2465:
2454:
114:
1109:
The mechanism responsible for the event originated in the deep oceans, and made its way into the shallower shelf seas. Correspondingly, shallow-water reefs were barely affected, while pelagic and hemipelagic organisms such as the graptolites,
841:
The end of the
Ordovician–Silurian extinction event occurred when melting glaciers caused the sea level to rise and eventually stabilize. Biodiversity, with the sustained re-flooding of continental shelves at the onset of the
1030:
was at first described as the earliest fossil land animal in 2020. It was originally described as the oldest known scorpion (437 million years old), but was later re-described as an enigmatic, marine arthropod.
1097:
obliquity cycle. The fifth and sixth probably reflect maxima in the precessional cycles, with periods of around 16.5 and 19 ka. The final two data are much further spaced, so harder to link with
1700:
1011:
Spores and plant microfossils have been found in China and
Pennsylvania. There was some movement to the land during the Llandovery but the earliest known vascular plants (
1197:
Munnecke, A.; Samtleben, C.; Bickert, T. (2003). "The
Ireviken Event in the lower Silurian of Gotland, Sweden-relation to similar Palaeozoic and Proterozoic events".
940:
It has been recommended to place the GSSP at a slightly higher and correlatable level on the
Ireviken datum 2, which coincides approximately with the base of the
619:
1834:
1042:
systems covered a substantially greater percentage of seafloor than reefs today and they also grew at high latitudes. Possibly the evolution of photo
872:
extinction events. Nevertheless, a large number of taxa disappeared from the Earth over a short time interval, eliminating and changing diversity.
1674:
Jeppsson, L (1997). "The anatomy of the Mid-Early
Silurian Ireviken Event and a scenario for P-S events". In Brett, C.E.; Baird, G.C. (eds.).
885:
853:
Following the major loss of diversity as the end-Ordovician, Silurian communities were initially less complex and broader niched. Highly
1581:"Stranger than a scorpion: a reassessment of Parioscorpio venator, a problematic arthropod from the Llandoverian Waukesha Lagerstätte"
1827:
1707:
869:
930:
at Dob's Linn, but was later discovered to be imprecise. It is currently placed between acritarch biozone 5 and last appearance of
559:
501:
1579:
Anderson, Evan P; Schiffbauer, James D.; Jacquet, Sarah M.; Lamsdell, James C.; Kluessendorf, Joanne; Mikulic, Donald G. (2021).
2503:
1459:
865:
788:
1358:
Harper, D. A. T.; Hammarlund, E. U.; Rasmussen, C. M. Ø. (May 2014). "End
Ordovician extinctions: A coincidence of causes".
1820:
1074:
events) during the
Silurian Period. The Ireviken overlapped the Llandovery/Wenlock boundary. The event is best recorded at
1093:
It comprises eight extinction "datum points"—the first four being regularly spaced, every 31,000 years, and linked to the
1552:
Strother, Paul K.; Traverse, Alfred (1979). "Plant microfossils from
Llandoverian and Wenlockian rocks of Pennsylvania".
857:
faunas, which characterized the Late
Ordovician, were replaced by faunas that were amongst the most cosmopolitan in the
734:
641:
1407:
1118:
were hit hardest. 50% of trilobite species and 80% of the global conodont species become extinct in this interval.
920:
Shale, which consist predominantly of black graptolitic shale with subordinate gray mudstones and meta-bentonites.
2493:
17:
1449:
1843:
548:
2498:
1163:
Jeppsson, L.; Calner, M. (2007). "The
Silurian Mulde Event and a scenario for secundo—secundo events".
904:
Shale (48 metres (157 ft) thick), consisting chiefly of pale gray mudstone with subordinate black
783:(from 443.8 ± 1.5 million years ago to 433.4 ± 0.8 million years ago) occurred at the beginning of the
2488:
1475:
1505:"Llandovery sporomorphs and graptolites from the Manbo Formation, the Mojiang County, Yunnan, China"
1693:
892:(southern Scotland) in an artificial excavation created just north of the Linn Branch Stream. Two
2116:
2111:
611:
1580:
593:
118:
Map of Earth as it appeared 440 million years ago during the Llandovery epoch, Aeronian stage
1134:
records are observed; δC rises from +1.4‰ to +4.5‰, while δO increases from −5.6‰ to −5.0‰.
1639:
1367:
1284:
1255:
897:
776:
8:
2447:
1304:
1054:. Rising water temperatures in the Devonian might have led to bleaching of these corals.
1643:
1371:
1259:
1608:
1529:
1504:
1210:
2245:
2209:
1612:
1600:
1534:
1455:
1403:
1094:
901:
1423:
2339:
2214:
1980:
1647:
1592:
1561:
1524:
1516:
1375:
1335:
1299:
1263:
1206:
1172:
1143:
1098:
1063:
1565:
864:
These end Ordovician–Silurian events had nothing like the long-term impact of the
2439:
2435:
2431:
2308:
2204:
2142:
2037:
2006:
1975:
917:
847:
807:
583:
41:
2464:
1676:
Paleontological Events: Stratigraphic, Ecological, and Evolutionary Implications
2458:
2277:
2147:
2042:
2011:
1652:
1628:"The Silurian mesophotic coral ecosystems: 430 million years of photosymbiosis"
1627:
1090:
The event lasted around 200,000 years, spanning the base of the Wenlock Epoch.
1047:
932:
822:
686:
684:
Imprecise. Currently placed between acritarch biozone 5 and last appearance of
486:
354:
1812:
1176:
1165:
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
2482:
2178:
2168:
2137:
2100:
2032:
2001:
1744:
1734:
1604:
1379:
1268:
1243:
889:
749:
736:
723:
656:
643:
630:
347:
330:
72:
2469:
2400:
2250:
2173:
1775:
1739:
1538:
1520:
1039:
1026:
909:
792:
382:
339:
2395:
2264:
2240:
2085:
1880:
1067:
972:
In North America a different suite of regional stages is sometimes used:
861:, biogeographic patterns that persisted throughout most of the Silurian.
858:
468:
47:
2390:
2350:
2293:
2193:
2090:
1964:
1864:
1796:
1754:
1596:
953:
924:
881:
796:
615:
403:
361:
313:
285:
92:
57:
2453:
2405:
2355:
2329:
2288:
2235:
2080:
2056:
1937:
1927:
1916:
1764:
1115:
1071:
1013:
961:
913:
893:
826:
450:
375:
275:
97:
1196:
810:
when rising water temperatures are thought to have bleached out the
2365:
2360:
2324:
2224:
2157:
2126:
2021:
1990:
1951:
1901:
1875:
1851:
1791:
1780:
1759:
1716:
1111:
1075:
1043:
957:
843:
830:
815:
784:
396:
389:
368:
305:
295:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
1685:
1578:
2379:
2319:
2069:
1906:
1890:
1224:
1079:
1051:
984:
854:
727:
113:
102:
77:
1131:
1127:
2415:
2298:
1932:
923:
The base was originally defined as the first appearance of the
634:
905:
811:
703:
A conodont boundary (Ireviken datum 2) which is close to the
1398:
Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (2004).
1062:
The Ireviken event was the first of three relatively minor
803:
1244:"The GSSP Method of Chronostratigraphy: A Critical Review"
1357:
1678:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 451–492.
1017:) have only been found in rocks of the middle Silurian.
1509:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1126:
Subsequent to the first extinctions, excursions in the
806:
building started in this period and continued into the
1162:
952:
The Llandovery Epoch is subdivided into three stages:
787:Period. The Llandoverian Epoch follows the massive
130:
1353:
1351:
1349:
994:Raikküla stage (Early Silurian: middle Llandovery)
916:. Above this is the 43 metres (141 ft) thick
1625:
1397:
1199:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
997:Juuru stage (Earliest Silurian: early Llandovery)
979:Alexandrian (Earliest Silurian: early Llandovery)
2480:
1626:Zapalski, Mikołaj K.; Berkowski, Błażej (2019).
1551:
1448:Ogg, James; Ogg, Gabi; Gradstein, Felix (2016).
987:the following suite of regional stages is used:
1842:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1447:
1346:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
991:Adavere stage (Early Silurian: late Llandovery)
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1828:
1701:
1572:
500:Subdivision of the Silurian according to the
1660:
1319:
900:) occur near the boundary. The lower is the
888:for the Silurian is located in a section at
1673:
1231:. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
1183:
1156:
507:Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
1835:
1821:
1708:
1694:
1285:"Series and Stages of the Silurian System"
976:Ontarian (Early Silurian: late Llandovery)
1651:
1528:
1502:
1303:
1267:
1340:International Commission on Stratigraphy
836:
712:Upper boundary GSSP candidate section(s)
1476:"Silurian Stratigraphy Of Estonia 2015"
1393:
1391:
1389:
1282:
1085:
14:
2481:
821:The Llandoverian Epoch ended with the
497:
1816:
1689:
1619:
1496:
1241:
789:Ordovician-Silurian extinction events
1545:
1386:
700:Upper boundary definition candidates
476:
458:
440:
2434:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
1715:
1416:
791:, which led to a large decrease in
24:
2438:= megaannum (millions years ago);
1503:Wang, Yi; Zhang, Yuandong (2010).
1242:Lucas, Sepncer (6 November 2018).
967:
25:
2515:
2442:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
1057:
1046:started in the Llandovery Epoch.
1034:
846:, rebounded within the surviving
2463:
2452:
1001:
112:
45:
1468:
1441:
1336:"GSSP for the Rhuddanian Stage"
1121:
1020:
947:
829:species, and 80% of the global
1305:10.18814/epiiugs/1985/v8i2/005
1276:
1235:
1217:
1050:mostly developed as prominent
439:
13:
1:
1881:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
1566:10.1080/01916122.1979.9989181
1451:A Concise Geologic Time Scale
1211:10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00304-3
1149:
1104:
2504:Llandovery first appearances
27:First Series of the Silurian
7:
1844:Geological history of Earth
1137:
498:
270:
10:
2520:
2117:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
2112:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
1876:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
1653:10.1007/s00338-018-01761-w
1400:A Geologic Time Scale 2004
1248:Frontiers in Earth Science
880:The epoch was named after
40:443.8 ± 1.5 – 433.4 ± 0.8
2429:
2414:
2401:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
2378:
2338:
2307:
2276:
2263:
2251:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
2223:
2192:
2156:
2125:
2099:
2068:
2055:
2020:
1989:
1963:
1950:
1915:
1889:
1863:
1850:
1723:
1283:Holland, C. (June 1985).
1177:10.1017/S0263593300000377
1006:
765:
719:
711:
699:
692:
681:Upper boundary definition
680:
672:
626:
608:Lower boundary definition
607:
599:
589:
579:
574:
566:
554:
544:
539:
531:
523:
518:
128:
123:
111:
37:
32:
2396:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
2241:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
2086:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
1938:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
1928:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
1424:"Silurian: Stratigraphy"
1380:10.1016/j.gr.2012.12.021
1269:10.3389/feart.2018.00191
825:which killed off 50% of
133:
2391:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
2356:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
2351:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
2294:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
2184:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
2091:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
1902:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
875:
814:by killing their photo
266:−418 —
256:−420 —
246:−422 —
236:−424 —
226:−426 —
216:−428 —
206:−430 —
196:−432 —
186:−434 —
176:−436 —
166:−438 —
156:−440 —
146:−442 —
136:−444 —
2494:Silurian geochronology
2361:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
2330:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
2289:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
2236:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
2081:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
1907:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
1521:10.1098/rspb.2009.0214
2366:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
2325:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
2246:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
1933:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
928:Akidograptus ascensus
837:Beginning of Silurian
795:and an opening up of
620:Akidograptus ascensus
2406:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
2299:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
2179:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
2169:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
1229:www.stratigraphy.org
1086:Anatomy of the event
1027:Parioscorpio venator
944:Graptolite Biozone.
870:Cretaceous-Paleogene
777:geological timescale
2461: •
2450: •
2448:Geologic time scale
2210:Middle (458–470 Ma)
2174:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
2143:Middle (383–393 Ma)
2038:Middle (237–247 Ma)
2007:Middle (164–174 Ma)
1644:2019CorRe..38..137Z
1372:2014GondR..25.1294H
1260:2018FrEaS...6..191L
766:Upper GSSP ratified
746: /
720:Upper boundary GSSP
707:graptolite biozone.
673:Lower GSSP ratified
653: /
627:Lower boundary GSSP
600:Time span formality
2459:Geology portal
2320:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
2215:Early (470–485 Ma)
2148:Early (393–419 Ma)
2043:Early (247–252 Ma)
2012:Early (174–201 Ma)
1981:Early (100–145 Ma)
1976:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
1597:10.1111/pala.12534
1483:Stratigraafia.info
1225:"Chart/Time Scale"
1099:Milankovic changes
750:52.5811°N 2.6389°W
657:55.4400°N 3.2700°W
590:Stratigraphic unit
580:Chronological unit
567:Time scale(s) used
2499:Geological epochs
2476:
2475:
2374:
2373:
2340:Paleoproterozoic
2259:
2258:
2205:Late (444–458 Ma)
2138:Late (359–383 Ma)
2051:
2050:
2033:Late (201–237 Ma)
2002:Late (145–164 Ma)
1946:
1945:
1867:(present–2.58 Ma)
1855:(present–66.0 Ma)
1810:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1515:(1679): 267–275.
1461:978-0-444-63771-0
1360:Gondwana Research
1064:extinction events
935:amorphognathoides
773:
772:
689:amorphognathoides
540:Usage information
513:
512:
493:
492:
475:
474:
457:
456:
16:(Redirected from
2511:
2489:Llandovery epoch
2470:World portal
2468:
2467:
2457:
2456:
2419:
2383:
2343:
2312:
2309:Mesoproterozoic
2281:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2228:
2197:
2161:
2130:
2104:
2073:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2025:
1994:
1968:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1920:
1894:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1726:
1725:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1671:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1532:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1480:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1395:
1384:
1383:
1366:(4): 1294–1307.
1355:
1344:
1343:
1332:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1289:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1194:
1181:
1180:
1160:
1144:Acacus Sandstone
866:Permian–Triassic
781:Llandovery Epoch
761:
760:
758:
757:
756:
755:52.5811; -2.6389
751:
747:
744:
743:
742:
739:
668:
667:
665:
664:
663:
662:55.4400; -3.2700
658:
654:
651:
650:
649:
646:
482:
477:
464:
459:
446:
441:
342:
333:
324:
298:
278:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
131:
116:
107:
44:
30:
29:
21:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2462:
2451:
2443:
2425:
2417:
2410:
2381:
2370:
2341:
2334:
2310:
2303:
2279:
2278:Neoproterozoic
2268:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
2267:
2266:
2265:Proterozoic Eon
2255:
2226:
2219:
2195:
2188:
2159:
2152:
2128:
2121:
2102:
2095:
2071:
2059:
2058:
2047:
2023:
2016:
1992:
1985:
1966:
1954:
1953:
1942:
1918:
1911:
1892:
1885:
1866:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1841:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1785:
1769:
1719:
1717:Silurian Period
1714:
1684:
1683:
1672:
1661:
1624:
1620:
1577:
1573:
1550:
1546:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1396:
1387:
1356:
1347:
1334:
1333:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1240:
1236:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1195:
1184:
1171:(02): 135–154.
1161:
1157:
1152:
1140:
1124:
1107:
1088:
1066:(the Ireviken,
1060:
1048:Tabulate corals
1037:
1023:
1009:
1004:
970:
968:Regional stages
950:
884:in Wales. The
878:
839:
808:Devonian Period
754:
752:
748:
745:
740:
737:
735:
733:
732:
731:
661:
659:
655:
652:
647:
644:
642:
640:
639:
638:
514:
509:
508:
506:
489:
480:
471:
462:
453:
444:
437:
436:
432:
431:
427:
426:
422:
421:
417:
416:
412:
411:
407:
406:
400:
399:
393:
392:
386:
385:
379:
378:
372:
371:
365:
364:
358:
357:
351:
350:
344:
343:
338:
335:
334:
329:
326:
325:
320:
317:
316:
310:
309:
301:
300:
294:
290:
289:
281:
280:
274:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
119:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
39:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2517:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2474:
2473:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2271:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2101:Carboniferous
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2063:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1958:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1919:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1893:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1858:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1659:
1638:(1): 137–147.
1618:
1591:(3): 429–474.
1571:
1544:
1495:
1467:
1460:
1440:
1415:
1408:
1385:
1345:
1318:
1298:(2): 101–103.
1275:
1234:
1216:
1182:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1123:
1120:
1106:
1103:
1087:
1084:
1059:
1058:Ireviken event
1056:
1036:
1035:Reef expansion
1033:
1022:
1019:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
995:
992:
981:
980:
977:
969:
966:
949:
946:
933:Pterospathodus
877:
874:
838:
835:
823:Ireviken event
771:
770:
767:
763:
762:
721:
717:
716:
713:
709:
708:
701:
697:
696:
695:for more info.
687:Pterospathodus
682:
678:
677:
674:
670:
669:
628:
624:
623:
609:
605:
604:
601:
597:
596:
591:
587:
586:
581:
577:
576:
572:
571:
570:ICS Time Scale
568:
564:
563:
556:
555:Regional usage
552:
551:
546:
545:Celestial body
542:
541:
537:
536:
533:
529:
528:
525:
524:Name formality
521:
520:
516:
515:
511:
510:
495:
494:
491:
490:
487:Ireviken event
485:
483:
473:
472:
467:
465:
455:
454:
449:
447:
438:
434:
433:
429:
428:
424:
423:
419:
418:
414:
413:
409:
408:
402:
401:
395:
394:
388:
387:
381:
380:
374:
373:
367:
366:
360:
359:
353:
352:
346:
345:
337:
336:
328:
327:
319:
318:
312:
311:
303:
302:
292:
291:
283:
282:
272:
271:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
126:
125:
121:
120:
117:
109:
108:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
35:
34:
26:
18:Early Silurian
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2516:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2377:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
2275:
2272:
2270:
2262:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2057:Paleozoic Era
2054:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:(66.0–145 Ma)
1962:
1959:
1957:
1955:(66.0–252 Ma)
1949:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1677:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1585:Palaeontology
1582:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1484:
1477:
1471:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1429:
1428:UCMP Berkeley
1425:
1419:
1411:
1409:9780521786737
1405:
1401:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1205:(1): 99–124.
1204:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1002:Palaeontology
996:
993:
990:
989:
988:
986:
978:
975:
974:
973:
965:
963:
959:
955:
945:
943:
938:
936:
934:
929:
926:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
873:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
834:
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
768:
764:
759:
729:
725:
724:Hughley Brook
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
688:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
636:
632:
629:
625:
622:
621:
617:
613:
610:
606:
602:
598:
595:
592:
588:
585:
582:
578:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
550:
547:
543:
538:
534:
532:Name ratified
530:
526:
522:
517:
505:
504:, as of 2021.
503:
496:
488:
484:
479:
478:
470:
466:
461:
460:
452:
448:
443:
442:
405:
398:
391:
384:
377:
370:
363:
356:
349:
341:
332:
323:
315:
308:
307:
299:
297:
288:
287:
279:
277:
132:
127:
122:
115:
110:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
36:
31:
19:
2444:
2380:Archean Eon
2342:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
2227:(485–539 Ma)
2196:(444–485 Ma)
2183:
2160:(419–444 Ma)
2129:(359–419 Ma)
2103:(299–359 Ma)
2072:(252–299 Ma)
2060:(252–539 Ma)
2024:(201–252 Ma)
1993:(145–201 Ma)
1952:Mesozoic Era
1852:Cenozoic Era
1776:Sheinwoodian
1729:
1675:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1486:. Retrieved
1482:
1470:
1450:
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1427:
1418:
1399:
1363:
1359:
1339:
1309:. Retrieved
1295:
1291:
1278:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1202:
1198:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1125:
1122:Geochemistry
1108:
1092:
1089:
1061:
1040:Barrier reef
1038:
1025:
1024:
1021:Land animals
1012:
1010:
982:
971:
951:
948:Subdivisions
941:
939:
931:
927:
922:
908:and several
894:lithological
879:
863:
852:
840:
820:
801:
793:biodiversity
780:
774:
704:
685:
618:
499:
383:Sheinwoodian
321:
304:
293:
284:
273:
2416:Hadean Eon
2194:Ordovician
1965:Cretaceous
1865:Quaternary
1632:Coral Reefs
1311:11 December
910:interbedded
859:Phanerozoic
802:Widespread
753: /
660: /
469:Mulde event
2483:Categories
2418:(4–4.6 Ga)
2382:(2.5–4 Ga)
2311:(1–1.6 Ga)
1917:Paleogene
1797:Ludfordian
1755:Rhuddanian
1730:Llandovery
1554:Palynology
1488:3 February
1150:References
1116:trilobites
1105:Casualties
1095:Milankovic
954:Rhuddanian
942:murchisoni
925:graptolite
914:bentonites
898:formations
890:Dob's Linn
882:Llandovery
797:ecosystems
738:52°34′52″N
705:murchisoni
645:55°26′24″N
631:Dob's Linn
616:Graptolite
575:Definition
404:Ludfordian
362:Rhuddanian
322:Llandovery
124:Chronology
33:Llandovery
2445:See also:
2225:Cambrian
2158:Silurian
2127:Devonian
2022:Triassic
1991:Jurassic
1765:Telychian
1613:234812878
1605:1475-4983
1112:conodonts
1044:symbionts
1014:Cooksonia
962:Telychian
833:species.
827:trilobite
816:symbionts
741:2°38′20″W
648:3°16′12″W
519:Etymology
451:Lau event
376:Telychian
276:Paleozoic
2070:Permian
1891:Neogene
1792:Gorstian
1781:Homerian
1760:Aeronian
1560:: 1–21.
1539:19439443
1292:Episodes
1138:See Also
1076:Ireviken
1052:bioherms
958:Aeronian
918:Birkhill
902:Hartfell
844:Silurian
831:conodont
785:Silurian
693:See text
558:Global (
397:Gorstian
390:Homerian
369:Aeronian
296:Silurian
1745:Pridoli
1735:Wenlock
1640:Bibcode
1530:2842664
1368:Bibcode
1256:Bibcode
1254:: 191.
1080:Gotland
985:Estonia
896:units (
855:endemic
775:In the
728:Apedale
614:of the
481:←
463:←
445:←
355:Early D
348:Přídolí
331:Wenlock
261:–
251:–
241:–
231:–
221:–
211:–
201:–
191:–
181:–
171:–
161:–
151:–
141:–
2424:
1740:Ludlow
1611:
1603:
1537:
1527:
1458:
1433:9 June
1406:
1070:, and
1007:Plants
906:shales
848:orders
779:, the
635:Moffat
603:Formal
594:Series
527:Formal
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
340:Ludlow
314:Late O
1609:S2CID
1479:(PDF)
1288:(PDF)
1068:Mulde
912:meta-
812:coral
584:Epoch
549:Earth
1601:ISSN
1535:PMID
1490:2019
1456:ISBN
1435:2019
1404:ISBN
1313:2020
1130:and
1114:and
960:and
886:GSSP
876:GSSP
868:and
804:reef
769:1980
730:, UK
715:None
676:1984
637:, UK
535:1984
48:PreꞒ
1648:doi
1593:doi
1562:doi
1525:PMC
1517:doi
1513:277
1376:doi
1300:doi
1264:doi
1207:doi
1203:195
1173:doi
1072:Lau
983:In
612:FAD
560:ICS
502:ICS
2485::
2440:Ga
2436:Ma
2432:ka
1662:^
1646:.
1636:38
1634:.
1630:.
1607:.
1599:.
1589:64
1587:.
1583:.
1556:.
1533:.
1523:.
1511:.
1507:.
1481:.
1454:.
1426:.
1402:.
1388:^
1374:.
1364:25
1362:.
1348:^
1338:.
1321:^
1294:.
1290:.
1262:.
1250:.
1246:.
1227:.
1201:.
1185:^
1169:93
1167:.
1132:δO
1128:δC
1101:.
1082:.
1078:,
964:.
956:,
937:.
850:.
818:.
799:.
726:,
691:.
633:,
98:Pg
42:Ma
1836:e
1829:t
1822:v
1709:e
1702:t
1695:v
1656:.
1650::
1642::
1615:.
1595::
1568:.
1564::
1558:3
1541:.
1519::
1492:.
1464:.
1437:.
1412:.
1382:.
1378::
1370::
1342:.
1315:.
1302::
1296:8
1272:.
1266::
1258::
1252:6
1213:.
1209::
1179:.
1175::
562:)
306:D
286:O
103:N
93:K
88:J
83:T
78:P
73:C
68:D
63:S
58:O
53:Ꞓ
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
