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treat head-and-neck cancers, including those of the larynx and pharynx, oral cavity, salivary glands, jaws, calvarium, sinuses, tongue and skin. The tissue that is most commonly moved during this procedure is from the arms, legs, and back, and can come from the skin, bone, fat, and/or muscle. When doing this procedure, the decision on which is moved is determined on the reconstructive needs. Transfer of the tissue to the head and neck allows surgeons to rebuild the patient's jaw, optimize tongue function, and reconstruct the throat. When the pieces of tissue are moved, they require their own blood supply for a chance of survival in their new location. After the surgery is completed, the blood vessels that feed the tissue transplant are reconnected to new blood vessels in the neck. These blood vessels are typically no more than 1 to 3 millimeters in diameter, which means that these connections need to be made with a microscope, which is why the procedure is called "microvascular surgery".
325:
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465:) ) is a surgical subspecialty within medicine that deals with the surgical and medical management of conditions of the head and neck. Doctors who specialize in this area are called otorhinolaryngologists, otolaryngologists, head and neck surgeons, or ENT surgeons or physicians. Patients seek treatment from an otorhinolaryngologist for diseases of the
1418:
Microvascular reconstruction repair is a common operation that is done on patients who see an otorhinolaryngologist. It is a surgical procedure that involves moving a composite piece of tissue from the patient's body and to the head and/or neck. Microvascular head-and-neck reconstruction is used to
619:
In the United
Kingdom, entrance to higher surgical training is competitive and involves a rigorous national selection process. The training programme consists of 6 years of higher surgical training after which trainees frequently undertake fellowships in a sub-speciality prior to becoming a
1233:
Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery is a one-year fellowship open to otorhinolaryngologists who wish to begin learning the aesthetic and reconstructive surgical principles of the head, face, and neck pioneered by the specialty of
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.
600:, etc.) who complete both medical school and an average of five–seven years of post-graduate surgical training in ORL-H&N. In the United States, trainees complete at least five years of surgical residency training. This comprises three to six months of
607:
Following residency training, some otolaryngologist-head & neck surgeons complete an advanced sub-specialty fellowship, where training can be one to two years in duration. Fellowships include head and neck surgical oncology, facial plastic surgery,
623:
The typical total length of education, training and post-secondary school is 12–14 years. Otolaryngology is among the more highly compensated surgical specialties in the United States. In 2022, the average annual income was $ 469,000.
481:, head, and neck. These commonly include functional diseases that affect the senses and activities of eating, drinking, speaking, breathing, swallowing, and hearing. In addition, ENT surgery encompasses the surgical management of
616:, pediatric otolaryngology, and laryngology. In the United States and Canada, otorhinolaryngology is one of the most competitive specialties in medicine in which to obtain a residency position following medical school.
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training and four and a half years in ORL-H&N specialist surgery. In Canada and the United States, practitioners complete a five-year residency training after medical school.
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Study of diseases of the outer ear, middle ear and mastoid, and inner ear, and surrounding structures (such as the facial nerve and lateral skull base)
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Sleep surgery encompasses any surgery that helps alleviate obstructive sleep apnea and can anatomically include any part of the upper airway.
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Head and neck surgical oncology (field of surgery treating cancer/malignancy of the head and neck)
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1682:"Microvascular Head and Neck Reconstruction | Conditions & Treatments | UCSF Medical Center"
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30:"Otolaryngology – head and neck surgery" redirects here. For the medical journal, see
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Oropharyngeal cancer (cancer of oropharynx, soft palate, tonsil, base of tongue)
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1510:"otolaryngologist" entry in: Peter Harris, Sue Nagy, Nicholas Vardaxis,
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959:(hole in the eardrum due to infection, trauma, explosion or loud noise)
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572:, "study" (cf. Greek ωτορινολαρυγγολόγος, "otorhinolaryngologist").
44:
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832:(cancer of lips, gums, tongue, hard palate, cheek, floor of mouth)
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Mosby's
Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions
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Rhinology includes nasal dysfunction and sinus diseases.
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1629:"Medscape, Otolaryngologist Compensation Report 2022"
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371:
365:
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489:and reconstruction of the head and neck as well as
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69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1901:North Thames Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service
1891:Craniofacial Society of Great Britain and Ireland
2773:
1603:"Training and development (otorhinolaryngology)"
1542:"Is There a Crisis in the Otolaryngology Match?"
1116:
1732:
885:Microvascular free flap reconstructive surgery
1958:
1718:
1037:Aural fullness (sense of fullness in the ear)
1224:– science and practice of voice habilitation
647:Rhinology/sinus/anterior skull base surgery
329:Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital
638:Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery*
2247:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
1965:
1951:
1725:
1711:
1306:Complex lacerations and soft tissue damage
893:
2588:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
1229:Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery
812:
284:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
278:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
1851:Hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes
1471:Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
841:Hypopharynx cancer (lower throat cancer)
817:
807:American Board of Medical Subspecialties
323:
311:
1567:"National Residency Match Program 2020"
937:are bony growths in the outer ear canal
873:Endocrine surgery of the head and neck
14:
2774:
1528:"Otolaryngology Specialty Description"
1515:- Australian & New Zealand Edition
1043:Otorrhea (fluid draining from the ear)
1034:Tinnitus (subjective noise in the ear)
1015:Idiopathic facial palsy (Bell's Palsy)
27:Medical specialty of the head and neck
1946:
1706:
2726:
2487:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
67:adding citations to reliable sources
38:
33:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
2736:
1414:Microvascular reconstruction repair
1077:Chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps
1040:Otalgia (pain referring to the ear)
24:
2623:Medical Scientist Training Program
1455:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
627:
25:
2808:
1517:, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2009.
1478:
320:laser used in otorhinolaryngology
2755:
2745:
2735:
2725:
2716:
2715:
1886:Cleft Lip and Palate Association
1574:National Residency Match Program
1484:
1319:
942:Middle ear and mastoid diseases
838:Larynx cancer (voice box cancer)
650:Laryngology and voice disorders
635:Head and neck oncologic surgery
343:
43:
18:Ear, nose, and throat specialist
2756:
1916:Shriners Hospitals for Children
1911:Overseas Plastic Surgery Appeal
1530:. American Medical Association.
975:– benign paroxysmal positional
653:Pediatric otorhinolaryngology*
54:needs additional citations for
2613:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
2047:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1773:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1674:
1635:
1621:
1595:
1559:
1534:
1520:
1504:
1450:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1273:Injectable cosmetic treatments
1167:
1146:Laryngotracheal reconstruction
1069:Inferior turbinate hypertrophy
493:of the face, scalp, and neck.
272:Doctor of Osteopathic medicine
13:
1:
1497:
1400:Maxillomandibular advancement
1117:Pediatric otorhinolaryngology
501:The term is a combination of
2593:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
2360:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
1972:
1926:Transforming Faces Worldwide
1861:Popliteal pterygium syndrome
1647:Stanford Medicine Healthcare
1405:Hypoglossal nerve stimulator
1055:
496:
7:
1876:National and international
1833:Speech and language therapy
1422:
685:Velopalatine insufficiency
580:Otorhinolaryngologists are
575:
10:
2813:
1734:Cleft lip and cleft palate
1666:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1643:"Exostoses (Surfer's Ear)"
1171:
897:
805:(*Currently recognized by
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2332:
2260:
2215:
2124:
1995:
1980:
1874:
1841:
1740:
1460:Speech–language pathology
1374:Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
729:Traumatic reconstruction
292:
259:
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2547:Transplantation medicine
2438:Clinical neurophysiology
2355:Obstetric anesthesiology
2275:Interventional radiology
2035:Digestive system surgery
1748:Advance practice nursing
1385:Genioglossus advancement
666:Facial cosmetic surgery
2418:Intensive care medicine
2392:Mass gathering medicine
2237:Maternal–fetal medicine
1156:Obstructive sleep apnea
1132:Cricotracheal resection
1007:, vestibular schwannoma
894:Otology and neurotology
775:Vascular malformations
2010:Cardiothoracic surgery
1931:Smile Angel Foundation
1866:Van der Woude syndrome
1783:Orthodontic technology
1073:Nasal septum deviation
855:of the head & neck
813:Topics by subspecialty
799:Cochlear implant/BAHA
701:Maxillofacial surgery
335:
321:
2661:Personalized medicine
2520:Reproductive medicine
2445:Occupational medicine
2399:Evolutionary medicine
1856:Pierre Robin syndrome
1435:Head and neck anatomy
1151:Myringotomy and tubes
1012:Facial nerve disease
1000:Perilymphatic fistula
995:Endolymphatic hydrops
986:Vestibular neuronitis
868:Head and neck sarcoma
864:Salivary gland cancer
847:Nasopharyngeal cancer
818:Head and neck surgery
757:Craniofacial surgery
747:Sleep investigations
741:Swallowing disorders
718:Cleft lip and palate
672:Middle and inner ear
459:ear, nose, and throat
447:head and neck surgery
327:
315:
185:Otorhinolaryngologist
78:"Otorhinolaryngology"
2792:Surgical specialties
2681:Traditional medicine
2641:Alternative medicine
2508:Addiction psychiatry
2322:Transfusion medicine
2317:Medical microbiology
2232:Gynecologic oncology
2084:Reproductive surgery
1741:Related specialities
1493:at Wikimedia Commons
1440:Head and neck cancer
1313:Basal Cell Carcinoma
1217:Cancer of the larynx
1109:Severe or recurrent
1022:Ramsay Hunt Syndrome
738:Anterior skull base
721:Sleep apnea surgery
532:) derived from four
331:founded in 1874, in
194:Glossary of medicine
160:Head and neck cancer
63:improve this article
2797:Medical specialties
2787:Otorhinolaryngology
2703:History of medicine
2686:Veterinary medicine
2493:Preventive medicine
2345:Adolescent medicine
2187:Infectious diseases
1823:Respiratory therapy
1798:Pediatric dentistry
1491:Otorhinolaryngology
1207:Spasmodic dysphonia
1105:Empty nose syndrome
1018:Facial nerve tumors
969:Inner ear diseases
912:Outer ear diseases
879:Parathyroid surgery
735:Skull base surgery
612:and sinus surgery,
339:Otorhinolaryngology
203:
168:Chronic ear disease
145:
144:Otorhinolaryngology
2651:Molecular oncology
2608:Doctor of Medicine
2598:Master of Medicine
2515:Radiation oncology
2387:Emergency medicine
2340:Addiction medicine
2307:Clinical chemistry
2302:Clinical pathology
2094:Transplant surgery
2052:Orthopedic surgery
2030:Colorectal surgery
1378:Transoral midline
1311:Skin cancer (e.g.
1196:Vocal cord nodules
889:Skull base surgery
753:Endoscopic surgery
726:Endocrine surgery
433:and also known as
336:
322:
268:Doctor of Medicine
261:Education required
201:
143:
2769:
2768:
2603:Master of Surgery
2567:
2566:
2552:Tropical medicine
2498:Prison healthcare
2413:Hospital medicine
2377:Disaster medicine
2367:Aviation medicine
2182:Hospital medicine
2089:Surgical oncology
2074:Pediatric surgery
2068:
2015:Endocrine surgery
1940:
1939:
1843:Related syndromes
1583:on 28 August 2021
1489:Media related to
1407:implant (Inspire)
1128:Caustic ingestion
1065:Nasal obstruction
991:Ménière's disease
803:
802:
662:Surgical oncology
479:base of the skull
310:
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176:Nasal obstruction
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16:(Redirected from
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2423:Medical genetics
2408:General practice
2285:Nuclear medicine
2160:Gastroenterology
2116:Vascular surgery
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1395:Hyoid suspension
1295:Orbital fracture
1085:– acute, chronic
1005:Acoustic neuroma
844:Sinonasal cancer
787:Cochlear implant
656:Sleep medicine*
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602:general surgical
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2782:Auditory system
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2696:Chief physician
2629:
2574:
2563:
2557:Travel medicine
2542:Sports medicine
2525:Sexual medicine
2465:Palliative care
2460:Pain management
2404:Family medicine
2382:Diving medicine
2328:
2256:
2218:
2211:
2127:
2120:
2079:Plastic surgery
2025:General surgery
2005:Cardiac surgery
1986:
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1906:Operation Smile
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1808:Plastic surgery
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1609:. 16 April 2015
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1100:Pituitary tumor
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898:Main articles:
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876:Thyroid surgery
820:
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697:reconstruction
689:Sleep disorders
681:Voice disorders
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628:Sub-specialties
578:
565:, "larynx" and
506:combining forms
499:
491:plastic surgery
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1788:Otolaryngology
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1686:ucsfhealth.org
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1607:Health Careers
1594:
1558:
1533:
1519:
1502:
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1480:
1479:External links
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1259:Blepharoplasty
1256:
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1250:(rhytidectomy)
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1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1193:
1191:Reinke's edema
1188:
1172:Main article:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1141:Laryngomalacia
1138:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1118:
1115:
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1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1088:Environmental
1086:
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929:
916:Otitis externa
895:
892:
891:
890:
887:
882:
881:
880:
877:
871:
870:
869:
866:
861:
859:Thyroid cancer
856:
850:
849:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
819:
816:
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811:
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797:
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723:
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715:Phono-surgery
713:
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707:Temporal bone
705:
702:
699:
695:Microvascular
692:
691:
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683:
678:
673:
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664:
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651:
648:
645:
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629:
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577:
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498:
495:
439:otolaryngology
435:otolaryngology
429:, abbreviated
317:
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51:
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42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
2809:
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2692:
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2687:
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2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:Public health
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2646:Allied health
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2621:
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2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
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2485:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:Oral medicine
2453:
2451:
2450:Ophthalmology
2448:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
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2343:
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2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:Cytopathology
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
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2293:
2290:
2286:
2283:
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2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
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2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2252:Urogynecology
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
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2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
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2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2155:Endocrinology
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:
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2100:
2097:
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2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1878:organisations
1873:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
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1608:
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1598:
1579:
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1568:
1562:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1529:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1507:
1503:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1463:
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1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
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1428:
1427:
1420:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1364:Tonsillectomy
1362:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1343:Adenoidectomy
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1320:Sleep surgery
1314:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
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1223:
1220:
1218:
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1210:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1163:
1162:Tonsillectomy
1160:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1136:Decannulation
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1123:Adenoidectomy
1121:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1076:
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1048:
1045:
1042:
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1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
992:
989:
987:
983:
982:Labyrinthitis
980:
978:
974:
971:
970:
968:
964:
961:
958:
954:
951:
947:
944:
943:
941:
936:
933:Exostoses or
932:
927:
923:
920:
919:
917:
914:
913:
911:
910:
909:
905:
901:
888:
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883:
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872:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
854:
851:
846:
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840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
827:
825:
824:
822:
821:
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808:
798:
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792:
788:
785:
783:
781:
779:
778:
774:
772:
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766:
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761:
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750:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
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724:
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717:
714:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
698:
694:
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684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
655:
652:
649:
646:
644:Neurotology*
643:
640:
637:
634:
633:
625:
621:
617:
615:
614:neuro-otology
611:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
573:
571:
568:
564:
561:
557:
554:
550:
546:
542:
539:
535:
534:Ancient Greek
531:
530:
525:
524:
519:
518:
513:
512:
507:
504:
494:
492:
488:
487:benign tumors
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
436:
432:
428:
427:
409:
340:
334:
330:
326:
314:
306:
302:
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291:
285:
282:
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243:
237:
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225:
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216:
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214:
210:
205:
195:
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184:
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161:
157:
154:
147:
141:
133:
130:
122:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
35:
34:
19:
2671:Rural health
2656:Nanomedicine
2207:Rheumatology
2138: /
2061:
2057:Hand surgery
2042:Neurosurgery
1787:
1778:Orthodontics
1689:. Retrieved
1685:
1676:
1650:. Retrieved
1646:
1637:
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1606:
1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1578:the original
1573:
1561:
1549:. Retrieved
1545:
1536:
1522:
1511:
1506:
1469:
1417:
1329:Nasal cavity
1323:
1279:to the face
1232:
1212:Tracheostomy
1182:/hoarseness
1059:
1031:Hearing loss
952:inflammation
946:Otitis media
935:Surfer's ear
928:inflammation
907:
804:
696:
622:
620:consultant.
618:
606:
579:
569:
562:
555:
548:
540:
527:
521:
515:
509:
500:
462:
458:
454:
450:
438:
434:
430:
338:
337:
316:A 40-watt CO
149:Significant
140:
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
32:
2741:Wikiproject
2530:Venereology
2475:Neonatology
2372:Dermatology
2227:Gynaecology
2219:gynaecology
2202:Pulmonology
2020:Eye surgery
1982:Specialties
1921:Smile Train
1828:Social work
1445:Head mirror
1380:glossectomy
1355:Oral cavity
1338:Septoplasty
1333:nasopharynx
1269:Genioplasty
1243:septoplasty
1239:Rhinoplasty
1174:Laryngology
1168:Laryngology
1158:– pediatric
963:Mastoiditis
955:Perforated
904:Neurotology
853:Skin cancer
830:Oral cancer
451:ORL–H&N
255:Description
2776:Categories
2503:Psychiatry
2489:(PM&R)
2482:Phlebology
2470:Pediatrics
2297:Anatomical
2262:Diagnostic
2242:Obstetrics
2192:Nephrology
2177:Hematology
2172:Geriatrics
2165:Hepatology
2150:Cardiology
2140:Immunology
1896:Interplast
1818:Psychology
1813:Psychiatry
1793:Pediatrics
1691:6 December
1498:References
1368:pediatrics
1359:oropharynx
1347:pediatrics
1283:Nasal bone
1186:Laryngitis
950:middle ear
767:Apnea and
582:physicians
558:, "nose",
551:), "ear",
296:employment
280:(M.B.B.S.)
270:(M.D.) or
207:Occupation
182:Specialist
172:Hoarseness
119:April 2010
89:newspapers
2691:Physician
2575:education
2433:Neurology
2428:Narcology
2292:Pathology
2270:Radiology
2145:Angiology
2109:Andrology
1803:Physician
1763:Dietetics
1758:Dentistry
1753:Audiology
1430:Audiology
1264:Otoplasty
1180:Dysphonia
1111:epistaxis
1090:allergies
1083:Sinusitis
1056:Rhinology
1049:Imbalance
1028:Symptoms
926:ear canal
922:outer ear
763:Dizziness
676:Sinusitis
610:rhinology
503:Neo-Latin
497:Etymology
301:Hospitals
294:Fields of
233:Specialty
217:Physician
164:Sinusitis
156:Dizziness
2721:Category
2197:Oncology
2128:medicine
2126:Internal
1974:Medicine
1768:Genetics
1662:cite web
1613:16 April
1551:16 April
1546:ENTtoday
1423:See also
1303:fracture
1299:Frontal
1291:fracture
1289:Mandible
1285:fracture
1254:Browlift
1248:Facelift
1222:Vocology
1095:Rhinitis
732:Balance
704:Hearing
641:Otology
576:Training
523:laryngo-
245:Medicine
190:Glossary
151:diseases
2761:Outline
2731:Commons
2676:Therapy
2573:Medical
2136:Allergy
2104:Urology
1997:Surgery
1933:(China)
1652:21 July
1587:2 April
1465:Surgeon
1046:Vertigo
977:vertigo
957:eardrum
900:Otology
769:snoring
744:Airway
711:Allergy
547:: ὠτός
536:words:
483:cancers
414:oh-toh-
305:Clinics
286:(MBChB)
249:Surgery
220:Surgeon
103:scholar
2751:Portal
2618:MD–PhD
1391:Other
1277:Trauma
1200:polyps
567:-λογία
563:larynx
560:λάρυγξ
517:rhino-
475:throat
457:), or
445:
441:
426:-ə-jee
333:London
274:(D.O.)
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
2333:Other
1581:(PDF)
1570:(PDF)
1301:sinus
598:MBChB
570:logia
529:-logy
418:-noh-
212:Names
110:JSTOR
96:books
1693:2018
1668:link
1654:2024
1615:2020
1589:2020
1553:2020
1241:and
1198:and
973:BPPV
902:and
791:BAHA
669:Ear
594:MBBS
556:rhis
549:otos
545:gen.
511:oto-
485:and
471:nose
455:OHNS
422:-in-
420:LARR
82:news
2067:ENT
1985:and
924:or
553:ῥίς
541:ous
538:οὖς
467:ear
463:ENT
453:or
431:ORL
424:GOL
65:by
2778::
2406:/
1684:.
1664:}}
1660:{{
1645:.
1605:.
1572:.
1544:.
1357:/
1331:/
948:–
918:–
809:)
596:,
592:,
590:DO
588:,
586:MD
526:+
520:+
514:+
477:,
473:,
469:,
437:,
416:RY
402:dʒ
378:ær
369:oʊ
363:aɪ
354:oʊ
348:oʊ
303:,
247:,
174:,
170:,
166:,
162:,
158:,
1966:e
1959:t
1952:v
1726:e
1719:t
1712:v
1695:.
1670:)
1656:.
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1591:.
1555:.
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993:/
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449:(
443:–
408:/
405:i
399:ə
396:l
393:ɒ
390:ɡ
387:ˈ
384:n
381:ɪ
375:l
372:ˌ
366:n
360:r
357:ˌ
351:t
345:/
341:(
318:2
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126:(
121:)
117:(
107:·
100:·
93:·
86:·
59:.
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
