2294:
775:
699:
711:
638:
1399:
1317:, or meeting place of two barrel vaults, with stone ribs. The ribbed groin vaults were installed in 1093–96 and were the first of their kind in Europe. As the work continued, the builders experimented with an even bolder variation, using pointed instead of rounded arches, to spread the weight outwards. The new pointed rib vaults were installed over the south transept and nave beginning in 1130. The new vaults were not successful; the thin panels between the ribs were made of plastered rubble, and were too heavy and cracked, and in 1235 they had to be replaced. Newer and lighter versions of the rib vault, using small pieces of cut stone in the panels, rather than plastered rubble, were developed in Normandy and the Ile-de-France. Pointed Rib vaults did not fully take hold in England until the second half of the 12th century.
953:
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2448:
569:
1552:
1953:
557:
1637:
2622:
199:
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2392:
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1700:
1072:
763:
2119:
1715:
215:
1520:
687:
1379:
1536:
2233:
622:
2353:
989:
1685:
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2261:
533:
1180:
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2408:
1168:
1816:
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2087:
830:
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965:
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1450:
2196:
545:
1605:
1505:, rather than the dominant vertical elements, such as wall shafts, of the French style. The piers were composed of as many as twenty-four shafts, adding another unusual decorative effect. The north porch, built in 1210–15, and especially the west front (1220–1240) had a particularly novel decorative effect. The screen facade of the west front is filled with nearly four hundred carved and painted stone figure, and is made more impressive by two flanking towers, attached to but not part of the body of the church. This arrangement was adapted by other English cathedrals, including
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massive pillars made of dreamlike sections of stone, giving it greater harmony and a greater sensation of length. The new cathedral was unusual in form; the apse on the east was flat, not rounded, and the choir was exceptionally long, nearly as long as the nave. Another striking feature of Laon
Cathedral were the three great rose windows, one on the west facade and two on the transepts. (Only the west and north windows still remain). Another unusual feature at Laon is the lantern tower at the transept crossing, most likely inspired by the Norman Gothic abbey churches in
787:
1938:
2424:
1831:
977:
2103:
2009:
The rib vault had thin stone ribs which carried the vaulted surface of thin panels. Unlike the earlier barrel vault, where the weight of the vault pressed down directly onto the walls, the arched ribs of a rib vault had a pointed arch, a rib which directed the weight outwards and downwards to specific points, usually piers and columns in the nave below, or outward to the walls, where it was countered by buttresses. The panels between the ribs were made of small pieces of stone, and were much lighter than the earlier barrel vaults. A primitive form, a ribbed
1368:, who had been murdered in the cathedral. The new structure had many French features, such as the doubled columns in the Trinity chapel, and piers replaced by Purbeck-marble wall shafts. But it also retained many specifically English features, such as a great variety in the level and placement of the spaces; the Trinity chapel, for example is sixteen steps above the Choir). It also retaining rather than eliminated the transepts - Canterbury had two. Early English Gothic put an emphasis on great length; Canterbury was doubled in length between 1096 and 1130.
1589:
1104:
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2150:
168:
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29:
1888:
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1659:, was French, but he constructed a church with distinct non-French features; double transepts, an elongated nave, complexity of interior space, and a more lavish use of decorative features. St. Hugh's Choir, named after the French-born monk St. Hugh of Lincoln, was a good example. The choir was covered with a rib vault in which most of the ribs had a purely decorative role. In addition to the functional ribs, it featured extra ribs called
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columns from the corners of the vault to the alternating heavy piers and thinner columns in the nave below. The weight was distributed unevenly; the piers received the greater weight from diagonal arches, while the columns took the lesser weight from the intermediate arch. This system was used successfully at the
Basilica of Saint-Denis, Noyon Cathedral, Laon Cathedral, and Notre-Dame de Paris.
1357:. Contrasting the old with the new choir. He wrote: "There, the arches and everything else was plain, or sculpted with an axe and not with a chisel. But here almost throughout is appropriate sculpture. There used to be no marble shafts, but here are innumerable ones. There in the circuit round the choir, the vaults were plain, but here they are arch-ribbed and have key-stones."
1570:(1220–1260) is another example of the mature Early English Gothic. Salisbury is best known for its famous crossing tower and spire, added in the 14th century, but its complex plan, with two sets of transepts, a projecting north porch and a rectangular east end, is a classic example of the early English Gothic. It was a distinct contrast from the French
2514:
then pieces of colored glass were "grozed", or cracked off the sheet, and assembled on the table. The details of the windows were then painted on in vitreous enamel, then fired. The glass pieces were fit into grooved pieces of lead, which were soldered together, and sealed with putty to make them waterproof, to complete the window.
1670:(also known as a blank arcade) in the decoration of Hugh's chapel. Two layers of arcades with pointed arches are attached to the walls, giving a theatrical effect of three dimensions. This element is enhanced by the use of different color stone for the thin columns; ribs of white limestone for the lower columns and black
1754:, the first in France, was a good example; A facade with three portals and two towers; a long nave with collateral aisles; a rather long choir, a very short transept, and a rounded apse with a double ambulatory and radiating chapels. Variations on this plan were used in most early French cathedrals, including
943:. The buttresses reached from heavy towers outside the nave, over the top of the tribunes, and pressed directly against the upper walls of the nave, countering the outward thrust from the ceiling vaults. This made possible thinner walls and the installation of larger windows in the upper walls of the nave
2008:
was a characteristic feature of Gothic architecture from the beginning. It was the result of a search for a way to build stone roofs on churches that could not catch fire but would not be too heavy. Variations of rib vaults had been used in
Islamic and Romanesque architecture, often to support domes.
1142:
The predominant sensation at
Bourges is not only great height, but great length and interior space; the cathedral is 120 m (390 ft) long, without a transept or other interruption. The most unusual feature of Bourges Cathedral is the arrangement of vertical height; each part of the elevation
1138:
Since
Bourges used six-part rib vaults instead of the lighter four-part vaults, the upper walls had to resist greater outward thrust, and the flying buttresses had to be more effective. The Bourges buttresses used a unique design with a particularly acute angle, which gave it the necessary force, but
841:
Laon was built upon a hilltop one hundred metres high, making it visible from a great distance. The hilltop imposed a special burden for the builders; all the stones had to be carried to the top of the hill in carts drawn by oxen. The oxen who did the work were honoured by statues on the tower of the
588:
began before the construction of the ambulatory of Saint-Denis. Therefore, the ambulatory is rather
Romanesque than Gothic. All adjacent chapels are much later and no more Primary Gothic. But its arcades and triforia already fit the criteria of Gothic architecture. It was constructed between 1135 and
274:
In the classification of architecture periods, Early Gothic raises certain issues. Early Gothic is defined as a style that used some principle elements of Gothic, but not all. Especially, it had no fine tracery. It marks the first phase of a division of Gothic style into three periods. If it is used
1906:
At the time of the early Gothic, the flying buttress was not yet in common use, and buttresses were placed directly close to or directly against the walls. The walls had to be reinforced by additional width. The early Gothic churches in France typically had four elevations or levels in the nave: the
491:
in a new way, replacing the thick dividing walls with arched rib vaults poised on columns with sculpted capitals. Suger wrote that the new chevet was "ennobled by the beauty of length and width." And "the midst of the edifice was suddenly raised aloft by twelve columns". He added that, when creating
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to fill the ambulatory and chapels with what he considered to be divine light. The stained glass windows of Saint-Denis and other Early Gothic churches had a particular intensity of color, partly because the glass was thicker and used more color, and partly because the early windows were small, and
261:
Stained glass windows were an important feature of early Gothic architecture, and they were significantly larger than those in earlier periods. Their purpose was to fill the church interior with a mystical coloured light, representing the Holy Spirit, and to illustrate Bible stores for the majority
2036:
A simpler and stronger vault with just four compartments was developed at the end of the period by eliminating the intermediate arch. As a result, the piers or columns below all received an equal load, and could have the same size and appearance, giving greater harmony to the nave. This system was
1371:
One reason for the differences between French and
English Gothic was that French Benedictine abbey-churches usually put different functions into separate buildings, while in England they were usually combined in the same structure. Similar complicated multifunctional designs were found not only in
928:. Its original elevations were intermediate between tree levels and four levels: above the tribunes there were no veritable triforia, but a clerestory with two levels of windows, the lower level consisted of small rose windows, and the upper level of modest pointed arched windows without tracery.
2513:
for yellow. When molten, it was blown into a bubble, formed into a tubular shape, cut at the ends to make a cylinder, then slit and flattened while it was still hot. It ranged in thickness from 3 to 8 mm (0.12 to 0.31 in). A full-size drawing of the window was made on a large table, and
2142:
existed before the Gothic period, but Gothic architects developed them to a high degree of sophistication. By counterbalancing the thrust against the upper walls from the rib vaults, they made possible the great height, thin walls and large upper windows of the Gothic cathedrals. The early Gothic
920:
The builders covered the interior of the cathedral with six-part vaults, but unlike Sens and other the earlier cathedrals they did not use alternating piers and columns to support them. The vaults were supported instead by bundles of three uninterrupted slender columns which were received by rows
656:
was built between 1153 and 1191. Its length was limited by modest budget and by the placement of the building against the city wall. Like Sens cathedral, it was composed of a nave without a transept, flanked by a single collateral. The radiating chapels of the choir are separate extensions of the
1677:
A third feature important feature of
Lincoln was the thick or double-shell wall. This was an Anglo-Romanesque feature, which earlier had been in used in Romanesque structures of Caen, and in Durham and Winchester Cathedral. Instead of being supported only by flying buttresses, the vaults receive
1027:
and a popular pilgrimage site that displayed the reputed tunic that Mary wore when giving birth to Christ. A series of earlier cathedrals in
Chartres beginning in the fourth century, were destroyed by fire. The cathedral immediately previous to the present church burned in 1194, leaving only the
1134:
cathedrals, alternating strong and weak pillars. This was artfully hidden by the use of large cylindrical piers, each surrounded by eight engaged colonettes. The piers of the arcade are particularly imposing; each is 21 m (69 ft) tall. Choir and chapels of
Bourges cathedral still have
845:
Laon was also unusual because of its five towers; two on the west front, two on the transepts, and an octagonal lantern on crossing. Laon, like most early Gothic cathedrals, had four interior levels. Laon also had alternating octagonal and square piers supporting the nave, but these rested upon
2032:
The first Gothic rib vaults were divided by the ribs into six compartments. A six-part vault could cover two sections of the nave. Two pointed arches crossed diagonally and were supported by an intermediate arch, which crossed the nave from side to side. The weight was carried downward by thin
1340:
Many limitations were put upon William of Sens by the monks who ran the cathedral. He was not allowed to replace entirely the original Norman church, and had to fit his new structure on the old crypt and within the surviving outer Norman walls. Nonetheless, he achieved a strikingly original
1848:
The plans of the early English Gothic cathedrals were usually longer and much more complex, with additional transepts, attached chapels, external towers, and usually a rectangular west end. The choirs were often as long as the nave. The form expressed the multiple activities often going on
661:
that was begun in 1209 and has a polygonal ambulatory and chapels. The elevation of Senlis originally had four levels, including large tribunes. Like Sens, Senlis Cathedral had alternating strong and weak piers to receive the uneven thrust from the six-part rib vaults. The church underwent
1125:
and not Chartres. Like Chartres, the builders simplified the vertical plan to three levels; grand arcades, triforium, and high windows. The triforium was simplified a long horizontal band, the entire length of the church. However, unlike Paris, Bourges continued to use the older six-part
2214:
The most important sculptural decoration of early Gothic cathedrals was found over and around the portals, or doorways, on the tympanum and sometimes also on the columns. Following the model of Romanesque churches, these depicted the Holy Family and Saints. Following the tradition of
1039:
Work was nearly completed by 1225, with the architecture, glass and sculpture finished, though the seven steeples were still being rebuilt. It was not formally reconsecrated until 1260. Only a few changes were made since that time, including the addition of a new chapel dedicated to
2293:
753:, Noyon also used massive compound piers alternating with round columns, necessary because of the uneven weight distribution from the six-part vaults. The east end has five radiating chapels and three levels of windows, creating a created a dramatic flood of light into the nave.
2219:, the figures were usually stiff, straight, simple forms, and often elongated. As the period advanced, the sculpture became more naturalistic. The floral and vegetal sculpture of the capitals of columns in the nave was more realistic, showing a close observation of nature.
1930:
The introduction of a simpler four-part rib vault and especially the flying buttress meant that the walls could be thinner and higher, with more room for windows. By the end of the period, the triforium level was usually eliminated, and larger windows filled the space.
2056:, a French or French-Normand master-builder who between 1192 and 1200 designed St. Hugh's choir, completed in 1208. The ribs were designed so that the bays slightly offset each other, giving them the nickname of "Crazy vaults". De Noiers was succeeded at Lincoln by
774:
1952:
1143:
is set back, like steps, with the highest roof and vaults over the central aisle. The outermost aisles have vaults nine meters high; the intermediate aisles have vaults 21.3 m (70 ft) high; and the center aisle has vaults 37.5 m (123 ft) high.
3185:"As work began on the vault of the eastern part of the choir, William was incapacitated by a fall from a scaffold. He probably continued to direct the work from his sickbed, but this was impractical, and so he gave up and returned to France, where he died."
1422:
order and its monasteries. The architecture of the Cistercians was based upon simplicity and functionality. All decoration was forbidden. The Cistercian monasteries were in remote locations, far from the cities. They were closed in 1539 during the reign of
637:
508:, who taught that light was a divine manifestation, and that all things were "material lights", reflecting the infinite light of God himself. Therefore, stained glass became a way to create a glowing, unworldly light ideal for religious reflection.
1036:. The arcades and aisles were much taller than in the first Gothic cathedrals, and the tribune were omitted. Also the clerestories were higher than in any basilica before it. Except for their lowest parts, the apse and the chapels were polygonal.
332:(Radiant or Shining Gothic), from the second third of 13th century to the first half of 14th century, marked by triforia with windows and a general preference for stained glass instead of stone walls. It forms the greater portion of High Gothic.
698:
917:, the previous tallest church. It featured a central nave flanked by double collaterals, and a choir surrounded by a double ambulatory, without radiating chapels. (The current chapels were added between the buttresses in the 14th century).
931:
In the 13th century, when it was decided that the interior was too dark, and the upright windows were enlarged downward into the area of the small roses. Around the transept, the original design was reconstructed during the restoration by
496:
and elsewhere in Rome. He described the finished work as "a circular string of chapels, by virtue of which the whole church would shine with the wonderful and uninterrupted light of most luminous windows, pervading the interior beauty."
1501:, (built between 1185–1200 and modified until 1240) is another leading example of the early English style. It borrowed some aspects, such as its elevation, from the French style, but gave precedence to strong horizontals, such as the
1535:
1349:. Following the French model, he used six-part rib vaults, pointed arches, supporting columns with carved acanthus leaf decoration, and a semi-circular ambulatory. However, other elements were purely English, such as the use of dark
1678:
additional support from the thicker walls of the gallery over the aisles. This allowed a considerably wider span across the nave, and also meant that the vaults could have additional purely decorative ribs, as in the "Crazy vault".
589:
1164. Different from the other cathedrals of Primary Gothic, it has no tribunes above the aisles, but triforia as one of three levels, alike some Romanesque basilicas before and Classic Gothic afterwards. It used the new six-part
2352:
816:
style. In about 1180, the (first) choir, crossing and transept and the eastern five bays of the nave were finished. The western part of the nave and the façade followed until 1200. Therefore, the façade is already an example of
1663:, which did not lead to the central point of the vault, but to a point along the ridge rib on the crown of the vault. They were put together in lavish designs, which gave the resulting ceiling the nickname "The crazy vault."
1329:. A fire destroyed the mainly Romanesque choir in September 1174, and leading architects from England and France were invited to offer plans for its reconstruction. The winner of this competition was a French master builder,
2143:
buttresses were placed close to the walls, and were columns of stone with a short arch to the upper level, between the windows. They were often topped by stone pinnacles both for decoration, and to make them even heavier.
420:, but soon developed its own particular characteristics, particularly an emphasis for length over height, and more complex and asymmetric floor plans, square rather than rounded east ends, and polychrome decoration, using
1031:
Concerning its windows (without tracery or with plate tracery), this cathedral was still an example of Early Gothic, but its elevations were innovative. Therefore Chartres Cathedral is considered the initial building of
155:, was not only a prominent religious figure but also first minister to Louis VI and Louis VII. He oversaw the royal administration when the King was absent on the Crusades. He commissioned the reconstruction of the
710:
463:
was important because it was the burial place of the French Kings of the Capetian dynasty from the late 10th until the early 14th century. It attracted a very large number of pilgrims, attracted by the relics of
2371:
825:
praised the innovative upper parts of the towers. But the original choir began to decay and in 1205–1220 was replaced by the actual one. Following English examples, it has no apse, but a rectangular east end.
1915:, a wall with larger windows, just under the vaults. These multiple levels added to the width and thus the stability of the walls, before the flying buttress was commonly used. This was the system used at
745:. The new cathedral still had many Romanesque features, including prominent transepts with rounded ends and deep galleries, but it introduced several Gothic innovations, including the fourth level, the
2319:
Sculpture was lavishly used in Early Gothic cathedrals, particularly over the portals. The early Gothic sculpture was stiff and formal and lacked realism, unlike the sculpture the later sculpture of
952:
2447:
1071:
762:
988:
1578:
columns. The Lady Chapel of Salisbury has extremely slender pillars of Purbeck marble supporting the vaults, shows the diversity and harmony of mature English Early Gothic, entering the period of
63:
which lasted from about 1120 until about 1200. The early Gothic builders used innovative technologies to resolve the problem of masonry ceilings which were too heavy for the traditional arched
2585:
1984:
1398:
964:
2118:
129:(1081–1137), had succeeded, after a long struggle, in bringing the barons of northern France under his control, and successfully defended his domain against attacks by the English King,
1551:
1051:. Since the cathedral was constructed with the new flying buttresses, the walls were more stable, enabling the builders to eliminate the tribune level, and have more space for windows.
101:
in Paris, (1135-1144). The style soon spread from the Paris region to other parts of France, and then to England. Notable examples of early English Gothic include the Trinity Chapel of
1604:
1714:
1588:
1083:
2391:
2570:
544:
348:
249:
Another important innovation of the High Gothic was a change in the interior elevations. As thinner walls were made possible by buttresses, intermediate levels, such as the
2260:
1028:
crypt, towers, and the recently built west front. Rebuilding began the same year, with support from the Pope, the King, and the wealthy nobility and merchants of the city.
1830:
1937:
2493:
in the early 12th century. The glass and the windows were made by different craftsmen, usually at different locations. The molten glass was coloured with metal oxides;
2232:
1378:
2621:
2248:
866:
2459:
1360:
William of Sens fell from a scaffolding in 1178 and was seriously injured, and returned to France, where he died, and his work was continued by an English architect,
1259:, begun in the 1170s, featured the more modern four-part rib vaults and flying buttresses. Other experiments with Gothic rib vaults and other features took place in
597:
massive square piers and more slender round columns. It had a wide impact on the Gothic style not only in France, but also in England, because its master builder,
1815:
2149:
2423:
662:
considerable rebuilding in the 13th and 16th century, including a new tower and new interior decorations. Many of the early Gothic features are overladen with
1729:
276:
2753:
2407:
913:
with the intention of surpassing all other existing churches in Europe. The new cathedral was 122 meters long and 35 meters high, eleven meters higher than
2477:
had existed for centuries, and was used in Romanesque churches, but it became was a particularly important feature of early Gothic architecture. The Abbot
1636:
511:
According to Suger, every aspect of the new apse architecture had a symbolic meaning. The twelve columns separating the chapels, he wrote, represented the
1058:. The north and south transepts fronts are High Gothic, as is the sculpture of the six thirteenth-century portals. The spire on the north tower is later
556:
198:
2517:
The rose window was a particular feature of early Gothic. They had been used in Romanesque architecture, such as the two small windows on the facade of
1574:, begun the same year, with its simple apse on east and its minimal transepts. The nave has strong horizontal lines created by the contrast of the dark
82:
region of France, around Paris, and spread quickly to other regions, and to England and Germany. It combined several existing technologies, notably the
593:
in the nave, giving the church exceptional width and height. Because the six-part vaults distributed the weight unevenly, the vaults were supported by
532:
568:
133:(1100–1135). Under Louis and his successors, cathedrals were the most visible symbol of the unity of the French church and state. During the reign of
1684:
1519:
1167:
442:
was succeeded in the early 13th century by a new wave of larger and taller buildings, with further technical innovations, in a style later known as
148:
became the ceremonial royal burial place. The King and his successors lavishly supported the construction and enlargement of abbeys and cathedrals.
1768:
2791:
2086:
1699:
1968:
1179:
214:
1800:
3678:
2281:
686:
2435:
939:
The flying buttress made its first appearance in Paris in the early 13th century, either at Notre Dame, or perhaps earlier in the Abbey of
621:
2165:
1449:
182:
2195:
2102:
909:
was the largest of the Early Gothic cathedrals, and marked the summit of the Early Gothic in France. It was begun in 1163 by the Bishop
666:
and later decoration. In the 16th century, the triforia disappeared, whereas the tribunes kept their Primary Gothic layout until today.
2308:
976:
1962:, consecration 1182, three levels (arcade, tribune and clerestory); triforia removed by the remodeling of the clerestories after 1220
643:
Elevation of Sens Cathedral: three levels; the tribune above the aisle, typical for Early Gothic or Primary Gothic, is still missing.
167:
2605:
1624:
3871:
2070:
1655:(rebuilt from the Norman style beginning in 1192), is the best example of the fully mature early Gothic style. The master-builder,
2521:
in Italy (early 10th century), but they became more important and complex in the Gothic period. In the 12th century, according to
1479:
1044:
in 1326, and the covering of the choir columns with stucco and the addition of marble reliefs in behind the stalls in the 1750s.
3407:
2540:, a geometric pattern of openings in stone over the central portal. Early examples included the rose on the west facade of the
4047:
786:
94:, to build much higher and thinner walls, which allowed more space for stained glass windows and more light in the interior.
3912:
3907:
3651:
3638:
3605:
3572:
3516:
3478:
3334:
71:, where thin stone ribs passed the weight of the ceiling to rows of columns and outside the walls to another innovation, the
737:, the prosperous region north of Paris. The city has an important connection with French history, as the coronation site of
290:) or Gothique premier (First Gothic), from short before 1140 until short after 1180, marked by tribunes above the aisles of
4003:
3955:
3757:
3535:
2343:
1353:
to create decorative contrasts with the pale stone brought from Normandy. The work was described by a monk and chronicler,
1750:
The plans of the early Gothic cathedrals in France were usually in the form of a Greek cross, and were relatively simple.
1464:
262:
of parishioners who could not read.The windows were necessarily small, because, before the invention of the stone ribs of
3960:
3865:
3554:
2339:
2017:, and then, in the course of building, was improved with pointed arches in about 1096. Other variations had been used at
121:
Early Gothic architecture was the result of the emergence in the 12th century of a powerful French state centered in the
1545:, with its strong horizontal emphasis. The unusual double arch was added in 1338 to reinforce the support of the tower.
878:
1855:
234:
Early Gothic architecture was the solution that the first Gothic builders found to resolve the problem of the earlier
3671:
3620:
3587:
3497:
3459:
3359:
1313:, a Romanesque church, a traverse of the nave and lower aisle was made with an early variation a rib vault, a ribbed
1281:
beginning in 1185. The new Gothic nave was given four levels, while the later choir had the newly fashionable three.
1277:
had notable early Gothic features, added when the interior was reconstructed from Romanesque to Gothic by archbishop
275:
for all countries, it has to be regarded that there may be special terms for the styles of single countries, such as
1887:
1784:
1372:
Canterbury, but in the abbey-churches of Bath, Coventry, Durham, Ely, Norwich, Rochester, Winchester and Worcester.
3965:
3830:
3747:
1871:
2745:
1268:
1062:. Chartres still has much of its original medieval stained glass, famous for the deep color called Chartres blue.
1418:
monasteries. The Cistercian order had been formed in 1098 as a reaction against the opulence and ornament of the
1215:. Its eastern parts are Early Gothic with some Romanesque elements; its western parts have High Gothic tracery.
657:
ambulatory (different from Saint-Denis, where they form something like an outer aisle). They gave an example for
2180:
2156:
1264:
339:(Flaming Gothic), since mid 14th century, marked by swinging and flaming (that makes the term) forms of tracery.
3861:
3804:
3762:
2647:
386:
1247:
Experiments with Gothic features were also underway in Normandy in the late 11th and 12th centuries. In 1098
347:
and other buildings with the first rib vaults in Romanesque walls are subsumed to this style, most of German
3008:, puublshed by Verlag Langewiesche, Königstein im Taunus 2016 (= Die Blauen Bücher), ISBN 978-3-7845-4826-5.
1146:
Many later Gothic cathedrals followed the Chartres model, but several were influenced by Bourges, including
890:
4042:
4037:
3991:
3740:
3664:
291:
3935:
3902:
3767:
3730:
3713:
2672:
1364:, who constructed the Trinity Chapel in the apse and the Corona in the east end, which were monuments to
1290:
4015:
1130:
used in Paris. This meant that the weight of the vaults fell unevenly upon the nave, and required, like
468:, the patron saint of Paris. To accommodate the large number of pilgrims, Suger first constructed a new
389:, of exceptional height and grandeur, filled with light from stained glass windows. Notable examples of
3718:
2667:
2323:
cathedrals, which was influenced by the ancient Roman sculpture which had recently been discovered.
921:
massive pillars with capitals decorated with classical decoration. This gave the nave greater harmony.
366:
3391:
3283:
3191:
2903:
2837:
2775:
522:
The Basilica, including the upper parts of the choir and the apse, were extensively modified into the
246:, where thin stone ribs spread the weight of the ceiling outward and downwards to flying buttresses.
3708:
970:
Nave looking to the east: six-part rib vaults, clerestories remodeled after 1220, three levels only.
768:
Choir, begun short after 1150, elevation with 4 levels: arcade, tribune, triforium, clerestory
2677:
999:
2577:
2541:
2486:
their light had a more striking contrast with the dark interiors of the churches and cathedrals.
2482:
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370:
235:
189:
173:
156:
672:
3950:
3723:
1361:
940:
302:
2222:
One of the finest examples of early Gothic sculpture is the tympanum over the royal portal of
1077:
The choir and the apse chapels of Chartres Cathedral, except for the crypts already polygonal
1047:
The new cathedral was 130.2 meters long and 30 meters high in the nave longer and higher than
3919:
3021:, published by Verlag Schnell und Steiner, 19th revised edition, 2015, ISBN 978-3-7954-4365-8
2696:
Enyclopedia Britannica On-Line, "Gothic Architecture" (by subscription), retrieved April 2024
1354:
822:
2544:(though the present window is not original), and the early rose window on the west front of
601:, was invited to England and introduced Early Gothic features to the reconstructed choir of
526:
style in the 1230s, but the original early Gothic ambulatory and chapels can still be seen.
3945:
2612:
2553:
2522:
2490:
2466:
2216:
1385:
1326:
1278:
733:, begun between 1150 and 1155, was the first of a series of famous Cathedrals to appear in
602:
501:
492:
this feature, he was inspired by the ancient Roman columns he had seen in the ruins of the
465:
417:
394:
145:
102:
98:
4010:
416:
Early English Gothic was influenced by the French style, particularly in the new choir of
301:), from the 1180s to the first third of 13th century, marked by basilicas without lateral
8:
3735:
3687:
2642:
2628:
2530:
2202:
2093:
2057:
1959:
1924:
1893:
1837:
1821:
1759:
1611:
1595:
1567:
1506:
1342:
1122:
1048:
906:
853:
Laon Cathedral was the model for the first Gothic project in Germany, the rebuilding of
658:
493:
433:
410:
60:
2022:
1907:
aisle arcade on the ground floor; the gallery arcade, a passageway, above it; the blind
369:. It combined and developed several key elements from earlier styles, particularly from
2545:
2414:
2239:
2223:
2053:
1656:
1232:
1208:
1151:
1020:
925:
310:
254:
134:
130:
126:
1207:
begun by bishop Normand de Doué, 1148–1152, the first Angevin vault were constructed.
749:
a narrow passageway between the ground-level gallery, the tribunes, and the top level
3897:
3892:
3752:
3703:
3647:
3634:
3616:
3601:
3583:
3568:
3550:
3531:
3512:
3493:
3474:
3455:
3355:
3330:
2267:
2125:
2061:
2041:
1991:
1878:
1721:
1706:
1690:
1652:
1236:
1196:
1147:
1114:
1107:
995:
854:
505:
429:
3404:
3386:
3278:
3186:
2832:
2529:, and had a prominent place on the facades of the cathedrals named for her, such as
1103:
515:, while the twelve columns of the side aisles represented the minor prophets of the
3887:
3782:
3777:
2898:
2014:
1579:
1571:
1510:
1310:
1204:
1155:
910:
678:
653:
406:
344:
318:
221:
97:
Early examples of Early Gothic include the east end, chapels and ambulatory of the
2560:
has what is believed to be the oldest existing stained glass window in England, a
1994:. showing three levels; arcades (bottom); tribunes {middle} and clerestory (top).
1117:
took a different direction. It was built by Bishop Henri de Sully, whose brother,
608:
In the following centuries, all clerestories were remodelled, and the transept is
550:
Tympanum and lintel of the central portal "Last Judgement (c. 1135, restored 1839)
137:(1081–1137), Paris was the principal residence of the Kings of France. During the
122:
79:
28:
3411:
2172:
2139:
2109:
1975:
1943:
1920:
1862:
1806:
1755:
1542:
1526:
1498:
1485:
1455:
1436:
1428:
1389:
1330:
1274:
872:
Eastern part of the nave (before 1180), towards the choir, replaced in 1205–1220.
730:
598:
512:
425:
378:
314:
141:
138:
106:
91:
72:
3528:
Architecture du Patrimoine Française - Abbayes, Églises, Cathédrales et Châteaux
3772:
3122:
Encyclopédie Larousse on-line, "Le Premier Art Gothique" (retrieved May 3, 2020
2549:
2226:(1145–1245), which survived a fire that destroyed much of the early Cathedral.
2187:
2077:
1916:
1791:
1751:
1671:
1666:
Another distinctive English element introduced at Lincoln was the use of s the
1615:
1575:
1350:
1346:
1334:
1224:
1118:
1033:
933:
924:
The upper parts of the choir were built at about 1182 or 1185, not long before
914:
834:
818:
813:
805:
793:
780:
The alternating piers and columns of the grand arcade, which support the vaults
628:
585:
421:
402:
398:
298:
205:
159:, making it the first and most influential example of the new style in France.
110:
4031:
3814:
2592:
2561:
2518:
2474:
2398:
2382:
2040:
More elaborate rib vaults were introduced in England later in the period, at
1841:
1365:
516:
479:
The most original and influential step made by Suger was the creation of the
365:, it was mixed with regional traditions. In England, it gave the example for
1203:, by dating and by shape are part of early Gothic. In the reconstruction of
3800:
3646:(2002), Éditions du Patrimoine, Centre des Monuments Nationaux (in French)
2596:
2557:
2453:
Seth and Adam Window, from Canterbury Cathedral (late 12th – early 13th c.)
2018:
1667:
1248:
1131:
809:
484:
382:
282:
In France, where Gothic style began, another phasing has been established:
239:
87:
64:
1414:
Another notable form of early English Gothic architecture was that of the
958:
Reconstructed Early Gothic clerestories adjacent to the northern transept.
3845:
3825:
2652:
2526:
2429:
Detail of the stained glass window called Notre-Dame de la Belle Verierre
2010:
1470:
1432:
1419:
1314:
1228:
1212:
1121:, was the bishop of Paris, and its construction in several ways followed
1024:
738:
500:
Suger was an admirer of the doctrines of the early Christian philosopher
473:
443:
322:
263:
253:
were gradually made smaller. or eliminated. After 1194, the builders of
1946:, late 12h century, four levels: arcade, tribune, triforium, clerestory
1301:
1113:
While most High Gothic cathedrals generally followed the Chartres plan,
238:
style; masonry ceilings which were too heavy for the traditional arched
3820:
2735:
Brisac, Catherine (1994), "Le Vitrail" (in French), Paris, La Matiniere
2662:
2060:, who designed the tierceron star vaulting in the cathedral's nave. at
1912:
1424:
1415:
1090:
1059:
1041:
750:
742:
717:
663:
609:
336:
3656:
385:, and used them in innovative ways to create structures, particularly
3840:
3835:
3447:
2657:
2536:
The rose windows of the Early Gothic churches were composed of plate
2506:
2320:
2049:
2005:
1908:
1660:
1502:
1440:
1325:
One of the first major buildings in England to use the new style was
1252:
1127:
746:
590:
523:
488:
374:
329:
306:
250:
243:
83:
68:
3426:
3424:
1139:
it was also reinforced by thicker and stronger walls than Chartres.
257:
enitlrely removed the tribune, making more space for stained glass.
3940:
2510:
1309:
English architects had experimented with early Gothic features. At
1012:
362:
3452:
French Gothic Architecture of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries
1158:
in Spain, which copied the system of vaults of different heights.
3972:
3421:
2537:
2299:
Early Gothic style: Prophet's head, 1137-1140, originally in the
1023:
was the site of four annual trade fairs on the Feast Days of the
734:
469:
2726:
Enclopedia Britannica on-line, "Early Gothic" (by subscription).
1557:
Detail of the sculpted capitals of clustered columns in the nave
266:, the windows were held together only with thin strips of iron.
2717:
Enclopedia Britannica on-line, "Early Gothic" (by subscription)
2498:
2494:
2052:, in ornate designs like stars and fans, They were the work of
2045:
2026:
480:
358:
1404:
The windows and vaults of Trinity Chapel, Canterbury Cathedral
1263:, in the churches of the two large royal abbeys churches, the
2478:
2365:, the patron, depicted at the feet of the Virgin. (1140–1144)
2362:
1598:(1220–1260), with its multiple transepts and projecting porch
242:. The solution to the problem came in the form of the Gothic
152:
3169:
3167:
2933:
2489:
The process of making the windows was described by the monk
2254:
Detail of the royal portal of Chartres Cathedral (1145–1245)
1271:, but they remained essentially Norman Romanesque churches.
343:
The term "Early Gothic" should not be extended backward; if
3598:
Paris Panorama de l'architecture de l'Antiquité à nos jours
2811:
2809:
2502:
1260:
847:
3130:
3128:
3031:
3029:
3027:
2952:
2950:
2948:
998:
of Notre Dame as they appeared in about 1220–30 (drawn by
704:
Sculpted capitals of the piers, Chapel of Sainte-Genevieve
3306:
3197:
3164:
3140:
2843:
2044:. These had additional purely decorative ribs called the
2037:
used increasingly at the end of the Early Gothic period.
1305:
Durham Cathedral Nave with reconstructed vaults (c. 1235)
3235:
3233:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3048:
3046:
3044:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2860:
2858:
2806:
2699:
2441:
Chartres Cathedral, Passion of Christ windows, (c. 1150)
1089:
South side of the nave: No fine tracery, except for the
483:, or east end, with radiating chapels. Here he used the
313:, have to be subsumed to Early Gothic, others, like the
113:, an early example of early French Gothic architecture.
3296:
3294:
3292:
3257:
3125:
3075:
3073:
3024:
2945:
2909:
2525:, writing at that time, the rose was the symbol of the
1735:
Blind arcades of St. Hugh's choir in Lincoln Cathedral
67:. The solutions to the problem came in the form of the
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
2599:(c. 1170), the oldest stained-glass window in England.
2314:
Image of Biblical Wise Men, Moissac Abbey (12th. c.)
3245:
3230:
3209:
3152:
3041:
2974:
2870:
2855:
1054:
The lower portions of the west front (1134–1150) are
3368:
3289:
3104:
3070:
3058:
2986:
2962:
309:
without windows. Some buildings of this phase, like
3085:
2548:. Other examples are the rose on the west front of
2361:, Apse, axial chapel, The Annonciation, with Abbot
2287:Sculpture of the portal of Basilica of Saint Denis
1320:
1173:
Nave, with 21-meter-high piers of the grand arcades
472:and façade at the west end, with twin towers and a
3567:, Association des Amis de la tour Jean sans Peur.
1427:, and now are picturesque ruins. Examples include
1211:, erected since 1166 is known as the first Gothic
3354:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 134–135.
1337:, the first complete Gothic cathedral in France.
1239:also have elements of Early Gothic architecture.
1007:
584:The construction of the choir and ambulatory of
449:
4029:
3578:Trintignac, André; Coloni, Marie-Jeanne (1984).
3577:
3430:
1824:, begun in 1163, plan with additions since 1220.
1098:
833:Choir of Laon Cathedral, replaced in 1205–1220,
538:Detail of the west front (12th c.) restored 1839
424:. Major examples are the nave and west front of
3403:Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters. "
1333:, who had been involved in the construction of
1218:
393:in France include the ambulatory and facade of
3545:Renault, Christophe; Lazé, Christophe (2006).
1720:The "Crazy Vaults" of the St. Hugh's choir of
3672:
2333:
3633:, Éditions Ouest-France, Rennes (in French)
982:West façade: rose level built at about 1220.
269:
3547:Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier
3544:
3488:Houvet, E (2019). Miller, Malcolm B (ed.).
3325:Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan (2016).
2939:
2849:
2705:
2481:commissioned stained glass windows for the
2377:Windows of the Chapel of the Virgin at the
1614:, with its strong horizontal lines of dark
1242:
3679:
3665:
3418:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art
3324:
3274:
3272:
2533:, whose west rose window dates from 1220.
2266:Adam and Eve eating apples, west front of
1296:
1251:was given an early version of the pointed
454:
27:
1809:, 1130–1150, plan without later additions
1185:The chevet, all windows without tracery.
33:Ambulatory of the Basilica of Saint-Denis
16:Architectural style in France and England
3872:Gothic secular and domestic architecture
3329:. Oxford University Press. p. 527.
3006:Dom und Domschatz in Limburg an der Lahn
2748:L'art gothique à la conquête de l'Europe
2401:window, Baslica of Saint-Denis (1140–44)
1409:
1341:sculpture, showing elements inspired by
1300:
1102:
1011:
828:
3686:
3631:Cathédales Cothiques - un Défi Médiéval
3269:
2894:
2892:
1284:
4030:
3610:
3525:
3509:Architecture des Cathédrales Gothiques
3506:
3487:
3468:
3374:
3349:
3343:
3318:
3312:
3300:
3263:
3251:
3239:
3224:
3203:
3173:
3158:
3146:
3134:
3110:
3079:
3064:
3052:
3035:
2992:
2980:
2968:
2956:
2915:
2883:
2864:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2815:
2465:Face from the Thomas Becket window at
2238:Central tympanum of the royal portal,
1642:The Lady Chapel of Salisbury Cathedral
1562:
901:
3660:
3563:Rivière, Rémi; Lavoye, Agnès (2007).
1849:simultaneously in the same building.
144:was the place of coronation, and the
3998:
3530:(in French). Éditions Ouest-France.
3511:(in French). Éditions Ouest-France.
3446:
3352:Medieval Structure: The Gothic Vault
3098:
2889:
2344:English Gothic stained glass windows
1647:
59:is the term for the first period of
3866:List of Gothic cathedrals in Europe
2821:
2340:French Gothic stained glass windows
648:
13:
3454:. University of California Press.
2133:
1740:
1493:
725:
692:Nave: arcades and tribunes 1153–91
14:
4059:
3613:A History of Western Architecture
3600:, Parigramme, Paris (in French),
3490:Chartres - Guide of the Cathedral
3416:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
3327:Oxford Dictionary of Architecture
2413:Top of the Tree of Jessé Window,
2013:, with round arches, was used at
1911:, a narrower passageway, and the
1190:
800:
579:
504:(c. 810–87) and Dionysus, or the
105:, built under the supervision of
4009:
3997:
3986:
3985:
3644:Le Guide du Patrimoine en France
3405:Stained Glass in Medieval Europe
2928:Le Guide du Patrimoine de France
2620:
2604:
2584:
2576:12th century stained glass from
2569:
2458:
2446:
2434:
2422:
2406:
2390:
2370:
2351:
2307:
2292:
2280:
2259:
2247:
2231:
2194:
2179:
2164:
2148:
2117:
2101:
2085:
2069:
1983:
1967:
1951:
1936:
1886:
1870:
1854:
1829:
1814:
1799:
1783:
1767:
1728:
1713:
1698:
1683:
1635:
1630:The choir of Salisbury Cathedral
1623:
1603:
1587:
1550:
1534:
1518:
1478:
1463:
1448:
1397:
1377:
1321:Canterbury Cathedral (1174-1184)
1178:
1166:
1082:
1070:
987:
975:
963:
951:
889:
877:
865:
785:
773:
761:
709:
697:
685:
671:
636:
620:
567:
555:
543:
531:
213:
197:
181:
166:
3440:
3397:
3380:
3179:
3116:
3011:
2998:
2921:
2794:from the original on 3 May 2023
2756:from the original on 6 May 2023
2128:in St. Hugh's choir (1192–1208)
1840:before 1220, reconstruction by
562:Early decoration of West Front
3862:Gothic cathedrals and churches
3805:List of Brick Gothic buildings
2768:
2738:
2729:
2720:
2711:
2690:
2648:Gothic cathedrals and churches
1008:Chartres Cathedral (1194–1225)
716:Buttresses of Primary Gothic,
450:Early French Gothic cathedrals
387:Gothic cathedrals and churches
229:
1:
4048:Gothic architecture in France
3580:Decouvrir Notre-Dame de Paris
3019:Limburg an der Lahn – Der Dom
2683:
1901:
1269:Abbey of Sainte-Trinité, Caen
1099:Bourges Cathedral (1195–1230)
741:and of the early French King
574:Saint Fermin chapel (12th c.)
3431:Trintignac & Coloni 1984
2782:Noyon, cathédrale Notre-Dame
2776:"Dominiqque Vermand, portal
2469:(late 12th – early 13th c.)
2209:
2157:Abbey of Saint-Étienne, Caen
1265:Abbey of Saint-Étienne, Caen
1255:in the choir. The church of
1219:Early Classic or High Gothic
432:, and the early portions of
349:Late Romanesque architecture
7:
3936:Building a Gothic cathedral
3903:Gothic Revival architecture
2673:English Gothic architecture
2636:
1693:(rebuilt beginning in 1192)
1488:, North Yorkshire (c. 1132)
1473:, South Yorkshire (c. 1172)
1291:English Gothic architecture
409:; (1160) and most famously
10:
4064:
3582:(in French). Paris: Cerf.
3471:Caractéristique des Styles
2668:French Gothic architecture
2334:Early Gothic Stained Glass
1458:, West Yorkshire (c. 1152)
808:was begun in 1155, in the
367:Early English architecture
151:The Abbot of Saint-Denis,
116:
3981:
3928:
3880:
3854:
3811:Early Gothic architecture
3793:
3694:
3473:(in French). Flammarion.
3350:Acland, James H. (1972).
1999:
1223:Some notable examples of
391:early Gothic architecture
321:, have to be subsumed to
317:and the western parts of
270:Classification of periods
176:, west facade (1130–1140)
46:
38:
26:
22:Early Gothic architecture
3629:Wenzler, Claude (2018),
3526:Mignon, Olivier (2017).
3507:Mignon, Olivier (2015).
3017:Matthias Theodor Kloft,
3004:Matthias Theodor Kloft,
2678:Architecture of Normandy
2029:at about the same time.
1974:Three-part elevation of
1836:Choir and ambulatory of
1774:Choir and ambulatory of
1745:
1674:for the upper portions.
1243:Early Gothic in Normandy
1093:window on the very right
50:France, England, Germany
3596:Texier, Simon, (2012),
3549:(in French). Gisserot.
3469:Ducher, Robert (2014).
3392:Encyclopædia Britannica
3284:Encyclopædia Britannica
3192:Encyclopædia Britannica
2940:Renault & Lazé 2006
2904:Encyclopædia Britannica
2850:Renault & Lazé 2006
2838:Encyclopædia Britannica
2706:Renault & Lazé 2006
2578:Basilica of Saint-Denis
2542:Basilica of Saint-Denis
2483:Basilica of Saint-Denis
2379:Basilica of Saint-Denis
2359:Basilica of Saint-Denis
2155:Flying buttress at the
2092:Six-part rib vaults in
1297:Durham Cathedral (1235)
1257:Saint-Pierre de Lisieux
461:Basilica of Saint-Denis
455:Basilica of Saint-Denis
371:Romanesque architecture
351:would be Early Gothic.
190:Basilica of Saint-Denis
174:Basilica of Saint Denis
157:Basilica of Saint-Denis
78:Gothic appeared in the
3951:Medieval stained glass
3615:. Barrie and Jenkins.
3611:Watkin, David (1986).
3565:La Tour Jean sans Peur
2385:window is on the right
1594:The sprawling plan of
1362:William the Englishman
1306:
1110:
1017:
941:Saint-Germain-des-Pres
857:, begun in the 1180s.
838:
3920:High Victorian Gothic
2301:Basilica of St. Denis
2201:Flying buttresses of
2159:, Caen (11th century)
1410:The Cistercian abbeys
1355:Gervase of Canterbury
1304:
1106:
1015:
1000:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
832:
823:Villard de Honnecourt
357:appeared in northern
3946:International Gothic
2899:Western architecture
2627:West rose window of
2613:Notre Dame de Mantes
2554:Notre Dame de Mantes
2523:Bernard of Clairvaux
2491:Theophilus Presbyter
2467:Canterbury Cathedral
2217:Romanesque sculpture
2171:Early buttresses of
2108:Four-part vaults of
1386:Canterbury Cathedral
1327:Canterbury Cathedral
1285:English Early Gothic
1279:Gautier de Coutances
1231:cathedrals, such as
842:finished cathedral.
603:Canterbury Cathedral
502:John Scotus Eriugena
418:Canterbury Cathedral
395:Saint-Denis Basilica
297:Gothique classique (
146:Abbey of Saint-Denis
109:, who had worked on
103:Canterbury Cathedral
99:Abbey of Saint Denis
4043:Church architecture
4038:Gothic architecture
3688:Gothic architecture
3492:. Éditions Houvet.
3279:Gothic architecture
2643:Gothic architecture
2629:Notre Dame de Paris
2531:Notre-Dame de Paris
2203:Salisbury Cathedral
2094:Notre-Dame de Paris
2076:Six-part vaults in
2058:Alexander the Mason
2021:in Normandy and in
1960:Notre Dame de Paris
1925:Notre Dame de Paris
1894:Salisbury Cathedral
1838:Notre Dame de Paris
1822:Notre Dame de Paris
1760:Notre Dame de Paris
1612:Salisbury Cathedral
1596:Salisbury Cathedral
1568:Salisbury Cathedral
1563:Salisbury Cathedral
1507:Salisbury Cathedral
1343:Notre-Dame de Paris
1135:semicircular ends.
1123:Notre-Dame de Paris
1049:Notre-Dame de Paris
947:Notre Dame de Paris
907:Notre Dame de Paris
902:Notre Dame de Paris
896:"English" footplan
792:Façade, 1200–1235,
720:clerestory of C XVI
659:Magdeburg Cathedral
494:Baths of Diocletian
434:Salisbury Cathedral
411:Notre-Dame de Paris
286:Gothique primitif (
61:Gothic architecture
23:
3410:2021-11-22 at the
3315:, p. 126–127.
3206:, p. 144–145.
3176:, p. 143–144.
3149:, p. 108–109.
2818:, p. 126–128.
2546:Chartres Cathedral
2415:Chartres Cathedral
2240:Chartres Cathedral
2224:Chartres Cathedral
2138:Variations of the
2124:"Crazy vaults" of
2054:Geoffrey de Noiers
1923:and originally at
1778:abbey church, 1140
1657:Geoffrey de Noiers
1307:
1233:Chartres Cathedral
1209:Poitiers Cathedral
1195:Most buildings of
1152:Beauvais Cathedral
1111:
1066:Chartres Cathedral
1021:Chartres Cathedral
1018:
1016:Chartres Cathedral
926:Chartres Cathedral
884:Façade (1180–1200)
839:
311:Chartres Cathedral
255:Chartres Cathedral
135:Louis VI of France
131:Henry I of England
127:Louis VI of France
21:
4025:
4024:
3898:Dissenting Gothic
3893:Collegiate Gothic
3652:978-2-85822-760-0
3639:978-2-7373-7712-9
3606:978-2-84096-667-8
3573:978-2-95164-940-8
3518:978-2-7373-6535-5
3480:978-2-0813-4383-2
3336:978-0-19-967499-2
3266:, pp. 40–43.
2778:Églises de l'Oise
2268:Lincoln Cathedral
2126:Lincoln Cathedral
2062:Lincoln Cathedral
2042:Lincoln Cathedral
1992:Lincoln Cathedral
1879:Lincoln Cathedral
1722:Lincoln Cathedral
1707:Lincoln Cathedral
1705:The wide nave of
1691:Lincoln Cathedral
1653:Lincoln Cathedral
1648:Lincoln Cathedral
1439:(c. 1132) all in
1237:Bourges Cathedral
1197:Plantagenet style
1162:Bourges Cathedral
1148:Le Mans Cathedral
1115:Bourges Cathedral
1108:Bourges Cathedral
996:flying buttresses
855:Limburg Cathedral
506:Pseudo-Areopagite
430:Lincoln Cathedral
54:
53:
4055:
4013:
4001:
4000:
3989:
3988:
3929:Related articles
3888:Carpenter Gothic
3681:
3674:
3667:
3658:
3657:
3626:
3593:
3560:
3541:
3537:978-27373-7611-5
3522:
3503:
3484:
3465:
3434:
3433:, p. 44–45.
3428:
3419:
3401:
3395:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3287:
3276:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3228:
3222:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3137:, p. 30–31.
3132:
3123:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3083:
3077:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3039:
3038:, p. 18–19.
3033:
3022:
3015:
3009:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2959:, p. 16–17.
2954:
2943:
2942:, p. 33–35.
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2918:, p. 10-11.
2913:
2907:
2896:
2887:
2881:
2868:
2862:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2830:
2819:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2624:
2608:
2588:
2573:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2426:
2410:
2394:
2374:
2355:
2311:
2296:
2284:
2263:
2251:
2235:
2198:
2183:
2168:
2152:
2121:
2105:
2089:
2073:
2023:Cefalù Cathedral
2015:Durham Cathedral
1987:
1971:
1955:
1940:
1890:
1874:
1858:
1833:
1818:
1803:
1787:
1771:
1732:
1717:
1702:
1687:
1639:
1627:
1607:
1591:
1580:Decorated Gothic
1572:Amiens Cathedral
1554:
1538:
1522:
1511:Exeter Cathedral
1482:
1467:
1452:
1401:
1381:
1311:Durham Cathedral
1235:(see above) and
1205:Angers Cathedral
1182:
1170:
1156:Toledo Cathedral
1086:
1074:
991:
979:
967:
955:
911:Maurice de Sully
893:
881:
869:
789:
777:
765:
713:
701:
689:
679:Senlis Cathedral
675:
654:Senlis Cathedral
649:Senlis Cathedral
640:
624:
571:
559:
547:
535:
407:Senlis Cathedral
373:, including the
361:in the 130s. In
345:Durham Cathedral
319:Amiens Cathedral
222:Senlis Cathedral
217:
201:
185:
170:
31:
24:
20:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4021:
3977:
3924:
3876:
3850:
3789:
3696:
3690:
3685:
3623:
3590:
3557:
3556:9-782877-474658
3538:
3519:
3500:
3481:
3462:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3429:
3422:
3412:Wayback Machine
3402:
3398:
3385:
3381:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3323:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3290:
3277:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3238:
3231:
3223:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3187:William of Sens
3184:
3180:
3172:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3133:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3097:
3086:
3078:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3051:
3042:
3034:
3025:
3016:
3012:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2897:
2890:
2882:
2871:
2863:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2831:
2822:
2814:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2616:
2611:Rose window of
2609:
2600:
2589:
2580:
2574:
2509:for purple and
2470:
2463:
2454:
2451:
2442:
2439:
2430:
2427:
2418:
2411:
2402:
2395:
2386:
2375:
2366:
2356:
2336:
2315:
2312:
2303:
2297:
2288:
2285:
2275:
2271:
2270:(12th century)
2264:
2255:
2252:
2243:
2236:
2212:
2205:
2199:
2190:
2184:
2175:
2173:Noyon Cathedral
2169:
2160:
2153:
2140:flying buttress
2136:
2134:Flying buttress
2129:
2122:
2113:
2110:Wells Cathedral
2106:
2097:
2090:
2081:
2074:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1979:
1976:Wells Cathedral
1972:
1963:
1956:
1947:
1944:Noyon Cathedral
1941:
1921:Noyon Cathedral
1904:
1897:
1891:
1882:
1875:
1866:
1863:Wells Cathedral
1859:
1844:
1834:
1825:
1819:
1810:
1807:Noyon Cathedral
1804:
1795:
1788:
1779:
1772:
1756:Noyon Cathedral
1748:
1743:
1741:Characteristics
1736:
1733:
1724:
1718:
1709:
1703:
1694:
1688:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1631:
1628:
1619:
1608:
1599:
1592:
1565:
1558:
1555:
1546:
1543:Wells Cathedral
1539:
1530:
1527:Wells Cathedral
1523:
1499:Wells Cathedral
1496:
1494:Wells Cathedral
1489:
1486:Fountains Abbey
1483:
1474:
1468:
1459:
1456:Kirkstall Abbey
1453:
1437:Fountains Abbey
1435:(c. 1172), and
1429:Kirkstall Abbey
1412:
1405:
1402:
1393:
1390:William of Sens
1382:
1331:William of Sens
1323:
1299:
1287:
1275:Rouen Cathedral
1245:
1221:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1174:
1171:
1150:, the modified
1101:
1094:
1087:
1078:
1075:
1010:
1003:
992:
983:
980:
971:
968:
959:
956:
904:
897:
894:
885:
882:
873:
870:
837:& "English"
803:
796:
790:
781:
778:
769:
766:
757:Noyon Cathedral
731:Noyon Cathedral
728:
726:Noyon Cathedral
721:
714:
705:
702:
693:
690:
681:
676:
651:
644:
641:
632:
625:
599:William of Sens
582:
575:
572:
563:
560:
551:
548:
539:
536:
513:twelve Apostles
476:in the centre.
457:
452:
428:, the choir of
426:Wells Cathedral
379:flying buttress
315:Reims Cathedral
272:
260:
232:
225:
218:
209:
202:
193:
186:
177:
171:
142:Reims Cathedral
139:Carolingian era
119:
107:William of Sens
92:flying buttress
73:flying buttress
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4061:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4007:
3995:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3881:Gothic Revival
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3808:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3641:
3627:
3621:
3608:
3594:
3588:
3575:
3561:
3555:
3542:
3536:
3523:
3517:
3504:
3498:
3485:
3479:
3466:
3460:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3420:
3396:
3379:
3367:
3360:
3342:
3335:
3317:
3305:
3288:
3268:
3256:
3254:, p. 146.
3244:
3242:, p. 147.
3229:
3227:, p. 145.
3208:
3196:
3178:
3163:
3161:, p. 143.
3151:
3139:
3124:
3115:
3103:
3101:, p. 212.
3084:
3069:
3057:
3055:, p. 131.
3040:
3023:
3010:
2997:
2985:
2983:, p. 129.
2973:
2961:
2944:
2932:
2920:
2908:
2888:
2886:, p. 128.
2869:
2867:, p. 127.
2854:
2842:
2820:
2805:
2767:
2737:
2728:
2719:
2710:
2698:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2601:
2590:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2568:
2550:Laon Cathedral
2472:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2421:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2403:
2397:Detail of the
2396:
2389:
2387:
2376:
2369:
2367:
2357:
2350:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2246:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2193:
2191:
2188:Laon Cathedral
2186:Buttresses of
2185:
2178:
2176:
2170:
2163:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2082:
2078:Sens Cathedral
2075:
2068:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1948:
1942:
1935:
1917:Sens Cathedral
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1892:
1885:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1845:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1820:
1813:
1811:
1805:
1798:
1796:
1792:Sens Cathedral
1789:
1782:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1752:Sens Cathedral
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1727:
1725:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1704:
1697:
1695:
1689:
1682:
1672:Purbeck marble
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1622:
1620:
1616:Purbeck marble
1609:
1602:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1576:Purbeck marble
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1531:
1525:West front of
1524:
1517:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1462:
1460:
1454:
1447:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1383:
1376:
1351:Purbeck marble
1347:Laon Cathedral
1335:Sens Cathedral
1322:
1319:
1298:
1295:
1286:
1283:
1244:
1241:
1225:Classic Gothic
1220:
1217:
1201:Angevin Gothic
1199:, also called
1192:
1191:Angevin Gothic
1189:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1119:Eudes de Sully
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1034:Classic Gothic
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
993:
986:
984:
981:
974:
972:
969:
962:
960:
957:
950:
948:
934:Viollet-le-Duc
915:Laon Cathedral
903:
900:
899:
898:
895:
888:
886:
883:
876:
874:
871:
864:
862:
861:Laon Cathedral
835:Classic Gothic
819:Classic Gothic
814:Primary Gothic
806:Laon Cathedral
802:
801:Laon Cathedral
799:
798:
797:
794:Classic Gothic
791:
784:
782:
779:
772:
770:
767:
760:
758:
727:
724:
723:
722:
715:
708:
706:
703:
696:
694:
691:
684:
682:
677:
670:
650:
647:
646:
645:
642:
635:
633:
629:Sens Cathedral
626:
619:
586:Sens Cathedral
581:
580:Sens Cathedral
578:
577:
576:
573:
566:
564:
561:
554:
552:
549:
542:
540:
537:
530:
456:
453:
451:
448:
422:Purbeck marble
413:(begun 1160).
403:Laon Cathedral
399:Sens Cathedral
355:Primary Gothic
341:
340:
333:
326:
299:Classic Gothic
295:
288:Primary Gothic
271:
268:
231:
228:
227:
226:
219:
212:
210:
206:Sens Cathedral
203:
196:
194:
188:Ambulatory of
187:
180:
178:
172:
165:
118:
115:
111:Sens Cathedral
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4060:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4008:
4006:
4005:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3815:Romano-Gothic
3812:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3753:Low Countries
3751:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3677:
3675:
3670:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3622:0-7126-1279-3
3618:
3614:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3589:2-204-02087-7
3585:
3581:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3499:2-909575-65-9
3495:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3461:0-520-05586-1
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3432:
3427:
3425:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3387:stained glass
3383:
3377:, p. 54.
3376:
3371:
3363:
3361:0-8020-1886-6
3357:
3353:
3346:
3338:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3309:
3303:, p. 42.
3302:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3265:
3260:
3253:
3248:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3175:
3170:
3168:
3160:
3155:
3148:
3143:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3119:
3113:, p. 24.
3112:
3107:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3082:, p. 21.
3081:
3076:
3074:
3067:, p. 12.
3066:
3061:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3020:
3014:
3007:
3001:
2995:, p. 67.
2994:
2989:
2982:
2977:
2971:, p. 14.
2970:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2941:
2936:
2930:(2002) pg. 53
2929:
2924:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2852:, p. 36.
2851:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2771:
2755:
2751:
2749:
2746:"L'Histoire,
2741:
2732:
2723:
2714:
2708:, p. 33.
2707:
2702:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2630:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2593:Tree of Jesse
2587:
2582:
2579:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:Tree of Jesse
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2519:Pomposa Abbey
2515:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2475:Stained glass
2468:
2461:
2456:
2449:
2444:
2437:
2432:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2399:Tree of Jesse
2393:
2388:
2384:
2383:Tree of Jesse
2380:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2349:
2348:
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2020:
2016:
2012:
2007:
1993:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1895:
1889:
1884:
1881:(begun 1192)
1880:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1842:Violet-le-Duc
1839:
1832:
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1808:
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1797:
1794:begun in 1135
1793:
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1366:Thomas Becket
1363:
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978:
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868:
863:
860:
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827:
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820:
815:
811:
807:
795:
788:
783:
776:
771:
764:
759:
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736:
732:
719:
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707:
700:
695:
688:
683:
680:
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669:
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623:
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611:
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604:
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592:
587:
570:
565:
558:
553:
546:
541:
534:
529:
528:
527:
525:
520:
518:
517:Old Testament
514:
509:
507:
503:
498:
495:
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
462:
447:
445:
441:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
350:
346:
338:
334:
331:
327:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
293:
289:
285:
284:
283:
280:
279:in England.
278:
277:Early English
267:
265:
258:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
223:
216:
211:
207:
200:
195:
191:
184:
179:
175:
169:
164:
163:
162:
160:
158:
154:
149:
147:
143:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:Île-de-France
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
80:Île-de-France
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
4014:
4002:
3990:
3810:
3801:Brick Gothic
3643:
3630:
3612:
3597:
3579:
3564:
3546:
3527:
3508:
3489:
3470:
3451:
3441:Bibliography
3415:
3399:
3390:
3382:
3370:
3351:
3345:
3326:
3320:
3308:
3282:
3259:
3247:
3199:
3190:
3181:
3154:
3142:
3118:
3106:
3060:
3018:
3013:
3005:
3000:
2988:
2976:
2964:
2935:
2927:
2923:
2911:
2902:
2845:
2836:
2796:. Retrieved
2785:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2758:. Retrieved
2747:
2740:
2731:
2722:
2713:
2701:
2692:
2597:York Minster
2591:Detail of a
2558:York Minster
2535:
2516:
2488:
2473:
2337:
2329:
2318:
2274:
2221:
2213:
2137:
2112:(begun 1176)
2096:(begun 1163)
2080:(begun 1135)
2039:
2035:
2031:
2019:Lessay Abbey
2003:
1978:(begun 1176)
1929:
1905:
1896:(begun 1220)
1865:(begun 1175)
1847:
1749:
1676:
1668:blind arcade
1665:
1651:
1610:The nave of
1566:
1497:
1413:
1370:
1359:
1339:
1324:
1308:
1288:
1273:
1249:Lessay Abbey
1246:
1222:
1200:
1194:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:Early Gothic
1112:
1056:Early Gothic
1055:
1053:
1046:
1038:
1030:
1019:
938:
930:
923:
919:
905:
852:
844:
840:
810:Early Gothic
804:
729:
652:
614:
607:
583:
521:
510:
499:
485:pointed arch
478:
458:
440:Early Gothic
439:
438:
415:
390:
383:pointed arch
354:
353:
342:
287:
281:
273:
259:
248:
240:barrel vault
233:
161:
150:
120:
96:
88:pointed arch
77:
65:barrel vault
57:Early Gothic
56:
55:
42:c. 1129-1200
39:Years active
18:
3846:Sondergotik
3826:High Gothic
3375:Ducher 2014
3313:Watkin 1986
3301:Ducher 2014
3264:Ducher 2014
3252:Watkin 1986
3240:Watkin 1986
3225:Watkin 1986
3204:Watkin 1986
3174:Watkin 1986
3159:Watkin 1986
3147:Watkin 1986
3135:Mignon 2015
3111:Mignon 2015
3080:Mignon 2015
3065:Houvet 2019
3053:Watkin 1986
3036:Mignon 2015
2993:Mignon 2015
2981:Watkin 1986
2969:Mignon 2015
2957:Mignon 2015
2916:Mignon 2015
2884:Watkin 1986
2865:Watkin 1986
2816:Watkin 1986
2786:Chronologie
2784:(→ section
2653:High Gothic
2527:Virgin Mary
2505:for green,
2242:(1145–1245)
2011:groin vault
1776:Saint-Denis
1529:(1220–1240)
1471:Roche Abbey
1433:Roche Abbey
1431:(c. 1152);
1420:Benedictine
1392:(1174–1184)
1388:rebuilt by
1315:groin vault
1229:High Gothic
1213:hall church
1025:Virgin Mary
739:Charlemagne
595:alternating
474:rose window
466:Saint Denis
444:High Gothic
323:High Gothic
264:bar tracery
230:Innovations
224:(1153–1191)
208:(1140–1164)
4032:Categories
3831:Isabelline
3821:Flamboyant
3695:By country
3448:Bony, Jean
2833:Gothic art
2780:→ article
2684:References
2663:Flamboyant
2615:(c. 1210)
2497:for blue,
2338:(See also
1913:clerestory
1902:Elevations
1661:tiercerons
1425:Henry VIII
1416:Cistercian
1091:Flamboyant
1060:Flamboyant
1042:Saint Piat
751:clerestory
743:Hugh Capet
718:Flamboyant
664:Flamboyant
627:Facade of
610:Flamboyant
381:, and the
337:flamboyant
236:Romanesque
3841:Rayonnant
3836:Manueline
3773:Catalonia
3748:Lithuania
3697:or region
3099:Bony 1985
2658:Rayonnant
2631:(c. 1220)
2507:manganese
2501:for red,
2321:Rayonnant
2210:Sculpture
2050:tierceron
2006:rib vault
1958:Choir of
1909:triforium
1503:triforium
1441:Yorkshire
1384:Choir of
1253:rib vault
1128:rib vault
747:triforium
631:(1135–64)
591:rib vault
524:Rayonnant
489:rib vault
375:rib vault
335:Gothique
330:rayonnant
328:Gothique
305:and with
292:basilicas
251:triforium
244:rib vault
192:(c. 1140)
84:rib vault
69:rib vault
3992:Category
3941:Gargoyle
3794:By style
3783:Valencia
3763:Portugal
3724:Southern
3450:(1985).
3408:Archived
2792:Archived
2754:Archived
2637:See also
2564:(1170).
2511:antimony
2048:and the
1990:Nave of
1877:Plan of
1861:Plan of
1790:Plan of
1541:Nave of
1267:and the
401:(1140);
363:Normandy
307:triforia
303:tribunes
220:Nave of
204:Nave of
47:Location
4004:Commons
3973:Tracery
3966:Swedish
3956:English
3778:Levante
3714:England
3709:Czechia
3704:Belarus
3389:at the
3281:at the
3189:at the
2901:at the
2835:at the
2556:(1210)
2538:tracery
1618:columns
735:Picardy
470:narthex
125:. King
117:History
4016:Voyage
3961:French
3913:Poland
3908:Canada
3855:By use
3758:Poland
3741:Venice
3719:France
3650:
3637:
3619:
3604:
3586:
3571:
3553:
3534:
3515:
3496:
3477:
3458:
3414:". In
3358:
3333:
2499:copper
2495:cobalt
2417:(1150)
2381:. The
2342:) and
2046:lierne
2027:Sicily
2000:Vaults
1154:, and
481:chevet
359:France
3768:Spain
3736:Milan
3731:Italy
2798:4 May
2760:2 May
2595:from
2479:Suger
2363:Suger
1746:Plans
1289:(See
153:Suger
3648:ISBN
3635:ISBN
3617:ISBN
3602:ISBN
3584:ISBN
3569:ISBN
3551:ISBN
3532:ISBN
3513:ISBN
3494:ISBN
3475:ISBN
3456:ISBN
3356:ISBN
3331:ISBN
2800:2023
2762:2023
2552:and
2503:iron
2004:The
1758:and
1509:and
1345:and
1261:Caen
1227:and
994:The
848:Caen
615:<
487:and
459:The
2025:in
812:or
90:,
4034::
3423:^
3291:^
3271:^
3232:^
3211:^
3166:^
3127:^
3087:^
3072:^
3043:^
3026:^
2947:^
2891:^
2872:^
2857:^
2823:^
2808:^
2790:.
2788:)"
2752:.
2346:)
2330:=
2064:.
1927:.
1919:,
1762:.
1582:.
1513:.
1443:.
1293:)
936:.
850:.
821:;
612:.
605:.
519:.
446:.
436:.
405:;
397:;
377:,
86:,
75:.
3868:)
3864:(
3817:)
3813:(
3807:)
3803:(
3680:e
3673:t
3666:v
3625:.
3592:.
3559:.
3540:.
3521:.
3502:.
3483:.
3464:.
3364:.
3339:.
2802:.
2764:.
2750:"
1002:)
325:.
294:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
