, as did the Batavian trading port of
352:
1888:
834:
beyond Europe to encompass the British, French and Dutch colonies in the Americas and the East Indies. Britain and France were already rivals in the East Indies, having fought campaigns in the
1586:
The renewed blockade of Ăle de France was lifted in December 1795, and Elphinstone deployed most of his forces in the continued blockade of Colombo. In February a small squadron under Captain
2613:, the two fought a fierce engagement on 12 October at which both ships were destroyed and more than 200 men killed. Most dangerous among the privateersmen was Robert Surcouf, who sailed in
1579:
had been planned in 1794 but repeatedly delayed due to lack of suitable ships and commitments elsewhere. In the summer of 1795 these plans were abandoned completely following losses at the
1162:
and seizing an ammunition supply ship entering the port. Plans to eliminate the French presence in India had already been drawn up. The British and EIC forces, commanded on land by Colonel
2502:
eventually attempted in January 1799, but on arrival at Macau the combined Spanish squadron refused to engage the powerful British escort and the entire force withdrew, pursued by Captain
2730:
The French Navy played little part in opposing the British campaign in Egypt, but a frigate was sent to the Indian Ocean to interfere with the supply lines to the Red Sea. This ship,
2635:
lost 14 killed, including Captain Robert Rivington, and 44 wounded; Surcouf's men suffered 14 casualties. The privateer conflict continued to the end of the war, the large privateers
2148:
Maintenance of the blockade of Ăle de France was the responsibility of the substantial British squadron at the Cape Colony, which had suffered severely from unrest inspired by the
1498:
was sent from Britain to eliminate it. Arriving in early August, Elphinstone initially attempted to intimidate the governor into surrender, but eventually authorised a landing at
2676:, capturing a few merchant ships but losing more than 200 men to disease in the process. At the Cape of Good Hope, a gale on 5 December 1799 caused severe damage to shipping in
913:. This linkage was the principal cause of British interest in the East Indies: the connection to and dominance of a lucrative network of intercontinental trade and exploration.
626:
616:
586:
1795:
1953:
after which both retired with damage, the British to Madras and Sercey to Batavia, where he remained until January 1797. On emerging from Batavia, Sercey cruised in the
2534:
on a raiding cruise in the Mozambique Channel. On 20 September, Lhermitte fought a brief and inconclusive night engagement with a small squadron of Royal Navy ships in
2377:
on 24 April. This action caused a crisis in relations between the EIC and Mysore, which Tipu Sultan's obvious enthusiasm for French intervention in India inflamed. The
2785:
returned all territory captured by British forces in the East Indies to its original masters with the noted exception of Ceylon, which was officially named a British
576:
1565:
1685:
sent to augment Rainier's squadron, which had been damaged by a storm in the Bay of Bengal. On 2 December a detachment from the blockade squadron, led by Captain
2685:
1274:
2497:, which arrived at Batavia in a state of mutiny. Lhermitte had executed five crew on the journey and Sercey immediately sent the ship out again on a cruise off
727:
deployed in an effort to disrupt British trade, supported as the conflict developed by the allies the French accrued in the course of the war, particularly the
2040:
in December 1796 in which thousands of French troops were drowned. The strategic situation in Europe had however shifted once more during 1796 when France and
755:
of the French islands. In 1795 the declaration of war on Britain by the newly formed Batavian Republic led to successful invasions of the Batavian colonies of
591:
2137:. There were originally twelve survivors, but eight died of their injuries and the remaining sailors were captured by Sumatran pirates and sold into slavery.
2129:
but were subsequently driven off by an armed uprising by the Malay citizens of the town. In the street fighting 13 British troops and 300 Malays were killed.
1234:. In January 1794 a well armed squadron of East Indiamen under Commodore Charles Mitchell were sent to patrol the Sunda Strait by the EIC. During the ensuing
1055:, which was a source of concern to the British as it represented a weak point in the defenses of British India. Portugal also controlled the Chinese port of
966:
581:
4357:
1665:
1644:
1301:
2052:
in April 1797 and was in dock for extensive repairs. British forces were once again in the ascendant, Rainier commanding five ships of the line, one
1558:
2530:
Disappointed by the failure off Macau and weakened by losses to his squadron, Sercey withdrew to Ăle de France in the spring of 1799. There he sent
4199:
4124:
2576:
on the Breton coast. Sercey, an admiral without a command, returned to France and retired from the Navy. He subsequently settled on Ăle de France.
747:, privateers in particular conducting a highly disruptive campaign against British commerce. Attempts by the Royal Navy, commanded by Rear-Admiral
202:
2545:. Returning to Ăle de France with little to show for his three-month cruise, Lhermitte was intercepted off Port Louis by the blockade squadron of
2665:
Rainier's main priorities remained the protection of trade, but his command came under increasing interference from London, in particular the
1290:
777:. Sercey's squadron operated against British trade for two years with little success; attempts to raid the China trade and coordinate with a
748:
179:
2308:
on 1 August, isolating the French army in Egypt. The Admiralty initiated a major response, including dispatching a squadron under Commodore
866:. The battle was a French defeat, but it had little impact on either the war itself, which saw the EIC extract significant concessions from
37:
2133:
was subsequently lost on 24 July 1798, accidentally destroyed with more than 300 of its crew in an unexplained ammunition explosion in the
711:
merchant ships and smaller company ships which transported goods and wealth between Britain and its Asian colonies and trade partners. The
1186:
790:
in 1799. By 1800 British control of the Indian Ocean was again assured, Rainier deploying his ships in trade protection duties and in the
1039:, somewhat distant to the other European colonies in the region, was a commercial backwater which survived through large subsidies from
2034:
and then use the invasion fleet to attack India as a secondary objective. This ambitious plan collapsed completely during the failed
1854:
was instructed to take the agents to Manila, but once at sea they overruled the captain and ordered him to take them back to France.
1759:
770:
In 1796 British control of the region was challenged by a large and powerful French frigate squadron sent to the Indian Ocean under
2789:. No one in the Indian Ocean believed that the Peace would last, each side building substantial forces in the region. As historian
2467:
2420:
2065:
317:
2768:, under which Portugal agreed to exclude British shipping from its ports, while the EIC attacked and captured the Dutch island of
1460:
Rainier hoped that the Dutch commanders would peacefully transfer control of their colonies to the British after provision of the
1820:
to British frigate patrols in the Bay of Biscay. Once out of European waters, however, his passage was unchallenged, watering at
606:
415:
1224:. Protection of EIC shipping from French forces was left to a small number of light EIC warships. The trade route through the
4282:
1371:. The blockade of Ăle de France was maintained during the year and on 22 October Renaud attempted to eliminate it, attacking
1235:
1137:
267:
4407:
2167:
571:
1576:
2669:
1571:
to Madras, where he arrived on 15 January 1796. In France, an operation to reinforce the Indian Ocean with a squadron of
46:
2389:
for several weeks until the city was taken by storm, with Tipu Sultan being killed during the ensuing street-fighting.
1412:
1051:, the latter hosting a powerful Spanish naval squadron. A Portuguese mercantile presence existed in the Indian port of
1740:
4338:
4316:
4263:
4241:
4219:
4183:
4160:
4141:
4095:
4076:
4057:
4035:
2724:
2100:
1214:
1163:
1068:
965:
had abolished slavery in August 1794 almost plunged the island into civil war, and only the intervention of Governor
400:
376:
1755:
798:
reverted the situation in the region to its pre-war state, Britain returning all seized colonies except for Ceylon.
774:
191:
2803:
against Manila and Batavia and a marginal campaign in the Red Sea consuming inordinate amounts of time and energy.
2300:
confirmed Bonaparte's control of the country. On 1 August however his fleet was destroyed by a British force under
2210:. Sailing to investigate Ballard came under fire from the French ships and was forced to pass between them, firing
2057:
2030:
No French reinforcements reached the East Indies in 1797. A complex strategy had been developed to land an army in
1507:
control of the Cape, arrived in August 1796, but was out-manoeuvered and forced to surrender by Elphinstone at the
873:
Britain, through the EIC, controlled large stretches of the Indian coast, including the three significant ports of
450:
1744:
4251:
4229:
4207:
2823:
2790:
2731:
1587:
1190:
1105:
2354:
2045:
1883:
1229:
1228:
proved particularly vulnerable; on 27 September 1793 a squadron of large privateers captured the East Indiaman
1111:
556:
2621:. In the latter he fought a significant battle off the Hooghly River on 9 October 1800 with the East Indiaman
2568:
back to France at the end of September with political prisoners from Ăle de France and more than a million in
2450:. He had ordered Ravanel to join his force there, but the French captain instead returned to Port Louis where
2086:
1765:
1658:
1286:
2357:. Lhermitte's mission was meant to be covert, but in April 1798 he attacked and captured two East Indiamen,
1800:
2716:
2699:
2386:
2381:
began in February 1799 when two British armies crossed into Mysorean territory. Forced back to his capital
1748:
1508:
1495:
1416:
843:
292:
1957:
in search of the annual EIC convoy from Macau. Rainier had escorted half of the convoy safely through the
1735:
the island, whose wealth relied on slave labour, simply ignored the order. The matter was taken up by the
2099:
to escort a convoy of East Indiamen to Macau. After seeing his charges into harbour in December, Captain
1825:
1771:
1468:
1175:
1133:
601:
561:
546:
287:
262:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
2666:
2557:
2487:
2424:
2149:
2077:
1950:
1783:
1736:
1725:
929:
744:
527:
507:
477:
440:
322:
297:
2036:
209:
2166:
rose up and deposed their officers, but found the guns of Cape Town trained on their ships, Governor
2061:
1472:
1408:
1151:
831:
676:
551:
522:
497:
492:
482:
472:
445:
420:
395:
282:
248:
29:
1857:
Sercey refitted his squadron at Ăle de France, dividing it into two forces. The largest, comprising
2765:
2409:
993:
823:
685:
633:
435:
111:
1117:
858:(EIC), which controlled British mercantile interests in the East Indies, and the French-supported
2524:
2378:
2364:
2358:
2345:. The town was heavily bombarded, although attempts to make amphibious landings were driven off.
1272:. In late February both French and EIC squadrons returned to the Indian Ocean. The Dutch frigate
889:, Calcutta was a highly lucrative port but remote and lacking in naval facilities; Madras on the
541:
405:
1380:
4292:
2827:
2799:
2607:
2471:
2297:
2235:
2073:
1949:, which had been hastily detached from commerce protection duties at Penang. The forces fought
851:
566:
487:
460:
425:
146:
4117:
1145:
277:
4304:
2752:, as well as conveying 32 political prisoners sentenced to exile in the Indian Ocean. At the
2416:
2103:
1978:
1943:
1686:
1537:
1322:
1240:
1060:
847:
811:
751:, to limit their effectiveness resulted in a number of inconsequential clashes and a partial
680:
657:
611:
502:
312:
135:
2145:
later released them, although only one, named Thomas Scott, was confirmed to have survived.
1747:, to enforce the ruling. These agents were escorted by a squadron of frigates sailing from
4045:
2428:
2207:
1966:
1906:
1729:
1483:
in India. Pakenham's force was able to seize Malacca without resistance on 17 August 1795.
1368:
1315:
1200:
1141:
512:
327:
302:
272:
2581:
2493:
Sercey's fury at the seizure of his strongest frigates was compounded by the condition of
1422:"What was a feather in the hands of the Dutch will become a sword in the hands of France."
8:
2673:
2507:
2331:
1936:
1924:
1690:
1551:
1036:
863:
839:
786:
652:
455:
2737:
1174:
and Mahé without resistance. Pondicherry proved stronger, and Braithwaite was forced to
1150:
News of the French declaration of war arrived by ship in Calcutta, having traveled from
410:
4193:
4172:
4105:
3951:
2539:
2305:
2301:
2281:
2160:
2031:
1958:
1894:
1672:
1651:
1637:
1583:
and French intervention in the East Indies was not attempted until the spring of 1796.
1544:
1530:
1308:
1294:
1207:
1098:
1084:
1064:
855:
700:
621:
517:
123:
1475:
went ahead. After a short bombardment, Trincomalee capitulated on 26 August, although
1220:
With the French firmly driven from India, Cornwallis returned to European waters with
4334:
4312:
4278:
4259:
4237:
4215:
4179:
4156:
4137:
4091:
4072:
4053:
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4023:
2831:
2712:
2211:
2069:
1881:
was to sail eastwards under his command. The second, comprising the recently arrived
1789:
1491:
1487:
1446:
1432:
1261:
985:
977:
962:
859:
807:
764:
760:
728:
430:
159:
2753:
2660:
2538:, which led three weeks later to an inconclusive clash on 9 October with the 50-gun
332:
2826:
wrote that he left "by orders, it is presumed, as no inquiry apparently followed".
2622:
2405:
2342:
2250:
2243:
2200:
2053:
2041:
1777:
1269:
1120:, supported by a squadron of smaller vessels and a large but disorganised force of
1091:
1088:
890:
732:
716:
596:
928:. However, the strongest French position in the region was the isolated island of
4326:
3957:
2794:
2781:
2703:
2503:
2230:
was also intercepted, by a squadron of frigates from the Brest blockade near the
2142:
2138:
1580:
1499:
1383:. The ensuing battle was hard-fought, with a particularly ferocious duel between
815:
795:
739:
77:
2580:
naval strength: gradually however they were intercepted and captured, including
2056:
and six frigates. Extensive plans were developed by Rainier in conjunction with
1344:
cruising off Ăle de France in May. On 5 May this force encountered the captured
1183:
and accompanying storeships which sought to resupply the garrison on 14 August.
916:
France controlled a number of trading harbours along the Indian coast including
3962:
3958:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
2628:
2550:
2293:
2153:
2093:
2017:
1985:
1679:
827:
647:
344:
307:
2196:
1158:, on 1 June 1793. Cornwallis immediately sailed to Pondicherry, instituting a
917:
675:
was a series of campaigns related to the major European conflict known as the
4351:
2573:
2483:
2458:
sent on a commerce raid in the Bay of Bengal in defiance of Sercey's orders.
2309:
2285:
2013:
1961:
during his return to India, but the other half sailed unescorted through the
1752:
1428:
1080:
1072:
957:
956:, had important commercial agricultural features and an economy dominated by
921:
886:
771:
708:
689:
794:
to support the invasion of Egypt in 1801. At the end of the war in 1802 the
703:. Naval strategy sought to eliminate enemy forces in the region and provide
4275:
The Line upon a Wind: The Greatest War Fought at Sea Under Sail 1793 â 1815
2786:
2603:
2569:
2382:
2327:
2223:
2134:
1842:
on 24 May and the following day encountered and unsuccessfully pursued HMS
1839:
1620:
1612:
1442:
1225:
981:
973:
907:
835:
778:
756:
73:
2572:, the corvette eventually being wrecked with the loss of 132 lives on the
1794:. On board were 800 soldiers and two companies of artillery under General
1607:. In the east, Rainier's force had some success, seizing the considerable
846:(1775â1783). More recently British and French naval forces had fought the
2595:
2370:
2257:
1962:
1624:
1465:
1461:
1020:
925:
867:
712:
69:
1716:
2516:
1920:
1913:
1705:
1503:
1391:, but ultimately the British squadron was forced to withdraw to India.
1155:
1121:
1005:
953:
945:
941:
724:
696:
239:
1104:
at Calcutta. French forces in the region also comprised two frigates,
937:
2677:
2535:
2374:
2117:
Other British ships were operating in the East Indies: in July 1797,
2049:
1040:
1012:
989:
949:
933:
903:
870:, the ruler of Mysore, or the worsening political climate in Europe.
4050:
The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume IV
695:
Protection of British interests in the region fell primarily to the
2836:
2397:
2231:
1954:
1821:
1279:
1167:
1159:
1016:
1001:
997:
899:
874:
752:
2769:
2313:
1932:
1454:
1441:
overrun the Dutch Republic, reforming the country into an allied
1024:
1000:. Batavia was the centre of East Asian trade, reaching as far as
819:
791:
720:
2521:
Combat de la Confiance, commandée par Robert Surcouf, et du Kent
1931:, but on 9 September his squadron was intercepted off northwest
1399:
719:
operations in the region throughout the war; particularly light
4088:
Nelson against Napoleon: from the Nile to Copenhagen, 1798â1801
2695:
2498:
2122:
1928:
1831:
1616:
1480:
1244:
on 17 January before Mitchell defeated the largest privateers,
1048:
1044:
1028:
895:
882:
878:
782:
704:
2199:
on 24 April. There they were discovered by the 32-gun frigate
2114:. There he discovered the weak state of the Spanish squadron.
2323:
2289:
2195:
passed undetected into the Atlantic until they halted at the
2126:
1629:
1608:
1572:
1171:
1056:
1008:
910:
2720:
2318:
1997:
1502:. On 7 August the expeditionary force fought a skirmish at
1353:
1252:, on 22 January and fought an inconclusive engagement with
1059:
and a number of trading posts on the East African coast in
2830:
however identifies a letter from Cornwallis informing the
2711:
and met with a large reinforcement squadron under Captain
2698:, who was in poor health and struggling to negotiate with
2564:
was driven onshore and destroyed. Sercey had already sent
902:, which linked directly to the great mercantile centre at
1052:
806:
On 1 February 1793, amid mounting tensions following the
738:
At the declaration of war on Britain by the newly formed
2723:, but did not arrive before the campaign ended with the
2590:
in August 1800. Among the more notorious privateers was
4256:
The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 3, 1800â1805
4234:
The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 2, 1797â1799
4212:
The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 1, 1793â1796
2454:
was seized by the Malartic and sold as a privateer and
2643:
remaining at sea into 1801 before being captured, and
2234:. Fleeing south, the ship battled its pursuers in the
2016:
in January 1796. More seriously, he also captured the
1471:. However at Trincomalee the governor resisted and an
688:, France's most constant opponent, of its colonies in
4153:
Shipwrecks of the Revolutionary & Napoleonic Era
1923:, Sercey sought to raid the British trading post of
1543:
to restore the blockade of Ăle de France and taking
1490:
was a serious risk to British shipping rounding the
1328:, was sent to the Indian Ocean. This force diverged
885:, when the war began. On the northern coast of the
673:
East Indies theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars
23:
East Indies theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars
1751:on 4 March under the command of Ăle de France-born
1708:on Madagascar, seizing five French merchant ships.
1124:, with orders to operate against British commerce.
150:
4171:
2175:was sent back to France in the spring of 1797 and
1575:frigates or ships of the line under Contre-amiral
1363:sailed poorly and was intercepted and captured by
2740:in the Seychelles. The voyage had been eventful,
2330:, and in July 1799 Blankett ordered the frigates
2023:, which he used to seize the large East Indiaman
1905:was subsequently captured by the British frigate
1671:to again renew the blockade of Ăle de France and
1632:and did not return to India until February 1797.
4349:
4131:
4086:Gardiner, Robert, ed; Woodman, Richard (2001) .
4066:
1264:on 24 January. Renaud subsequently captured the
374:
4085:
1071:traded in the East Indies, as increasingly did
1011:, supported by other towns and ports including
679:, fought between 1793 and 1801 between the new
102:
3944:
360:
225:
4198:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2284:led a French expeditionary force across the
1285:In the early spring of 1794, during a major
2690:and several large American merchant ships.
2684:with 290 crew, the Danish ship of the line
2296:. Initial landings were successful and the
2068:for a major attack on Manila, to be led by
4358:Campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars
3919:
3917:
3313:
3311:
3214:
3212:
3082:
3080:
3078:
2214:in each direction as he did so. Chased by
1704:attacked and destroyed the French port at
699:, supported by the military forces of the
367:
353:
232:
218:
4291:
4169:
4123:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3954:inflation figures are based on data from
3764:
3762:
3694:
3692:
3673:
3671:
3418:
3416:
2839:while Rainier was still at anchor there.
2226:with damaged rigging and one man killed.
4022:
3334:
3332:
3301:
3299:
3253:
3251:
3121:
3119:
2515:
2421:Action of 9 February 1799 (South Africa)
2396:
1893:was ordered westwards to operate in the
1715:
1514:
1398:
1238:, privateers attacked the East Indiaman
1185:
1166:, moved rapidly, seizing Chandernagore,
952:. Ăle de France, centred on the capital
4325:
4299:. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
4272:
4150:
3914:
3308:
3209:
3075:
2952:
2950:
2913:
2911:
2892:
2890:
1830:joined the squadron, and capturing the
1812:to an accident on the French coast and
924:, all governed from the larger port of
4350:
4303:
4044:
3759:
3689:
3668:
3413:
2748:in the Atlantic and the East Indiaman
2706:. These problems were compounded when
2606:in October 1799. Pursued by the sloop
1808:Sercey's voyage started badly, losing
4250:
4228:
4206:
3955:
3329:
3296:
3248:
3116:
2341:to destroy the French-held castle at
2275:
1916:and then sailed for the East Indies.
1394:
1348:, now armed as a warship and renamed
1138:Sunda Strait campaign of January 1794
348:
213:
4297:War in the Eastern Seas, 1793 â 1815
2947:
2908:
2887:
2392:
1711:
1079:well-armed merchant ships, known as
1063:. Other European nations, including
2385:, the Tipu Sultan held out against
2121:and a force of EIC troops captured
1972:
13:
2715:off Qusayr. An army under General
2402:Capture of La Forte, Feb 28th 1799
2000:in October 1795 and country ships
1935:by two British ships of the line,
1413:Invasion of the Cape Colony (1795)
1043:. The only significant towns were
996:from the highly lucrative port of
14:
4419:
4258:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
4236:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
4214:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
4028:Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars
1289:, a British force led by Captain
1278:subsequently captured two French
1268:, while she was under repairs at
4004:
3995:
3986:
3977:
3935:
3926:
3905:
3896:
3883:
3874:
3861:
3852:
3843:
3834:
3825:
3816:
3807:
3798:
2654:
1494:, and a substantial force under
936:, with its subordinate bases of
196:
185:
173:
152:
140:
129:
117:
104:
36:
4170:Henderson, James, CBE (1994) .
4132:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (2001) .
4067:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (2001) .
4030:. Wordsworth Military Library.
3789:
3780:
3771:
3750:
3741:
3732:
3723:
3714:
3701:
3680:
3659:
3650:
3641:
3632:
3623:
3614:
3605:
3596:
3587:
3578:
3569:
3560:
3551:
3542:
3533:
3524:
3515:
3506:
3497:
3488:
3479:
3470:
3461:
3452:
3443:
3434:
3425:
3404:
3395:
3386:
3377:
3368:
3359:
3350:
3341:
3320:
3287:
3278:
3269:
3260:
3239:
3230:
3221:
3200:
3191:
3182:
3173:
3164:
3155:
3146:
3137:
3128:
3107:
3098:
3089:
3066:
3053:
3040:
3031:
3022:
3013:
3004:
2995:
2986:
2977:
2968:
2959:
2938:
2812:
2651:evading interception entirely.
2373:, and landed the volunteers at
1293:in the 74-gun ship of the line
4052:. London: Chatham Publishing.
2929:
2920:
2899:
2878:
2869:
2860:
2851:
2355:Jean-Matthieu-Adrien Lhermitte
2076:and the consequent end of the
1756:Pierre CĂ©sar Charles de Sercey
1720:Pierre CĂ©sar Charles de Sercey
1529:Western Indian Ocean, sending
775:Pierre CĂ©sar Charles de Sercey
1:
4016:
1628:series of uprisings by local
810:of 1789, the recently formed
801:
2845:
2775:
2760:was discovered at anchor by
2744:seizing a Brazilian frigate
2680:: among the wrecks were HMS
1901:to scout the Bay of Bengal.
1615:on 16 February 1796 and the
1509:Capitulation of Saldanha Bay
1496:Sir George Keith Elphinstone
1417:Capitulation of Saldanha Bay
1127:
844:American War of Independence
7:
4408:History of the Indian Ocean
4090:. London: Caxton Editions.
4071:. London: Caxton Editions.
2433:During the summer of 1798,
1134:Siege of Pondicherry (1793)
1097:at Madras, and the frigate
763:and operations against the
692:and the Far Eastern trade.
10:
4424:
4151:Grocott, Terence (2002) .
2725:Capitulation of Alexandria
2667:Secretary of State for War
2658:
2627:. Eventually subdued by a
2558:action of 11 December 1799
2488:Action of 28 February 1799
2425:Action of 28 February 1799
2414:
2150:Spithead and Nore mutinies
2078:War of the First Coalition
1976:
1739:, who ordered two agents,
1737:Committee of Public Safety
1726:Action of 9 September 1796
1723:
1406:
1131:
814:, already at war with the
4277:. London: Vintage Books.
4069:Fleet Battle and Blockade
3061:Fleet Battle and Blockade
2719:then took passage up the
2700:Ghalib Efendi bin Musa'ed
2468:Action of 9 February 1799
2312:to blockade the Egyptian
2242:and the British frigates
2152:in Britain. The crews of
2062:Governor-General of India
1992:captured the timber ship
1967:ambushed it on 28 January
1409:Invasion of Ceylon (1795)
940:and small settlements on
854:, a conflict between the
832:French Revolutionary Wars
677:French Revolutionary Wars
386:
258:
250:French Revolutionary Wars
166:
96:
52:
35:
30:French Revolutionary Wars
27:
22:
4333:. Constable Publishers.
4309:The Command of the Ocean
2806:
2410:National Maritime Museum
2187:followed in early 1798.
1486:Batavian control of the
1287:campaign in the Atlantic
1154:, British ambassador in
994:Dutch East India Company
707:protection to the large
4293:Parkinson, C. Northcote
4134:The Victory of Seapower
3956:Clark, Gregory (2017).
3891:Nelson Against Napoleon
3869:Nelson Against Napoleon
3709:Nelson Against Napoleon
2525:Ambroise Louis Garneray
2379:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
2046:Treaty of San Ildefonso
1796:François-Louis Magallon
850:in 1791 as part of the
4311:. London: Allan Lane.
4273:Mostert, Noel (2007).
4178:. London: Leo Cooper.
3932:James, Vol. 3, p. 162.
3902:James, Vol. 3, p. 160.
3777:James, Vol. 2, p. 355.
3720:James, Vol. 2, p. 346.
3584:James, Vol. 2, p. 219.
3449:James, Vol. 1, p. 353.
3431:James, Vol. 1, p. 349.
3410:James, Vol. 1, p. 348.
3383:James, Vol. 1, p. 374.
3347:James, Vol. 1, p. 372.
3326:James, Vol. 1, p. 371.
3317:James, Vol. 1, p. 347.
3275:James, Vol. 1, p. 373.
3245:James, Vol. 1, p. 304.
3218:James, Vol. 1, p. 302.
3170:James, Vol. 1, p. 212.
3152:James, Vol. 1, p. 203.
3134:James, Vol. 1, p. 198.
3113:James, Vol. 1, p. 120.
3095:James, Vol. 1, p. 119.
3086:James, Vol. 1, p. 196.
2884:James, Vol. 1, p. 118.
2828:C. Northcote Parkinson
2800:C. Northcote Parkinson
2756:on 19 August however,
2527:
2412:
2322:British occupation of
2298:Battle of the Pyramids
2236:action of 30 June 1798
2074:Treaty of Campo Formio
1951:an inconclusive action
1721:
1438:
1404:
1217:
992:, was governed by the
852:Third Anglo-Mysore War
830:. This act spread the
607:Colonia del Sacramento
167:Commanders and leaders
4046:Clowes, William Laird
3795:James, Vol. 3, p. 53.
2519:
2482:off the mouth of the
2417:Macau Incident (1799)
2400:
2012:off the mouth of the
1979:Raid on Manila (1798)
1719:
1687:John William Spranger
1515:British consolidation
1420:
1402:
1236:Sunda Strait campaign
1189:
1061:Portuguese Mozambique
848:Battle of Tellicherry
43:Combat de la Preneuse
3494:James, Vol. 2, p. 3.
2429:Battle of Port Louis
2268:were refloated, but
2208:Samuel James Ballard
2037:Expédition d'Irlande
1730:Bali Strait Incident
1431:in reference to the
1142:Action of 5 May 1794
969:prevented conflict.
842:(1756â1763) and the
4155:. Caxton Editions.
4136:. Caxton Editions.
3048:Victory of Seapower
2674:Henry Lidgbird Ball
2292:, then part of the
2238:, which ended with
2104:investigated Manila
1988:, whose small ship
1146:Battle of Ăle Ronde
1037:Spanish Philippines
243:East Indies theatre
4116:has generic name (
3952:Retail Price Index
3923:Parkinson, p. 181.
3858:Parkinson, p. 179.
3849:Parkinson, p. 174.
3831:Parkinson, p. 171.
3822:Parkinson, p. 165.
3813:Parkinson, p. 158.
3768:Parkinson, p. 159.
3756:Parkinson, p. 131.
3738:Parkinson, p. 130.
3698:Parkinson, p. 124.
3677:Parkinson, p. 123.
3656:Parkinson, p. 121.
3629:Parkinson, p. 149.
3575:Parkinson, p. 120.
3548:Parkinson, p. 136.
3539:Parkinson, p. 137.
3530:Parkinson, p. 119.
3521:Parkinson, p. 117.
3512:Parkinson, p. 112.
3503:Henderson, p. 104.
3476:Parkinson, p. 108.
3467:Parkinson, p. 106.
3422:Parkinson, p. 100.
2528:
2446:, to be joined by
2413:
2306:Battle of the Nile
2302:Sir Horatio Nelson
2282:Napoleon Bonaparte
2276:Red Sea and Mysore
1959:Straits of Malacca
1895:Mozambique Channel
1722:
1473:invasion of Ceylon
1405:
1395:Batavian campaigns
1218:
1085:William Cornwallis
988:. The latter, now
856:East India Company
822:, declared war on
701:East India Company
124:East India Company
4403:Conflicts in 1801
4398:Conflicts in 1800
4393:Conflicts in 1799
4388:Conflicts in 1798
4383:Conflicts in 1797
4378:Conflicts in 1796
4373:Conflicts in 1795
4368:Conflicts in 1794
4363:Conflicts in 1793
4284:978-0-7126-0927-2
4010:Parkinson, p. 69.
4001:Parkinson, p. 70.
3992:Parkinson, p. 63.
3611:Chandler, p. 315.
3602:Chandler, p. 350.
3401:Parkinson, p. 98.
3392:Parkinson, p. 97.
3374:Parkinson, p. 89.
3365:Parkinson, p. 95.
3338:Parkinson, p. 86.
3305:Parkinson, p. 84.
3293:Parkinson, p. 83.
3284:Parkinson, p. 82.
3257:Parkinson, p. 80.
3227:Parkinson, p. 79.
3188:Parkinson, p. 77.
3143:Parkinson, p. 68.
3125:Parkinson, p. 62.
3104:Parkinson, p. 61.
3072:Parkinson, p. 60.
3037:Parkinson, p. 44.
3028:Parkinson, p. 37.
3019:Parkinson, p. 36.
3010:Parkinson, p. 40.
2992:Parkinson, p. 35.
2983:Parkinson, p. 34.
2974:Parkinson, p. 30.
2965:Parkinson, p. 72.
2944:Parkinson, p. 19.
2935:Parkinson, p. 15.
2917:Parkinson, p. 13.
2905:Parkinson, p. 12.
2896:Chandler, p. 442.
2857:Chandler, p. 373.
2766:Treaty of Badajoz
2594:, which seized a
2470:off the coast of
2393:British dominance
2264:and the captured
2110:, accompanied by
1887:and the corvette
1712:Sercey's squadron
1492:Cape of Good Hope
1488:Dutch Cape Colony
1469:William of Orange
1447:Batavian Republic
1433:Dutch Cape Colony
1300:, also including
1262:Jean-Marie Renaud
1027:on the island of
986:Dutch East Indies
978:Dutch Cape Colony
963:French Convention
932:, later known as
860:Kingdom of Mysore
808:French Revolution
765:Dutch East Indies
761:Dutch Cape Colony
729:Batavian Republic
666:
665:
557:St. George's Caye
377:Anglo-Spanish War
341:
340:
208:
207:
160:Batavian Republic
92:
91:
4415:
4344:
4331:The Sea Warriors
4327:Woodman, Richard
4322:
4305:Rodger, N. A. M.
4300:
4288:
4269:
4247:
4225:
4203:
4197:
4189:
4177:
4166:
4147:
4128:
4121:
4115:
4111:
4109:
4101:
4082:
4063:
4041:
4011:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3948:
3942:
3941:Woodman, p. 172.
3939:
3933:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3912:
3911:Chandler, p. 10.
3909:
3903:
3900:
3894:
3887:
3881:
3880:Woodman, p. 151.
3878:
3872:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3850:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3787:
3786:Woodman, p. 128.
3784:
3778:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3757:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3712:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3687:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3666:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3567:
3566:Mostert, p. 213.
3564:
3558:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3459:
3458:Woodman, p. 114.
3456:
3450:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3411:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3327:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3306:
3303:
3294:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3246:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3228:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3207:
3204:
3198:
3197:Chandler, p. 44.
3195:
3189:
3186:
3180:
3179:Mostert, p. 161.
3177:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3114:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3073:
3070:
3064:
3057:
3051:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2945:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2885:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2816:
2637:Grand Hirondelle
2586:in May 1800 and
2478:was captured by
2462:was captured by
2406:Thomas Whitcombe
2256:all ashore near
2066:Arthur Wellesley
2054:fourth rate ship
1973:French dispersal
1919:After attacking
1804:
1436:
1270:Fort Marlborough
1176:besiege the city
1164:John Braithwaite
1116:under Commodore
1089:ship of the line
1075:merchant ships.
891:Coromandel Coast
840:Seven Years' War
838:during both the
717:commerce raiding
627:3rd Buenos Aires
587:2nd Buenos Aires
577:1st Buenos Aires
508:10 December 1800
478:19 December 1796
441:25 November 1804
436:Cape Santa Maria
401:Cape St. Vincent
381:
369:
362:
355:
346:
345:
323:28 February 1799
253:
251:
244:
234:
227:
220:
211:
210:
201:
200:
199:
190:
189:
188:
178:
177:
176:
162:
158:
156:
155:
145:
144:
143:
134:
133:
132:
122:
121:
120:
114:
110:
108:
107:
54:
53:
40:
20:
19:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4348:
4347:
4341:
4319:
4285:
4266:
4244:
4222:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4163:
4144:
4122:
4113:
4112:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4079:
4060:
4038:
4024:Chandler, David
4019:
4014:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3983:Rodger, p. 523.
3982:
3978:
3968:
3966:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3844:
3840:Grocott, p. 87.
3839:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3804:Grocott, p. 96.
3803:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3747:Grocott, p. 89.
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:Clowes, p. 524.
3728:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3690:
3686:Clowes, p. 520.
3685:
3681:
3676:
3669:
3665:Grocott, p. 57.
3664:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3647:Clowes, p. 406.
3646:
3642:
3638:Clowes, p. 405.
3637:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3620:Rodger, p. 460.
3619:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3593:Clowes, p. 511.
3592:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3557:Grocott, p. 59.
3556:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3485:Clowes, p. 297.
3484:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:Clowes, p. 503.
3439:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3356:Clowes, p. 294.
3355:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3309:
3304:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:Clowes, p. 281.
3265:
3261:
3256:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:Clowes, p. 282.
3235:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3210:
3206:Rodger, p. 435.
3205:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:Clowes, p. 484.
3160:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3058:
3054:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3001:Rodger, p. 364.
3000:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:Woodman, p. 49.
2955:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:Mostert, p. 98.
2925:
2921:
2916:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:Rodger, p. 357.
2874:
2870:
2866:Rodger, p. 275.
2865:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2813:
2809:
2795:Napoleonic Wars
2782:Peace of Amiens
2778:
2713:Sir Home Popham
2704:Sharif of Mecca
2663:
2657:
2629:boarding action
2504:William Hargood
2431:
2395:
2278:
2272:was destroyed.
2143:Sultan of Johor
2139:Mahmud Shah III
2070:Sir James Craig
1981:
1975:
1965:, where Sercey
1835:Lord Hawkesbury
1814:Bonne Citoyenne
1798:
1785:Bonne Citoyenne
1782:with corvettes
1732:
1714:
1581:Battle of Groix
1517:
1437:
1426:
1419:
1397:
1148:
1130:
816:Austrian Empire
812:French Republic
804:
796:Peace of Amiens
740:French Republic
681:French Republic
669:
668:
667:
662:
572:RĂo de la Plata
498:6 February 1799
493:19 January 1799
473:13 October 1796
451:Cape Finisterre
446:7 December 1804
421:16 October 1799
396:25 January 1797
382:
378:
375:
373:
343:
342:
337:
318:9 February 1799
254:
249:
246:
242:
240:
238:
197:
195:
194:
186:
184:
174:
172:
153:
151:
149:
141:
139:
138:
130:
128:
118:
116:
115:
105:
103:
88:British victory
80:
78:South China Sea
41:
12:
11:
5:
4421:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4346:
4345:
4339:
4323:
4317:
4301:
4289:
4283:
4270:
4264:
4252:James, William
4248:
4242:
4230:James, William
4226:
4220:
4208:James, William
4204:
4184:
4167:
4161:
4148:
4142:
4129:
4096:
4083:
4077:
4064:
4058:
4042:
4036:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4003:
3994:
3985:
3976:
3963:MeasuringWorth
3943:
3934:
3925:
3913:
3904:
3895:
3882:
3873:
3860:
3851:
3842:
3833:
3824:
3815:
3806:
3797:
3788:
3779:
3770:
3758:
3749:
3740:
3731:
3722:
3713:
3700:
3688:
3679:
3667:
3658:
3649:
3640:
3631:
3622:
3613:
3604:
3595:
3586:
3577:
3568:
3559:
3550:
3541:
3532:
3523:
3514:
3505:
3496:
3487:
3478:
3469:
3460:
3451:
3442:
3433:
3424:
3412:
3403:
3394:
3385:
3376:
3367:
3358:
3349:
3340:
3328:
3319:
3307:
3295:
3286:
3277:
3268:
3259:
3247:
3238:
3229:
3220:
3208:
3199:
3190:
3181:
3172:
3163:
3154:
3145:
3136:
3127:
3115:
3106:
3097:
3088:
3074:
3065:
3052:
3039:
3030:
3021:
3012:
3003:
2994:
2985:
2976:
2967:
2958:
2946:
2937:
2928:
2919:
2907:
2898:
2886:
2877:
2868:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2777:
2774:
2754:Battle of Mahé
2661:Battle of Mahé
2656:
2653:
2647:and Surcouf's
2394:
2391:
2353:under Captain
2294:Ottoman Empire
2277:
2274:
2206:under Captain
2168:Lord Macartney
2064:, and Colonel
2058:Sir John Shore
1986:Robert Surcouf
1974:
1971:
1713:
1710:
1595:, followed by
1516:
1513:
1424:
1396:
1393:
1346:Princess Royal
1282:at Sourabaya.
1260:under Captain
1231:Princess Royal
1152:George Baldwin
1129:
1126:
828:Dutch Republic
803:
800:
723:squadrons and
664:
663:
661:
660:
655:
650:
644:
643:
637:
636:
634:23 August 1806
631:
630:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
569:
564:
562:Puerto Cabello
559:
554:
549:
544:
538:
537:
533:
532:
531:
530:
525:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
469:
468:
464:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
392:
391:
387:
384:
383:
372:
371:
364:
357:
349:
339:
338:
336:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
259:
256:
255:
237:
236:
229:
222:
214:
206:
205:
182:
169:
168:
164:
163:
126:
99:
98:
94:
93:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
68:
66:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
33:
32:
25:
24:
18:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4420:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4342:
4340:1-84119-183-3
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4318:0-7139-9411-8
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4267:
4265:0-85177-907-7
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4243:0-85177-906-9
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4221:0-85177-905-0
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4187:
4185:0-85052-432-6
4181:
4176:
4175:
4168:
4164:
4162:1-84067-164-5
4158:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4143:1-84067-359-1
4139:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4119:
4114:|first1=
4107:
4099:
4097:1-86176-026-4
4093:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4078:1-84067-363-X
4074:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4059:1-86176-013-2
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4037:1-84022-203-4
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4007:
3998:
3989:
3980:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3938:
3929:
3920:
3918:
3908:
3899:
3892:
3886:
3877:
3870:
3864:
3855:
3846:
3837:
3828:
3819:
3810:
3801:
3792:
3783:
3774:
3765:
3763:
3753:
3744:
3735:
3726:
3717:
3710:
3704:
3695:
3693:
3683:
3674:
3672:
3662:
3653:
3644:
3635:
3626:
3617:
3608:
3599:
3590:
3581:
3572:
3563:
3554:
3545:
3536:
3527:
3518:
3509:
3500:
3491:
3482:
3473:
3464:
3455:
3446:
3437:
3428:
3419:
3417:
3407:
3398:
3389:
3380:
3371:
3362:
3353:
3344:
3335:
3333:
3323:
3314:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3290:
3281:
3272:
3263:
3254:
3252:
3242:
3233:
3224:
3215:
3213:
3203:
3194:
3185:
3176:
3167:
3158:
3149:
3140:
3131:
3122:
3120:
3110:
3101:
3092:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3069:
3062:
3056:
3049:
3043:
3034:
3025:
3016:
3007:
2998:
2989:
2980:
2971:
2962:
2953:
2951:
2941:
2932:
2923:
2914:
2912:
2902:
2893:
2891:
2881:
2872:
2863:
2854:
2850:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2824:William James
2820:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2791:William James
2788:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2736:was based at
2735:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2662:
2655:Final Actions
2652:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2577:
2575:
2574:Pointe du Raz
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2484:Hooghly River
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2310:John Blankett
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2286:Mediterranean
2283:
2280:In July 1798
2273:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2014:Hooghly River
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1758:, comprising
1757:
1754:
1753:Contre-amiral
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1523:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1430:
1429:John Blankett
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:Peter Rainier
1401:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:Duguay-Trouin
1358:
1355:
1351:
1350:Duguay-Trouin
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1291:Peter Rainier
1288:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1215:Durand Brager
1212:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1087:had only the
1086:
1082:
1081:East Indiamen
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
970:
968:
964:
959:
958:African slave
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
930:Ăle de France
927:
923:
922:Chandernagore
919:
914:
912:
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
888:
887:Bay of Bengal
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:Great Britain
821:
817:
813:
809:
799:
797:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
773:
772:Contre-amiral
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
749:Peter Rainier
746:
745:Ăle de France
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
709:East Indiamen
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
686:Great Britain
682:
678:
674:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
642:
639:
638:
635:
632:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
535:
534:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
467:Mediterranean
466:
465:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
406:26 April 1797
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
389:
388:
385:
380:
370:
365:
363:
358:
356:
351:
350:
347:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
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269:
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264:
261:
260:
257:
252:
245:
235:
230:
228:
223:
221:
216:
215:
212:
204:
203:Ignacio Ălava
193:
192:Pierre Sercey
183:
181:
180:Peter Rainier
171:
170:
165:
161:
148:
137:
127:
125:
113:
112:Great Britain
101:
100:
95:
87:
84:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
63:
59:
56:
55:
51:
48:
47:Auguste Mayer
44:
39:
34:
31:
26:
21:
16:
4330:
4308:
4296:
4274:
4255:
4233:
4211:
4174:The Frigates
4173:
4152:
4133:
4087:
4068:
4049:
4027:
4006:
3997:
3988:
3979:
3967:. Retrieved
3961:
3946:
3937:
3928:
3907:
3898:
3890:
3885:
3876:
3868:
3863:
3854:
3845:
3836:
3827:
3818:
3809:
3800:
3791:
3782:
3773:
3752:
3743:
3734:
3725:
3716:
3708:
3703:
3682:
3661:
3652:
3643:
3634:
3625:
3616:
3607:
3598:
3589:
3580:
3571:
3562:
3553:
3544:
3535:
3526:
3517:
3508:
3499:
3490:
3481:
3472:
3463:
3454:
3445:
3436:
3427:
3406:
3397:
3388:
3379:
3370:
3361:
3352:
3343:
3322:
3289:
3280:
3271:
3262:
3241:
3232:
3223:
3202:
3193:
3184:
3175:
3166:
3157:
3148:
3139:
3130:
3109:
3100:
3091:
3068:
3060:
3055:
3047:
3042:
3033:
3024:
3015:
3006:
2997:
2988:
2979:
2970:
2961:
2940:
2931:
2922:
2901:
2880:
2871:
2862:
2853:
2818:
2814:
2787:Crown Colony
2779:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2732:
2729:
2707:
2692:
2686:
2681:
2670:Henry Dundas
2664:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2604:Persian Gulf
2599:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2566:Brûle-Gueule
2565:
2561:
2552:
2546:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2520:
2509:
2494:
2492:
2479:
2475:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2444:Brûle-Gueule
2443:
2438:
2434:
2432:
2401:
2383:Seringapatam
2365:
2359:
2350:
2347:
2338:
2333:
2279:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2252:
2245:
2239:
2227:
2224:Sierra Leone
2222:withdrew to
2219:
2215:
2202:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2135:Banca Strait
2130:
2118:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2101:Edward Cooke
2095:
2088:
2082:
2035:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1945:
1938:
1918:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1890:Brûle-Gueule
1889:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1840:Cape Agulhas
1834:
1826:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1733:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1634:
1623:supplies of
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:Alan Gardner
1585:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1500:Simon's Town
1485:
1476:
1459:
1450:
1443:client state
1439:
1421:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1369:short battle
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1284:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1230:
1226:Sunda Strait
1221:
1219:
1209:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1180:
1149:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1093:
1077:
1034:
982:Dutch Ceylon
974:Dutch Empire
971:
915:
908:Qing Dynasty
872:
862:in Southern
836:Indian Ocean
805:
781:squadron at
779:Spanish Navy
769:
757:Dutch Ceylon
737:
694:
672:
670:
640:
567:Diamond Rock
542:Newfoundland
488:15 July 1798
461:4 April 1808
426:7 April 1800
293:Saldanha Bay
268:Sunda Strait
241:
97:Belligerents
74:Indian Ocean
42:
28:Part of the
15:
2727:in August.
2717:David Baird
2610:Trincomalee
2596:packet ship
2442:Batavia in
2371:Tellicherry
2258:La Rochelle
2197:Ăles de Los
2106:himself in
2044:signed the
1963:Bali Strait
1925:George Town
1799: [
1625:Banda Neira
1605:Rattlesnake
1568:Rattlesnake
1557:and sloops
1466:Stadtholder
1462:Kew Letters
1453:sailed for
1118:Saint-FĂ©lix
1021:Trincomalee
926:Pondicherry
868:Tipu Sultan
787:Philippines
715:maintained
713:French Navy
641:East Indies
612:2 June 1807
503:7 July 1799
379:(1796â1808)
303:Bali Strait
288:Cape Colony
263:Pondicherry
70:East Indies
60:1793 â 1801
4352:Categories
4017:References
3889:Gardiner,
3867:Gardiner,
3707:Gardiner,
3059:Gardiner,
3046:Gardiner,
2659:See also:
2553:Tremendous
2415:See also:
2288:to invade
2212:broadsides
2156:Tremendous
2131:Resistance
2119:Resistance
2018:pilot boat
2006:Sambolasse
1977:See also:
1946:Victorious
1921:Banda Aceh
1914:Tranquebar
1724:See also:
1706:Foul Point
1611:stores at
1540:Victorious
1504:Muizenberg
1451:Resistance
1445:named the
1427:Commodore
1407:See also:
1352:, and the
1338:Resistance
1325:Resistance
1156:Alexandria
1132:See also:
1122:privateers
1006:Edo period
954:Port Louis
946:Seychelles
942:Madagascar
802:Background
725:privateers
697:Royal Navy
602:Montevideo
513:6 May 1801
416:Santa Cruz
328:Port Louis
273:5 May 1794
4254:(2002) .
4232:(2002) .
4210:(2002) .
4194:cite book
4106:cite book
4048:(1997) .
4026:(1999) .
3893:, p. 168.
3871:, p. 163.
3711:, p. 160.
3050:, p. 102.
2846:Citations
2832:Admiralty
2776:Aftermath
2758:Chiffonne
2746:Andhorina
2742:Chiffonne
2733:Chiffonne
2687:Oldenburg
2678:Table Bay
2649:Confiance
2619:Confiance
2617:and then
2608:HMS
2602:, in the
2592:Iphigenie
2551:HMS
2540:HMS
2536:Algoa Bay
2508:HMS
2375:Mangalore
2332:HMS
2251:HMS
2244:HMS
2216:Régénerée
2201:HMS
2193:Régénerée
2181:Régénerée
2161:HMS
2154:HMS
2094:HMS
2087:HMS
2083:Centurion
2050:hurricane
1944:HMS
1937:HMS
1909:Carysfort
1907:HMS
1871:Régénérée
1761:Régénérée
1749:Rochefort
1691:HMS
1680:HMS
1673:HMS
1666:HMS
1659:HMS
1652:HMS
1645:HMS
1638:HMS
1577:Kerguelen
1566:HMS
1559:HMS
1552:HMS
1545:HMS
1538:HMS
1531:HMS
1385:Centurion
1381:Ăle Ronde
1373:Centurion
1342:Centurion
1323:HMS
1318:Centurion
1316:HMS
1309:HMS
1302:HMS
1295:HMS
1280:corvettes
1208:HMS
1203:Centurion
1201:HMS
1199:fighting
1128:Campaigns
1099:HMS
1092:HMS
1041:New Spain
1013:Sourabaya
990:Indonesia
976:held the
950:Rodrigues
934:Mauritius
900:Bencoolen
653:Zamboanga
617:San Pedro
592:Maldonado
518:Algeciras
456:Trafalgar
278:Ăle Ronde
4329:(2001).
4307:(2004).
4295:(1954).
3063:, p. 72.
2837:Spithead
2615:Clarissa
2562:Preneuse
2532:Preneuse
2510:Intrepid
2495:Preneuse
2486:at the
2474:, while
2464:Daedalus
2460:Prudente
2452:Prudente
2448:Preneuse
2439:Prudente
2408:, 1816,
2351:Preneuse
2334:Daedalus
2232:Penmarks
1955:Java Sea
1939:Arrogant
1884:Preneuse
1863:Prudente
1824:, where
1822:La Palma
1693:Crescent
1554:Arrogant
1522:Prudente
1425:â
1367:after a
1330:en route
1254:Prudente
1197:Prudente
1168:Karaikal
1160:blockade
1113:Prudente
1073:American
1017:Griessie
1002:Nagasaki
984:and the
967:Malartic
875:Calcutta
826:and the
753:blockade
622:Miserere
582:Perdriel
552:San Juan
547:Trinidad
536:Americas
390:Atlantic
65:Location
2819:Note A:
2770:Ternate
2762:Sybille
2750:Bellona
2682:Sceptre
2645:Courier
2556:at the
2547:Adamant
2542:Jupiter
2480:Sybille
2466:at the
2387:a siege
2366:Raymond
2360:Woodcot
2314:Red Sea
2304:at the
2163:Sceptre
2108:Sybille
2089:Sybille
2032:Ireland
2021:Cartier
2002:Russell
1994:Penguin
1933:Sumatra
1852:Moineau
1848:Moineau
1810:Cocarde
1767:Cocarde
1675:Trident
1661:Sybille
1654:Sceptre
1640:Jupiter
1613:Amboyna
1597:Stately
1593:Monarch
1547:Monarch
1533:Stately
1477:Diomede
1455:Malacca
1377:Diomede
1365:Orpheus
1357:Vulcain
1334:Orpheus
1332:, with
1311:Orpheus
1297:Suffolk
1275:Amazone
1246:Vengeur
1222:Minerva
1210:Diomede
1101:Minerva
1065:Denmark
1025:Colombo
998:Batavia
948:and on
944:in the
938:RĂ©union
820:Prussia
792:Red Sea
785:in the
721:frigate
483:Menorca
298:Sumatra
247:of the
4337:
4315:
4281:
4262:
4240:
4218:
4182:
4159:
4140:
4094:
4075:
4056:
4034:
3969:May 7,
2696:Jeddah
2641:Gloire
2570:specie
2499:Borneo
2427:, and
2343:Qusayr
2173:CybĂšle
2123:Kupang
2072:. The
2025:Triton
1990:Emilie
1929:Penang
1903:Alerte
1899:Alerte
1879:CybĂšle
1844:Sphynx
1832:whaler
1818:Mutine
1791:Mutine
1745:Burnel
1702:Sphynx
1698:Braave
1668:Sphinx
1647:Braave
1630:rajahs
1617:nutmeg
1526:CybĂšle
1481:Cochin
1415:, and
1389:CybĂšle
1258:CybĂšle
1250:RĂ©solu
1192:CybĂšle
1181:CybĂšle
1144:, and
1107:CybĂšle
1069:Sweden
1049:Cavite
1045:Manila
1029:Ceylon
904:Canton
896:Penang
883:Madras
879:Bombay
783:Manila
759:, the
705:convoy
648:Manila
597:Cardal
431:Ferrol
308:Manila
283:Ceylon
157:
136:France
109:
85:Result
76:&
2807:Notes
2708:Forte
2600:Pearl
2588:L'Uni
2583:Adele
2476:Forte
2472:Natal
2456:Forte
2435:Forte
2369:, at
2328:Mocha
2324:Perim
2290:Egypt
2270:Pique
2266:Seine
2262:Jason
2253:Pique
2246:Jason
2240:Seine
2228:Seine
2220:Pearl
2203:Pearl
2189:Vertu
2185:Seine
2177:Vertu
2127:Timor
2042:Spain
2010:Diana
1875:Vertu
1867:Seine
1859:Forte
1827:Vertu
1803:]
1779:Seine
1773:Forte
1696:with
1609:clove
1573:razee
1464:from
1304:Swift
1266:Pigot
1241:Pigot
1213:, by
1172:Yanam
1094:Crown
1057:Macau
1009:Japan
911:China
864:India
733:Spain
690:India
658:Macau
411:CĂĄdiz
313:Macau
147:Spain
4335:ISBN
4313:ISBN
4279:ISBN
4260:ISBN
4238:ISBN
4216:ISBN
4200:link
4180:ISBN
4157:ISBN
4138:ISBN
4125:link
4118:help
4092:ISBN
4073:ISBN
4054:ISBN
4032:ISBN
3971:2024
2780:The
2738:Mahé
2721:Nile
2639:and
2633:Kent
2624:Kent
2560:and
2549:and
2437:and
2363:and
2337:and
2326:and
2319:Suez
2249:and
2191:and
2183:and
2159:and
2092:and
2008:and
1998:Pegu
1996:off
1942:and
1877:and
1816:and
1788:and
1776:and
1743:and
1741:Baco
1728:and
1700:and
1678:and
1664:and
1621:mace
1619:and
1603:and
1601:Echo
1564:and
1561:Echo
1536:and
1524:and
1387:and
1379:off
1375:and
1354:brig
1340:and
1321:and
1256:and
1248:and
1206:and
1195:and
1110:and
1067:and
1047:and
1035:The
1023:and
1015:and
972:The
920:and
918:Mahé
898:and
881:and
818:and
731:and
671:The
333:Mahé
57:Date
3950:UK
2506:in
2339:Fox
2125:on
2112:Fox
2096:Fox
1927:at
1689:in
1682:Fox
1053:Goa
1004:in
906:in
528:2nd
523:1st
4354::
4196:}}
4192:{{
4110::
4108:}}
4104:{{
3960:.
3916:^
3761:^
3691:^
3670:^
3415:^
3331:^
3310:^
3298:^
3250:^
3211:^
3118:^
3077:^
2949:^
2910:^
2889:^
2772:.
2702:,
2631:,
2598:,
2523:.
2513:.
2490:.
2423:,
2419:,
2404:,
2260:.
2218:,
2179:,
2141:,
2085:,
2060:,
2027:.
2004:,
1873:,
1869:,
1865:,
1861:,
1850:.
1805:.
1801:fr
1770:,
1764:,
1657:,
1650:,
1643:,
1599:,
1550:,
1511:.
1457:.
1435:,
1411:,
1359:.
1336:,
1314:,
1307:,
1170:,
1140:,
1136:,
980:,
877:,
767:.
735:.
72:,
45:,
4343:.
4321:.
4287:.
4268:.
4246:.
4224:.
4202:)
4188:.
4165:.
4146:.
4127:)
4120:)
4100:.
4081:.
4062:.
4040:.
3973:.
368:e
361:t
354:v
233:e
226:t
219:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
