Early Scandinavian Dublin

247:, in which a large number of women were abducted. But the pattern of attacks had begun to change: raiding parties became larger and better organised; inland settlements were targeted as well as the more vulnerable maritime ones; and naval encampments were established to allow the marauders to remain in Ireland throughout the winter. In a second wave the Vikings returned later as permanent settlers. It is likely that this second wave of attacks originated in Laithlind – in northern Britain and the Scottish Isles – rather than in Norway. The leaders of these raids, however, were probably still freebooters and adventurers, acting largely on their own behalf. An actual Kingdom of Laithlind was probably not firmly established until the 830s, after which the attacks on Ireland became more protracted and better co-ordinated. In 833, during one such attack, a raiding party sailed up the Liffey and plundered the monastic settlement at 1635:, with wattle-lined walls, stone or wattle floors, and no hearths. They were built on the left bank of the Poddle close to its confluence with the Liffey. At a later date – possibly in the 9th century – these sunken structures were filled in and replaced with more densely spaced post-and-wattle structures indicative of more intensive settlement. These later dwellings are now identified as Type I houses, characterised by the possession of a central hearth flanked by two raised benches or bedding areas, a roof supported by four internal posts, and a doorway at each end of the building. These houses have been compared to Norse dwellings that were built in the early 9th century at 224: 1671:, eight kilometres west of Áth Cliath. This was an important seat of Norse power for more than a century. Significantly, the fortress was built on the remains of an old monastic site, which has led some historians to wonder whether a similar thing might not have happened at the ecclesiastical enclosure of Duiblinn. The annals are silent as to the ultimate fate of the latter settlement and its community – no Abbot or Bishop of Dublin is mentioned after 785; the possibility remains that it was abandoned in the late 8th century before the arrival of the Norsemen, who simply annexed it and built their 765: 568:, and Tigernach mac Fócartai. A fleet of 140 longships arrived in Dublin in the same year. The expedition was led by "adherents of the king of the foreigners" and their objective was "to exact obedience from the foreigners who were in Ireland before them". It was also recorded that "afterwards they caused confusion in the whole country". It is possible that this fleet was sent by the King of Laithlind in an attempt to regain lost ground – or was he perhaps hoping to profit from the discomfiture of rival Scandinavians? The following year, we are told, the Norsemen formed an alliance with 1199: 803: 351: 260: 132: 1258: 1500: 1535:. Evidence for a late 9th-century settlement has been unearthed in the vicinity of Parliament Street in Temple Bar West, about 100 metres north of Dublin Castle. It appears that this early phase of settlement was confined to a small region at the confluence of the Poddle and the Liffey, bounded on the west by what are now Fishamble Street and Werburgh Street and on the east by the Poddle estuary, which roughly followed the course of today's Parliament Street. Parallels have been drawn between the Norse settlement of Dublin and that of 607:("Dark Foreigners" or "Dark Gentiles"), these were possibly Scandinavians of Danish or Anglo-Danish origin who hoped to take advantage of the shifting fortunes of the town's inhabitants, known as the Findgaill or Findgenti ("Fair Foreigners" or "Fair Gentiles"), who were possibly Scandinavians of Danish origin – though there is still no consensus among historians as to the meaning of these terms. Whatever their provenance, the Dubgaill defeated the Norsemen of Dublin and destroyed their settlement; in the same year they raided the 897: 1075:, it was on this occasion that Auisle lost his life. In 869 Máel Ciaráin mac Rónáin came to a grisly end. Having been expelled from Leinster by jealous rivals, he allied himself by marriage to the High King Áed Findliath and invaded Leinster. He was defeated, however; his body was hacked to pieces and his head cut off. Subsequently, his head was given to the Norsemen of Dublin, who used it for target-practice before casting it into the sea. In the same year, Amlaíb plundered the great monastic settlement of 1025:, whose leader was the High King Áed Findliath. Before the end of 871, Amlaíb returned to Scotland to suppress a Norse uprising against his father Gofraid mac Ragnaill. During this time (871–872), Ímar and Amlaíb's son Oistín (Eysteinn) plundered Ireland "from east to west and from north to south". By 878 the Findgaill and Dubgaill were dominant in many parts of Britain, controlling territories in Scotland, Strathclyde, Northumbria, East Anglia, Wales and Mercia. Their expansion was eventually halted by 152:, to escape the pagan marauders. For about two decades the invaders confined their activities to coastal settlements; raiding parties were generally small and there is no evidence that any of them wintered in Ireland during this early phase of "hit-and-run" activity. Typically the Vikings would arrive at a settlement without warning, plunder what goods and people they could – the people were usually sold as slaves, though notable personages were often held for ransom – before retreating to their 1620:; in the majority of cases it cannot be determined whether they belong to the First or the Second Viking Age. The burials at Kilmainham and Islandbridge were associated with earlier Christian graveyards, though there was nothing about them to suggest that the deceased were other than pagan. In the opinion of a number of historians these burials are indicative of a significant early Viking settlement in this region, some three kilometres west of Áth Cliath; it is even possible that the 5624: 2631:(A) refers to an unnamed "brother of Inwære and Halfdene"; this is the only evidence from contemporary (or nearly contemporary) sources that Hálfdan was a brother of Amlaíb, Ímar and Auisle – but only if the identification of Inwære and Ímar is correct. Dumville (2005) believes Ímar, Auisle and Albdann were brothers, while Amlaíb was "probably a kinsman". Montgomery (2006) makes Hálfdan an uncle of Amlaíb and Ímar; this may be supported by 5565: 1162: 1396: 19: 2839:) was the royal seat of the Uí Fáeláin, an important branch of the Uí Dúnlainge confederation which monopolised the kingship of Leinster in this period; Airther Life was the eastern part of the plain of the River Liffey. This may reflect the fact Muirecán's sovereignty did not extend beyond his family's territory, despite the fact that he was nominally the King of Leinster. 713:, Máel Sechnaill tried to come to terms with this dangerous new rival in 854, but without success. Having made himself undisputed leader of the Norsemen in Dublin – whether Findgaill or Dubgaill – Amlaíb departed for Britain, where he was involved in numerous military campaigns. When Amlaíb returned to Dublin in 856 or 857, he was accompanied by two of his brothers, Ímar ( 1268:, who held the throne for five years (888–893). During this time the Dubliners were strong enough to carry out successful raids on major monasteries. They plundered Ardbraccan, Donaghpatrick, Dulane, Glendalough, Kildare and Clonard all within the space of two years (890–891). But a son of Barith called Eolair was killed by the Uí Amalgada of 1596:

was spartan, consisting of little more than benches and store chests; floors were strewn with rushes or straw; the only source of heat or light (other than the doorway) was the hearth in the centre of the living room. Rush lights fuelled by mutton fat were available, but they were expensive. A shuttered hole in the roof served as a chimney.

2983:Æthelweard, p. 26. Charles Haliday (1884), p. 40, believed that the discrepancy of three years between the death of Igwares and Ímar (AU 873.3) was insignificant, and he actually cited the early deaths of the two men as "strong evidence" that they were one and the same individual. Curiously, however, Haliday did not identify Æthelweard's 1425:. The Norse built their houses almost exclusively out of perishable materials such as wood and straw, but many early buildings have been preserved in this area in a two-metre-thick waterlogged layer of estuarine mud, making Dublin one of the most important Norse sites in Europe. To date, more than two hundred houses have been excavated. 1226:. In 883 Mac Auisle was killed by Otir (Ottár) the son of Iercne (i.e. Járnkné, who had been killed by the Dubgaill at Carlingford Lough in 852) and Muirgel the daughter of Máel Sechnaill I. The motive for this killing is unknown, but it suggests that there was an alliance by marriage between Máel Sechnaill and Járnkné. 1182:), who was the foster-father of Áed's son. This was the last serious conflict in the War of the Irish with the Foreigners for a generation. Later chroniclers record that Ireland enjoyed a "Forty Years' Rest" from foreign invaders between 876 and 916. Hálfdan was slain in a battle with the Findgaill in Loch Cuan ( 1113:, under the same year, it is reported that "the king of Lochlainn" died of a "sudden horrible disease". This cause of death is not mentioned in any other source, but it raises the interesting possibility that it was the crippling effects of this unidentified disease that led to Ímar's Old Norse sobriquet 864:. In 862 Áed, Flann and the Norsemen of Dublin once again invaded Mide, but Máel Sechnaill's death in November of that year effectively brought the campaign to an end. Áed Findliath succeeded him as High King. After Máel Sechnaill's death his kingdom of Mide was divided among two claimants to the throne, 1583:

The population of Dublin during the so-called "longphort phase" is estimated to have been quite considerable, amounting perhaps to several thousands. According to the annals, the Vikings of Dublin lost as many as 900 warriors at Carn Brammit in 847 without being overrun. It is assumed that streams of

1550:

have been unearthed; nevertheless, the possibility that there was no actual encampment in this early period can be discounted. A wealth of contemporary documentary evidence serves to confirm that throughout the second half of the 9th century Viking Dublin was a successful and thriving settlement from

3305:

and after two years Amlaib, with his people, laid waste Pictavia; and he dwelt there from 1 January until the feast of Saint Patrick . Again in the third year Amlaib, while collecting tribute, was killed by Constantine. A short while after that battle was fought in his 14th year at Dollar between

1205:

Barith had been active in Ireland while Amlaíb was still on the throne; he may have participated in Amlaíb's raid on Lismore in 867; also in 867 he narrowly avoided assassination during a raid in Connacht in which a kinsman Háimar was killed, and in 873 he and Oistín had invaded Munster with a fleet

875:

The succession of Áed led to another series of alliances between natives and invaders. The Norsemen of Dublin now allied themselves with Lorcán mac Cathail, one of the rival kings of Mide. In 863 Lorcán, Amlaíb, Ímar and Auisle invaded Flann mac Conaing's kingdom of Brega, during which invasion they

3679:

AU 888.9: "Sichfrith m. Imair, rex Nordmannorum, a fratre suo per dolum occisus est"; CS 888; CGG 27, which calls Sichfrith "Sitriuc"; AClon 888, which calls Sichfrith "Juffrie mac Iwer". Todd (1867) identifies this Sitric with the "Lord of the foreigners of Limerick" mentioned by the Four Masters

2467:

FAI 239: "Also in this year, i.e. the sixth year of the reign of Máel Sechlainn , Amlaíb Conung, son of the king of Lochlann, came to Ireland, and he brought with him a proclamation of many tributes and taxes from his father, and he departed suddenly. Then his younger brother Ímar came after him to

1428:

Among the few recent discoveries relating to this period are the graves of five young Viking warriors, one of which was found at Ship Street Great about 100 metres to the southwest of the Black Pool, the other four being clustered together on the southeastern shore near South Great George's Street.

1086:

In 870, while Amlaíb and Ímar were besieging Dumbarton, Áed Findliath laid waste Leinster "from Dublin to Gowran", though it is not clear whether Dublin itself was attacked during this campaign. In the same year, a leader of the Dubgaill called Úlfr invaded eastern Ireland and killed Máel Sechnaill

1595:

Typically, the houses were 10–50 m in ground area, and were often provided with small gardens or vegetable plots, as well as adjoining workshops and storehouses. Inside, the houses were sometimes partitioned with curtains or wooden partitions, but usually they consisted of a single room; furniture

1591:

method to construct their dwellings. A series of sturdy vertical posts were first driven into the ground; these were then interlaced with horizontal osiers, as in basketwork. A plaster of mud and dung was generally applied to the outer surfaces of the walls to seal them (wattle-and-daub). Finally,

1551:

which numerous raids were launched throughout the country. Furthermore, a succession of warlords – many of them claiming the title King of Dublin – made Dublin their principal power-base, and from there launched a series of military campaigns against enemies in Ireland, Britain and further afield.

1407:

This period of Dublin's history is still very obscure. Despite the existence of a wealth of documentary evidence for Viking activity in the Dublin region throughout the 9th century, relatively little archaeological evidence has been unearthed to corroborate the testimony of contemporary annalists.

1169:

In Dublin Amlaíb was succeeded by one of his sons, Oistin (Eysteinn); but Albdann (Hálfdan), the leader of the Dubgenti and conqueror of Northumbria, also claimed the throne. In 875 Hálfdan invaded the settlement and killed Eysteinn, but the High King Áed Findliath intervened and expelled him from

1001:

It may be possible, then, to synchronise the activities of Ingware and Halfdene in England as recorded in the English annals with the activities of Ímar and Albann in Ireland and Laithlind as recorded in the Irish annals; nevertheless, some discrepancies remain, and this has led a number of modern

267:

For more than a dozen years in the middle of the 9th century, most of the Viking raids in Ireland appear to have been part of a co-ordinated effort to conquer the country on behalf of the King of Laithlind. If later accounts are to be believed, this campaign was initially masterminded by a warlord

1646:

Neighbouring houses were connected by wattle paths and there are some indications of formal property boundaries. Associated with these Type I houses were animal pens. Excavations at these and other sites have revealed a rural community of farmers, quite different from the urbanised and industrial

1303:

record that, "the foreigners of Áth Cliath became dispersed, one faction following the son of Ímar and the other faction following Sigfrith the Jarl." It is possible that Sitric was deposed and Sigfrith the Jarl became king, but this is not at all certain; it is also possible that both factions

1386:

Dublin was now under Gaelic control, and remained so for fifteen years. Excavations have revealed that the site of Viking Dublin was not actually abandoned during these years. Presumably it was only the ruling dynasty and their warriors who were expelled; many families of Norse farmers, traders,

1066:

burned Amlaíb's fortress at Clondalkin, near Dublin, and killed 100 of his followers. They followed this up with a successful attack on Dublin itself in the same year, in which Odolb Micle was killed. This shadowy figured may have been Amlaíb and Ímar's regent. Undeterred by this setback, Amlaíb

78:

The wavering fortunes of these three groups and their shifting alliances, together with the shortcomings of contemporary records and the inaccuracy of later accounts, make this period one of the most complicated and least understood in the fledgling city's history. In 853 a Viking warlord called

1241:

in the first year of his reign. He may also have been responsible for an attack on the ecclesiastical settlement of Kildare in 885 or 886 in which the vice-abbot Suibne mac Duib dá Boirennn was taken captive with 280 others. During Sichfrith's reign there was further civil unrest in the colony,

847:

The following two years were marked by the fluctuating fortunes of both natives and invaders; alliances between the two were fluid and the conflict was relentless. Cerball mac Dúnlainge joined forces with his new overking Máel Sechnaill, while Amlaíb and Ímar aligned themselves with one of Máel

110:

The Dublin Vikings also carried out a number of raids in Great Britain at this time. The deaths of Ivar (c.873) and Olaf (c.874) were followed by internecine conflict among the Vikings. Although intermittent warfare between the Vikings and the Irish continued, these inner conflicts weakened the

1152:

fell under the sway of native rulers, as the former allies of the Norsemen turned against them. It has even been claimed that Cerball mac Dúnlainge assumed the kingship of Dublin around this time (possibly with the consent of its Norse inhabitants), but there is nothing in the Irish sources to

1412:

bewailed the silence of contemporary Irish sources "respecting the social position, religion, laws, and monuments of those who occupied Dublin for more than three hundred years on all facts ... excepting such as relate to their inroads and devastations". Most of our knowledge concerning the

772:

Whatever their provenance, both the Findgaill and the Dubgaill were politically and militarily active throughout the islands of Britain and Ireland for the remainder of the 9th century. For the next fifteen years or so, Amlaíb and Ímar used Dublin as their base of operations for a series of

3204:

by the kings of the Foreigners, in the snow on the feast of Brigit ." AFM 870.10 . The Men of the Three Plains were the Uí Ellaig or Uí Cellaig, a branch of the Uí Bairrche Maige hAilbe of Counties Laois, Carlow and Kildare. The Three Comanns were the Uí Buide, Uí Crimthainn Áin and the Uí

598:

In 851 a significant development took place: "The Dubgenti came to Áth Cliath, made a great slaughter of the Findgaill, and plundered the naval encampment, both people and property." It is believed that this refers to the first appearance in Ireland of a new faction of Vikings. Called the

1437:

has revealed that two of these warriors were from Scandinavia and two from somewhere in the British Isles, possibly the western coast of Scotland. In total, about one hundred Viking burials from this period have been unearthed in the Dublin region, but most of these discoveries were made

884:, the King of Leinster, at the hands of the Norsemen; so Amlaíb and his allies must also have campaigned south of the Liffey. The following year, however, everything had changed again. Lorcán was blinded by Áed Findliath, and Amlaíb drowned his co-regent Conchobar mac Donnachada at 1350:

King of Brega launched a two-pronged attack on Dublin from the north and the south, and drove Ivar II out of the city. The Norsemen's defeat was comprehensive. They fled, leaving "great numbers of their ships behind them, and escaped half-dead across the sea." According to the

1654:

Late in the 9th century a large metalled road was laid down in the middle of the Temple Bar West site, connecting it with the Liffey. It is also thought that South Great George's Street follows the course of an early medieval route – or possibly even the eastern boundary of a

972:

Igwares (Ingware) died in 870 – a detail which must be accounted for by those historians who believe that Ímar and Iguuar were one and the same individual. Halfdene continued the conquest of northern England with the assistance of the Great Summer Army, which arrived in 871.

1558:

was established on the gravel ridge overlooking the Black Pool – the most easily defended location in Dublin – and that its remains were subsequently buried or obliterated by the later 10th century settlement of Dyflinn, which was built in the same location (not to mention

2468:

levy the same tribute.". In the same annals, FAI 259 seems to duplicate this entry under the year 853: "Amlaib, son of the king of Lochlann, came to Ireland, and the foreigners of Ireland gave him hostages." Did Amlaíb levy tribute in 851 before settling in Dublin in 853?

1132:. These deaths ushered in three decades of uncertainty for the Norse settlements in Ireland. Internecine conflict between the different factions weakened the colonies and made it easier for the Irish to unite against them. During this period most of the Norse colonies at 2663:

Cináed mac Conaing was drowned in the River Nanny in 851 by Máel Sechnaill I for allying himself with the Norsemen the previous year and plundering the territories of the Southern Uí Néill (AFM 849.8 ). It is possible that the Cináed who was Amlaíb's father-in-law was

1221:

Intermittent warfare between the Norsemen of Dublin and their Irish neighbours continued despite the forty years' rest. Barith died in 881 shortly after sacking the oratory of St Cianán; he was succeeded by an unnamed son of Auisle, who is referred to in the annals as

977:

was taken in 873, which led to the fall of eastern Mercia. In the winter of 874 he settled on the Tyne in Northumbria, from which numerous attacks on the Picts and Strathclyde were launched. In 875 or 876 Halfdene divided Northumbria in two: the northern kingdom of

143:

origin) raided islands off the coast of Ireland for the first time. This was the beginning of a new phase of Irish history, which saw many native communities – particularly ecclesiastical ones – relocate themselves on the continent, or further afield in places like

2226:

is now considered to be a less than reliable account of this period of Irish history, though it does contain some intriguing details that shed light on the bare records in the annals. See, for example, Ó Corráin (1998) for hostile comment. Though somewhat dated,

1312:

also implies that Sitric son of Ímar and his people went to Scotland around 892. Whatever the truth of the matter, Sitric returned the following year. It is not clear whether he expelled Sigfrith the Jarl or whether the latter had already left of his own accord.

280:(Harald Fairhair). However, that this son of Harald should be Turgesius is chronologically impossible, as Harald was born around 851. Turgesius's identity remains uncertain to this day. Some commentators have identified him with the semi-legendary Danish warlord 1079:. This raid was possibly launched in retaliation for the death of his son Carlus, who had lost his life the previous year fighting for the kings of Leinster and Brega against Áed Findliath (the protector of Armagh) in the Battle of Cella Ua nDaigri (Killineer, 231:

It is now thought that these early raids were launched directly from southwest Norway, and that during the period of calm (814–820) the Norwegian Vikings were occupied in northern Britain, laying the foundations of a new kingdom referred to in Irish sources as

383:

ascribe "the first taking and possession of the Danes in Dublin" to this year. But this was only a foretaste of things to come. In 841 the Vikings returned to Dublin, this time not as raiders but as conquerors. They seized the ecclesiastical settlement at

3926:

Cerball mac Muirecáin probably claimed sovereignty over Dublin, as the city lay within the traditional boundaries of his kingdom of Leinster. AFM 904.9 refers to Cerball as the spouse of "Liffey of the Ships". Cerball was succeeded as King of Leinster by

3648:

CS 888: "The foreigners of Duiblinn inflicted a battle rout on Flann son of Mael Sechnaill and there fell there Aed son of Conchobor, King of Connacht, and Lergus son of Cruinnén Bishop of Cell Dara , and Donnchad son of Mael Dúin, superior of Cell Delca

3373:, this event took place in 875, the year Hálfdan took Dublin from Eysteinn (though Kiarvalus is named as the King of Dublin in 875). It is difficult, however, to align the chronologies of the various sources. Gorm's son Harald is usually identified with 3804:

AU 902.2; CS 902. Ivar II died in Fortriu in 904 (AU 904.4). Cerball mac Muirecáin was a son of the earlier King of Leinster Muirecán mac Diarmata, whom the Norsemen of Dublin had killed in 863, so long-nurtured vengeance may have been a motive for this

3509:

AI 873.3: "Bárid with a great fleet from Áth Cliath by sea westwards, and he plundered Ciarraige Luachra under ground, i.e. the raiding of the caves." CS 873: "Mumu was attacked by the foreigners of Áth Cliath." CGG 25, which records the plundering of

1599:

Archaeological evidence suggests that in addition to the naval encampments, the Vikings established numerous scattered dwellings along both banks of the Liffey in the 9th and 10th centuries. Almost one hundred Viking burials have been uncovered at

1563:, which presently occupies the site). The discovery of what are thought to be late 9th-century earthen banks in Ross Road and Werburgh Street (immediately west of Dublin Castle) lends some support to this theory. The other possibility is that the 1527:, which has led some archaeologists to conclude that there were two such encampments at Dublin: one in the vicinity of the ecclesiastical settlement of Duiblinn, and one further upstream at or near Usher's Island and the Ford of Hurdles ( 1194:

Barith is named as the leader of the Findgenti; this would seem to support the theory that Hálfdan's brother Ingware was not the same man as Ímar the Norse king of Dublin, the former being of the Dubgenti and the latter of the Findgenti.

370:

and raided "churches, forts and dwellings", including presumably those at Dublin. Later in the same year, a certain Saxolb (Söxulfr), "chief of the foreigners", was killed in Brega by the Uí Colgain, a branch of the Cíanachta Breg. The

3536:

AFM 922.9 ; CS 924. In both entries it is unclear whether Barith or his son Colla is being referred to as Lord or King of Limerick. What's more, it is possible that this Barith was not the son of Ímar but another Barith who is called

3141:), is said to have burned Amlaíb's camp on the same night that Lismore was attacked, and Amlaíb afterwards murdered Auisle. Both events – the burning of the camp and the murder of Auisle – are attributed to the intercession of St 1045:

In 866, when Amlaíb and Auisle were invading Fortriu, Flann mac Conaing King of Brega took advantage of their absence to exact revenge for their invasion of 863, inflicting a significant defeat on the Norsemen. In the same year

968:(Halfdan Ragnarsson). In 870 Ímar was campaigning with his brother Amlaíb in Scotland, so it appears that his kinsman Hálfdan took his place as one of the leaders of the Great Heathen Army in England. According to Aethelweard's 1254:(a son of Máel Sechnaill). It has been suggested that the death in 888 of Cerball mac Dúnlainge, who may have been the true overlord of Dublin at this time, acted as a catalyst for Flann Sinna's attempt to conquer the city. 669:

as "the son of the King of Laithlind"; it would appear, then, that he was the leader of the Findgaill, sent by his father GuÞfriÞ to do battle with the Dubgaill. Amlaíb has been identified with two individuals who appear in

773:

campaigns, which may have involved Vikings from both factions. To avoid the inconvenience of having to wage wars on several fronts, they formed alliances with several Irish leaders. Amlaíb may have married daughters of

844:. Later that year, however, Máel Gualae fell into the hands of the Dublin Norsemen, who killed him in a pagan sacrifice. Thus ended – for a time, at least – the alliance between Cerball mac Dúnlainge and the Norsemen. 3240:

FAI 409: "Ég righ Lochlann, .i. Gothfraid, do tedhmaimm grána opond. Sic quod Domino placuit." ("The king of Lochlainn died, i.e. Gothfraid, of a sudden horrible disease. Thus it pleased God.") The identification of

3172:

AU 868.4; CS 868; FAI 366. AFM 866.9 ; AB 255; AClon 866 ; AI 868. CGG 29 records that 500 Findgenti fell in this battle, which would seem to imply that the ruling dynasty of Dublin – to which Carlus belonged – were

303:

From perhaps as early as 832 until 845 Turgesius terrorised the country and plundered dozens of Christian sites. In the process he supposedly oversaw the establishment of several Norse settlements – including one at

2269:

understood this to be the battle in 837 in which the Uí Colgain killed Saxolb), at Caisglinne (location unknown, but this possibly refers to the same victory as that at Forrach), and at Rathcommair (probably near

2546:

FAI 239; FAI 347. Cf. AU 863.4, though the identification of the three kings as Amlaíb, Ímar and Auisle is probably a late interpolation. The Old Norse form of Auisle has yet not been determined; in addition to

38:

coastal settlements. Over the following decades the raiding parties became bigger and better organized; inland settlements were targeted as well as coastal ones; and the raiders built naval encampments known as

2609:"m. Gothfraid Conung m. Gothfraid" is a corruption of "m. Gothfraid Conung i. Gothfraid an Rí" ("son of Gothfraid Conung, i.e. Gothfraid the King"). See Ó Corráin (1998) and Downham (2007) for hostile comment. 3469:

CGG 25: "A battle was fought between themselves, viz., between the Fair Gentiles and the Black Gentiles, that is to say, between Barith and Ragnall's son , in which fell Ragnall's son and many with him."

2437:, the Dubgaill were initially defeated in this encounter, before rallying and overcoming the Findgaill, whose fleet numbered 160 ships. The battle lasted "three days and three nights" according to the 3106:

AU 867.8; AFM 865.12 ; FAI 349; AClon 865 . See also AClon 897, which seems to be a duplicate entry. Máel Ciaráin mac Rónáin was a champion of the Leinster nobility, though he was originally of the

107:). For the next fifteen years or so, they used Dublin as their base for a series of campaigns against Irish kingdoms. During these conflicts they briefly allied themselves with several Irish kings. 2944:(FAI 347) seem to implicate Ímar in the murder, which suggests that he was in Ireland at the time, and could not therefore be the same man as Ingware, who was campaigning in England throughout 867. 404:

refer also to foreigners at Áth Cliath; this may simply be a loose reference to the settlement at Duiblinn, but it is possible that the native settlement of Áth Cliath was also seized and a second

834:, in the territory of the Cenél Fiachach), a temporary peace was made between the contending parties. Cerball submitted to the High King and his kingdom of Osraige was transferred from Munster to 826:

and the Gallgoídil at Ara Tíre. In 859 Amlaíb, Ímar and Cerball jointly attacked Máel Sechnaill and the Gallgoídil in Mide. In the same year, however, at the royal Synod of Ráith Aeda Meic Bric (

3377:, the first Christian King of Denmark, who died around 985, more than a century after this siege of Dublin. Haliday (1884), p. 67, identifies this siege with a later one that took place in 927. 1339:, King of Brega. We are not told whether these events were linked. Little is known of the reign of Ivar II; Kildare was plundered again by "the heathens" in 900, which may have been his doing. 3670:

Cerball's death. Flann Sinna's mother Lann was a sister of Cerball mac Dúnlainge, while Amlaíb's son Oistín (Eysteinn) is said to have been married to a granddaughter of Cerball mac Dúnlainge.

3218:, though kings of Waterford are not recorded until the 10th century. It is possible that Amlaíb and Ímar sailed around the coast from Dublin to Waterford and then sailed up the River Barrow. 3474:

probably refers to Ragnar Lodbrok, Hálfdan's alleged father.) According to one recension of CGG, Barith received an injury in this battle which left him lame for the remainder of his life.

3639:

CS 891 refers to an Eolair son of Barith, so there may be some confusion between two rival of the same name. A son of Barith would certainly have some claim to the throne his father held.

3777:) and AFM 891.15 . Todd (1867), p. 271, makes this Amlaíb a son of Sitric I, who was slain in the same year. The Conaille Muirthemne's territory lay in the overkingdom of Ulaid (Ulster). 856:. In 861 Áed and the Norsemen of Dublin jointly plundered Máel Sechnaill's territories in Mide, but Máel Sechnaill defeated them at Drumomuy near the River Feegile on the border between 1651:

were also associated with domestic habitations, suggesting that the deceased had been members of a settled Norse community and not the fatalities suffered by a transient raiding party.

1063: 1830:; these have not been corrected (though the correct date is given in parentheses), as they are not always due to copyists' errors but are often the dates given by the original authors. 1013:; they captured the stronghold following a four-month siege, and returned to Dublin in 871 with a great deal of plunder. Later that year they stormed the fortress of Dún Sobairche or 3079:

In 878 a "brother of Inwære and Healfdene" landed in Devonshire in Wessex, but he was slain in the ensuing battle (ASC(A) 878). Amlaíb, Ímar, Auisle and Albdann were all dead by 878.

1347: 908:

in Scotland in that year, returning to Dublin with many hostages. The following year the brothers are reported to have quarrelled over one of Amlaíb's wives and Auisle was killed.

1438:

serendipitously in the 19th century and few were properly excavated. Most of these burials were accompanied by typical Viking grave goods – swords, spear-heads, shields, daggers,

3249:

or his anonymous secretary, who made the only extant copy of these annals in the 17th century. In the original 11th-century manuscript the subject of the entry was simply called

2872:

AU 867.6; FAI 347; AClon 865 . In CGG two accounts of Auisle's death are given: in CGG 24 "Ossill" dies in battle in Munster; in CGG 29 "Ossil" is murdered by his brother Amlaíb.

2486:Ó Corráin (1998), p. 24. Dumville (2005) and Downham (2007), however, believe that Amlaíb and his kinsmen belonged to the Dubgaill, who supplanted the Findgaill around this time. 564:

These defeats culminated in an attack on Dublin itself in 849. The Viking settlement was plundered and probably destroyed – at least temporarily – by Máel Sechnaill, who was now

933:

refers to the invaders as Danes, and they are often linked to a band of Vikings who pillaged northern France between 845 and 865. Ingware's army is reported to have crossed the

1047: 665:) came to Dublin and made himself king – the first in the fledgling city's history – receiving hostages from the Vikings and tribute from the Irish. Amlaíb is described in the 2231:'s translation of 1867 is still an indispensable resource for this period of Irish history, thanks to Todd's 206-page introduction, numerous footnotes and detailed appendices. 1206:

of ships. Six years later Vikings plundered Armagh and held the abbot and the lector hostage; Barith may have been behind this raid. Finally, in 881, he sacked the oratory of

964:

the King of East Anglia and seized his kingdom. At this time the army was led by Ingware and Ubba, but the following year the army's two heathen kings are called Bachsecg and

1571:

in the late 9th century. Norse houses to the west of these banks all appear to date from the Second Viking Age (917–1170). It is also a possibility that the location of the

1083:). We are not told when precisely the alliance between Amlaíb and Áed Findliath (established around 860) fell apart; possibly it happened when Áed became High King in 862. 416:) and probably amounted to little more than pirate bases. From their new base in Dublin, the Vikings plundered many territories in Leinster and the Midlands as far as the 2424:

the wording of the relevant entry makes the outcome of the raid on Lind Duachaill uncertain, but in other sources the Dubgaill are clearly the victors of both encounters.

1531:, from which the urban settlement took its name). It is possible, however, that the annalists were simply using two closely related names to describe one and the same 1336: 580:

in Lagore. If this attack was in retaliation for the sacking of Dublin the previous year, it suggests that the fleet of 849 was indeed sent by the King of Laithlind.

848:

Sechnaill's enemies, Áed Findliath of Ailech. In 860 Máel Sechnaill and Cerball took up arms against Áed Findliath and another of the High King's principal enemies,

698:. Like so many other Scandinavian characters in this period of Irish history, Amlaíb's precise identity is still uncertain, though he is probably the same person as 1489:), which are thought to have contained the remains of some of the Norse kings of Dublin; the last of these mounds had been removed by the end of the 17th century. 1316:

In 895 a Norseman called Glúniarann ("Iron Knee", an Irish translation of the Norse Járnkné) led an army from Dublin to Armagh, where 710 prisoners were captured.

787:

In 856 a major conflict arose between the Norsemen and Máel Sechnaill, who was then allied to mercenaries of mixed Gaelic and Scandinavian background known as the

2822:) at Cluain Daim (location unknown) to Amlaíb, which may have occurred during this campaign. Flann mac Conaing had been an ally of the Norsemen the previous year. 2752:

AU 859.3 and Haliday (1884), p. 126; CGG 23 seems to imply that Máel Gualae's men were ultimately victorious against the invaders, despite the loss of their king.

642:) died in the battle; his sons are mentioned in connection with Dublin in 883 and 886. The leader of the Dubgaill is called Horm (?Ormr), who was slain in 856 by 3492:

FAI 350. See also CGG 25, which may be a reference to the same expedition: "The same party , two years before, had ravaged Mide and Connacht, until they came to

3227:

AU 873.3; CS 873. The description of Ímar as "king of the Norsemen of all Ireland and Britain" supports the identification of Ímar with Ingware, though the term

342:

in 845. It is likely that his role in history was greatly exaggerated by later chroniclers and that he played no direct part in the foundation of Viking Dublin.

3433:, who identifies Oistín as Barith's foster-son. It seems, however, that fosterage was another method used by the Norsemen to forge alliances with native rulers. 3290:

The Norse sources understood "boneless" to mean that Ivar was impotent, had no legs, or that his limbs were so enfeebled he had to be carried about on a shield.

5613: 4630: 1367:), a shadowy figure who may have usurped Ivar II's throne shortly before the fall of Dublin. Hingamund was driven out of Wales and eventually settled in the 1320: 5531: 2594:

FAI 401: "Iomhar son of Gothfraid son of Ragnall son of Gothfraid Conung son of Gofraid." Gothfraid Conung, or King GuÞfriÞ, could refer to the Danish king

1299:

from 895 to 900; a Viking called Sigfrøðr also led a Northumbrian fleet against Wessex in 893; it is possible that all three were one and the same man. The

921:

refer to the leaders of this army as Ingware and Ubba. Ingware has been identified with Ímar, though Ubba's identity is unknown. The 10th-century historian

1265: 1230: 1862:

The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Selected Papers from the Jerusalem 1999 International Khazar Colloquium. (2007). Nederländerna: Brill. p. 232

1280: 849: 236:(later Lochlainn). Laithlind was once thought to be in Norway but it is now identified with Viking settlements in the British Isles, especially those in 67:, which was followed by several Irish victories against the Vikings and the seizure of Dublin in 849. Shortly after, a new group of Vikings known as the 5513: 4831: 2668:

King of Scotland. At least one daughter, Helgi, is said to have been born to Amlaíb by one of his Gaelic wives. See FAI 357; FAI 292; Alfred P. Smyth,

1818:

they actually took place (O'Rahilly (1946), p. 241). These dates have been silently corrected in the present article (and in the online version of the

1584:

new immigrants from Britain and Scandinavia sustained the early settlement in the face of almost continuous hostility on the part of the native Irish.

5069: 2927:(FAI330) refer to the Great Heathen Army as "Aunites (that is, the Danes)", but explicitly connects the invasion with domestic troubles in Laithlind. 741:), a semi-legendary character who appears in the Old Norse sagas. According to Norse tradition, Ívarr was a son of the semi-legendary Danish warlord 1567:

was situated on the eastern or southern side of the Black Pool, and that Norse settlement began here, expanding northwards and westwards across the

2261:, identifies it with Farrow, a townland on the shores of Lough Iron. CGG 21 and 22 also record victories by the Uí Néill (i.e. Máel Sechnaill) at 2000:

forms; the names recorded in contemporary British and Irish sources have the virtue of being contemporaneous with the original Scandinavian forms.

784:. They also forged an alliance with the King of Osraige Cerball mac Dúnlainge, who was one of the most powerful and ambitious men in the country. 2617:

FAI 239, FAI 347. Other sources refer also to an Albdann (Hálfdan), who has been identified with the semi-legendary brother of Ivar the Boneless

300:

between 804 and 810. It is thought unlikely, however, that he or any other Viking rulers in Ireland can be linked to native Norwegian dynasties.

4496: 4460: 4220: 4188: 4145: 4106: 4058: 4015: 3983: 3921: 3048:

Amlaíb and Ímar's return to Dublin, but they may have besieged the fortress on their way home from Scotland. The death of the King of Leinster

749:

provide an alternative genealogy, but one which dates from the 11th century – and therefore equally suspect. According to another entry in the

3680:(AFM 938.13), though it is possible that the Lord of Limerick was his son Aralt (Harald). Downham (2007) makes this Harald a son of the later 3404:

FAI 408: "In this year, i.e. in the eleventh year of Áed's reign, Barith came (now he was the foster-father of the king's son) and …" But see

1279:

In 893 another conflict arose and the ruling dynasty in Dublin split into two factions, one led by Sitric and the other by a pretender called

1207: 3483:

CGG 24. CGG 27 also refers to a son of Ímar burning Lismore, but this probably refers to Sichfrith Ivarsson, who sacked the monastery in 883.

796: 764: 1481:, but it is thought that these date from the Second Viking Age after 902. The cemetery at College Green consisted of several burial mounds ( 5553: 5501: 1223: 2327:

was burned "with seventy people in it" during the attack on Lagore. Cináed was drowned by Máel Sechnaill and Tigernach the following year.

4664: 2637:(Chapter 25), which refers to Hálfdan as "Ragnall's son", Ragnall being the alleged name of Amlaíb and Ímar's grandfather (FAI 401). But 3214:

The order in which the three locations are named in FAI 407 and AFM 870.10 — from south to north – suggests that the raiders came from

1659:, assuming that there was a naval encampment along the eastern shore of the Black Pool at some stage in the settlement's early history. 619:) and slaughtered the Findgaill. The following year the Dubgaill inflicted another significant defeat on the Findgaill at Snám Aignech ( 5443: 5005: 1681:

Viking activity in the Dublin region is also indicated by the discovery of numerous silver-hoards in the east and midlands of Ireland.

1678:

In 867 a force led by the king of Loígis Cennétig mac Gaíthéne burned the fortress at Clondalkin and killed 100 of Amlaíb's followers.

1250:. Eolóir appears to have been a claimant to the throne of Dublin around this time. In 888 Sichfrith routed the forces of the High King 1996:

and Þorgerr. The Old Norse forms of personal names, attested in the 12th or 13th century, are often quite different from the original

4173:

Walsh, Claire (2001). "Dublin's southern Defences, Tenth to Fourteenth Centuries: The Evidence from Ross Road". In Seán Duffy (ed.).

2087:Ó Corráin (1998): "The kings and sons of kings mentioned in the Irish annals cannot, therefore, be linked to any Norwegian dynasty." 1853:

The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, C.900-c.1024. (1995). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 91

5377: 5280: 2324: 1171: 499: 3330: 4435:

Dumville, David N. (2005). "Old Dubliners and New Dubliners in Ireland and Britain: A Viking-Age Story". In Seán Duffy (ed.).

799:— were sacked. The perpetrators of these attacks are not named, but the Norsemen of Dublin were probably behind both of them. 498:). Whatever the true extent of Turgesius's power in the country, this stroke of good fortune proved to be a turning point in “ 5561: 4513: 4425: 4387: 4347: 4320: 3419: 521:

The following year the Norsemen suffered a series of decisive setbacks. Máel Sechnaill defeated them at Forrach (Farrow near

487: 64: 3182:

AU 870.2; AClon 868 . Dublin and Gowran were on the borders of Leinster, so the expression may mean "the whole of Leinster".

119:, launched a two-pronged attack on Dublin and drove the Vikings from the city. However, in 914 the Vikings now known as the 5742: 3990:

Daly, Cathy (2005). "Beyond Valhalla: The Conservation of a Group of Viking Grave-Goods from Dublin". In Seán Duffy (ed.).

2923:

does not distinguish between Norwegian and Danish Vikings, referring to all of them as heathen men, Northmen or Danes. The

1098:. If these kings were Amlaíb and Ímar, this must have been their last raid on Irish soil, for within a year Ímar was dead. 1094:, "the kings of the foreigners" massacred the men of the Three Plains and the Three Comanns in Counties Laois, Kildare and 650:. Later that year the Norsemen suffered two defeats in the same month at the hands of the Cianachta Breg: one at Inch near 1387:

artisans, etc., may have remained, under the jurisdiction of native Irish chieftains. The First Viking Age was at an end.

561:(Lagore, the royal seat of South Brega) inflicted a significant defeat on the Norsemen in an oakwood at Dísert Do-Chonna. 292:

in 831 in which the king Máel Brigte was abducted by Vikings. Turgesius has also been identified with a son of GuÞfriÞ or

4195:

Hayden, Alan (2002). "The Excavation of Pre-norman Defences at Werburgh Street, Dublin: A Summary". In Seán Duffy (ed.).

3550:

AU 881.3. CGG 24 says that "Baethbarr" was drowned at Dublin, attributing his death to the miraculous intercession of St

5413: 5045: 4692: 3309:(The interpretation and translation of this passage are still matters of scholarly debate.) According to the Icelandic 1814:

for the period from the late 5th century to 1013 are antedated by one year, events in this period being dated one year

1871:

The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, C.900-c.1024. (1995). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 504

5747: 5292: 5206: 4816: 4554: 4444: 4406: 4204: 4129: 4090: 4081:

Scally, Georgina (2002). "The Earthen Banks and Walled Defences of dublin's north-East Corner". In Seán Duffy (ed.).

4042: 3999: 3967: 3905: 1826:). Dates in the other annalistic sources cited in this article are often at variance with the corrected dates in the 1700: 1376: 1055: 904:

In 866 the Norsemen of Dublin turned their attention to Britain. Amlaíb and Auisle plundered the Pictish kingdom of

400:, from which the city of Dublin takes its name), which would have served as a natural harbour. Four years later the 5546: 3710:, "Amalgaid's Land". It is possible that this Eolair was not Barith's son but the son of Járnkné referred to above. 2186:

AU 845.12: "An encampment of the foreigners of Áth Cliath at Cluain Andobuir." Cluain Andobair is the plain around

1429:

Radiocarbon analysis suggests that all five died in the 9th century, possibly before the establishment of a Viking

214: 840:, placing it under Máel Sechnaill's authority; this transfer of sovereignty was sanctioned by the king of Munster 5148: 4821: 4657: 1893:Ó Corráin (1998): "... we know from good archaeological evidence that early Viking raids on Ireland originated ." 756:Ímar became Amlaíb's co-regent in Dublin around 857. Auisle was co-regent from about 863 until his death in 867. 4120:

Halpin, Andrew (2005). "Development Phases in Hiberno-Norse Dublin: A Tale of Two Cities". In Seán Duffy (ed.).

2403:

See Ó Corráin (1998), Dumville (2005) and Downham (2007) for divergent views. 17th-century historians (e.g. the

2383: 2350: 5752: 5110: 4841: 2859: 1648: 1121: 753:, Ímar and Auisle were Amlaíb's brothers, all three being sons of Gofraid mac Ragnaill the King of Laithlind. 5286: 4717: 2602:. It was very unusual for Norse leaders of this date to name one of their sons after themselves; perhaps the 1762: 1002:

historians to reject the identity of Ingware and Ímar (though not necessarily that of Halfdene and Albdann).

2910:Æthelweard, p. 25; ASC(A) 866 . An early no-longer-extant copy of the ASC was Æthelweard's principal source. 2831:

AU 863.3; AFM 861.5 ; CS 863; FAI 311. Muirecán is described as King of Nás and Airther Life. Nás na Ríogh (

1776:

AU 795.3: "The burning of Rechru by the heathens...." AFM 790.6 . Rechru has been variously identified with

385: 5489: 5431: 5395: 5347: 5340: 5298: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5017: 3306:

the Danes and the Scots, the Scots were annihilated at Atholl. The Norsemen spent a whole year in Pictavia.

5194: 841: 408:

established on the Liffey – possibly at Usher's Island. These settlements were temporary wintering camps (

5539: 5334: 5175: 5129: 5057: 4836: 3258: 2029:

John O'Donovan (1860), pp. liii ff. and p. 124; Charles Haliday (1884), pp. 30 ff; Todd (1867), p. liii;

626:

The leaders of the Findgaill in this encounter are called Stain (or Zain) and Iercne (or Iargna). In the

315: 202: 2105:

AU 837.3; CS 837; CGG 12; AClon 834 . According to the latter there were sixty-five ships in this fleet.

1539:, which also appears to have been established at the confluence of a major river and a minor tributary. 5023: 4868: 4727: 4702: 4650: 3367:; Canute was surprised by the King of Dublin and killed by one of the king's archers. According to the 3246: 2819: 2451: 2404: 1726: 1624:

mentioned in the annals as being at Duiblinn or Áth Cliath was actually further upstream in this area.

1129: 1750: 1507:

One of the enduring controversies in the history of Dublin concerns the existence and location of the

332:

ruled his newly conquered domains from Dublin, and that he was "a long time king over Dublin". In the

5322: 5218: 5188: 4527: 3935:

in 917 – the battle which led to the recapture of Dublin by Ivar II's cousin or brother Sitric Caech.

3267:(p. 198) in 1860, took this entry to refer to Ímar, as did James Henthorn Todd in his translation of 1234: 1068: 530: 4355: 922: 554: 392:, or naval encampment, nearby; where precisely is still a matter of debate, but the present site of 5707: 5638: 5328: 5225: 4768: 4564: 4523: 4315: 1695: 1125: 5029: 1343: 881: 511: 288:, Ragnar raided Ireland, killing a king called Melbricus. This has been identified with a raid on 159:

People taken captive during the Viking raids in Western Europe, such as Ireland, could be sold to

112: 5250: 4998: 4951: 4811: 4601:

Smyth, Alfred P. (1974–1977). "The Black Foreigners of York and the White Foreigners of Dublin".

4506:

The God-Kings of Europe: The Descendents of Jesus Traced Through the Odonic and Davidic Dynasties

3281:, or "the kings of Lochlainn" (FAI 388). See Ó Corráin (1998), pp. 36 ff. for further discussion. 2633: 869: 71:("dark foreigners") came to Ireland and clashed with the earlier Viking settlers, now called the 4939: 4337: 3554:

rather than St Cianán. CGG speaks of a Baethbarr, a Baraid and a Barith, but parallels with the

3049: 1413:

day-to-day lives of the Norse settlers in Dublin has been learned from extensive excavations at

1319:

In 896 Sitric I was slain "by other Norsemen"; he was succeeded, probably, by his son or nephew

223: 43:

to allow them to remain in Ireland throughout the winter. In the mid 9th century, Viking leader

5583: 5470: 5437: 5304: 5035: 4892: 4880: 4862: 4712: 4373: 3023: 2665: 2623: 2576: 1810:, which supports the identification with Lambay. The dates given in the extant versions of the 1720: 1434: 1323:. In the same year "Amlaíb grandson of Ímar" and Glúniarann's son Glúntradna were slain by the 925:

noted that the fleet of the Great Heathen Army arrived "from the north" in 865 and wintered in

591: 417: 379: 72: 68: 5608: 4568: 3253:, so this entry probably records the death of Ímar, whose death is not otherwise noted in the 2848:

AU 864.1; AU 864.2; AFM 862.8 and 862.9 ; CS 864; CGG 23; AClon 862 ; Haliday (1884), p. 126.

2249:

AU 848.4; CS 848. Todd (1867), p. lxviii, identifies Forrach with Farragh, which is near

2144: 1787: 436:) and other dignitaries; other ecclesiastical settlements plundered in the same year included 5702: 5664: 5593: 5588: 5477: 5370: 5117: 5093: 4982: 4722: 3837: 3576:

The Old Norse form of his name has not been determined; it may have been Sigfrødr or Sigurðr.

3137:

CGG 24. According to Chapter 29, Foenteran mac Drognean, chieftain of the Fir Maige Féne (of

2936:

This was the year Auisle was murdered by his kinsmen in Ireland. The relevant entries in the

2271: 1738: 1609: 1478: 1243: 917: 237: 160: 5231: 3621:

The Old Norse form of this name has not been determined. It may have been Halldór or Heløri.

3363:, Dublin was once besieged by two Danish princes, Canute (Knut Danaást) and Harald, sons of 3343:(AD 875) make Kiarval King of Dublin in the late 9th century. See Todd (1867), pp. lxxx ff. 2450:

AU 852.8; CGG 22. The territory of the Cianachta Breg extended north from the Liffey to the

1840: 865: 569: 538: 308:

in 841 – and became master of the northern half of the island, known in the Irish annals as

5674: 5163: 5087: 4921: 4915: 4758: 4707: 2032: 1732: 565: 220:

This period lasted from 795 until 813, after which there occurred a hiatus of eight years.

179:

to Russia, where slaves and furs were sold to Muslim merchants in exchange for Arab silver

60: 3602:

as "Secret murder was committed in Cell Dara". The same entry is translated into Latin as

3245:("the king of Lochlainn") as Gothfraid (i.e. Ímar's alleged father) was probably added by 1328: 695: 576:, and plundered the territories of Máel Sechnaill and Tigernach and destroyed Tigernach's 259: 8: 5669: 5659: 5419: 5243: 5081: 5063: 5011: 4969: 4874: 4846: 4753: 4587: 4363: 3928: 3844: 3493: 2895: 2228: 1804: 1631:

in the heart of the modern city. Typically these early houses were sunken structures, or

1324: 1198: 802: 441: 350: 289: 210: 131: 123:(House of Ivar) would return to Ireland, marking the beginning of the Second Viking Age. 5623: 4625: 1449:

Evidence for early Viking burials has also been recovered at Cork Street, Bride Street,

5686: 5569: 5483: 5464: 5452: 5407: 5200: 4826: 4779: 4697: 4687: 4490: 4454: 4214: 4182: 4139: 4100: 4052: 4009: 3977: 3915: 3860: 3599: 2618: 2411:) were generally of the view that the Dubgaill were Danes and the Findgaill Norwegians. 1756: 1628: 1458: 1360: 1359:, where they were besieged. Some of the ousted Norsemen fled to Wales under Hingamund ( 1284: 1257: 1175: 1034: 1022: 912: 734: 722: 714: 658: 647: 635: 515: 409: 373: 277: 198: 164: 80: 3875: 3538: 1499: 679: 510:) as this period of Irish history is called. Several Irish victories followed. In 847 5679: 5654: 5507: 5401: 5364: 5237: 5135: 4963: 4927: 4773: 4673: 4550: 4509: 4440: 4421: 4402: 4383: 4200: 4125: 4086: 4038: 3995: 3963: 3901: 3415: 3107: 3019: 1690: 1592:

the roofs were thatched with straw. There was usually just one door, and no windows.

1439: 1418: 1114: 961: 730: 687: 683: 620: 176: 100: 92: 3823:

AFM 897.7 . The event is antedated by five years and the old name of Ireland's Eye,

3325: 3310: 911:

It has been claimed that from 865 to 869 Ímar and a kinsman Hálfdan accompanied the

823: 742: 5519: 5181: 4957: 4905: 4743: 4542: 4359: 3932: 3374: 3353: 2722: 2598:, who fought against Charlemagne between 804 and 810, though his father was called 2408: 2266: 2014: 2010: 1744: 1422: 1368: 1356: 1183: 1026: 995: 831: 643: 542: 495: 433: 334: 325: 285: 273: 56: 3681: 896: 774: 699: 5719: 5603: 5383: 5169: 5123: 5075: 4975: 4933: 4898: 4886: 4806: 4591: 4377: 3607: 3407: 3368: 3338: 3334: 3268: 3262: 2387: 2354: 2208: 1714: 1588: 1409: 994:. In 875 Albdann (Hálfdan) is reported to have "deceitfully killed" Amlaíb's son 781: 534: 529:(Þórir), the heir-designate of the King of Laithlind, was slain in a battle with 518:

defeated the Norsemen of Dublin and their leader Agnonn (Hákon) at Carn Brammit.

484: 3357: 3300: 2061:

AU 831.6. Conaille Muirthemne was a dynastic sept that ruled a minor kingdom in

1446:(i.e. small pieces of silver cut from coins or jewellery and used as currency). 1269: 949:

was invaded but no major engagement took place, as the Mercians sued for peace.

111:

Viking colonies and made it easier for the Irish to unite against them. In 902,

4945: 4469: 2836: 2784: 1929: 1781: 1627:

A handful of domestic habitations from the same period have also been found at

1613: 1474: 1450: 1332: 1296: 861: 777: 675: 558: 550: 503: 469: 457: 281: 116: 88: 35: 1375:

the Queen of Mercia, who was acting as regent for her chronically ill husband

5736: 5458: 5310: 5141: 4801: 3773:

AU 896.7, CS 896 (both of which are mistranslated in the English versions at

2191: 2048: 1777: 1560: 1095: 1018: 885: 857: 573: 461: 449: 393: 197:; initially this trade route between Europe and the Abbasid Caliphate passed 149: 120: 4341: 780:, of Cináed mac Conaing the King of Brega, and of Cerball mac Dúnlainge the 5495: 5156: 5039: 4992: 4748: 4329: 4325: 3364: 3201: 2254: 2062: 1617: 1605: 1568: 1470: 1466: 1080: 1059: 877: 815: 616: 546: 425: 367: 320: 3460:

The name Hálfdan means "half-Danish", which may or may not be significant.

3052:

in this year (AU 871.4; CS 871) has also been ascribed to Amlaíb and Ímar.

929:. This suggests that the invasion was launched from Laithlind, though the 5425: 4986: 4546: 2654:

Ailech or Elagh was the royal seat of the kings of the Northern Uí Néill.

2560: 2296:

was associated with the coast of north County Dublin, which was in Brega.

2293: 1997: 1380: 1273: 1251: 1145: 1014: 1010: 987: 957: 942: 926: 819: 788: 420:. Many more raids were to follow. In 845 the Vikings of Dublin plundered 338:, however, Turgéis is only mentioned in connection with an encampment on 310: 297: 172: 153: 2725:, Munster. The Cenél Fiachach, however, were subjects of Máel Sechnaill. 915:

which ravaged the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Britain around this time. The

421: 5723: 4620: 4418:

Vikings Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014

3879: 3598:

records "Dunetathe do denum i Cill Daro", which has been translated at

3200:

FAI 407: "A massacre of Fir na Trí Maige and the Trí Comainn as far as

2645:, meaning Ragnar Lodbrok. Montgomery identifies Ragnall with Turgesius. 2262: 1823: 1668: 1632: 1601: 1462: 1454: 1443: 1372: 982:

remained a puppet state ruled by Angles, while the southern kingdom of

836: 814:

In 857 the conflict shifted to Munster, where Amlaíb and Ímar defeated

651: 612: 491: 429: 248: 4029:

Simpson, Linzi (2005). "Viking Warrior Burials in Dublin: Is This the

3954:

Simpson, Linzi (2005). "Viking Warrior Burials in Dublin: Is This the

3892:

Simpson, Linzi (2005). "Viking Warrior Burials in Dublin: Is This the

577: 5212: 4909: 3650: 3497: 3231:

may have excluded the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, where Ingware campaigned.

3215: 2765:, Amlaíb was among the defeated, being now married to Áed's daughter. 2378: 2345: 2195: 1977: 1939: 1934: 1575:

was changed after the destruction of the original settlement in 849.

1536: 1482: 1414: 1242:

caused by another son of Járnkné called Eolóir. In 886 Eolóir killed

1141: 1037:

in May 878 paved the way for the creation of the kingdom of England.

1006: 671: 654:

in County Dublin, and one at Ráith Aldain (Raholland, County Meath).

522: 477: 339: 269: 233: 44: 40: 4642: 4635: 1051: 4796: 3774: 3764:

Downham (2007), p. 26, suggests that Glúniarann succeeded Sitric I.

2292:

AU 848.6; CS 848. The location of Dísert Do-Chonna is unknown, but

2187: 1640: 1215: 1161: 1149: 990:

was ruled directly by the Danes. Halfdene then disappears from the

979: 965: 953: 791:. In that year two important ecclesiastical settlements in Brega — 691: 453: 445: 363: 329: 272:, Turgéis or Turges. According to the medieval Icelandic historian 206: 4480: 2815: 1383:

valley in France. Ivar II went to Scotland, where he died in 904.

4335: 3142: 2599: 2595: 2433:

AU 852.3; AFM 850.16 ; CS 852; CGG 20; FAI 235. According to the

1636: 1137: 1071:) before the end of the year. According to one interpretation of 905: 822:. The following year Ímar and Cerball mac Dúnlainge defeated the 526: 473: 437: 293: 145: 31: 27: 3653:, and many others." AClon 888; CGG 27, which has been misplaced. 694:

in Norway and Ragnar Lodbrok. Óláfr Guðrøðarsson was the son of

5564: 5449: 3515: 3138: 2718: 2250: 2240:

AU 847.4; AFM 845.12 . The location of Carn Brammit is unknown.

1647:

community of the 10th century. The four burials excavated near

1295:). This shadowy figure may have been the same Sigfrøðr who was 1238: 1214:

in Meath). It is possible that Barith was also Lord or King of

1211: 1133: 1076: 1030: 974: 946: 934: 880:, an unprecedented act of sacrilege. 863 also saw the death of 853: 827: 465: 305: 194: 181: 168: 140: 52: 1833: 5051: 3386:

CGG 25; Áed surprised Hálfdan during a banquet in his honour.

2891: 2066: 1587:

Like their Irish neighbours, the Norsemen of Dublin used the

1308:

record that, "The heathens departed from Ireland this year ."

1247: 983: 852:

of Brega, defeating them (though not decisively) at Moy near

792: 674:

sources, but whose historicity and provenance are uncertain:

244: 190: 186: 18: 3859:

See Downham (2007), p. 27, for references; T. D. Kendricks,

3558:

suggest that they are all references to the same individual.

2033:"Dublin: A Historical and Topographical Account of the City" 2030: 1395: 115:, king of Leinster, and Máel Findia mac Flannacáin, king of 5389: 5316: 4528:"The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland in the 'Ninth Century" 3511: 3442:

CGG 26. The existence of any such "Rest" has been disputed.

2894:, Ingware, Halfdene and Ubba were sons of Ragnar Lodbrok — 2832: 1515:

claim was established by the Vikings at Dublin in 841. The

1371:

in the northwest of England, where he was granted lands by

938: 702:(Óláfr konungr, or Olaf the King), who is mentioned in the 243:

In 821 the raids on Ireland were resumed with an attack on

2991:, whom he believed was an illegitimate brother of Igwares. 1264:

In 888 Sichfrith Ivarsson was assassinated by his brother

682:(Olaf the Son of Guðrøðr). Óláfr inn hvíti was the son of 59:, and raided other parts of Ireland. He was killed by the 3315:, Chapter 15, Olaf the White "fell in battle in Ireland". 2477:

FAI 401 identifies his father as Gothfraidh mac Ragnaill.

1902:Ó Corráin (1998), though this opinion is not undisputed. 1355:, some survivors of the initial onslaught took refuge on 1229:

Mac Auisle was succeeded in turn by another son of Ímar,

4319:(MS. Rawlinson B. 503). Translated by Mac Airt. Dublin: 2761:

AU 860.1; AFM 858.4 ; CS 860; FAI 279. According to the

2123:

AU 841.4 and 842.2; CS 841 and 842; AClon 838 and 839 .

396:

is a likely candidate, as it overlooked the Black Pool (

345: 4282:(1999), Temple Bar Archaeological Series No. 5, Dublin. 4154:(1999), Temple Bar archaeological Report No. 5. Dublin. 1335:. Later in the same year the Norsemen of Dublin killed 4354: 2222:

Like the late Norse sagas, the 12th-century chronicle

657:

A year later, in 853, a Viking warlord called Amlaíb (

3414:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 857. 2323:

AU 850.3; CS 850; AFM 848.10 : The nearby oratory of

1884:

record no Viking raids for the years 814 through 820.

2463:

AU 853.2; CS 853; AFM 851.15 ; CGG 23. See also the

3850:, which calls Hingamund's followers "black pagans". 1461:. More extensive cemeteries have been uncovered at 2890:According to the late 9th-century Welsh historian 1190:he is described as the leader of the Dubgenti; In 5070:International Exhibition of Arts and Manufactures 2814:AU 863.4. CGG 23 attributes the overthrow of the 2420:AU 851.3; CS 851; AFM 849.9 and 849.10 . In the 1984:. Variant forms that are sometimes found include 1954: 1952: 1910:, was used in later centuries to refer to Norway. 1087:mac Néill, one of the two kings of South Brega . 1005:In 870 Amlaíb and Ímar besieged Ail Cluaithe, or 276:, Thorgils was a son of the first King of Norway 5734: 4346:. Translated by Mac Airt; Mac Niocaill. Dublin: 3606:("Plunder committed in Kildare") in Volume 4 of 3594:AClon 870 ; AU 885.10; CS 886; AFM 883.11 . The 3044:AU 871.3. The taking of Dunseverick is recorded 2168:AU 845.2; CS 845; CGG 19; AClon 842 ; AI 844.1 . 768:Ailech, the royal seat of the Northern Ui Néill. 4563: 4372: 3500:. These were all killed by the men of Ireland." 1067:plundered the monastery of Lis Mór in Munster ( 952:In late 869 the Great Heathen Army wintered in 2863:and AClon place this invasion in the year 864. 1949: 5547: 4658: 4596:. Dublin: Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer. 4312: 2314:AU 849.6; CS 849; AFM 847.17 ; CGG 17 and 19. 483:In 845 Turgesius was captured by the King of 476:. In 845 they also set up an encampment near 3719:AU 893.4; see Downham (2007), pp. 77 and 79. 3205:Fairchealláin of Counties Laois and Kildare. 2690:AU 856.3, 856.8; CS 856; AFM 854.2 , 854.9 . 2009: 1906:, a corruption of the supposedly Norse term 1667:Amlaíb is known to have built a fortress at 1390: 888:, an important ecclesiastical site in Mide. 4291:AU 867.8; AFM 865.12 ; FAI 349; AClon 865 . 3128:AI 867.1; CGG 29, which has been misplaced. 2970: 2968: 5554: 5540: 5444:Slovak Police training explosives incident 4665: 4651: 4600: 4503: 4495:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4459:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4219:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4187:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4144:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4105:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4057:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4014:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3982:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3920:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3865:(1930), p. 282, though no source is cited. 2454:of Upper and Lower Duleek in County Meath. 1784:, off the northeast coast of Ireland. See 1542:To date, no archaeological remains of any 51:founded a stronghold at Dublin, plundered 4522: 4199:. Vol. III. Dublin. pp. 44–68. 4124:. Vol. VI. Dublin. pp. 94–113. 4085:. Vol. III. Dublin. pp. 11–33. 1442:and various decorative items – including 1233:(883–888), who burned the monasteries of 583: 95:. He ruled along with his brothers Ímar ( 5281:Burning of the British Embassy in Dublin 4439:. Vol. VI. Dublin. pp. 78–93. 4434: 4177:. Vol. II. Dublin. pp. 88–127. 4037:. Vol. VI. Dublin. pp. 18–19. 3994:. Vol. VI. Dublin. pp. 63–77. 3962:. Vol. VI. Dublin. pp. 11–62. 2965: 1554:The most likely possibility is that the 1498: 1394: 1256: 1197: 1170:the city, replacing him with Ímar's son 1160: 1054:, defeated the Norsemen at Mindroichet ( 895: 801: 500:The War of the Irish with the Foreigners 349: 258: 222: 213:in Central Asia and finally via Iran to 130: 34:began carrying out hit-and-run raids on 17: 5570:Norwegians abroad and their descendants 4467: 4415: 4028: 3953: 3891: 3408:"Ireland Before the Battle of Clontarf" 2796:AU 862.2; AU 862.3; CS 862; AFM 860.9 . 1186:) in 877. In the relevant entry in the 891: 759: 175:in Scandinavia and from there via the 5735: 4396: 4194: 4119: 4080: 2141:AU 841.4; CS 841; AClon 838 ; CGG 16; 1408:The pioneering 19th-century historian 1379:. Others are said to have fled to the 1062:). In 867 a force led by Cennétig and 876:plundered the megalithic tombs in the 5535: 4672: 4646: 4478: 4348:Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies 4172: 3609:Rerum Hibernicarum Scriptores Veteres 3405: 2142: 2114:AU 837.9; CS 837; CGG 21; AClon 834 . 2031:Samuel A. Ossory Fitzpatrick (1907). 1785: 1128:during a protracted campaign against 428:), killing the abbot of Tír dá Glas ( 346:The first Norse settlements in Dublin 296:, the Danish king who fought against 139:In the year 795 Vikings (probably of 126: 4586: 3989: 3900:. Vol. VI. Dublin. p. 30. 1040: 4152:Director's Findings Temple Bar West 3827:has been corrupted in transmission. 1503:Temple Bar West in the 9th century. 1165:The Scandinavian dynasty of Dublin. 185:and silk, which have been found in 13: 4693:Timeline of the Troubles in Dublin 4471:The Scandinavian Kingdom of Dublin 4399:Irish Historic Towns Atlas, No. 11 4258:The Viking Age Buildings of Dublin 3878:, which records a Norse defeat at 3662:Todd (1867), p. lxxxi, though the 3257:, rather than that of his father. 763: 14: 5764: 5293:Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape 5207:Bombing of Dublin in World War II 4631:Archaeology of 9th-Century Dublin 4621:Corpus of Electronic Texts (CELT) 4614: 4569:"General: The Vikings in Ireland" 4343:The Annals of Ulster (to AD 1131) 3737:CGG 27, which has been misplaced. 2987:with the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's 2145:"General: The Vikings in Ireland" 1788:"General: The Vikings in Ireland" 1511:, or naval encampment, which the 1342:The final blow fell in 902, when 729:). Ímar has been identified with 5622: 5563: 4976:Richard Crosbie's balloon ascent 4294: 4285: 4272: 4263: 4246: 4237: 4228: 4166: 4157: 4113: 4074: 4065: 4022: 3947: 3938: 3885: 3868: 3853: 3830: 3817: 3808: 3798: 3789: 3780: 3767: 3758: 3749: 3740: 3731: 3722: 3713: 3696: 3693:Ó Corráin (2008), p. 22; CS 891. 3687: 3673: 3656: 3642: 3633: 3624: 3615: 3588: 3579: 3570: 3561: 3544: 3530: 3521: 3503: 3486: 3477: 3463: 3454: 3445: 3436: 3398: 3389: 3380: 3346: 3318: 3293: 3284: 3261:, who edited and translated the 3234: 3221: 3208: 3194: 3185: 3176: 3166: 3157: 3148: 3097:AFM 864.8 ; FAI 329; AClon 865 . 2380:Dictionary of the Irish Language 2347:Dictionary of the Irish Language 1928:Such an encampment was known in 1124:, Amlaíb died around 874–875 in 1101:Ímar's death is recorded in the 937:the following year and captured 630:Zain and Iargna are co-regents ( 65:Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid 5514:Irish anti-immigration protests 4899:Georgian Architecture in Dublin 4474:. Dublin: M. H. Gill & Son. 4401:. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. 3131: 3122: 3113: 3100: 3091: 3082: 3073: 3064: 3055: 3038: 3029: 3012: 3003: 2994: 2977: 2956: 2947: 2930: 2913: 2904: 2884: 2875: 2866: 2851: 2842: 2825: 2808: 2799: 2790: 2777: 2768: 2755: 2746: 2737: 2728: 2711: 2702: 2693: 2684: 2675: 2657: 2648: 2641:may simply be an Irish form of 2611: 2583: 2569: 2540: 2531: 2522: 2513: 2501: 2489: 2480: 2471: 2457: 2444: 2427: 2414: 2397: 2372: 2339: 2330: 2317: 2308: 2299: 2286: 2277: 2243: 2234: 2216: 2201: 2180: 2171: 2162: 2135: 2126: 2117: 2108: 2099: 2090: 2081: 2072: 2055: 2040: 2023: 2003: 1970: 1961: 1922: 1780:, off the coast of Dublin, and 611:at Lind Dúachaill (Linns, near 268:referred to in Irish annals as 5365:Dublin Millennium celebrations 5111:Irish International Exhibition 4626:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba 4382:. Liverpool University Press. 3876:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba 3518:of Waterford in this campaign. 2860:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba 1913: 1896: 1887: 1874: 1865: 1856: 1847: 1770: 1122:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba 739:Ívarr inn beinlausi Ragnarsson 1: 4718:Streets and squares in Dublin 4588:Todd, James Henthorn (trans.) 4306: 3604:Depraedatio facta in Kildaria 3410:. In Daibhí Ó Cróinín (ed.). 3277:, Ímar and Amlaíb are called 3191:AU 870.7; CS 870; AClon 868 . 3163:AU 869.6; CS 869; AClon 867 . 2942:Fragmentary Annals of Ireland 2925:Fragmentary Annals of Ireland 2787:for the location of Drumomuy. 2774:AU 861.1; CS 861; AFM 859.4 . 2763:Fragmentary Annals of Ireland 2465:Fragmentary Annals of Ireland 2435:Fragmentary Annals of Ireland 2213:, Ragnar Lodbrok died in 845. 1967:AU 833.5; CS 833; AClon 830 . 1763:Fragmentary Annals of Ireland 1701:History of Ireland (800–1169) 1662: 1519:refer to encampments at both 1417:and in the neighbourhoods of 1111:Fragmentary Annals of Ireland 1092:Fragmentary Annals of Ireland 998:(Eysteinn) and taken Dublin. 747:Fragmentary Annals of Ireland 711:Fragmentary Annals of Ireland 704:Fragmentary Annals of Ireland 205:and from there by caravan to 5341:Lansdowne Road football riot 5299:Dublin and Monaghan Bombings 5018:Dublin and Kingstown Railway 4940:Premiere of Handel's Messiah 4365:The Chronicle of Aethelweard 3666:record the attack on Dublin 1841:"The Slave Market of Dublin" 1492: 960:. In November they defeated 254: 238:Scotland and the Isle of Man 7: 5743:Viking Age populated places 5335:European Capital of Culture 5176:Burning of the Custom House 5046:Great Industrial Exhibition 4313:Seán Mac Airt, ed. (1944). 2627:). Under the year 878, the 2207:AU 845.8: According to the 1684: 1649:South Great George's Street 1109:under the year 873. In the 1090:In 872, we are told by the 1021:with the assistance of the 91:) arrived and made himself 10: 5769: 5215:commemorations (est. 1954) 5195:Saint Patrick's Day parade 5052:Monto (Red Light District) 5024:Dublin Metropolitan Police 4869:Dublin gunpowder explosion 4728:List of songs about Dublin 4703:Local government in Dublin 4163:Halpin (2005), pp. 99–102. 2699:Downham (2007), pp. 17–18. 2566:is probably the same name. 1727:Annals of the Four Masters 1578: 1353:Annals of the Four Masters 1348:Máel Findia mac Flannacáin 1246:, one of the two kings of 1156: 806:The south-west of Ireland 589: 490:and drowned in Loch Uair ( 354:The south-east of Ireland 5716: 5695: 5647: 5631: 5620: 5576: 5357: 5323:Dublin Area Rapid Transit 5219:Liffey Descent canoe race 5103: 4855: 4789: 4764:Early Scandinavian Dublin 4736: 4723:Historical maps of Dublin 4680: 4504:Montgomery, Hugh (2006). 4468:Haliday, Charles (1884). 4033:?". In Seán Duffy (ed.). 3958:?". In Seán Duffy (ed.). 3896:?". In Seán Duffy (ed.). 3451:AU 877.5; CS 877; CGG 25. 3333:22 September 2009 at the 3273:(p. 270). Earlier in the 2717:CS 858. Ara Tíre is near 2708:AU 857.1; CS 857; CGG 23. 2559:have been suggested; the 2336:AU 851.3; CS 851; CGG 20. 2257:, but Hogan (1910), s.v. 1391:The archaeological record 1130:Constantine I of Scotland 1069:Lismore, County Waterford 842:Máel Gualae mac Donngaile 686:and a descendant of both 545:at Sciath Nechtain (near 5748:History of Dublin (city) 5416:demonstrations (2008-15) 5317:GUBU (Malcolm MacArthur) 5130:Bachelor's Walk massacre 4769:History of Dublin to 795 4379:The Chronicle of Ireland 4316:The Annals of Inisfallen 4256:(1988); Wallace, P. F., 4254:Aspects of Viking Dublin 3862:A History of the Vikings 3412:A New History of Ireland 3145:, the patron of Lismore. 2783:CS 861; AFM 859.3 . See 1706: 1696:History of Dublin to 795 1117:, or Ivar the Boneless. 572:, the King of Cianachta 362:In 837 a fleet of sixty 199:via the Khazar Kaghanate 26:The First Viking Age in 5490:The Beast from the East 5432:Bank of Ireland robbery 5251:Eurovision Song Contest 5149:Dublin Postal Districts 4999:Irish Rebellion of 1803 4952:Wide Streets Commission 4822:Christ Church Cathedral 4593:Cogad Gaedel re Gallaib 4416:Downham, Clare (2007). 4269:Downham (2007), p. 174. 3706:is an Anglicisation of 3270:Cogad Gaedel re Gallaib 3026:for further discussion. 2670:New History of Scotland 2634:Cogad Gaedel re Gallaib 2224:Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib 1751:Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib 1435:Oxygen isotope analysis 1364: 1310:Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib 1288: 1192:Cogad Gaedel re Gallaib 1179: 1073:Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib 1064:Máel Ciaráin mac Rónáin 1033:, whose victory in the 870:Conchobar mac Donnchada 738: 726: 718: 690:(Halfdan Whitelegs) of 662: 639: 508:Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib 413: 321:Saga of Harald Hårfagre 84: 5305:Dublin Airport bombing 4863:Trinity College Dublin 4817:St Patrick's Cathedral 4713:Sheriff of Dublin City 4482:Onomasticon Goedelicum 4479:Hogan, Edmund (1910). 4397:Clarke, H. B. (2005). 4374:Charles-Edwards, T. M. 4300:Downham (2007), p. 23. 2198:. See also AClon 842 . 2194:, about 8 km south of 2143:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh. 2065:in the overkingdom of 1786:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh. 1721:Annals of Clonmacnoise 1504: 1404: 1261: 1210:at Damhliag in Brega ( 1202: 1166: 901: 811: 769: 592:Dubgaill and Finngaill 584:Dubgaill and Findgaill 555:Tigernach mac Fócartai 525:in County Westmeath). 418:Slieve Bloom Mountains 380:Annals of Clonmacnoise 359: 264: 228: 136: 23: 5753:Viking Age in Ireland 5371:Crumlin-Drimnagh feud 5094:Dublin Castle scandal 5030:Dún Laoghaire Harbour 4637:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 4420:. Scotland: Dunedin. 4234:Hayden (2002), p. 66. 3944:Haliday (1884), p. 4. 3406:Byrne, F. J. (2005). 3337:, Chapter 1, and the 3119:FAI 362; AFM 865.15 . 2820:Upper and Lower Deece 2629:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 2553:Auðgísl, Oísle, Hásli 2272:Clonard, County Meath 1739:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1502: 1398: 1346:King of Leinster and 1344:Cerball mac Muirecáin 1337:Flannacán mac Cellaig 1260: 1201: 1164: 1048:Cennétig mac Gaíthéne 931:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 918:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 899: 882:Muirecán mac Diarmata 805: 767: 678:(Olaf the White) and 512:Cerball mac Dúnlainge 424:(Rock of Dunamase in 353: 262: 226: 215:the Abbasid Caliphate 134: 113:Cerball mac Muirecáin 75:("fair foreigners"). 21: 5088:Phoenix Park Murders 4916:Dublin election riot 4708:Lord Mayor of Dublin 4681:Timeline and general 4547:10.1484/J.Peri.3.334 4524:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh 4338:Gearóid Mac Niocaill 4332:available from CELT. 4243:Clarke (2005), p. 3. 4071:Clarke (2002), p. 3. 3050:Ailill mac Dúnlainge 2621:of Norse folklore. ( 2305:CS 849; AFM 847.16 . 1733:Annals of Inisfallen 1327:of County Louth and 1306:Annals of Inisfallen 892:Campaigns in Britain 760:Campaigns in Ireland 566:High King of Ireland 553:). In the same year 531:Ólchobar mac Cináeda 263:Conaille Muirthemne. 211:Samanid slave market 201:, and later it went 5244:Contraceptive Train 5082:Dublin whiskey fire 5064:Dublin Fire Brigade 5058:Wellington Monument 4970:Kildare Street Club 4893:Dick's Coffee House 4875:Battle of Rathmines 4842:St. Michan's Church 4832:St. Audoen's Church 4754:Dublin slave market 4565:Donnchadh Ó Corráin 4280:Director's Findings 3929:Augaire mac Ailella 3301:"Pictish Chronicle" 2940:(AU 867.6) and the 2897:Life of King Alfred 2386:9 June 2010 at the 2353:9 June 2010 at the 2283:AU 848.5; AI 848.2. 2229:James Henthorn Todd 1440:penannular brooches 1325:Conaille Muirthemne 1321:Ivar II the Younger 1304:left the city. The 1115:Ívarr inn beinlausi 290:Conaille Muirthemne 30:began in 795, when 5696:Asia & Oceania 5484:Dublin Tech Summit 5471:Hutch–Kinahan feud 5465:Occupy Dame Street 5453:City of Literature 5408:Dublin Port Tunnel 5232:RTÉ Studio bombing 5201:Pearse Street fire 5118:Irish Crown Jewels 4780:Battle of Clontarf 4698:Dublin Corporation 4688:Timeline of Dublin 4368:. London: G. Bell. 3931:, who died in the 3275:Fragmentary Annals 3264:Fragmentary Annals 3255:Fragmentary Annals 2619:Hálfdan Ragnarsson 2607:Fragmentary Annals 2537:FAI 259; AU 857.1. 2439:Chronicon Scotorum 2150:. CELT. p. 13 2078:Montgomery (2006). 2046:Saxo Grammaticus, 1757:Chronicon Scotorum 1505: 1405: 1262: 1231:Sichfrith Ivarsson 1203: 1167: 1107:Chronicon Scotorum 1035:Battle of Edington 913:Great Heathen Army 902: 866:Lorcán mac Cathail 812: 770: 751:Fragmentary Annals 628:Fragmentary Annals 570:Cináed mac Conaing 539:Lorcán mac Cellaig 388:and established a 374:Chronicon Scotorum 360: 265: 229: 203:via Volga Bulgaria 167:or transported to 165:Dublin slave trade 156:or British bases. 137: 127:Early Viking raids 24: 5730: 5729: 5529: 5528: 5502:COVID-19 pandemic 5346:Assassination of 5329:Hurricane Charley 5187:Assassination of 5136:Howth gun-running 5038:eureka moment at 4922:Drapier's Letters 4827:Rathborne Candles 4774:Kingdom of Dublin 4674:History of Dublin 4515:978-1-58509-109-6 4427:978-1-906716-06-6 4389:978-0-85323-959-8 3882:in the same year. 3846:Brut y Tywysogion 3630:AU 886.1; CS 886. 3585:AI 883.1; CGG 27. 3567:AU 883.4; CS 883. 3527:AU 881.3; CS 881. 3421:978-0-19-821737-4 3370:Annales Islandici 3340:Annales Islandici 3108:Ciarraige Luachra 3020:Ivar the Boneless 3009:AU 875.4; CGG 25. 2743:AU 859.3; CS 859. 2681:AU 856.3; CS 856. 2666:Cináed mac Ailpín 2624:Ragnarssona þáttr 2577:Ragnarssona þáttr 2265:in County Meath ( 2210:Annales Islandici 2011:Sturluson, Snorri 1958:Ó Corráin (1998). 1806:Brut y Tywysogion 1766: 1691:History of Dublin 1419:Winetavern Street 1329:Aitíth mac Laigni 1281:Sigfrith the Jarl 1120:According to the 1041:Domestic troubles 1009:, the capital of 941:, the capital of 850:Flann mac Conaing 731:Ivar the Boneless 709:According to the 696:Gudrød the Hunter 688:Hálfdan hvítbeinn 684:Ingjald Helgasson 680:Óláfr Guðrøðarson 621:Carlingford Lough 227:Southern Uí Néill 177:Volga trade route 101:Ivar the Boneless 5760: 5626: 5568: 5567: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5533: 5532: 5396:May Day protests 5378:Special Olympics 5182:Battle of Dublin 5147:Introduction of 5004:Construction of 4958:Guinness Brewery 4906:Great South Wall 4837:St. Mary's Abbey 4759:Bridge of Dublin 4744:Steine of Dublin 4667: 4660: 4653: 4644: 4643: 4610: 4597: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4573: 4560: 4532: 4519: 4500: 4494: 4486: 4475: 4464: 4458: 4450: 4431: 4412: 4393: 4369: 4351: 4324: 4301: 4298: 4292: 4289: 4283: 4278:Simpson, Linzi, 4276: 4270: 4267: 4261: 4252:Wallace, P. F., 4250: 4244: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4226: 4224: 4218: 4210: 4192: 4186: 4178: 4170: 4164: 4161: 4155: 4150:Simpson, Linzi, 4149: 4143: 4135: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4104: 4096: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4056: 4048: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4013: 4005: 3987: 3981: 3973: 3951: 3945: 3942: 3936: 3933:Battle of Confey 3925: 3919: 3911: 3889: 3883: 3872: 3866: 3857: 3851: 3839:Annales Cambriae 3834: 3828: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3793: 3787: 3784: 3778: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3756: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3738: 3735: 3729: 3726: 3720: 3717: 3711: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3685: 3677: 3671: 3664:Annals of Ulster 3660: 3654: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3613: 3596:Annals of Ulster 3592: 3586: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3568: 3565: 3559: 3556:Annals of Ulster 3548: 3542: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3519: 3507: 3501: 3490: 3484: 3481: 3475: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3378: 3375:Harald Bluetooth 3354:Saxo Grammaticus 3350: 3344: 3322: 3316: 3308: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3282: 3279:na righ Lochlann 3238: 3232: 3225: 3219: 3212: 3206: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3183: 3180: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3155: 3152: 3146: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3111: 3110:of West Munster. 3104: 3098: 3095: 3089: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3071: 3068: 3062: 3059: 3053: 3042: 3036: 3033: 3027: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3001: 2998: 2992: 2981: 2975: 2972: 2963: 2962:ASC(A) 871, 872. 2960: 2954: 2951: 2945: 2938:Annals of Ulster 2934: 2928: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2888: 2882: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2864: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2829: 2823: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2788: 2781: 2775: 2772: 2766: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2726: 2723:County Tipperary 2715: 2709: 2706: 2700: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2673: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2646: 2615: 2603: 2590: 2581: 2573: 2567: 2544: 2538: 2535: 2529: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2469: 2461: 2455: 2448: 2442: 2431: 2425: 2422:Annals of Ulster 2418: 2412: 2409:Geoffrey Keating 2401: 2395: 2376: 2370: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2328: 2321: 2315: 2312: 2306: 2303: 2297: 2290: 2284: 2281: 2275: 2267:Geoffrey Keating 2247: 2241: 2238: 2232: 2220: 2214: 2205: 2199: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2169: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2149: 2139: 2133: 2130: 2124: 2121: 2115: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2097: 2094: 2088: 2085: 2079: 2076: 2070: 2059: 2053: 2044: 2038: 2036: 2027: 2021: 2020: 2007: 2001: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1959: 1956: 1947: 1926: 1920: 1917: 1911: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1885: 1882:Annals of Ulster 1878: 1872: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1845: 1844: 1843:. 23 April 2013. 1837: 1831: 1828:Annals of Ulster 1820:Annals of Ulster 1812:Annals of Ulster 1802: 1800: 1798: 1792: 1774: 1745:Annals of Ulster 1711: 1513:Annals of Ulster 1423:Fishamble Street 1301:Annals of Ulster 1244:Airemón mac Áedo 1188:Annals of Ulster 1184:Strangford Lough 1103:Annals of Ulster 1027:Alfred the Great 832:County Westmeath 700:Amhlaoibh Conung 667:Annals of Ulster 644:Rhodri the Great 543:King of Leinster 496:County Westmeath 434:County Tipperary 402:Annals of Ulster 335:Annals of Ulster 286:Saxo Grammaticus 278:Haraldr hárfagri 274:Snorri Sturluson 5768: 5767: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5720:Nordic diaspora 5712: 5691: 5643: 5627: 5618: 5572: 5562: 5560: 5530: 5525: 5384:Spire of Dublin 5376:Hosting of the 5353: 5348:Veronica Guerin 5331:flooding (1986) 5287:Dublin bombings 5249:Hosting of the 5226:Nelson's Pillar 5224:Destruction of 5189:Kevin O'Higgins 5154:Sinking of the 5124:Dublin Lock-out 5099: 5076:Dublin tramways 5006:Martello Towers 4887:The Brazen Head 4881:Siege of Dublin 4851: 4812:Gates of Dublin 4807:Donnybrook Fair 4785: 4732: 4676: 4671: 4617: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4557: 4530: 4516: 4488: 4487: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4437:Medieval Dublin 4428: 4409: 4390: 4340:, eds. (1983). 4336:Seán Mac Airt; 4309: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4197:Medieval Dublin 4180: 4179: 4175:Medieval Dublin 4171: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4122:Medieval Dublin 4118: 4114: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4083:Medieval Dublin 4079: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4035:Medieval Dublin 4027: 4023: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3992:Medieval Dublin 3975: 3974: 3970: 3960:Medieval Dublin 3952: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3898:Medieval Dublin 3890: 3886: 3873: 3869: 3858: 3854: 3835: 3831: 3825:Inis Mac Nesáin 3822: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3678: 3674: 3661: 3657: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3549: 3545: 3539:Bárid mac Oitir 3535: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3508: 3504: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3351: 3347: 3335:Wayback Machine 3323: 3319: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3247:Duald MacFirbis 3239: 3235: 3226: 3222: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2935: 2931: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2830: 2826: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2616: 2612: 2593: 2584: 2574: 2570: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2506: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2462: 2458: 2449: 2445: 2432: 2428: 2419: 2415: 2402: 2398: 2388:Wayback Machine 2377: 2373: 2355:Wayback Machine 2344: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2221: 2217: 2206: 2202: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2060: 2056: 2045: 2041: 2028: 2024: 2008: 2004: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1950: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1775: 1771: 1715:Annals of Boyle 1709: 1687: 1665: 1629:Temple Bar West 1589:post-and-wattle 1581: 1497: 1410:Charles Haliday 1393: 1159: 1043: 900:Moy and Armagh. 894: 782:King of Osraige 762: 676:Óláfr inn hvíti 648:King of Gwynedd 594: 586: 535:King of Munster 348: 284:. According to 257: 129: 12: 11: 5: 5766: 5756: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5728: 5727: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5628: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5614:United Kingdom 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5573: 5559: 5558: 5551: 5544: 5536: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5517: 5516:(2022-to date) 5511: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5476:Occupation of 5474: 5473:(2015-to date) 5468: 5462: 5456: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5414:Anti-austerity 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5381: 5374: 5368: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5351: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5247: 5241: 5235: 5229: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5152: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5105: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4964:Royal Exchange 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4934:Hell Fire Club 4931: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4670: 4669: 4662: 4655: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4616: 4615:External links 4613: 4612: 4611: 4598: 4584: 4561: 4555: 4520: 4514: 4501: 4476: 4465: 4445: 4432: 4426: 4413: 4407: 4394: 4388: 4370: 4352: 4333: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4293: 4284: 4271: 4262: 4245: 4236: 4227: 4205: 4165: 4156: 4130: 4112: 4091: 4073: 4064: 4043: 4021: 4000: 3968: 3946: 3937: 3906: 3884: 3874:AU 904.4; cf. 3867: 3852: 3829: 3816: 3807: 3797: 3788: 3779: 3766: 3757: 3748: 3739: 3730: 3721: 3712: 3695: 3686: 3672: 3655: 3641: 3632: 3623: 3614: 3587: 3578: 3569: 3560: 3543: 3529: 3520: 3502: 3485: 3476: 3462: 3453: 3444: 3435: 3420: 3397: 3388: 3379: 3345: 3324:The Icelandic 3317: 3292: 3283: 3259:John O'Donovan 3233: 3220: 3207: 3193: 3184: 3175: 3165: 3156: 3147: 3130: 3121: 3112: 3099: 3090: 3081: 3072: 3063: 3054: 3037: 3028: 3011: 3002: 2993: 2976: 2964: 2955: 2946: 2929: 2912: 2903: 2883: 2874: 2865: 2857:AU 866.1. The 2850: 2841: 2837:County Kildare 2824: 2807: 2798: 2789: 2776: 2767: 2754: 2745: 2736: 2727: 2710: 2701: 2692: 2683: 2674: 2656: 2647: 2610: 2582: 2568: 2539: 2530: 2521: 2512: 2500: 2488: 2479: 2470: 2456: 2443: 2426: 2413: 2396: 2371: 2338: 2329: 2316: 2307: 2298: 2285: 2276: 2242: 2233: 2215: 2200: 2179: 2170: 2161: 2134: 2125: 2116: 2107: 2098: 2089: 2080: 2071: 2054: 2039: 2022: 2002: 1969: 1960: 1948: 1921: 1912: 1895: 1886: 1873: 1864: 1855: 1846: 1832: 1782:Rathlin Island 1768: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1686: 1683: 1664: 1661: 1614:Parnell Square 1580: 1577: 1496: 1491: 1475:Parnell Square 1451:Kildare Street 1392: 1389: 1333:King of Ulster 1297:King of Jórvík 1158: 1155: 1153:support this. 1042: 1039: 893: 890: 862:County Kildare 824:Cenél Fiachach 778:King of Ailech 761: 758: 743:Ragnar Loðbrok 721:) and Auisle ( 596: 595: 585: 582: 551:County Kildare 488:Máel Sechnaill 366:sailed up the 347: 344: 328:tells us that 282:Ragnar Lodbrok 256: 253: 135:Rathlin Island 128: 125: 103:) and Auisle ( 93:king of Dublin 89:Olaf the White 22:Ireland c. 900 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5765: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5725: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5670:United States 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5630: 5625: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5566: 5557: 5552: 5550: 5545: 5543: 5538: 5537: 5534: 5521: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5459:Silicon Docks 5457: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5311:Stardust fire 5309: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5164:Bloody Sunday 5162: 5159: 5158: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5142:Easter Rising 5140: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5116:Theft of the 5115: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5054:(1860s-1950s) 5053: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5012:Military Road 5010: 5007: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4989:(Early 1800s) 4988: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4802:Dublin Castle 4800: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4788: 4781: 4778: 4776:(c. 853-1170) 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4663: 4661: 4656: 4654: 4649: 4648: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4585: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4556:2-503-50624-0 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4508:. Book Tree. 4507: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4484: 4483: 4477: 4473: 4472: 4466: 4462: 4456: 4448: 4446:1-85182-885-0 4442: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4408:1-874045-89-5 4404: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4297: 4288: 4281: 4275: 4266: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4240: 4231: 4222: 4216: 4208: 4206:1-85182-649-1 4202: 4198: 4190: 4184: 4176: 4169: 4160: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4133: 4131:1-85182-885-0 4127: 4123: 4116: 4108: 4102: 4094: 4092:1-85182-649-1 4088: 4084: 4077: 4068: 4060: 4054: 4046: 4044:1-85182-885-0 4040: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4017: 4011: 4003: 4001:1-85182-885-0 3997: 3993: 3985: 3979: 3971: 3969:1-85182-885-0 3965: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3941: 3934: 3930: 3923: 3917: 3909: 3907:1-85182-885-0 3903: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3864: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3847: 3842: 3840: 3833: 3826: 3820: 3811: 3801: 3792: 3783: 3776: 3770: 3761: 3752: 3743: 3734: 3725: 3716: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3690: 3683: 3676: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3652: 3645: 3636: 3627: 3618: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3582: 3573: 3564: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3540: 3533: 3524: 3517: 3513: 3506: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3480: 3473: 3466: 3457: 3448: 3439: 3423: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3401: 3392: 3383: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3360: 3359:Gesta Danorum 3355: 3352:According to 3349: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3321: 3314: 3313: 3307: 3302: 3296: 3287: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3251:righ Lochlann 3248: 3244: 3243:righ Lochlann 3237: 3230: 3224: 3217: 3211: 3203: 3197: 3188: 3179: 3169: 3160: 3151: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3125: 3116: 3109: 3103: 3094: 3085: 3076: 3067: 3058: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3032: 3025: 3021: 3015: 3006: 2997: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2971: 2969: 2959: 2950: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2907: 2900: 2898: 2893: 2887: 2878: 2869: 2862: 2861: 2854: 2845: 2838: 2834: 2828: 2821: 2817: 2811: 2802: 2793: 2786: 2780: 2771: 2764: 2758: 2749: 2740: 2731: 2724: 2720: 2714: 2705: 2696: 2687: 2678: 2671: 2667: 2660: 2651: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2588: 2579: 2578: 2572: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2543: 2534: 2525: 2516: 2510:, Chapter 53. 2509: 2508:Ynglinga Saga 2504: 2498:, Chapter 15. 2497: 2492: 2483: 2474: 2466: 2460: 2453: 2447: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2423: 2417: 2410: 2406: 2400: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2375: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2342: 2333: 2326: 2320: 2311: 2302: 2295: 2289: 2280: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2246: 2237: 2230: 2225: 2219: 2212: 2211: 2204: 2197: 2193: 2192:County Offaly 2189: 2183: 2174: 2165: 2146: 2138: 2129: 2120: 2111: 2102: 2093: 2084: 2075: 2068: 2064: 2058: 2051: 2050: 2049:Gesta Danorum 2043: 2034: 2026: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2006: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1973: 1964: 1955: 1953: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1925: 1916: 1909: 1905: 1899: 1890: 1883: 1877: 1868: 1859: 1850: 1842: 1836: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1807: 1789: 1783: 1779: 1778:Lambay Island 1773: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1758: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1716: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1675:on the site. 1674: 1670: 1660: 1658: 1652: 1650: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1610:College Green 1607: 1603: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1585: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1561:Dublin Castle 1557: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1501: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1479:College Green 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1402: 1397: 1388: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1357:Ireland's Eye 1354: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1272:(Tirawley in 1271: 1267: 1259: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1163: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1023:Cenél nEógain 1020: 1019:County Antrim 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 999: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 976: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 919: 914: 909: 907: 898: 889: 887: 883: 879: 873: 871: 867: 863: 859: 858:County Offaly 855: 851: 845: 843: 839: 838: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 809: 804: 800: 798: 794: 790: 785: 783: 779: 776: 775:Áed Findliath 766: 757: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 707: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 668: 664: 660: 655: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 593: 588: 587: 581: 579: 575: 571: 567: 562: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 519: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 486: 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 462:Monasterboice 459: 455: 451: 450:County Offaly 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 394:Dublin Castle 391: 387: 382: 381: 376: 375: 369: 365: 357: 352: 343: 341: 337: 336: 331: 327: 323: 322: 317: 313: 312: 307: 301: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 261: 252: 250: 246: 241: 239: 235: 225: 221: 218: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 183: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 161:Moorish Spain 157: 155: 151: 150:Faroe Islands 147: 142: 133: 124: 122: 118: 114: 108: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 76: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 37: 33: 29: 20: 16: 5639:South Africa 5598: 5508:Dublin riots 5496:Coolock feud 5478:Apollo House 5438:M50 motorway 5402:Dublin riots 5358:Contemporary 5238:Dublin fires 5157:RMS Leinster 5155: 5040:Broom Bridge 4993:Dublin quays 4908:(1700s) and 4856:Early modern 4763: 4749:Hoggen Green 4737:Early Dublin 4636: 4606: 4602: 4592: 4576:. Retrieved 4538: 4534: 4505: 4481: 4470: 4436: 4417: 4398: 4378: 4364: 4342: 4314: 4296: 4287: 4279: 4274: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4239: 4230: 4196: 4174: 4168: 4159: 4151: 4121: 4115: 4082: 4076: 4067: 4034: 4030: 4024: 3991: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3940: 3897: 3893: 3887: 3870: 3861: 3855: 3845: 3838: 3832: 3824: 3819: 3810: 3800: 3791: 3782: 3769: 3760: 3751: 3742: 3733: 3724: 3715: 3708:Tír Amalgada 3707: 3703: 3698: 3689: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3644: 3635: 3626: 3617: 3608: 3603: 3595: 3590: 3581: 3572: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3541:" at AU 913. 3532: 3523: 3505: 3488: 3479: 3471: 3465: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3425:. Retrieved 3411: 3400: 3391: 3382: 3369: 3365:Gorm the Old 3358: 3348: 3339: 3326: 3320: 3311: 3304: 3295: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3263: 3254: 3250: 3242: 3236: 3228: 3223: 3210: 3202:Slieve Bloom 3196: 3187: 3178: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3133: 3124: 3115: 3102: 3093: 3084: 3075: 3066: 3057: 3045: 3040: 3031: 3014: 3005: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2958: 2953:ASC(A) 870 . 2949: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2906: 2896: 2886: 2877: 2868: 2858: 2853: 2844: 2827: 2810: 2801: 2792: 2779: 2770: 2762: 2757: 2748: 2739: 2730: 2713: 2704: 2695: 2686: 2677: 2669: 2659: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2613: 2606: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2542: 2533: 2524: 2515: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2482: 2473: 2464: 2459: 2446: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2421: 2416: 2405:Four Masters 2399: 2391: 2379: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2346: 2341: 2332: 2319: 2310: 2301: 2288: 2279: 2258: 2255:County Meath 2245: 2236: 2223: 2218: 2209: 2203: 2182: 2173: 2164: 2152:. Retrieved 2137: 2128: 2119: 2110: 2101: 2092: 2083: 2074: 2063:County Louth 2057: 2047: 2042: 2025: 2016:Heimskringla 2015: 2005: 1993: 1989: 1988:(Thorgest), 1985: 1981: 1972: 1963: 1943: 1933: 1924: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1889: 1881: 1876: 1867: 1858: 1849: 1835: 1827: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1805: 1795:. Retrieved 1772: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1743: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1710: 1680: 1677: 1672: 1666: 1656: 1653: 1645: 1633:Grubenhäuser 1626: 1621: 1618:Phoenix Park 1606:Islandbridge 1598: 1594: 1586: 1582: 1572: 1564: 1555: 1553: 1547: 1543: 1541: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1506: 1493: 1486: 1471:Phoenix Park 1467:Islandbridge 1448: 1430: 1427: 1406: 1400: 1385: 1352: 1341: 1318: 1315: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1292: 1278: 1270:Tír Amalgada 1263: 1228: 1220: 1204: 1191: 1187: 1168: 1119: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1100: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081:County Louth 1072: 1060:County Laois 1044: 1004: 1000: 991: 969: 951: 930: 916: 910: 903: 878:Boyne Valley 874: 846: 835: 816:Caittil Find 813: 807: 786: 771: 755: 750: 746: 710: 708: 703: 666: 656: 631: 627: 625: 617:County Louth 608: 604: 600: 597: 563: 559:Loch Gabhair 547:Castledermot 520: 514:the King of 507: 482: 426:County Laois 405: 401: 397: 389: 378: 372: 368:River Liffey 361: 355: 333: 319: 309: 302: 266: 242: 230: 219: 180: 158: 154:Scandinavian 138: 109: 104: 96: 77: 48: 36:Gaelic Irish 25: 15: 5708:New Zealand 5520:Dublin riot 5504:(2020-2023) 5486:(est. 2017) 5461:(est. 2011) 5428:(est. 2009) 5426:Dublinbikes 5420:2008 floods 5373:(2000-2016) 5221:(est. 1960) 5197:(est. 1931) 5172:(est. 1920) 5170:Liffey Swim 5104:Late modern 5078:(1872-1959) 5066:(est. 1862) 5026:(1836-1925) 4987:Royal Canal 4983:Grand Canal 4972:(Est. 1782) 4960:(Est. 1759) 4954:(1758-1851) 4948:(1750-1823) 4946:Daly's Club 4936:(1735-1741) 4930:(1728-1916) 4895:(1698-1780) 4889:(Est. 1661) 4865:(Est. 1592) 4847:The Tholsel 4790:Middle Ages 4578:21 December 4541:: 296–339. 4360:J. A. Giles 4356:Aethelweard 4330:translation 3327:Landnámabók 3312:Landnámabók 3000:ASC(A) 875. 2881:ASC(F) 870. 2561:Old English 2496:Lándnámabók 2294:St Mochonna 2154:21 December 2013:(c. 1230). 1998:Proto-Norse 1797:21 December 1616:and in the 1433:at Dublin. 1274:County Mayo 1252:Flann Sinna 1015:Dunseverick 1011:Strathclyde 958:East Anglia 943:Northumbria 927:East Anglia 634:). Iercne ( 574:North Brega 316:Conn's Half 298:Charlemagne 99:, possibly 87:, possibly 5737:Categories 5724:Norwegians 5718:See also: 5036:Hamilton's 4609:: 101–117. 4307:References 3880:Strathearn 3427:11 January 3229:Britanniae 3173:Findgenti. 2263:Ardbraccan 2069:or Ulster. 1944:wintersetl 1718:; AClon = 1669:Clondalkin 1663:Clondalkin 1643:, Norway. 1602:Kilmainham 1548:wintersetl 1529:áth cliath 1525:Áth Cliath 1463:Kilmainham 1459:Donnybrook 1455:Dollymount 1444:hacksilver 1224:Mac Auisle 1050:, king of 923:Æthelweard 837:Leth Cuinn 820:Gallgoídil 789:Gallgoídil 652:Balrothery 613:Annagassan 590:See also: 492:Lough Owel 430:Terryglass 318:”. In the 311:Leth Cuinn 249:Clondalkin 41:longphorts 5703:Australia 5687:Venezuela 5675:Minnesota 5498:(2019-20) 5467:(2011-12) 5289:(1972-73) 5213:Bloomsday 5126:(1913-14) 5020:(1834-56) 5008:(1803-08) 4928:Linenhall 4910:Bull Wall 4603:Saga-Book 4491:cite book 4485:. Dublin. 4455:cite book 4215:cite book 4183:cite book 4140:cite book 4101:cite book 4053:cite book 4031:longphort 4010:cite book 3978:cite book 3956:longphort 3916:cite book 3894:longphort 3814:AU 902.2. 3755:AU 896.3. 3746:AU 894.4. 3728:AI 893.2. 3682:Sitric II 3651:Kildalkey 3498:Loop Head 3494:Corcomroe 3216:Waterford 3024:Talk Page 2974:AU 870.6. 2921:Chronicle 2818:Breg (of 2805:AU 864.2. 2734:AU 859.2. 2196:Tullamore 2132:AU 845.12 2096:AU 845.3. 1980:form was 1978:Old Norse 1940:Old Norse 1935:longphort 1919:AU 821.3. 1904:Lochlainn 1803:See also 1673:longphort 1657:longphort 1622:longphort 1573:longphort 1565:longphort 1556:longphort 1544:longphort 1537:Waterford 1533:longphort 1509:longphort 1494:Longphort 1483:Old Norse 1431:longphort 1415:Wood Quay 1365:Ingimundr 1361:Old Norse 1285:Old Norse 1208:St Cianán 1176:Old Norse 1142:Waterford 1056:Mondrehid 1007:Dumbarton 992:Chronicle 970:Chronicon 945:. In 867 735:Old Norse 723:Old Norse 715:Old Norse 672:Old Norse 659:Old Norse 636:Old Norse 609:longphort 523:Mullingar 478:Tullamore 442:Clonenagh 414:vintrsetl 410:Old Norse 406:longphort 390:longphort 364:longships 340:Lough Ree 270:Turgesius 255:Turgesius 234:Laithlind 209:, to the 141:Norwegian 81:Old Norse 73:Finngaill 61:High King 5648:Americas 4924:(1724-5) 4797:The Pale 4590:(1867). 4526:(1998). 4376:(2006). 4362:(1906). 3836:FA 429; 3786:AU 896.9 3704:Tirawley 3702:CS 891. 3514:and the 3361:, Book 9 3331:Archived 3154:FAI 377. 3088:FAI 326. 3070:FAI 401. 3061:FAI 400. 3022:and its 2528:FAI 243. 2519:FAI 239. 2452:baronies 2384:Archived 2351:Archived 2188:Killeigh 1982:Þurgestr 1908:Lothland 1760:; FAI = 1748:; CGG = 1736:; ASC = 1724:; AFM = 1685:See also 1641:Vestfold 1521:Duiblinn 1377:Æthelred 1373:Æðelflæd 1289:Sigfrøðr 1266:Sitric I 1216:Limerick 1150:Limerick 1105:and the 980:Bernicia 966:Halfdene 954:Thetford 818:and the 692:Vestfold 605:Dubgenti 601:Dubgaill 557:King of 454:Killeigh 446:Kinnitty 422:Dún Masc 398:Duiblinn 386:Duiblinn 377:and the 207:Khwarazm 163:via the 148:and the 121:Uí Ímair 79:Amlaíb ( 69:Dubgaill 53:Leinster 49:Thorgest 5599:Ireland 5594:Iceland 5589:Finland 5584:Denmark 4995:(1800s) 4912:(1820s) 4901:(1700s) 4535:Peritia 4326:Edition 4260:(1992). 3805:attack. 3795:CS 900. 3472:Ragnall 3395:CS 881. 3143:Mochuda 3035:CS 871. 2989:Ingware 2985:Igwares 2639:Ragnall 2600:Sigfred 2596:Gudfred 2259:forrach 2177:CGG 19. 1994:Þorgisl 1990:Þorgils 1986:Þorgest 1938:and in 1754:; CS = 1742:; AU = 1730:; AI = 1637:Kaupang 1579:Housing 1399:Dublin 1293:Sigurðr 1235:Lismore 1157:Epigoni 1138:Wexford 906:Fortriu 886:Clonard 640:Járnkné 632:leithrí 578:crannóg 527:Tomrair 516:Osraige 474:Finglas 438:Kildare 330:Þorgils 294:Gudfred 146:Iceland 45:Turgeis 32:Vikings 28:Ireland 5680:Dakota 5665:Mexico 5660:Canada 5655:Brazil 5632:Africa 5609:Sweden 5604:Russia 5577:Europe 5522:(2023) 5510:(2021) 5492:(2018) 5480:(2017) 5455:(2010) 5450:UNESCO 5446:(2010) 5440:(2010) 5434:(2009) 5422:(2008) 5410:(2006) 5404:(2006) 5398:(2004) 5392:(2004) 5386:(2003) 5380:(2003) 5367:(2000) 5350:(1996) 5343:(1995) 5337:(1991) 5325:(1984) 5319:(1982) 5313:(1981) 5307:(1975) 5301:(1974) 5295:(1973) 5283:(1972) 5246:(1971) 5240:(1970) 5234:(1969) 5228:(1966) 5209:(1941) 5203:(1936) 5191:(1927) 5184:(1922) 5178:(1921) 5166:(1920) 5160:(1918) 5151:(1917) 5144:(1916) 5138:(1914) 5132:(1914) 5120:(1907) 5113:(1907) 5096:(1884) 5090:(1882) 5084:(1875) 5072:(1865) 5060:(1861) 5048:(1853) 5042:(1843) 5032:(1842) 5014:(1809) 5001:(1803) 4978:(1785) 4966:(1779) 4942:(1742) 4918:(1713) 4883:(1649) 4877:(1649) 4871:(1597) 4782:(1014) 4574:. CELT 4553: 4512: 4443: 4424: 4405: 4386: 4203: 4128: 4089: 4041: 3998: 3966: 3904: 3668:before 3552:Ciarán 3516:Decies 3418: 3139:Fermoy 2719:Nenagh 2643:Ragnar 2564:Eowils 2557:Eywysl 2325:Trevet 2251:Skreen 2052:Book 9 1816:before 1793:. CELT 1569:Poddle 1517:Annals 1369:Wirral 1248:Ulster 1239:Cloyne 1212:Duleek 1172:Barith 1134:Dublin 1126:Dollar 1096:Carlow 1077:Armagh 1052:Loígis 1031:Wessex 996:Oistín 988:Jórvík 975:Repton 962:Edmund 947:Mercia 935:Humber 854:Armagh 828:Rahugh 745:. The 470:Swords 466:Duleek 326:Snorri 314:, or “ 306:Dublin 195:Dublin 191:Wollin 182:dirham 173:Brännö 169:Hedeby 4572:(PDF) 4531:(PDF) 3046:after 2892:Asser 2816:Déisi 2367:genti 2148:(PDF) 2067:Ulaid 1942:as a 1932:as a 1930:Irish 1791:(PDF) 1712:AB = 1707:Notes 1487:haugr 1381:Loire 1180:Bárðr 984:Deira 793:Slane 719:Ívarr 663:Óláfr 504:Irish 458:Kells 245:Howth 187:Birka 117:Brega 97:Ívarr 85:Óláfr 57:Meath 5722:and 5390:Luas 5275:1997 5271:1995 5267:1994 5263:1988 5259:1981 5255:1971 4985:and 4981:The 4904:The 4580:2008 4551:ISBN 4510:ISBN 4497:link 4461:link 4441:ISBN 4422:ISBN 4403:ISBN 4384:ISBN 4328:and 4321:DIAS 4221:link 4201:ISBN 4189:link 4146:link 4126:ISBN 4107:link 4087:ISBN 4059:link 4039:ISBN 4016:link 3996:ISBN 3984:link 3964:ISBN 3922:link 3902:ISBN 3775:CELT 3600:CELT 3512:Emly 3496:and 3429:2009 3416:ISBN 3018:See 2919:The 2833:Naas 2785:here 2555:and 2407:and 2392:finn 2363:Gall 2156:2008 1976:The 1880:The 1824:CELT 1799:2008 1523:and 1477:and 1457:and 1421:and 1403:900. 1331:the 1237:and 1148:and 1146:Cork 939:York 868:and 860:and 810:900. 797:Lusk 795:and 646:the 541:the 537:and 533:the 485:Mide 472:and 358:900. 193:and 55:and 4543:doi 3848:900 3841:902 3356:'s 2899:878 2835:in 2721:in 2549:Ásl 2359:dub 2253:in 1822:at 1808:795 1639:in 1546:or 1291:or 1276:). 1058:in 1029:of 1017:in 986:or 727:Ásl 623:). 615:in 603:or 549:in 502:” ( 494:in 452:), 432:in 171:or 105:Ásl 47:or 5739:: 5273:, 5269:, 5265:, 5261:, 5257:, 4607:19 4605:. 4567:. 4549:. 4539:12 4537:. 4533:. 4493:}} 4489:{{ 4457:}} 4453:{{ 4358:; 4217:}} 4213:{{ 4193:; 4185:}} 4181:{{ 4142:}} 4138:{{ 4103:}} 4099:{{ 4055:}} 4051:{{ 4012:}} 4008:{{ 3988:; 3980:}} 3976:{{ 3918:}} 3914:{{ 3843:; 3303:. 2967:^ 2551:, 2390:: 2365:; 2361:; 2357:: 2274:). 2190:, 1992:, 1951:^ 1612:, 1608:, 1604:, 1485:: 1473:, 1469:, 1465:, 1453:, 1401:c. 1363:: 1287:: 1218:. 1178:: 1144:, 1140:, 1136:, 956:, 872:. 830:, 808:c. 737:: 725:: 717:: 706:. 661:: 638:: 506:: 480:. 468:, 464:, 460:, 456:, 444:, 440:, 412:: 356:c. 324:, 251:. 240:. 217:. 189:, 83:: 63:, 5555:e 5548:t 5541:v 5277:) 5253:( 4666:e 4659:t 4652:v 4582:. 4559:. 4545:: 4518:. 4499:) 4463:) 4449:. 4430:. 4411:. 4392:. 4350:. 4323:. 4225:. 4223:) 4209:. 4191:) 4148:) 4134:. 4109:) 4095:. 4061:) 4047:. 4018:) 4004:. 3986:) 3972:. 3924:) 3910:. 3684:. 3612:. 3537:" 3470:( 3431:. 2901:. 2672:. 2585:' 2580:. 2441:. 2394:. 2369:. 2158:. 2037:. 2035:. 2019:. 1946:. 1801:. 1283:( 1174:( 733:( 448:(

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Early Scandinavian Dublin

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