372:
1970:
1222:
2078:
cancer secondary to chronic alcohol or tobacco use has been steadily declining as less of the population chronically smokes tobacco. However, HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer is rising, particularly in younger people in westernized nations, which is thought to be reflective of changes in oral sexual practices, specifically with regard to the number of oral sexual partners. This increase since the 1970s has mostly affected wealthier nations and male populations. This is due to evidence suggesting that transmission rates of HPV from women to men are higher than from men to women, as women often have a higher immune response to infection.
1233:
42:
1913:
so for the first time. It is becoming increasingly apparent that caregivers (most often spouses, children, or close family members) might not be adequately informed about, prepared for, or trained for the tasks and roles they will encounter during the treatment and recovery phases of this unique patient population, which span both technical and emotional support. Of note, caregivers of patients who report lower quality of life demonstrate increased burden and fatigue that extend beyond the treatment phase.
1547:
1877:, which can deprive the body of vital fluids (although these may be obtained through intravenous fluids if necessary). Frequent vomiting can lead to an electrolyte imbalance, which has serious consequences for the proper functioning of the heart. Frequent vomiting can also upset the balance of stomach acids, which has a negative impact on the digestive system, especially the lining of the stomach and esophagus.
1504:
more extensive primary tumors or those with regional metastases (stage III or IV), planned combinations of pre- or postoperative radiation and complete surgical excision are generally used. More recently, as historical survival and control rates have been recognized as less than satisfactory, there has been an emphasis on the use of various induction or concomitant chemotherapy regimens.
739:. In addition, people who smoke have a worse prognosis than those who have never smoked. Furthermore, people who continue to smoke after diagnosis of head and neck cancer have the highest probability of dying compared to those who have never smoked. This effect is seen in patients with HPV-positive head and neck cancer as well. It has also been demonstrated that
345:, or a progressive worsening cough or sore throat. In the case of head and neck cancer, these symptoms will be notably persistent and become chronic. There may be a lump or a sore in the throat or neck that does not heal or go away. There may be difficulty or pain in swallowing. Speaking may become difficult. There may also be a persistent
1842:. The incidence of second primary tumors ranges in studies from 9% to 23% at 20 years. Second primary tumors are the major threat to long-term survival after successful therapy of early-stage head and neck cancer. Their high incidence results from the same carcinogenic exposure responsible for the initial primary process, called
1561:, and brachytherapy, which are commonly used in the treatment of cancers of the head and neck. Most people with head and neck cancer who are treated in the United States and Europe are treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy using high-energy photons. At higher doses, head and neck radiation is associated with
2060:
Globally, head and neck cancer accounts for 650,000 new cases of cancer and 330,000 deaths annually on average. In 2018, it was the seventh most common cancer worldwide, with 890,000 new cases documented and 450,000 people dying from the disease. The risk of developing head and neck cancer increases
1263:
A significant proportion of people with head and neck cancer will present to their physicians with an already advanced stage disease. This can either be down to patient factors (delays in seeking medical attention), or physician factors (such as delays in referral from primary care, or non-diagnostic
2077:
In the United States, head and neck cancer makes up 3% of all cancer cases (averaging 53,000 new diagnoses per year) and 1.5% of cancer deaths. The 2017 worldwide figure cites head and neck cancers as representing 5.3% of all cancers (not including non-melanoma skin cancers). Notably, head and neck
1000:
Over 20 different high-risk HPV subtypes have been implicated in causing head and neck cancer. In particular, HPV-16 is responsible for up to 90% of oropharyngeal cancer in North
America. Approximately 15–25% of head and neck cancers contain genomic DNA from HPV, and the association varies based on
712:
There is thought to be a dose-dependent relationship between alcohol use and development of head and neck cancer where higher rates of alcohol consumption contribute to an increased risk of developing head and neck cancer. Alcohol use following a diagnosis of head and neck cancer also contributes to
628:
Surgery can include laser excision of small vocal cord lesions, partial laryngectomy (removal of part of the larynx), or total laryngectomy (removal of the whole larynx). If the whole larynx has been removed, the person is left with a permanent tracheostomy. Voice rehabilitation in such patients can
296:
Globally, head and neck cancer accounts for 650,000 new cases of cancer and 330,000 deaths annually on average. In 2018, it was the seventh most common cancer worldwide, with 890,000 new cases documented and 450,000 people dying from the disease. The usual age at diagnosis is between 55 and 65 years
1912:
and poorer mental health compared to both the general population and those caring for non-head and neck cancer patients. The high symptom burden patients' experience necessitates complex caregiver roles, often requiring hospital staff training, which caregivers can find distressing when asked to do
1523:(TORS) is gaining popularity worldwide as the technology and training become more accessible. It now has an established role in the treatment of early stage oropharyngeal cancer. There is also a growing trend worldwide towards TORS for the surgical treatment of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal tumours.
1397:
or cell structure and are commonly referred to by their location in the oral cavity and neck. This is because where the cancer appears in the throat affects the prognosis; some throat cancers are more aggressive than others, depending on their location. The stage at which the cancer is diagnosed is
734:
is one of the main risk factors for head and neck cancer. Cigarette smokers have a lifetime increased risk for head and neck cancer that is 5 to 25 times higher than the general population. The ex-smoker's risk of developing head and neck cancer begins to approach the risk in the general population
336:
Symptoms predominantly include a sore on the face or oral cavity that does not heal, trouble swallowing, or a change in voice. In those with advanced disease, there may be unusual bleeding, facial pain, numbness or swelling, and visible lumps on the outside of the neck or oral cavity. Head and neck
1804:
Programs to support the emotional and social well-being of people who have been diagnosed with head and neck cancer may be offered. There is no clear evidence on the effectiveness of these interventions or any particular type of psychosocial program or length of time that is most helpful for those
1503:
Surgical resection and radiation therapy are the mainstays of treatment for most head and neck cancers and remain the standard of care in most cases. For small primary cancers without regional metastases (stage I or II), wide surgical excision alone or curative radiation therapy alone is used. For
2094:
African
Americans are disproportionately affected by head and neck cancer, with younger ages of incidence, increased mortality, and more advanced disease at presentation. Laryngeal cancer incidence is higher in African Americans relative to white, Asian, and Hispanic populations. There is a lower
1916:
Examples of technically difficult caregiver duties include tube feeding, oral suctioning, wound maintenance, medication delivery safe for tube feeding, and troubleshooting home medical equipment. If the cancer affects the mouth or larynx, caregivers must also find a way to effectively communicate
1899:
Cancer in the head or neck may impact a person's mental well-being and can sometimes lead to social isolation. This largely results from a decreased ability or inability to eat, speak, or effectively communicate. Physical appearance is often altered by the cancer itself and/or as a consequence of
1813:
Although early-stage head and neck cancers (especially laryngeal and oral cavity) have high cure rates, up to 50% of people with head and neck cancer present with advanced disease. Cure rates decrease in locally advanced cases, whose probability of cure is inversely related to tumor size and even
1537:
allows surgeons to remove tumors from the voice box with no external incisions. It also allows access to tumors that are not reachable with robotic surgery. During the surgery, the surgeon and pathologist work together to assess the adequacy of excision ("margin status"), minimizing the amount of
1499:
After a histologic diagnosis has been established and tumor extent determined, such as with the use of PET-CT, the selection of appropriate treatment for a specific cancer depends on a complex array of variables, including tumor site, relative morbidity of various treatment options, concomitant
1274:
The physician will undertake a thorough history to determine the nature of the symptoms and the presence or absence of any risk factors. The physician will also ask about other illnesses such as heart or lung diseases as they may impact their fitness for potentially curative treatment. Clinical
1436:
of unknown primary should undergo testing for HPV status. This is essential to adequately stage the tumour and adequately plan treatment. Due to the different biology of HPV positive and negative cancers, differentiating HPV status is also important for ongoing research to determine the best
352:
Other symptoms can include: a lump in the lip, mouth, or gums; ulcers or mouth sores that do not heal; bleeding from the mouth or numbness; bad breath; discolored patches that persist in the mouth; a sore tongue; and slurring of speech if the cancer is affecting the tongue. There may also be
1334:) that have spread from elsewhere, but with no identifiable primary site on initial assessment. In such cases people will undergo additional testing to attempt to find the initial site of cancer, as this has significant implications for their treatment. These patients undergo MRI scanning,
1829:
classification system, where T is the size and configuration of the tumor, N is the presence or absence of lymph node metastases, and M is the presence or absence of distant metastases. The T, N, and M characteristics are combined to produce a "stage" of the cancer, from I to IVB.
2898:
849:
possibly promotes head and neck cancers. A 2019 meta-analysis did not conclude that marijuana was associated with head and neck cancer risk. Yet individuals with cannabis use disorder were more likely to be diagnosed with such cancers in a large study published 2024.
2064:
In North
America and Europe, the tumors usually arise from the oral cavity, oropharynx, or larynx, whereas nasopharyngeal cancer is more common in the Mediterranean countries and in the Far East. In Southeast China and Taiwan, head and neck cancer, specifically
1476:
in the general population does not appear to be useful, screening high-risk groups by examination of the throat might be useful. Head and neck cancer is often curable if it is diagnosed early; however, outcomes are typically poor if it is diagnosed late.
1891:, may be necessary for some people. Further research is required to determine the most effective method of enteral feeding to ensure that people undergoing radiotherapy or chemoradiation treatment are able to stay nourished during their treatment.
1825:) have established staging systems for head and neck cancers. These staging systems attempt to standardize clinical trial criteria for research studies and define prognostic categories of disease. Head and neck cancers are staged according to the
1500:
health problems, social and logistic factors, previous primary tumors, and the person's preference. Treatment planning generally requires a multidisciplinary approach involving specialist surgeons, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists.
940:) which specifically increase the chances of developing oral and pharyngeal cancer. Family history, that is having a first-degree relative with head and neck cancer, is also a risk factor. In addition, genetic variations in pathways involved in
7690:"Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study"
1900:
treatment side effects. Psychological distress may occur, and feelings such as uncertainty and fear may arise. Some people may also have a changed physical appearance, differences in swallowing or breathing, and residual pain to manage.
1814:
more so to the extent of regional node involvement. HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer has been shown to respond better to chemoradiation and, subsequently, have a better prognosis compared to non-associated HPV head and neck cancer.
1429:. It accounts for over 90% of all head and neck cancers, including more than 90% of throat cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma is most likely to appear in males over 40 years of age with a history of heavy alcohol use coupled with smoking.
713:
other negative outcomes. These include physical effects such as an increased risk of developing a second primary cancer or other malignancies, cancer recurrence, and worse prognosis in addition to an increased chance of having a future
7372:
Cooper JS, Pajak TF, Rubin P, Tupchong L, Brady LW, Leibel SA, et al. (September 1989). "Second malignancies in patients who have head and neck cancer: incidence, effect on survival and implications based on the RTOG experience".
1148:(HSCT) are at a higher risk for oral cancer. Post-HSCT oral cancer may have more aggressive behavior and a poorer prognosis when compared to oral cancer in non-HSCT patients. This effect is supposed to be due to continuous, lifelong
590:
includes the pyriform sinuses, the posterior pharyngeal wall, and the postcricoid area. Tumors of the hypopharynx frequently have an advanced stage at diagnosis and have the most adverse prognoses of pharyngeal tumors. They tend to
7737:
Gillison ML, Castellsagué X, Chaturvedi A, Goodman MT, Snijders P, Tommasino M, et al. (February 2014). "Eurogin
Roadmap: comparative epidemiology of HPV infection and associated cancers of the head and neck and cervix".
1729:
is a type of treatment that activates the immune system to fight cancer. One type of immunotherapy, immune checkpoint blockade, binds to and blocks inhibitory signals on immune cells to release their anti-cancer activities.
6831:
Lambin P, Ramaekers BL, van
Mastrigt GA, Van den Ende P, de Jong J, De Ruysscher DK, Pijls-Johannesma M (July 2009). "Erythropoietin as an adjuvant treatment with (chemo) radiation therapy for head and neck cancer".
960:
of the head and neck is associated with an increased risk of cancer, particularly thyroid, salivary gland and squamous cell carcinomas, although there is a time-delay of many years and the overall risk is still low.
1585:
the cancer as such. Instead, it is used to provide an inhospitable environment for metastases so that they will not establish themselves in other parts of the body. Typical chemotherapy agents are a combination of
8048:
8021:
1569:
axis dysfunction. Radiation therapy for head and neck cancers can also cause acute skin reactions of varying severity, which can be treated and managed with topically applied creams or specialist films.
2254:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
709:
use are major risk factors for head and neck cancer. 72% of head and neck cancer cases are caused by using both alcohol and tobacco. This rises to 89% when looking specifically at laryngeal cancer.
978:(HPV), and 70% of all head and neck cancer cases are related to HPV. Risk factors for HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer include multiple sexual partners, anal and oral sex and a weak immune system.
2205:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
4931:
Lesseur C, Diergaarde B, Olshan AF, Wünsch-Filho V, Ness AR, Liu G, Lacko M, Eluf-Neto J, Franceschi S, Lagiou P, Macfarlane GJ, Richiardi L, Boccia S, Polesel J, Kjaerheim K (17 October 2016).
1515:
as a treatment is frequently used for most types of head and neck cancer. Usually, the goal is to remove the cancerous cells entirely. This can be particularly tricky if the cancer is near the
3294:
Leoncini E, Vukovic V, Cadoni G, Giraldi L, Pastorino R, Arzani D, Petrelli L, Wünsch-Filho V, Toporcov TN, Moyses RA, Matsuo K, Bosetti C, La
Vecchia C, Serraino D, Simonato L (19 May 2018).
629:
be achieved in three important ways: esophageal speech, tracheoesophageal puncture, or electrolarynx. One would likely require intensive teaching, speech therapy, and/or an electronic device.
515:
connect with the upper part of the throat. While some nasopharyngeal cancers are biologically similar to the common head and neck cancers, "poorly differentiated" nasopharyngeal carcinoma is
7832:"EUROGIN 2014 roadmap: differences in human papillomavirus infection natural history, transmission and human papillomavirus-related cancer incidence by gender and anatomic site of infection"
3141:
Hashibe M, Brennan P, Chuang Sc, Boccia S, Castellsague X, Chen C, Curado MP, Dal Maso L, Daudt AW, Fabianova E, Fernandez L, Wünsch-Filho V, Franceschi S, Hayes RB, Herrero R (2009-02-01).
1085:
E6 sequesters p53 to promote p53 degradation, while E7 inhibits pRb. Degradation of p53 results in cells being unable to respond to checkpoint signals that are normally present to activate
803:
where the use of smokeless tobacco is common. Smokeless tobacco is associated with a higher risk of developing head and neck cancer due to the presence of the tobacco-specific carcinogen
3600:
Andre K, Schraub S, Mercier M, Bontemps P (September 1995). "Role of alcohol and tobacco in the aetiology of head and neck cancer: a case-control study in the Doubs region of France".
7168:
5560:
Stransky N, Egloff AM, Tward AD, Kostic AD, Cibulskis K, Sivachenko A, Kryukov GV, Lawrence MS, Sougnez C, McKenna A, Shefler E, Ramos AH, Stojanov P, Carter SL, Voet D (2011-08-26).
4152:
Suzuki T, Harashima H, Kamiya H (May 2010). "Effects of base excision repair proteins on mutagenesis by 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-hydroxyguanine) paired with cytosine and adenine".
1737:
for the treatment of people with recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer with disease progression on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy. Later that year, the FDA approved
1519:
and can result in the person being unable to speak. Surgery is also commonly used to resect (remove) some or all of the cervical lymph nodes to prevent further spread of the disease.
1398:
also a critical factor in the prognosis of throat cancer. Treatment guidelines recommend routine testing for the presence of HPV for all oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma tumors.
6757:"Mepitel Film is superior to Biafine cream in managing acute radiation-induced skin reactions in head and neck cancer patients: a randomised intra-patient controlled clinical trial"
3351:
Chuang SC, Scelo G, Tonita JM, Tamaro S, Jonasson JG, Kliewer EV, Hemminki K, Weiderpass E, Pukkala E, Tracey E, Friis S, Pompe-Kirn V, Brewster DH, Martos C, Chia KS (2008-11-15).
724:
The way in which alcohol contributes to cancer development is not fully understood. It is thought to be related to permanent damage of DNA strands by a metabolite of alcohol called
1838:
Survival advantages provided by new treatment modalities have been undermined by the significant percentage of people cured of head and neck cancer who subsequently develop second
8529:
3237:
Bagnardi V, Rota M, Botteri E, Tramacere I, Islami F, Fedirko V, Scotti L, Jenab M, Turati F, Pasquali E, Pelucchi C, Galeone C, Bellocco R, Negri E, Corrao G (25 November 2014).
621:
themselves ("glottic" cancer) or on tissues above and below the true cords ("supraglottic" and "subglottic" cancers, respectively). Laryngeal cancer is strongly associated with
4363:
Wyss A, Hashibe M, Chuang SC, Lee YC, Zhang ZF, Yu GP, Winn DM, Wei Q, Talamini R, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Sturgis EM, Smith E, Shangina O, Schwartz SM, Schantz S (2013-09-01).
3927:
Ang KK, Harris J, Wheeler R, Weber R, Rosenthal DI, Nguyen-Tân PF, Westra WH, Chung CH, Jordan RC, Lu C, Kim H, Axelrod R, Silverman CC, Redmond KP, Gillison ML (2010-06-07).
1664:, is "a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances, such as monoclonal antibodies, to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells." Some
1608:
approved by the FDA for head and neck cancer, in combination with cisplatin and fluorouracil for the induction treatment of inoperable, locally advanced head and neck cancer.
569:
generally has a better outcome than HPV-negative disease, with a 54% better survival rate, but this advantage for HPV-associated cancer applies only to oropharyngeal cancers.
6545:
Lechien JR, Fakhry N, Saussez S, Chiesa-Estomba CM, Chekkoury-Idrissi Y, Cammaroto G, Melkane AE, Barillari MR, Crevier-Buchman L, Ayad T, Remacle M, Hans S (10 June 2020).
4070:"Genetic effects of oxidative DNA damages: comparative mutagenesis of the imidazole ring-opened formamidopyrimidines (Fapy lesions) and 8-oxo-purines in simian kidney cells"
6177:
Homer JJ, Winter SC, Abbey EC, Aga H, Agrawal R, ap Dafydd D, Arunjit T, Axon P, Aynsley E, Bagwan IN, Batra A, Begg D, Bernstein JM, Betts G, Bicknell C (14 March 2024).
5517:
Schmitz M, Driesch C, Beer-Grondke K, Jansen L, Runnebaum IB, Dürst M (September 2012). "Loss of gene function as a consequence of human papillomavirus DNA integration".
1275:
examination will involve examination of the neck for any masses, examining inside the mouth for any abnormalities and assessing the rest of the pharynx and larynx with a
817:
are also important risk factors for oral cancer. They have a dose dependent relationship with more consumption leading to higher chances of developing cancer. The use of
6361:
1854:
Many people with head and neck cancer are also not able to eat sufficiently. A tumor may impair a person's ability to swallow and eat, and throat cancer may affect the
1557:
is the most common form of treatment. There are different forms of radiation therapy, including 3D conformal radiation therapy, intensity-modulated radiation therapy,
1315:(accurately determine its size, association with nearby structures, and spread to distant sites). This is typically done by scanning the patient with a combination of
1267:
A person usually presents to the physician complaining of one or more of the typical symptoms. These symptoms may be site specific (such as a laryngeal cancer causing
3984:
Cunningham FH, Fiebelkorn S, Johnson M, Meredith C (November 2011). "A novel application of the Margin of
Exposure approach: segregation of tobacco smoke toxicants".
6088:
Schache A, Kerawala C, Ahmed O, Brennan PA, Cook F, Garrett M, Homer J, Hughes C, Mayland C, Mihai R, Newbold K, O'Hara J, Roe J, Sibtain A, Smith M (3 March 2021).
3143:"Interaction between Tobacco and Alcohol Use and the Risk of Head and Neck Cancer: Pooled Analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium"
313:
Head and neck cancers can cause a broad range of symptoms, many of which occur together. These can be categorised local (head and neck cancer-specific), general and
858:
Many dietary nutrients are associated with cancer protection and its development. Generally, foods with a protective effect with respect to oral cancer demonstrate
4618:
Rodríguez-Molinero J, Migueláñez-Medrán Bd, Puente-Gutiérrez C, Delgado-Somolinos E, Martín
Carreras-Presas C, Fernández-Farhall J, López-Sánchez AF (2021-04-15).
4466:
Esteban-Lopez M, Perry MD, Garbinski LD, Manevski M, Andre M, Ceyhan Y, Caobi A, Paul P, Lau LS, Ramelow J, Owens F, Souchak J, Ales E, El-Hage N (23 June 2022).
3813:
Descamps G, Karaca Y, Lechien JR, Kindt N, Decaestecker C, Remmelink M, Larsimont D, Andry G, Hassid S, Rodriguez A, Khalife M, Journe F, Saussez S (2016-07-01).
1009:, where HPV DNA is found in 45–67% of the cases, and it is less often in the hypopharynx (13–25%), and least often in the oral cavity (12–18%) and larynx (3–7%).
7598:
273:
Not using tobacco or alcohol can reduce the risk of head and neck cancer. Regular dental examinations may help to identify signs before the cancer develops. The
4896:
Jeng JH, Chang MC, Hahn LJ (September 2001). "Role of areca nut in betel quid-associated chemical carcinogenesis: current awareness and future perspectives".
4423:
Ralho A, Coelho A, Ribeiro M, Paula A, Amaro I, Sousa J, et al. (December 2019). "Effects of
Electronic Cigarettes on Oral Cavity: A Systematic Review".
1741:
for the treatment of recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer with disease progression on or after platinum-based chemotherapy. In 2019, the FDA approved
4365:"Cigarette, Cigar, and Pipe Smoking and the Risk of Head and Neck Cancers: Pooled Analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium"
833:, and metals contained therein, which can cause damage to the airways. Exposure to e-vapour has been shown to reduce cell viability and increase the rate of
3635:
La
Vecchia C, Franceschi S, Bosetti C, Levi F, Talamini R, Negri E (April 1999). "Time since stopping smoking and the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancers".
8522:
1078:(protein retinoblastoma) are commonly inactivated by HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 respectively. In addition, viral infections such as HPV can cause aberrant
7688:
Fitzmaurice C, Abate D, Abbasi N, Abbastabar H, Abd-Allah F, Abdel-Rahman O, et al. (Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration) (December 2019).
6586:"Oncological and Functional Outcomes of Transoral Robotic Surgery and Endoscopic Laryngopharyngeal Surgery for Hypopharyngeal Cancer: A Systematic Review"
3768:"The Impact of Smoking Cessation and Continuation on Recurrence and Survival in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer: A Systematic Review of the Literature"
2203:
Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).
886:
is also related to a lower risk of cancer mortality and a reduced risk of developing multiple cancers including head and neck cancer. Elevated levels of
3296:"Tumour stage and gender predict recurrence and second primary malignancies in head and neck cancer: a multicentre study within the INHANCE consortium"
909:
might reduce the toxic effect of radiotherapy in people with head and neck cancer but they can also increase recurrence rates, especially in smokers.
2082:
In 2008, there were 22,900 cases of oral cavity cancer, 12,250 cases of laryngeal cancer, and 12,410 cases of pharyngeal cancer in the United States.
894:
have been shown to increase the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. Overall, a poor nutritional intake (often associated with alcoholism) with subsequent
6277:
1346:
of any abnormal areas. If the scans and panendoscopy still do not identify a primary site for the cancer, affected people will undergo a bilateral
1082:
during cancer development. HPV-positive head and neck cancers demonstrate higher levels of such DNA methylation compared to HPV-negative disease.
7195:
Semple C, Parahoo K, Norman A, McCaughan E, Humphris G, Mills M (July 2013). "Psychosocial interventions for patients with head and neck cancer".
8515:
7884:
3398:
Cadoni G, Giraldi L, Petrelli L, Pandolfini M, Giuliani M, Paludetti G, Pastorino R, Leoncini E, Arzani D, Almadori G, Boccia S (December 2017).
993:
being offered to adolescent boys between 12-13 (previously only offered to girls between this age due to cervical cancer risks) and men under 45
989:
as the leading HPV related cancer type. An increased incidence has particularly affected males. As a result, recent changes have resulted in the
5440:
8742:
7456:"Enteral feeding methods for nutritional management in patients with head and neck cancers being treated with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy"
2252:
Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016).
4989:
1917:
among themselves and with their healthcare team. This is in addition to providing emotional support for the person undergoing cancer therapy.
721:
of the jaw. Negative social factors are also increased with sustained alcohol use after diagnosis including unemployment and work disability.
1327:(PET). Exactly which investigations are required will depend on a variety of factors such as the site of concern and the size of the tumour.
799:. Increased risk of oral cancer caused by smokeless tobacco is present in countries such as the United States but particularly prevalent in
293:. In the early stage head and neck cancers are often curable but 50% of people see their doctor when they already have an advanced disease.
7308:
7291:
7080:"Targeted next-generation sequencing of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma identifies novel genetic alterations in HPV+ and HPV- tumors"
6984:"Cetuximab in locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Biological mechanisms involved in efficacy, toxicity and resistance"
3682:"Influence of Smoking and Alcohol Drinking Behaviors on Treatment Outcomes of Patients With Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Head and Neck"
1869:
The treatments for throat cancer can also be harmful to the digestive system as well as other body systems. Radiation therapy can lead to
6321:
5377:
5360:
1538:
normal tissue removed or damaged. This technique helps give the person as much speech and swallowing function as possible after surgery.
981:
The incidence of HPV-related head and neck cancer is increasing, especially in the Western world. In the United States, the incidence of
845:
with or without nicotine. This area of study requires more research, however. Similarly, additional research is needed to understand how
7349:
7332:
5361:"Human papillomavirus (HPV) in head and neck cancer. An association of HPV 16 with squamous cell carcinoma of Waldeyer's tonsillar ring"
3142:
2755:
7555:
Sherrod AM, Murphy BA, Wells NL, Bond SM, Hertzog M, Gilbert J, et al. (2014-05-20). "Caregiving burden in head and neck cancer".
6810:
6388:
Wang YX, Hu D, Yan X (September 2013). "Diagnostic accuracy of Cyfra 21-1 for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis".
5869:"Oral cancer in patients after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: long-term follow-up suggests an increased risk for recurrence"
1480:
When diagnosed early, oral, head, and neck cancers can be treated more easily, and the chances of survival increase tremendously. The
1164:
Several other risk factors have been identified in the development of head and neck cancer. These include occupational environmental
6693:
6041:
Karp EE, Yin LX, Moore EJ, Elias AJ, O'Byrne TJ, Glasgow AE, Habermann EB, Price DL, Kasperbauer JL, Van Abel KM (26 January 2021).
3460:"Heterogeneous impact of alcohol consumption according to treatment method on survival in head and neck cancer: A prospective study"
1753:
Depending on the treatment used, people with head and neck cancer may experience the following symptoms and treatment side effects:
5627:"Differences in methylation profiles between HPV-positive and HPV-negative oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review"
4808:"Salted fish and processed foods intake and nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk: a dose–response meta-analysis of observational studies"
2917:"Survival of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in relation to human papillomavirus infection: review and meta-analysis"
1620:
6547:"Surgical, clinical and functional outcomes of transoral robotic surgery for supraglottic laryngeal cancers: A systematic review"
1145:
474:
465:
200:
3815:"Classical risk factors, but not HPV status, predict survival after chemoradiotherapy in advanced head and neck cancer patients"
2716:
1822:
1361:
Once a diagnosis is confirmed, a multidisciplinary discussion of the optimal treatment strategy will be undertaken between the
1012:
Positive HPV16 status is associated with a improved prognosis over HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer due to better response to
415:
than other head and neck cancers. Lip and oral cavity cancers are the most commonly encountered types of head and neck cancer.
1054:
There are observed biological differences between HPV-positive and HPV-negative head and neck cancer, for example in terms of
1050:
Distinct host genome methylation and expression patterns, produced even when the virus is not integrated into the host genome.
920:
is associated with an increased risk of head and neck cancer. When chewed with additional tobacco in its preparation (like in
8615:
7991:
6315:
3518:
Marziliano A, Teckie S, Diefenbach MA (27 November 2019). "Alcohol-related head and neck cancer: Summary of the literature".
3055:
2819:
2749:
2187:
3198:
Tramacere I, Negri E, Bagnardi V, Garavello W, Rota M, Scotti L, Islami F, Corrao G, Boffetta P, La Vecchia C (4 May 2010).
7901:
6178:
4990:"A Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Two Novel Susceptible Regions for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck"
469:
203:. Head and neck cancer can present a wide range of symptoms depending on where the cancer developed. These can include an
2843:
1718:+ and HPV- head and neck cancer have been reported, further demonstrating that they are fundamentally distinct diseases.
767:
7130:
5682:
Nakagawa T, Kurokawa T, Mima M, Imamoto S, Mizokami H, Kondo S, Okamoto Y, Misawa K, Hanazawa T, Kaneda A (2021-04-10).
1461:
characteristics. Several head and neck cancers are adenocarcinomas (either of intestinal or non-intestinal cell types).
9089:
9033:
8997:
8735:
8610:
7590:
2140:
1818:
1354:(as these are the most common subsites of cancer that spread to the neck). This procedure can be done with or without
9007:
8808:
4256:"Smokeless Tobacco Use and the Risk of Head and Neck Cancer: Pooled Analysis of US Studies in the INHANCE Consortium"
3200:"A meta-analysis of alcohol drinking and oral and pharyngeal cancers. Part 1: Overall results and dose-risk relation"
2958:"Synchronous primary cancers of the head and neck region and upper aero digestive tract: defining high-risk patients"
1002:
982:
566:
536:
278:
3353:"Risk of second primary cancer among patients with head and neck cancers: A pooled analysis of 13 cancer registries"
2091:
Men are 89% more likely than women to be diagnosed with these cancers and are almost twice as likely to die of them.
1282:
Further investigations will be directed by the symptoms discussed and any abnormalities identified during the exam.
9012:
8620:
8130:
7930:
Syn NL, Teng MW, Mok TS, Soo RA (December 2017). "De-novo and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint targeting".
5780:
1604:-based chemotherapy has shown a very good response in locally advanced head and neck cancer. Docetaxel is the only
7408:
Priante AV, Castilho EC, Kowalski LP (April 2011). "Second primary tumors in patients with head and neck cancer".
617:, or "voice box", and is the second most common type of head and neck cancer encountered. Cancer may occur on the
452:
The defect is typically covered or improved by using another part of the body and/or skin grafts and/or wearing a
8851:
7247:
Gourin CG, Podolsky RH (July 2006). "Racial disparities in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma".
7149:
6874:"Cetuximab: A Review of its Use in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck and Metastatic Colorectal Cancer"
6336:"Cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract: assessment and management in people aged 16 and over - Recommendations"
1783:
1208:, which is the appearance of white patches or spots in the mouth, can develop into cancer in about 1⁄3 of cases.
1125:
1112:. Nasopharyngeal cancer caused by EBV commonly occurs in some countries of the Mediterranean and Asia, where EBV
8507:
6362:"Standards and datasets for reporting cancers. Dataset for histopathology reporting of salivary gland neoplasms"
6042:
3721:"Why Oncologists Should Feel Directly Involved in Persuading Patients with Head and Neck Cancer to Quit Smoking"
254:, poor nutrition and workplace exposure to certain toxic substances. About 90% are pathologically classified as
8757:
3400:"Prognostic factors in head and neck cancer: a 10-year retrospective analysis in a single-institution in Italy"
1715:
239:
97:
63:
1446:
The tumor marker Cyfra 21-1 may be useful in diagnosing squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN).
9079:
8728:
8445:
1686:
is used for treating people with advanced-stage cancer who cannot be treated with conventional chemotherapy (
1381:
will also be present to discuss the biopsy and imaging findings. Most (90%) cancers of the head and neck are
7292:"Evaluation of the newly updated TNM classification of head and neck carcinoma with data from 3247 patients"
1443:, or neck node metastases possibly arising from the nasopharynx will also be tested for Ebstein Barr virus.
9084:
1969:
1534:
1324:
1074:. In HPV-positive disease, these genes are less frequently mutated, and the tumour suppressor gene p53 and
572:
People with oropharyngeal carcinomas are at high risk of developing a second primary head and neck cancer.
7830:
Giuliano AR, Nyitray AG, Kreimer AR, Pierce Campbell CM, Goodman MT, Sudenga SL, et al. (June 2015).
6643:
Maxwell JH, Thompson LD, Brandwein-Gensler MS, Weiss BG, Canis M, Purgina B, et al. (December 2015).
5955:
Bosetti C, Carioli G, Santucci C, Bertuccio P, Gallus S, Garavello W, Negri E, La Vecchia C (2020-08-15).
5910:"Head and neck cancer due to heavy metal exposure via tobacco smoking and professional exposure: A review"
6982:
Muraro E, Fanetti G, Lupato V, Giacomarra V, Steffan A, Gobitti C, Vaccher E, Franchin G (10 July 2021).
5275:
Joseph AW, D'Souza G (August 2012). "Epidemiology of human papillomavirus-related head and neck cancer".
4933:"Genome-wide association analyses identify new susceptibility loci for oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer"
1957:
will prevent oxygen from being transported to all the cells of the body; and throat cancer can throw the
1862:
on their food in the early stages of digestion and interfere with the food's smooth travel down into the
1469:
Avoidance of risk factors (such as smoking and alcohol) is the single most effective form of prevention.
371:
175:
that can develop in the head and neck region. These include cancers of the mouth, tongue, gums and lips (
7882:
6273:
2997:
8476:
6645:"Early Oral Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Sampling of Margins From Tumor Bed and Worse Local Control"
4562:
3719:
Merlano MC, Denaro N, Galizia D, Abbona A, Paccagnella M, Minei S, Garrone O, Bossi P (20 April 2023).
3458:
Sawabe M, Ito H, Oze I, Hosono S, Kawakita D, Tanaka H, Hasegawa Y, Murakami S, Matsuo K (2017-01-26).
1316:
1221:
1093:
and apoptosis. Both mechanisms therefore leave cell proliferation unchecked and increase the chance of
882:
and fried food can increase the risk of developing head and neck cancer. An increased adherence to the
763:
75:
Lump or sore that does not heal, sore throat that does not go away, trouble swallowing, change in voice
4679:"An updated systematic review and meta-analysis on adherence to mediterranean diet and risk of cancer"
8270:
5401:
5236:"Human papillomavirus types in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas worldwide: a systematic review"
2456:
1661:
1649:
is showing good results in early clinical trials for the treatment of advanced head and neck cancer.
1520:
1232:
1153:
994:
4617:
41:
8846:
8600:
8595:
8305:
8263:
8067:
3872:"Tobacco Smoking-Associated Alterations in the Immune Microenvironment of Squamous Cell Carcinomas"
2871:"Human papillomavirus related head and neck cancer survival: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
2066:
1789:
1440:
1254:
1109:
668:
664:
184:
4988:
Shete S, Liu H, Wang J, Yu R, Sturgis EM, Li G, Dahlstrom KR, Liu Z, Amos CI, Wei Q (2020-06-15).
2451:
523:, biology, clinical behavior, and treatment and is treated as a separate disease by many experts.
317:
symptoms. Local symptoms include changes in taste and voice, inflammation of the mouth or throat (
8779:
8605:
8571:
8398:
8362:
8300:
6983:
6546:
6136:
6003:
5909:
5742:
3681:
3562:
3199:
2536:"The effectiveness of HPV vaccination on the incidence of oropharyngeal cancers in men: a review"
1496:, have led to improvements in quality of life and survival for people with head and neck cancer.
1406:
655:, clinical presentation, and therapy. Other uncommon tumors arising in the head and neck include
486:
298:
255:
6709:
Mahmood SS, Nohria A (July 2016). "Cardiovascular Complications of Cranial and Neck Radiation".
6335:
3239:"Alcohol consumption and site-specific cancer risk: a comprehensive dose–response meta-analysis"
2104:
Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors is being investigated in head and neck cancers.
8403:
8357:
6137:"Cost Analysis of Channeled, Distal Chip Laryngoscope for In-office Laryngopharyngeal Biopsies"
6043:"Barriers to Obtaining a Timely Diagnosis in Human Papillomavirus–Associated Oropharynx Cancer"
1884:
1355:
1331:
1293:
1105:
1075:
933:
314:
243:
105:
7169:"FDA approves pembrolizumab for first-line treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma"
6303:
9053:
8590:
8455:
8436:
7968:
6806:
6488:
Oliver JR, Persky MJ, Wang B, Duvvuri U, Gross ND, Vaezi AE, Morris LG, Givi B (2022-02-15).
4563:"Association Between Marijuana Use and Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
4021:"Acrylonitrile-induced oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage in male Sprague-Dawley rats"
3399:
2739:
1705:
1201:
1031:
945:
648:
581:
330:
196:
192:
6873:
3871:
2368:
Mathew A, Tirkey AJ, Li H, Steffen A, Lockwood MB, Patil CL, Doorenbos AZ (2 October 2021).
2061:
with age, especially after 50 years. Most people who do so are between 50 and 70 years old.
1271:), or not site specific (earache can be caused by multiple types of head and neck cancers).
8921:
8705:
8408:
8253:
8123:
6179:"Head and Neck Cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines, Sixth Edition"
5921:
5573:
5049:
4854:
4479:
1745:
for the first-line treatment of metastatic or unresectable recurrent head and neck cancer.
1642:
1362:
1185:
975:
818:
804:
562:
542:
532:
423:
188:
8108:
7987:
4677:
Morze J, Danielewicz A, Przybyłowicz K, Zeng H, Hoffmann G, Schwingshackl L (April 2021).
3870:
Desrichard A, Kuo F, Chowell D, Lee KW, Riaz N, Wong RJ, Chan TA, Morris LG (2018-12-01).
3086:"Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors"
1304:. Lesions less readily available can be biopsied either with the patient awake or under a
8:
9028:
8640:
8295:
8227:
8052:
6691:
3040:
1843:
1616:
1472:
Regular dental examinations may identify pre-cancerous lesions in the oral cavity. While
1305:
1241:
Left inferior internal jugular node metastases with extranodal invasion, two years after
7568:
6458:"Nuclear Medicine PET/CT Head and Neck Cancer Assessment, Protocols, and Interpretation"
6089:
5956:
5925:
5625:
van Kempen PM, Noorlag R, Braunius WW, Stegeman I, Willems SM, Grolman W (29 Oct 2013).
5577:
4783:
4748:
4483:
4068:
Kalam MA, Haraguchi K, Chandani S, Loechler EL, Moriya M, Greenberg MM, Basu AK (2006).
3352:
2570:
2535:
8935:
8645:
8388:
7856:
7831:
7807:
7782:
7763:
7714:
7689:
7529:
7520:
7504:
7480:
7455:
7433:
7272:
7260:
7226:
7106:
7079:
7055:
7030:
7011:
6964:
6928:
6909:
6783:
6756:
6734:
6669:
6644:
6620:
6585:
6562:
6522:
6489:
6019:
5841:
5806:
5805:
Li W, Duan X, Chen X, Zhan M, Peng H, Meng Y, Li X, Li XY, Pang G, Dou X (2023-01-11).
5718:
5683:
5659:
5626:
5602:
5561:
5542:
5494:
5461:
5432:
5336:
5311:
5186:
5153:
5129:
5096:
5022:
4965:
4932:
4807:
4711:
4678:
4654:
4619:
4595:
4578:
4500:
4467:
4448:
4397:
4364:
4340:
4307:
4280:
4255:
4231:
4206:
4187:
4117:
Jena NR, Mishra PC (October 2013). "Is FapyG mutagenic?: Evidence from the DFT study".
4094:
4069:
4045:
4020:
3961:
3928:
3904:
3847:
3814:
3767:
3720:
3492:
3459:
3435:
3328:
3295:
3271:
3238:
3215:
3175:
3118:
3085:
2886:
2687:
2630:
2597:
2508:
2483:
2394:
2369:
2345:
2278:
2253:
2229:
2204:
1954:
1826:
1526:
1184:
and metal dusts. In addition, weakened immune systems, age greater than 55 years, poor
1090:
957:
941:
895:
883:
728:. Other suggested mechanisms include nutritional deficiencies and genetic variations.
718:
697:
498:
411:
use. Cancers of this region, particularly the tongue, are more frequently treated with
384:
251:
101:
70:
7943:
5758:
5402:"Human papillomavirus and head and neck cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
4909:
4254:
Wyss AB, Hashibe M, Lee YA, Chuang SC, Muscat J, Chen C, et al. (November 2016).
2771:"Initial symptoms in patients with HPV-positive and HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer"
2708:
2417:
2269:
2220:
2095:
survival rate for similar tumor states in African Americans with head and neck cancer.
1711:
to cells. It was approved in China in 2003 for the treatment of head and neck cancer.
974:
Some head and neck cancers, and in particular oropharyngeal cancer, are caused by the
329:). General symptoms include difficulty sleeping, tiredness, depression, nerve damage (
9058:
8856:
8491:
8481:
8393:
8207:
7978:
7947:
7861:
7812:
7783:"Epidemiology of Human Papillomavirus-Positive Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma"
7755:
7719:
7670:
7629:
7572:
7534:
7485:
7437:
7425:
7390:
7386:
7354:
7313:
7264:
7218:
7111:
7060:
7015:
7003:
6999:
6968:
6956:
6948:
6913:
6901:
6893:
6889:
6845:
6788:
6726:
6674:
6625:
6607:
6566:
6527:
6509:
6490:"Transoral robotic surgery adoption and safety in treatment of oropharyngeal cancers"
6465:
6438:
6397:
6311:
6255:
6247:
6206:
6198:
6156:
6117:
6109:
6070:
6062:
6023:
5984:
5976:
5937:
5890:
5846:
5828:
5762:
5723:
5705:
5664:
5646:
5607:
5589:
5534:
5499:
5481:
5424:
5420:
5382:
5341:
5292:
5257:
5191:
5173:
5134:
5116:
5077:
5069:
5027:
5009:
4970:
4952:
4913:
4878:
4870:
4835:
4827:
4788:
4770:
4749:"Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma"
4716:
4698:
4659:
4641:
4600:
4582:
4543:
4505:
4452:
4440:
4402:
4384:
4345:
4327:
4285:
4236:
4191:
4179:
4134:
4099:
4050:
4001:
3966:
3948:
3909:
3891:
3852:
3834:
3795:
3787:
3748:
3740:
3701:
3662:
3617:
3613:
3582:
3543:
3535:
3497:
3479:
3440:
3422:
3380:
3372:
3333:
3315:
3276:
3258:
3219:
3180:
3162:
3123:
3105:
3051:
2979:
2938:
2890:
2870:
2825:
2815:
2792:
2745:
2691:
2679:
2635:
2617:
2575:
2557:
2513:
2399:
2349:
2337:
2283:
2234:
2183:
1554:
1366:
1013:
917:
863:
821:
may also lead to the development of head and neck cancers due to the substances like
788:
736:
516:
482:
302:
282:
247:
235:
136:
112:
93:
54:
8061:
8057:
7767:
7276:
7230:
6738:
6417:"Treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancer: historical and critical review"
5546:
5065:
4866:
4308:"Smokeless tobacco and cigarette smoking: chemical mechanisms and cancer prevention"
4222:
2370:"Symptom Clusters in Head and Neck Cancer: A Systematic Review and Conceptual Model"
337:
cancer often begins with benign signs and symptoms of the disease, like an enlarged
262:. The degree of surrounding tissue invasion and distant spread may be determined by
8380:
8258:
7939:
7851:
7843:
7802:
7794:
7747:
7709:
7701:
7660:
7564:
7524:
7516:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7417:
7382:
7344:
7303:
7256:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7101:
7091:
7050:
7042:
6995:
6940:
6885:
6841:
6837:
6778:
6768:
6718:
6664:
6656:
6615:
6597:
6558:
6517:
6501:
6428:
6237:
6190:
6148:
6101:
6054:
6015:
5968:
5929:
5880:
5836:
5818:
5754:
5713:
5695:
5654:
5638:
5597:
5581:
5526:
5489:
5473:
5436:
5416:
5400:
Hobbs CG, Sterne JA, Bailey M, Heyderman RS, Birchall MA, Thomas SJ (August 2006).
5372:
5331:
5323:
5284:
5247:
5181:
5165:
5124:
5108:
5061:
5017:
5001:
4960:
4944:
4905:
4862:
4819:
4778:
4760:
4706:
4690:
4649:
4631:
4590:
4574:
4535:
4495:
4487:
4432:
4392:
4376:
4335:
4319:
4275:
4267:
4226:
4218:
4169:
4161:
4126:
4089:
4081:
4040:
4032:
3993:
3956:
3940:
3899:
3883:
3842:
3826:
3779:
3732:
3693:
3652:
3644:
3609:
3574:
3527:
3487:
3471:
3430:
3414:
3364:
3323:
3307:
3266:
3250:
3211:
3170:
3154:
3113:
3097:
2969:
2928:
2882:
2782:
2671:
2625:
2609:
2565:
2547:
2503:
2495:
2389:
2381:
2329:
2273:
2265:
2224:
2216:
1946:
1909:
1888:
1855:
1665:
1657:
1493:
1473:
1370:
1301:
937:
822:
759:
608:
290:
180:
144:
5700:
5252:
5235:
5005:
3766:
von Kroge PR, Bokemeyer F, Ghandili S, Bokemeyer C, Seidel C (18 September 2020).
3158:
2869:
O'Rorke MA, Ellison MV, Murray LJ, Moran M, James J, Anderson LA (December 2012).
2844:"Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®)–Patient Version"
8942:
8774:
8537:
8496:
8471:
8116:
8072:
7888:
6697:
6152:
4491:
4165:
3697:
2333:
1934:
1880:
1566:
1426:
1330:
Some people will present with a neck lump containing cancer cells (identified by
1189:
1079:
986:
846:
792:
775:
740:
731:
693:
660:
622:
512:
439:
404:
400:
263:
8096:
7909:
7705:
7331:
Jones AS, Morar P, Phillips DE, Field JK, Husband D, Helliwell TR (March 1995).
7078:
Lechner M, Frampton GM, Fenton T, Feber A, Palmer G, Jay A, et al. (2013).
6862:"Inoperable cancers killed by new laser surgery" The Times. UK. 3-April-2010 p15
6457:
5885:
5868:
4436:
2596:
Johnson DE, Burtness B, Leemans CR, Lui VW, Bauman JE, Grandis JR (2020-11-26).
2385:
1645:
may have promise for treating mucosal dysplasia and small head and neck tumors.
924:), there is an even higher risk, especially for oral and oropharyngeal cancers.
8952:
8789:
8418:
8376:
7350:
10.1002/1097-0142(19950315)75:6<1343::AID-CNCR2820750617>3.0.CO;2-T
6944:
6433:
6416:
5933:
5823:
5209:
4823:
4694:
4323:
3578:
2613:
2552:
2499:
1973:
1958:
1942:
1769:
1631:
1624:
1558:
1454:
1374:
1312:
1113:
1094:
879:
800:
702:
652:
637:
408:
354:
227:
85:
7421:
7333:"Second primary tumors in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma"
7309:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19981115)83:10<2201::AID-CNCR20>3.0.CO;2-7
6722:
6660:
6602:
6194:
6135:
Marcus S, Timen M, Dion GR, Fritz MA, Branski RC, Amin MR (19 February 2018).
5867:
Elad S, Zadik Y, Zeevi I, Miyazaki A, de Figueiredo MA, Or R (December 2010).
5477:
5288:
4539:
3997:
3830:
3311:
3101:
1690:). However, cetuximab's efficacy is still under investigation by researchers.
9073:
8967:
8947:
8841:
8799:
8794:
8222:
7982:
7798:
7576:
6952:
6897:
6611:
6513:
6251:
6202:
6113:
6066:
6058:
5980:
5832:
5709:
5650:
5593:
5485:
5177:
5120:
5073:
5013:
4956:
4874:
4831:
4774:
4702:
4645:
4586:
4547:
4388:
4331:
3952:
3895:
3838:
3791:
3744:
3648:
3539:
3483:
3426:
3376:
3319:
3262:
3166:
3109:
2974:
2957:
2829:
2787:
2770:
2621:
2561:
1950:
1839:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1414:
1382:
1347:
1276:
1242:
1204:) are also linked to an increased head and neck cancer risk. The presence of
1181:
1149:
751:
747:
117:
8042:
8038:
8034:
8030:
6226:"Diagnostic approaches to carcinoma of unknown primary of the head and neck"
5585:
5378:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970201)79:3<595::AID-CNCR24>3.0.CO;2-Y
5327:
4527:
4468:"Health effects and known pathology associated with the use of E-cigarettes"
4207:"Variant base excision repair proteins: contributors to genomic instability"
4036:
3418:
1432:
All squamous cell carcinomas arising from the oropharynx, and all neck node
906:
8962:
8836:
8831:
8163:
7951:
7865:
7816:
7759:
7723:
7674:
7633:
7538:
7505:"Psychological functioning of caregivers for head and neck cancer patients"
7489:
7429:
7268:
7222:
7115:
7064:
7007:
6960:
6905:
6849:
6792:
6730:
6678:
6629:
6570:
6531:
6469:
6442:
6401:
6259:
6210:
6160:
6121:
6074:
6027:
5988:
5941:
5894:
5850:
5766:
5727:
5668:
5611:
5538:
5503:
5428:
5345:
5296:
5261:
5195:
5138:
5081:
5031:
4974:
4917:
4882:
4839:
4792:
4765:
4720:
4663:
4604:
4509:
4444:
4406:
4349:
4289:
4240:
4183:
4138:
4130:
4103:
4054:
4005:
3970:
3913:
3856:
3799:
3752:
3705:
3666:
3586:
3547:
3501:
3444:
3384:
3337:
3280:
3223:
3184:
3127:
2983:
2942:
2894:
2796:
2683:
2639:
2579:
2517:
2403:
2341:
2287:
2238:
1933:
affects many areas of the body as the cancer spreads from cell to cell and
1701:
1697:
1578:
1268:
1193:
1177:
1129:
1017:
814:
725:
714:
520:
508:
478:
445:
342:
286:
208:
140:
7394:
7358:
7317:
6929:"Nutritional prehabilitation in head and neck cancer: a systematic review"
5386:
5169:
4561:
Ghasemiesfe M, Barrow B, Leonard S, Keyhani S, Korenstein D (2019-11-27).
3944:
3887:
3621:
2675:
2320:
Aupérin A (May 2020). "Epidemiology of head and neck cancers: an update".
1300:
that are readily accessible (such as in the mouth) can be biopsied with a
8899:
8784:
8692:
8687:
8679:
8562:
8546:
8486:
8426:
8285:
8248:
8171:
7972:
7620:
Titcomb CP (2001). "High incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Asia".
7503:
Longacre ML, Ridge JA, Burtness BA, Galloway TJ, Fang CY (January 2012).
6090:"British Association of Head and Neck Oncologists (BAHNO) standards 2020"
5807:"Immunotherapeutic approaches in EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma"
5154:"'Jabs for the boys': time to deliver on HPV vaccination recommendations"
4855:"Nutritional Supplements and Cancer: Potential Benefits and Proven Harms"
4380:
4271:
4085:
3929:"Human Papillomavirus and Survival of Patients with Oropharyngeal Cancer"
3254:
2088:
More than 70% of throat cancers are at an advanced stage when discovered.
1938:
1773:
1673:
1591:
1481:
1351:
1246:
1205:
990:
891:
859:
830:
796:
782:
641:
618:
587:
550:
504:
432:
392:
366:
274:
216:
204:
176:
80:
8013:
7213:
5152:
Merriel SW, Nadarzynski T, Kesten JM, Flannagan C, Prue G (2018-08-30).
5097:"Epidemiology and incidence of HPV-related cancers of the head and neck"
1961:
into chaos, making it unable to properly regulate and control the body.
1883:, a method that adds nutrients directly into a person's stomach using a
743:, both at work and at home, increases the risk of head and neck cancer.
8979:
8720:
8665:
8431:
8280:
8217:
8181:
8091:
7665:
7648:
7166:
7147:
7128:
6830:
6755:
Yan J, Yuan L, Wang J, Li S, Yao M, Wang K, Herst PM (September 2020).
6505:
6274:"Routine HPV Testing in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. EBS 5-9"
4636:
3657:
3084:
Gormley M, Creaney G, Schache A, Ingarfield K, Conway DI (2022-11-11).
1930:
1778:
1612:
1587:
1433:
1418:
1308:
depending on local expertise and availability of specialist equipment.
1289:
1197:
1165:
834:
755:
592:
546:
453:
338:
322:
267:
7847:
7751:
7242:
7240:
7046:
6308:
Head & Neck Cancer: Current Perspectives, Advances, and Challenges
6242:
6225:
6105:
5972:
5642:
5530:
5112:
4174:
3783:
3736:
3531:
3475:
3368:
2933:
2916:
1484:
helps to prevent the development of HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer.
9002:
8989:
8861:
8450:
8336:
8321:
8202:
8186:
7829:
7736:
6773:
6642:
6304:"Pathology of Head and Neck Cancers I: Epithelial and Related Tumors"
5957:"Global trends in oral and pharyngeal cancer incidence and mortality"
5359:
Paz IB, Cook N, Odom-Maryon T, Xie Y, Wilczynski SP (February 1997).
2956:
Krishnatreya M, Rahman T, Kataki AC, Das A, Das AK, Lahkar K (2013).
1976:
death from oro-pharyngeal cancer per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004
1908:
Caregivers for people with head and neck cancer show higher rates of
1863:
1764:
1738:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1669:
1601:
1595:
1394:
1378:
1339:
1285:
1133:
1086:
902:
871:
838:
676:
672:
379:
Oral cancer affects the areas of the mouth, including the inner lip,
326:
318:
220:
212:
6584:
Lai KW, Lai R, Lorincz BB, Wang CC, Chan JY, Yeung DC (2022-04-07).
6004:"Global patterns and trends in cancers of the lip, tongue and mouth"
4948:
2484:"Epidemiologic trends in head and neck cancer and aids in diagnosis"
1058:
patterns. In HPV-negative disease, genes frequently mutated include
948:) have been associated with an increased head and neck cancer risk.
8929:
8909:
8904:
8878:
8538:
8440:
8331:
8290:
8275:
8148:
8140:
7237:
5562:"The Mutational Landscape of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma"
5312:"Molecular biology of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck"
4930:
4465:
3983:
3765:
1874:
1646:
1169:
1089:
when DNA damage is signalled. Loss of pRb leads to deregulation of
1055:
1038:
875:
867:
842:
826:
656:
346:
59:
7781:
Gillison ML, Chaturvedi AK, Anderson WF, Fakhry C (October 2015).
7096:
6927:
Cantwell LA, Fahy E, Walters ER, Patterson JM (26 November 2020).
6544:
5050:"HPV vaccination for prevention of head and neck cancer among men"
4747:
Barsouk A, Aluru JS, Rawla P, Saginala K, Barsouk A (2023-06-13).
1070:
565:
infection than are cancers of other regions of the head and neck.
353:
congested sinuses, weight loss, and some numbness or paralysis of
8891:
8550:
8341:
8326:
5624:
5151:
3039:
Ridge JA, Glisson BS, Lango MN, Feigenberg S, Horwitz EM (2008).
1859:
1562:
1546:
1512:
1320:
1173:
1136:
can damage its lining and raise susceptibility to throat cancer.
1006:
887:
771:
706:
412:
396:
231:
89:
7780:
7687:
5516:
5234:
Kreimer AR, Clifford GM, Boyle P, Franceschi S (February 2005).
4676:
2741:
Radiation Therapy for Head and Neck Cancers: A Case-Based Review
2085:
In 2002, 7,400 Americans were projected to die of these cancers.
333:). Gastrointestinal symptoms are typically nausea and vomiting.
8212:
8144:
8025:
6224:
Ye W, Arnaud EH, Langerman A, Mannion K, Topf MC (1 May 2021).
5954:
5781:"Risks and causes | Nasopharyngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK"
4560:
3634:
3397:
3197:
3083:
2141:"Oropharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®)–Patient Version"
1926:
1870:
1605:
1516:
1410:
1343:
1335:
1297:
1250:
1128:(GERD) or laryngeal reflux disease can also be a major factor.
1064:
770:
in DNA. (see image). Both 8-oxo-dG and formamidopyrimidine are
614:
596:
558:
554:
380:
259:
172:
5233:
4526:
Gallagher TJ, Chung RS, Lin ME, Kim I, Kokot NC (2024-08-08).
4067:
936:
for the condition. There are seven known genetic variations (
7502:
7375:
International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics
6981:
5309:
2868:
1458:
921:
810:
778:
226:
The majority of head and neck cancer is caused by the use of
7194:
6926:
3293:
3236:
3050:(11th ed.). Cmp United Business Media. pp. 39–86.
3046:. In Pazdur R, Wagman LD, Camphausen KA, Hoskins WJ (eds.).
2998:"Throat cancer | Head and neck cancers | Cancer Research UK"
2533:
8821:
8176:
8138:
6087:
5681:
5462:"Human papillomavirus as a driver of head and neck cancers"
3686:
International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics
3599:
3038:
2955:
1492:
Improvements in diagnosis and local management, as well as
1422:
1385:-derived, termed "head-and-neck squamous-cell carcinomas".
561:. Cancers of the tonsils are more strongly associated with
388:
7077:
6310:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 257–87.
5399:
3812:
3718:
3517:
3140:
1139:
901:
In terms of nutritional supplements, antioxidants such as
549:(throat), the middle part of the throat that includes the
49:
Parts of the head and neck that can be affected by cancer.
8542:
7453:
5684:"DNA Methylation and HPV-Associated Head and Neck Cancer"
5559:
4746:
2595:
2182:. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 5.8.
1708:
1060:
7371:
6807:"FDA Approval for Docetaxel - National Cancer Institute"
6390:
European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
6223:
1623:
radiotherapy sessions. Amifostine protects the gums and
595:
early due to the extensive lymphatic network around the
7407:
7330:
6487:
4422:
3869:
3350:
2737:
2709:"SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Oral Cavity and Pharynx Cancer"
2488:
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America
1188:
such as lower incomes and occupational status, and low
874:. Conversely, pro-inflammatory food substances such as
785:
by 8-oxo-dG and removes formamidopyrimidines from DNA.
651:
differ from the common head and neck cancers in cause,
429:
Mandibulectomy (removal of the lower jaw or part of it)
7997:
7554:
7167:
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (2019-06-11).
7148:
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (2018-11-03).
7129:
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (2019-02-09).
5866:
4859:
American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book
2251:
5358:
5310:
Perez-Ordoñez B, Beauchemin M, Jordan RC (May 2006).
4620:"Association between Oral Cancer and Diet: An Update"
4151:
3926:
2768:
2534:
Macilwraith P, Malsem E, Dushyanthen S (2023-04-24).
2367:
1858:. The difficulty in swallowing can cause a person to
1550:
Radiation mask used in the treatment of throat cancer
8003:
6711:
Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine
6134:
4525:
4362:
4253:
3563:"Follow-up and Survivorship in Head and Neck Cancer"
2769:
McIlwain WR, Sood AJ, Nguyen SA, Day TA (May 2014).
1257:
was administered, shows some fluff around the tumor.
395:. Cancers of the mouth are strongly associated with
6176:
5907:
4018:
3679:
2481:
2202:
932:People who develop head and neck cancer may have a
238:). An increasing number of cases are caused by the
7028:
5047:
4204:
4019:Pu X, Kamendulis LM, Klaunig JE (September 2009).
3457:
2069:, is the most common cause of death in young men.
1119:
281:. Treatment may include a combination of surgery,
7646:
7454:Nugent B, Lewis S, O'Sullivan JM (January 2013).
6583:
6040:
6001:
5743:"The role of p53 and pRB in apoptosis and cancer"
5274:
4521:
4519:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
1941:, it will prevent the body from producing enough
1733:In 2016, the FDA granted accelerated approval to
1393:Throat cancers are classified according to their
1116:can be measured to screen high-risk populations.
1044:Generating alternative nonfunctional transcripts.
9071:
6359:
5240:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
4205:Nemec AA, Wallace SS, Sweasy JB (October 2010).
3819:Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology
3147:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
2662:Chow LQ (January 2020). "Head and Neck Cancer".
1598:is also used in the treatment of throat cancer.
1253:scanning of a male in his 30s, 64 minutes after
435:(tongue removal; can be total, hemi, or partial)
6464:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
5459:
3048:Cancer management: a multidisciplinary approach
7908:. NCH Healthcare Systems. 1999. Archived from
7774:
7730:
7647:Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A (January 2020).
7246:
6297:
6295:
5804:
4987:
4516:
4305:
3876:JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute
2294:
1833:
1457:is a cancer of the epithelial tissue that has
632:
8736:
8523:
8124:
7929:
7823:
7681:
7401:
7289:
7029:Pearson S, Jia H, Kandachi K (January 2004).
6754:
6708:
5747:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
5268:
5094:
4895:
4425:The Journal of Evidence-Based Dental Practice
4418:
4416:
3680:Fortin A, Wang CS, Vigneault É (2008-11-25).
1634:should be routinely given with radiotherapy.
1192:(<18.5 kg/m2) are also risk factors. Poor
1023:HPV can induce tumors by several mechanisms:
4198:
4145:
4110:
4061:
4012:
1937:to organ. For example, if it spreads to the
1037:High-level DNA amplifications, for example,
754:. Acrylonitrile appears to indirectly cause
7460:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7197:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6834:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6649:JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery
6455:
6292:
6002:Miranda-Filho A, Bray F (25 January 2020).
4532:JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery
3560:
2914:
2812:Head and neck cancer: emerging perspectives
2775:JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery
2703:
2701:
1581:for throat cancer is not generally used to
1296:(FNA, a type of needle biopsy). Concerning
898:is a risk factor for head and neck cancer.
8743:
8729:
8530:
8516:
8131:
8117:
7591:"WHO Disease and injury country estimates"
6871:
6301:
5095:Roman BR, Aragones A (23 September 2021).
5048:El Hussein MT, Dhaliwal S (October 2023).
4812:European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
4413:
4116:
3977:
2738:Beyzadeoglu M, Ozyigit G, Selek U (2014).
1401:
422:Maxillectomy (can be done with or without
40:
9034:Loop electrical excision procedure (LEEP)
7855:
7806:
7713:
7664:
7528:
7479:
7348:
7307:
7212:
7105:
7095:
7054:
6782:
6772:
6668:
6619:
6601:
6521:
6432:
6414:
6387:
6241:
5884:
5840:
5822:
5717:
5699:
5658:
5601:
5493:
5376:
5335:
5251:
5185:
5128:
5021:
4964:
4782:
4764:
4710:
4653:
4635:
4594:
4499:
4396:
4339:
4306:Hecht SS, Hatsukami DK (3 January 2022).
4279:
4230:
4173:
4093:
4044:
3960:
3903:
3846:
3656:
3491:
3434:
3327:
3270:
3174:
3117:
2973:
2932:
2786:
2629:
2569:
2551:
2507:
2477:
2475:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2393:
2277:
2228:
2196:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
1945:and affect the proper functioning of the
1748:
640:is a rare cancer usually classified as a
9008:Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN)
8998:Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
8750:
6360:Helliwell T, Woolgar J (November 2013).
6183:The Journal of Laryngology & Otology
6094:Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine
5908:Khlifi R, Hamza-Chaffai A (2010-10-15).
5277:Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
3637:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
2698:
2245:
1968:
1545:
370:
171:is a general term encompassing multiple
16:Cancer arises in the head or neck region
7877:
7875:
7619:
6988:Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology
5862:
5860:
5740:
4528:"Cannabis Use and Head and Neck Cancer"
2598:"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma"
2482:Vigneswaran N, Williams MD (May 2014).
2319:
1637:
1611:While not specifically a chemotherapy,
1146:hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
1140:Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
969:
475:Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer
466:Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer
9072:
9013:Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)
7550:
7548:
7449:
7447:
7190:
7188:
7186:
7184:
7182:
6750:
6748:
6280:from the original on 30 September 2016
6172:
6170:
5455:
5453:
4852:
2809:
2591:
2589:
2529:
2527:
2472:
2435:
2159:
1794:Radiation-induced acute skin reactions
1668:used in head and neck cancers include
1001:the site of the tumor. In the case of
687:
242:(HPV). Other risk factors include the
8724:
8616:Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma
8511:
8112:
7992:American Society of Clinical Oncology
7290:Iro H, Waldfahrer F (November 1998).
7022:
6761:Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences
5460:Sabatini ME, Chiocca S (2020-02-04).
5043:
5041:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4301:
4299:
3513:
3511:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3015:
2836:
2719:from the original on 15 November 2016
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
1159:
1100:
1005:, the highest distribution is in the
791:(including products where tobacco is
444:Combinational (e.g., glossectomy and
308:
35:head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
7894:
7872:
6324:from the original on 7 January 2016.
6047:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
5857:
4805:
2661:
1541:
503:Nasopharyngeal cancer arises in the
470:Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma
418:Surgeries for oral cancers include:
375:Squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth
7653:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
7569:10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.e20678
7545:
7444:
7179:
7031:"China approves first gene therapy"
6745:
6167:
5914:Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
5450:
5158:British Journal of General Practice
2915:Ragin CC, Taioli E (October 2007).
2664:The New England Journal of Medicine
2586:
2524:
1849:
1652:
1533:is also another form of treatment.
1108:(EBV) infection is associated with
956:It is known that prior exposure to
13:
8611:Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma
7521:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.11.012
7261:10.1097/01.mlg.0000224939.61503.83
6563:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104848
6020:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.104551
5038:
4727:
4579:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.16318
4296:
3602:European Journal of Cancer, Part B
3508:
3407:Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica
3216:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.03.024
3064:
2887:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.06.019
2646:
2356:
2114:
1619:by a chemotherapy clinic prior to
1288:typically undergo assessment with
679:of the upper aerodigestive tract.
258:. The diagnosis is confirmed by a
154:5.5 million (affected during 2015)
14:
9101:
8809:HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer
7962:
1449:
1388:
1003:HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer
983:HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer
762:, leading to increased levels of
746:A major carcinogenic compound in
567:HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer
537:HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer
217:red or white patches in the mouth
8621:Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma
7923:
7640:
7613:
7583:
7496:
7365:
7324:
7283:
7160:
7141:
7122:
7071:
7000:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103424
6975:
6920:
6890:10.2165/00003495-200767170-00008
6865:
6856:
6824:
6799:
6702:
5446:from the original on 2017-08-11.
5421:10.1111/j.1749-4486.2006.01246.x
4369:American Journal of Epidemiology
4260:American Journal of Epidemiology
3561:Simcock R, Simo R (2016-04-16).
3300:European Journal of Epidemiology
2904:from the original on 2017-09-10.
2758:from the original on 2017-09-10.
2072:
1894:
1721:
1311:The cancer will also need to be
1231:
1220:
1047:Interchromosomal rearrangements.
279:HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer
8852:Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
7891:, American Cancer Society 2002.
7836:International Journal of Cancer
7740:International Journal of Cancer
7601:from the original on 2009-11-11
6813:from the original on 2014-09-01
6685:
6636:
6577:
6538:
6481:
6449:
6408:
6381:
6353:
6328:
6266:
6230:European Journal of Cancer Care
6217:
6128:
6081:
6034:
5995:
5961:International Journal of Cancer
5948:
5901:
5798:
5773:
5734:
5675:
5618:
5553:
5519:International Journal of Cancer
5510:
5393:
5352:
5303:
5227:
5202:
5145:
5088:
5066:10.1097/01.NPR.0000000000000099
4981:
4924:
4889:
4867:10.14694/EdBook_AM.2014.34.e478
4846:
4799:
4670:
4611:
4554:
4459:
4356:
4247:
4223:10.1016/j.semcancer.2010.10.010
3933:New England Journal of Medicine
3920:
3863:
3806:
3772:Oncology Research and Treatment
3759:
3712:
3673:
3628:
3593:
3554:
3451:
3391:
3357:International Journal of Cancer
3344:
3287:
3230:
3191:
3134:
2990:
2949:
2921:International Journal of Cancer
2908:
2862:
2803:
2762:
2731:
1964:
1799:
1627:from the effects of radiation.
1573:
1126:gastroesophageal reflux disease
1120:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
613:Laryngeal cancer begins in the
104:, certain workplace exposures,
7979:Head and Neck Cancer Treatment
7975:(National Library of Medicine)
7472:10.1002/14651858.CD007904.pub3
7205:10.1002/14651858.CD009441.pub2
6842:10.1002/14651858.CD006158.pub2
2602:Nature Reviews Disease Primers
2410:
575:
492:
341:on the outside of the neck, a
325:), and difficulty swallowing (
64:oral and maxillofacial surgery
1:
8446:Clonally transmissible cancer
7944:10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30607-1
7622:Journal of Insurance Medicine
6369:Royal College of Pathologists
6302:Haines III GK (24 May 2013).
5759:10.1016/S0959-437X(01)00265-9
5701:10.3390/microorganisms9040801
5316:Journal of Clinical Pathology
5253:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0551
5006:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-19-2360
4910:10.1016/S1368-8375(01)00003-3
4683:European Journal of Nutrition
3159:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0347
2814:. Amsterdam: Academic Press.
2270:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1
2221:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
2107:
1817:Consensus panels in America (
1487:
1464:
1152:suppression and chronic oral
1027:E6 and E7 oncogenic proteins.
649:tumors of the salivary glands
8857:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
7906:Patient information web page
7787:Journal of Clinical Oncology
7557:Journal of Clinical Oncology
7387:10.1016/0360-3016(89)90094-1
6153:10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.01.011
5101:Journal of Surgical Oncology
4492:10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.06.006
4166:10.1016/j.dnarep.2010.02.004
3986:Food and Chemical Toxicology
3698:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.09.021
3614:10.1016/0964-1955(95)00041-0
2540:Infectious Agents and Cancer
2374:Seminars in Oncology Nursing
2334:10.1097/CCO.0000000000000629
1808:
1761:Pain associated with lesions
1535:Transoral laser microsurgery
1325:positron emission tomography
1211:
964:
951:
912:
866:such as fruits, vegetables,
485:. Most of these cancers are
127:Not using tobacco or alcohol
7:
8582:malignant epithelial tumors
7706:10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.2996
6872:Blick SK, Scott LJ (2007).
5886:10.1097/TP.0b013e3181f9caaa
4437:10.1016/j.jebdp.2019.04.002
2386:10.1016/j.soncn.2021.151215
2322:Current Opinion in Oncology
2099:
1834:Problem of second primaries
1805:with head and neck cancer.
1714:The mutational profiles of
985:has overtaken HPV-positive
927:
633:Trachea and salivary glands
519:, which is distinct in its
399:use, especially the use of
301:following diagnosis in the
10:
9106:
8477:Index of oncology articles
7881:Cancer Facts and Figures,
7131:"pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA)"
6945:10.1007/s00520-022-07239-4
6456:Eyassu E, Young M (2023),
6434:10.1177/107327480200900504
6306:. In Radosevich JA (ed.).
5934:10.1016/j.taap.2010.08.003
5824:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1079515
4824:10.1007/s00405-021-07210-9
4806:Lian M (30 January 2022).
4695:10.1007/s00394-020-02346-6
4324:10.1038/s41568-021-00423-4
4211:Seminars in Cancer Biology
3579:10.1016/j.clon.2016.03.004
2614:10.1038/s41572-020-00224-3
2553:10.1186/s13027-022-00479-3
2500:10.1016/j.coms.2014.01.001
1630:There is no evidence that
1507:
1317:magnetic resonance imaging
1200:(for example secondary to
691:
606:
579:
530:
507:, the region in which the
496:
463:
364:
9090:Health effects of tobacco
9046:
9021:
8987:
8978:
8959:Experimental techniques:
8920:
8890:
8872:
8820:
8767:
8756:
8701:
8678:
8654:
8629:
8579:
8570:
8561:
8464:
8417:
8375:
8350:
8314:
8236:
8195:
8162:
8155:
8082:
8007:
7649:"Cancer statistics, 2020"
7595:World Health Organization
7422:10.1007/s11912-010-0147-7
6933:Supportive Care in Cancer
6723:10.1007/s11936-016-0468-4
6661:10.1001/jamaoto.2015.1351
6603:10.3389/fsurg.2021.810581
6195:10.1017/S0022215123001615
5478:10.1038/s41416-019-0602-7
5466:British Journal of Cancer
5289:10.1016/j.otc.2012.04.003
4540:10.1001/jamaoto.2024.2419
3998:10.1016/j.fct.2011.07.019
3831:10.1007/s00432-016-2203-7
3312:10.1007/s10654-018-0409-5
3243:British Journal of Cancer
3102:10.1038/s41415-022-5166-x
2848:National Cancer Institute
2145:National Cancer Institute
1920:
1662:National Cancer Institute
1521:Transoral robotic surgery
1441:Nasopharyngeal carcinomas
1154:graft-versus-host disease
1132:that flow up through the
864:anti-inflammatory effects
801:Southeast Asian countries
682:
669:mucoepidermoid carcinomas
665:adenoid cystic carcinomas
602:
526:
158:
150:
131:
123:
111:
79:
69:
53:
48:
39:
31:
26:
8847:Laryngeal papillomatosis
8632:benign epithelial tumors
8601:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
8596:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
7799:10.1200/JCO.2015.61.6995
7410:Current Oncology Reports
6059:10.1177/0194599820982662
5785:www.cancerresearchuk.org
5741:Hickman E (2002-02-01).
3002:www.cancerresearchuk.org
2975:10.4103/0019-509x.123610
2962:Indian Journal of Cancer
2788:10.1001/jamaoto.2014.141
2744:. Springer. p. 18.
2180:World Cancer Report 2014
1790:osteonecrosis of the jaw
1264:investigation results).
1202:chronic gum inflammation
1198:oral cavity inflammation
487:squamous cell carcinomas
360:
8606:Salivary duct carcinoma
8399:Prostate cancer staging
8363:Paraneoplastic syndrome
7998:Head and Neck Cancer UK
5811:Frontiers in Immunology
5586:10.1126/science.1208130
5409:Clinical Otolaryngology
5328:10.1136/jcp.2003.007641
4853:Harvie M (2014-05-30).
3419:10.14639/0392-100X-1246
3041:"Head and neck tumors."
2452:"Head and Neck Cancers"
1784:Gastroesophageal reflux
1421:cell found in both the
1407:Squamous-cell carcinoma
1402:Squamous-cell carcinoma
890:in preserved meats and
853:
764:8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine
459:
8437:Tumor suppressor genes
8404:Gleason grading system
8358:Precancerous condition
6696:March 5, 2012, at the
5054:The Nurse Practitioner
4766:10.3390/medsci11020042
4131:10.1002/cphc.201300535
4074:Nucleic Acids Research
4025:Toxicological Sciences
3649:10.1093/jnci/91.8.726a
3090:British Dental Journal
2418:"Head and neck cancer"
2057:
1749:Treatment side effects
1615:is often administered
1551:
1294:fine-needle aspiration
1032:tumor suppressor genes
934:genetic predisposition
376:
9054:Georgios Papanikolaou
8591:Acinic cell carcinoma
8456:Carcinogenic bacteria
8196:Malignant progression
7150:"Nivolumab for SCCHN"
5170:10.3399/bjgp18X698429
4312:Nature Reviews Cancer
4037:10.1093/toxsci/kfp133
3945:10.1056/NEJMoa0912217
2676:10.1056/nejmra1715715
2067:nasopharyngeal cancer
1972:
1706:tumor suppressor gene
1559:particle beam therapy
1549:
1186:socioeconomic factors
1110:nasopharyngeal cancer
995:who have sex with men
946:alcohol dehydrogenase
819:electronic cigarettes
805:N'-nitrosonornicotine
638:Cancer of the trachea
582:Hypopharyngeal cancer
543:oropharyngeal cancers
374:
343:hoarse-sounding voice
331:peripheral neuropathy
256:squamous cell cancers
213:difficulty swallowing
9080:Head and neck cancer
8805:Head and neck cancer
8751:Human papillomavirus
8555:head and neck cancer
8409:Dukes classification
8097:Head and neck cancer
7988:Head and Neck Cancer
7969:Head and Neck Cancer
7932:The Lancet. Oncology
7563:(15_suppl): e20678.
7035:Nature Biotechnology
6590:Frontiers in Surgery
6415:Al-Sarraf M (2002).
3255:10.1038/bjc.2014.579
2264:(10053): 1459–1544.
2215:(10053): 1545–1602.
1643:Photodynamic therapy
1638:Photodynamic therapy
1363:radiation oncologist
976:human papillomavirus
970:Human papillomavirus
896:vitamin deficiencies
563:human papillomavirus
533:Oropharyngeal cancer
424:orbital exenteration
240:human papillomavirus
209:changes in the voice
207:that does not heal,
169:Head and neck cancer
98:human papillomavirus
27:Head and neck cancer
9085:Otorhinolaryngology
9029:Cervical conization
8641:Pleomorphic adenoma
8228:Sentinel lymph node
5926:2010ToxAP.248...71K
5578:2011Sci...333.1157S
5572:(6046): 1157–1160.
4484:2022ToxR....9.1357E
3888:10.1093/jnci/djy060
1953:; spreading to the
1844:field cancerization
1660:, according to the
1367:surgical oncologist
1321:computed tomography
1306:general anaesthetic
1255:fludeoxyglucose (F)
1182:sulfuric acid mists
768:formamidopyrimidine
688:Alcohol and tobacco
407:, as well as heavy
8276:Respiratory system
8083:External resources
7887:2007-09-29 at the
7666:10.3322/caac.21590
6506:10.1002/cncr.33995
4637:10.3390/nu13041299
4472:Toxicology Reports
4381:10.1093/aje/kwt029
4272:10.1093/aje/kww075
4086:10.1093/nar/gkl099
2810:Ensley JF (2003).
2147:. 22 November 2019
2058:
2054: more than 25
1955:circulatory system
1887:feeding tube or a
1788:Radiation-induced
1666:targeted therapies
1552:
1371:medical oncologist
1356:robotic assistance
1160:Other risk factors
1106:Epstein–Barr virus
1101:Epstein–Barr virus
1091:cell proliferation
942:alcohol metabolism
884:Mediterranean diet
719:osteoradionecrosis
698:Alcohol and cancer
671:. Rarer still are
553:, the base of the
499:Nasopharynx cancer
385:floor of the mouth
377:
309:Signs and symptoms
252:radiation exposure
244:Epstein–Barr virus
205:ulcer in the mouth
106:Epstein–Barr virus
102:radiation exposure
9067:
9066:
9059:Harald zur Hausen
9042:
9041:
8886:
8885:
8718:
8717:
8714:
8713:
8674:
8673:
8505:
8504:
8492:Cancer and nausea
8371:
8370:
8208:Carcinoma in situ
8106:
8105:
7938:(12): e731–e741.
7848:10.1002/ijc.29082
7842:(12): 2752–2760.
7793:(29): 3235–3242.
7752:10.1002/ijc.28201
7700:(12): 1749–1768.
7302:(10): 2201–2207.
7047:10.1038/nbt0104-3
6939:(11): 8831–8843.
6884:(17): 2585–2607.
6655:(12): 1104–1110.
6396:(17): 2383–2389.
6317:978-94-007-5827-8
6243:10.1111/ecc.13459
6106:10.1111/jop.13161
5973:10.1002/ijc.32871
5879:(11): 1243–1244.
5643:10.4161/epi.26881
5531:10.1002/ijc.27433
5113:10.1002/jso.26687
5000:(12): 2451–2460.
4943:(12): 1544–1550.
4861:(34): e478–e486.
4567:JAMA Network Open
4125:(14): 3263–3270.
3992:(11): 2921–2933.
3882:(12): 1386–1392.
3825:(10): 2185–2196.
3784:10.1159/000509427
3737:10.1159/000528345
3567:Clinical Oncology
3532:10.1002/hed.26023
3476:10.1111/cas.13115
3369:10.1002/ijc.23798
3363:(10): 2390–2396.
3306:(12): 1205–1218.
3057:978-1-891483-62-2
2934:10.1002/ijc.22851
2881:(12): 1191–1201.
2850:. 8 November 2019
2821:978-0-08-053384-1
2751:978-3-319-10413-3
2189:978-92-832-0429-9
1988: less than 2
1947:white blood cells
1555:Radiation therapy
1542:Radiation therapy
1302:local anaesthetic
1168:exposure such as
918:Betel nut chewing
789:Smokeless tobacco
737:smoking cessation
517:lymphoepithelioma
483:paranasal sinuses
297:old. The average
283:radiation therapy
277:helps to prevent
236:smokeless tobacco
166:
165:
137:radiation therapy
113:Diagnostic method
21:Medical condition
9097:
8985:
8984:
8765:
8764:
8745:
8738:
8731:
8722:
8721:
8659:
8634:
8584:
8577:
8576:
8568:
8567:
8532:
8525:
8518:
8509:
8508:
8306:Endocrine system
8271:Digestive system
8160:
8159:
8133:
8126:
8119:
8110:
8109:
8005:
8004:
7956:
7955:
7927:
7921:
7920:
7918:
7917:
7898:
7892:
7879:
7870:
7869:
7859:
7827:
7821:
7820:
7810:
7778:
7772:
7771:
7734:
7728:
7727:
7717:
7685:
7679:
7678:
7668:
7644:
7638:
7637:
7617:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7606:
7587:
7581:
7580:
7552:
7543:
7542:
7532:
7500:
7494:
7493:
7483:
7451:
7442:
7441:
7405:
7399:
7398:
7369:
7363:
7362:
7352:
7343:(6): 1343–1353.
7328:
7322:
7321:
7311:
7287:
7281:
7280:
7255:(7): 1093–1106.
7249:The Laryngoscope
7244:
7235:
7234:
7216:
7192:
7177:
7176:
7164:
7158:
7157:
7145:
7139:
7138:
7126:
7120:
7119:
7109:
7099:
7075:
7069:
7068:
7058:
7026:
7020:
7019:
6979:
6973:
6972:
6924:
6918:
6917:
6869:
6863:
6860:
6854:
6853:
6828:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6818:
6803:
6797:
6796:
6786:
6776:
6774:10.1002/jmrs.397
6752:
6743:
6742:
6706:
6700:
6689:
6683:
6682:
6672:
6640:
6634:
6633:
6623:
6605:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6525:
6485:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6476:
6453:
6447:
6446:
6436:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6366:
6357:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6347:
6332:
6326:
6325:
6299:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6285:
6270:
6264:
6263:
6245:
6221:
6215:
6214:
6174:
6165:
6164:
6141:Journal of Voice
6132:
6126:
6125:
6085:
6079:
6078:
6038:
6032:
6031:
5999:
5993:
5992:
5967:(4): 1040–1049.
5952:
5946:
5945:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5888:
5864:
5855:
5854:
5844:
5826:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5738:
5732:
5731:
5721:
5703:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5662:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5605:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5525:(5): E593–E602.
5514:
5508:
5507:
5497:
5457:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5406:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5380:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5339:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5255:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5189:
5164:(674): 406–407.
5149:
5143:
5142:
5132:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5045:
5036:
5035:
5025:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4968:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4818:(5): 2501–2509.
4803:
4797:
4796:
4786:
4768:
4753:Medical Sciences
4744:
4725:
4724:
4714:
4689:(3): 1561–1586.
4674:
4668:
4667:
4657:
4639:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4598:
4573:(11): e1916318.
4558:
4552:
4551:
4523:
4514:
4513:
4503:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4420:
4411:
4410:
4400:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4343:
4303:
4294:
4293:
4283:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4234:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4177:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4097:
4080:(8): 2305–2315.
4065:
4059:
4058:
4048:
4016:
4010:
4009:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3964:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3907:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3850:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3692:(4): 1062–1069.
3677:
3671:
3670:
3660:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3515:
3506:
3505:
3495:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3438:
3404:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3331:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3178:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3121:
3081:
3062:
3061:
3045:
3036:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2977:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2936:
2927:(8): 1813–1820.
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2790:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2705:
2696:
2695:
2659:
2644:
2643:
2633:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2573:
2555:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2511:
2479:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2448:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2397:
2365:
2354:
2353:
2317:
2292:
2291:
2281:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2176:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2137:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1974:Age-standardized
1910:caregiver stress
1904:Caregiver stress
1889:gastrostomy tube
1856:digestive system
1850:Digestive system
1700:that employs an
1658:Targeted therapy
1653:Targeted therapy
1565:dysfunction and
1494:targeted therapy
1427:mucous membranes
1375:histopathologist
1350:and tongue base
1235:
1224:
1124:The presence of
823:propylene glycol
795:) is a cause of
760:oxidative stress
609:Laryngeal cancer
513:Eustachian tubes
315:gastrointestinal
291:targeted therapy
201:nose and sinuses
145:targeted therapy
44:
24:
23:
9105:
9104:
9100:
9099:
9098:
9096:
9095:
9094:
9070:
9069:
9068:
9063:
9038:
9017:
8974:
8943:Bethesda system
8916:
8882:
8868:
8816:
8775:Cervical cancer
8759:
8752:
8749:
8719:
8710:
8697:
8670:
8655:
8650:
8646:Warthin's tumor
8630:
8625:
8580:
8557:
8536:
8506:
8501:
8460:
8413:
8367:
8346:
8310:
8232:
8191:
8151:
8137:
8107:
8102:
8101:
8078:
8077:
8037:
8016:
7990:at Cancer.net (
7965:
7960:
7959:
7928:
7924:
7915:
7913:
7902:"Throat Cancer"
7900:
7899:
7895:
7889:Wayback Machine
7880:
7873:
7828:
7824:
7779:
7775:
7735:
7731:
7686:
7682:
7645:
7641:
7618:
7614:
7604:
7602:
7589:
7588:
7584:
7553:
7546:
7501:
7497:
7466:(1): CD007904.
7452:
7445:
7406:
7402:
7370:
7366:
7329:
7325:
7288:
7284:
7245:
7238:
7199:(7): CD009441.
7193:
7180:
7165:
7161:
7146:
7142:
7127:
7123:
7084:Genome Medicine
7076:
7072:
7027:
7023:
6980:
6976:
6925:
6921:
6870:
6866:
6861:
6857:
6836:(3): CD006158.
6829:
6825:
6816:
6814:
6805:
6804:
6800:
6753:
6746:
6707:
6703:
6698:Wayback Machine
6690:
6686:
6641:
6637:
6582:
6578:
6543:
6539:
6486:
6482:
6474:
6472:
6454:
6450:
6413:
6409:
6386:
6382:
6373:
6371:
6364:
6358:
6354:
6345:
6343:
6334:
6333:
6329:
6318:
6300:
6293:
6283:
6281:
6272:
6271:
6267:
6222:
6218:
6189:(S1): S1–S224.
6175:
6168:
6133:
6129:
6086:
6082:
6039:
6035:
6000:
5996:
5953:
5949:
5906:
5902:
5873:Transplantation
5865:
5858:
5803:
5799:
5789:
5787:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5739:
5735:
5680:
5676:
5623:
5619:
5558:
5554:
5515:
5511:
5458:
5451:
5443:
5404:
5398:
5394:
5357:
5353:
5308:
5304:
5273:
5269:
5232:
5228:
5219:
5217:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5150:
5146:
5093:
5089:
5046:
5039:
4994:Cancer Research
4986:
4982:
4949:10.1038/ng.3685
4937:Nature Genetics
4929:
4925:
4894:
4890:
4851:
4847:
4804:
4800:
4745:
4728:
4675:
4671:
4616:
4612:
4559:
4555:
4524:
4517:
4464:
4460:
4421:
4414:
4361:
4357:
4304:
4297:
4266:(10): 703–716.
4252:
4248:
4203:
4199:
4150:
4146:
4115:
4111:
4066:
4062:
4017:
4013:
3982:
3978:
3925:
3921:
3868:
3864:
3811:
3807:
3778:(10): 549–558.
3764:
3760:
3717:
3713:
3678:
3674:
3633:
3629:
3598:
3594:
3559:
3555:
3520:Head & Neck
3516:
3509:
3456:
3452:
3402:
3396:
3392:
3349:
3345:
3292:
3288:
3235:
3231:
3196:
3192:
3139:
3135:
3082:
3065:
3058:
3043:
3037:
3016:
3006:
3004:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2954:
2950:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2822:
2808:
2804:
2767:
2763:
2752:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2660:
2647:
2594:
2587:
2532:
2525:
2480:
2473:
2463:
2461:
2460:. 29 March 2017
2450:
2449:
2436:
2427:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2366:
2357:
2318:
2295:
2250:
2246:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2178:
2177:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2115:
2110:
2102:
2075:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1967:
1949:and the body's
1943:red blood cells
1923:
1897:
1881:Enteral feeding
1852:
1836:
1811:
1802:
1797:
1758:Eating problems
1751:
1724:
1704:to deliver the
1655:
1640:
1625:salivary glands
1576:
1544:
1530:
1510:
1490:
1467:
1452:
1404:
1391:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1214:
1190:body mass index
1162:
1142:
1122:
1114:antibody titers
1103:
1080:DNA methylation
987:cervical cancer
972:
967:
954:
930:
915:
856:
776:DNA glycosylase
766:(8-oxo-dG) and
741:passive smoking
735:15 years after
732:Tobacco smoking
700:
694:Tobacco smoking
692:Main articles:
690:
685:
661:adenocarcinomas
635:
623:tobacco smoking
611:
605:
584:
578:
539:
531:Main articles:
529:
501:
495:
472:
464:Main articles:
462:
448:done together).
440:neck dissection
405:dipping tobacco
401:chewing tobacco
369:
363:
311:
303:developed world
299:5-year survival
264:medical imaging
197:salivary glands
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9103:
9093:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9065:
9064:
9062:
9061:
9056:
9050:
9048:
9044:
9043:
9040:
9039:
9037:
9036:
9031:
9025:
9023:
9019:
9018:
9016:
9015:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8994:
8992:
8982:
8976:
8975:
8973:
8972:
8971:
8970:
8965:
8957:
8956:
8955:
8953:Cytotechnology
8950:
8940:
8939:
8938:
8926:
8924:
8918:
8917:
8915:
8914:
8913:
8912:
8907:
8896:
8894:
8888:
8887:
8884:
8883:
8876:
8874:
8870:
8869:
8867:
8866:
8865:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8826:
8824:
8818:
8817:
8815:
8814:
8813:
8812:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8777:
8771:
8769:
8762:
8754:
8753:
8748:
8747:
8740:
8733:
8725:
8716:
8715:
8712:
8711:
8709:
8708:
8702:
8699:
8698:
8696:
8695:
8690:
8684:
8682:
8676:
8675:
8672:
8671:
8669:
8668:
8662:
8660:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8648:
8643:
8637:
8635:
8627:
8626:
8624:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8587:
8585:
8574:
8572:Salivary gland
8565:
8559:
8558:
8535:
8534:
8527:
8520:
8512:
8503:
8502:
8500:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8468:
8466:
8462:
8461:
8459:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8434:
8429:
8423:
8421:
8419:Carcinogenesis
8415:
8414:
8412:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8385:
8383:
8373:
8372:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8365:
8360:
8354:
8352:
8348:
8347:
8345:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8318:
8316:
8312:
8311:
8309:
8308:
8303:
8301:Nervous system
8298:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8267:
8266:
8264:nasopharyngeal
8261:
8256:
8251:
8240:
8238:
8234:
8233:
8231:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8199:
8197:
8193:
8192:
8190:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8168:
8166:
8157:
8153:
8152:
8136:
8135:
8128:
8121:
8113:
8104:
8103:
8100:
8099:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8080:
8079:
8076:
8075:
8064:
8045:
8017:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8008:Classification
8002:
8001:
7995:
7985:
7976:
7964:
7963:External links
7961:
7958:
7957:
7922:
7893:
7871:
7822:
7773:
7746:(3): 497–507.
7729:
7680:
7639:
7628:(3): 235–238.
7612:
7582:
7544:
7495:
7443:
7416:(2): 132–137.
7400:
7381:(3): 449–456.
7364:
7323:
7282:
7236:
7178:
7159:
7140:
7121:
7070:
7021:
6974:
6919:
6864:
6855:
6823:
6809:. Cancer.gov.
6798:
6767:(3): 208–216.
6744:
6701:
6684:
6635:
6576:
6537:
6500:(4): 685–696.
6480:
6448:
6427:(5): 387–399.
6421:Cancer Control
6407:
6380:
6352:
6327:
6316:
6291:
6265:
6216:
6166:
6147:(4): 575–579.
6127:
6100:(3): 262–273.
6080:
6053:(2): 300–308.
6033:
5994:
5947:
5900:
5856:
5797:
5772:
5733:
5688:Microorganisms
5674:
5637:(2): 194–203.
5617:
5552:
5509:
5472:(3): 306–314.
5449:
5415:(4): 259–266.
5392:
5371:(3): 595–604.
5351:
5322:(5): 445–453.
5302:
5283:(4): 739–764.
5267:
5246:(2): 467–475.
5226:
5201:
5144:
5107:(6): 920–922.
5087:
5037:
4980:
4923:
4904:(6): 477–492.
4888:
4845:
4798:
4726:
4669:
4610:
4553:
4515:
4458:
4412:
4375:(5): 679–690.
4355:
4318:(3): 143–155.
4295:
4246:
4217:(5): 320–328.
4197:
4160:(5): 542–550.
4144:
4109:
4060:
4011:
3976:
3919:
3862:
3805:
3758:
3731:(4): 252–256.
3711:
3672:
3643:(8): 726–728.
3627:
3608:(5): 301–309.
3592:
3573:(7): 451–458.
3553:
3526:(4): 732–738.
3507:
3464:Cancer Science
3450:
3413:(6): 458–466.
3390:
3343:
3286:
3249:(3): 580–593.
3229:
3210:(7): 497–503.
3190:
3153:(2): 541–550.
3133:
3096:(9): 780–786.
3063:
3056:
3014:
2989:
2968:(4): 322–326.
2948:
2907:
2861:
2835:
2820:
2802:
2781:(5): 441–447.
2761:
2750:
2730:
2715:. April 2016.
2697:
2645:
2585:
2523:
2494:(2): 123–141.
2471:
2434:
2409:
2355:
2328:(3): 178–186.
2293:
2244:
2195:
2188:
2158:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2074:
2071:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1966:
1963:
1959:nervous system
1922:
1919:
1896:
1893:
1851:
1848:
1840:primary tumors
1835:
1832:
1821:) and Europe (
1810:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1770:Nephrotoxicity
1767:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1723:
1720:
1654:
1651:
1639:
1636:
1632:erythropoietin
1575:
1572:
1543:
1540:
1528:
1509:
1506:
1489:
1486:
1466:
1463:
1455:Adenocarcinoma
1451:
1450:Adenocarcinoma
1448:
1403:
1400:
1390:
1389:Histopathology
1387:
1240:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1161:
1158:
1141:
1138:
1121:
1118:
1102:
1099:
1095:carcinogenesis
1052:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1035:
1030:Disruption of
1028:
971:
968:
966:
963:
953:
950:
929:
926:
914:
911:
880:processed meat
855:
852:
758:by increasing
689:
686:
684:
681:
653:histopathology
634:
631:
607:Main article:
604:
601:
580:Main article:
577:
574:
528:
525:
509:nasal cavities
497:Main article:
494:
491:
461:
458:
450:
449:
442:
436:
430:
427:
365:Main article:
362:
359:
355:facial muscles
321:), dry mouth (
310:
307:
193:hypopharyngeal
185:nasopharyngeal
179:), voice box (
164:
163:
162:379,000 (2015)
160:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
133:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
115:
109:
108:
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8999:
8996:
8995:
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8991:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8977:
8969:
8968:Cervicography
8966:
8964:
8961:
8960:
8958:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8948:Cytopathology
8946:
8945:
8944:
8941:
8937:
8934:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8927:
8925:
8923:
8919:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8902:
8901:
8898:
8897:
8895:
8893:
8889:
8880:
8877:Acrochordon (
8875:
8871:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
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8272:
8269:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8254:oropharyngeal
8252:
8250:
8247:
8246:
8245:
8244:Head and neck
8242:
8241:
8239:
8235:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8223:Primary tumor
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8200:
8198:
8194:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8169:
8167:
8165:
8164:Benign tumors
8161:
8158:
8154:
8150:
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8142:
8134:
8129:
8127:
8122:
8120:
8115:
8114:
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8093:
8089:
8088:
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8069:
8065:
8063:
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8032:
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8023:
8019:
8018:
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8010:
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7996:
7993:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7983:RadiologyInfo
7980:
7977:
7974:
7970:
7967:
7966:
7953:
7949:
7945:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7926:
7912:on 2007-07-01
7911:
7907:
7903:
7897:
7890:
7886:
7883:
7878:
7876:
7867:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7849:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7826:
7818:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7784:
7777:
7769:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7733:
7725:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7694:JAMA Oncology
7691:
7684:
7676:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7643:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7616:
7600:
7596:
7592:
7586:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7551:
7549:
7540:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7509:Oral Oncology
7506:
7499:
7491:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7450:
7448:
7439:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7411:
7404:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7368:
7360:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7327:
7319:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7286:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7243:
7241:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7191:
7189:
7187:
7185:
7183:
7174:
7170:
7163:
7155:
7151:
7144:
7136:
7132:
7125:
7117:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7097:10.1186/gm453
7093:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7074:
7066:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7025:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6978:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6923:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6868:
6859:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6827:
6812:
6808:
6802:
6794:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6751:
6749:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6705:
6699:
6695:
6692:
6688:
6680:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6639:
6631:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6580:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6551:Oral Oncology
6548:
6541:
6533:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6484:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6452:
6444:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6411:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6384:
6370:
6363:
6356:
6341:
6337:
6331:
6323:
6319:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6298:
6296:
6279:
6275:
6269:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6236:(6): e13459.
6235:
6231:
6227:
6220:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6173:
6171:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6131:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6084:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6037:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6008:Oral Oncology
6005:
5998:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5951:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5904:
5896:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5863:
5861:
5852:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5801:
5786:
5782:
5776:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5737:
5729:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5678:
5670:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5621:
5613:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5556:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5513:
5505:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5456:
5454:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5388:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5355:
5347:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5306:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5271:
5263:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5230:
5215:
5211:
5210:"HPV vaccine"
5205:
5197:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5148:
5140:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5091:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5060:(10): 25–32.
5059:
5055:
5051:
5044:
5042:
5033:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4984:
4976:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4927:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4898:Oral Oncology
4892:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4849:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4802:
4794:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4722:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4673:
4665:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4614:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4557:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4522:
4520:
4511:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4478:: 1357–1368.
4477:
4473:
4469:
4462:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4431:(4): 101318.
4430:
4426:
4419:
4417:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4359:
4351:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4302:
4300:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4113:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4015:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3923:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3809:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3512:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3470:(1): 91–100.
3469:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3204:Oral Oncology
3201:
3194:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3059:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2875:Oral Oncology
2872:
2865:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2590:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2528:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2476:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2380:(5): 151215.
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2113:
2105:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2073:United States
2070:
2068:
2062:
1982: no data
1975:
1971:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1951:immune system
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1895:Mental health
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1806:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1746:
1744:
1743:pembrolizumab
1740:
1736:
1735:pembrolizumab
1731:
1728:
1727:Immunotherapy
1722:Immunotherapy
1719:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1635:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1617:intravenously
1614:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1531:laser surgery
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:squamous cell
1412:
1408:
1399:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1383:squamous cell
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:tonsillectomy
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:tongue cancer
1244:
1243:brachytherapy
1234:
1223:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1144:People after
1137:
1135:
1131:
1130:Stomach acids
1127:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
977:
962:
959:
949:
947:
944:(for example
943:
939:
935:
925:
923:
919:
910:
908:
907:beta-carotene
904:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
851:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
784:
780:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
752:acrylonitrile
749:
748:tobacco smoke
744:
742:
738:
733:
729:
727:
722:
720:
716:
710:
708:
704:
699:
695:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
630:
626:
624:
620:
616:
610:
600:
598:
594:
589:
583:
573:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
545:begin in the
544:
538:
534:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
500:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
467:
457:
455:
447:
443:
441:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
421:
420:
419:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
373:
368:
358:
356:
350:
348:
344:
340:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
306:
304:
300:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
260:tissue biopsy
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
189:oropharyngeal
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
161:
157:
153:
149:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
119:
118:Tissue biopsy
116:
114:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:
82:
78:
74:
72:
68:
65:
61:
58:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
8963:Speculoscopy
8900:HPV vaccines
8804:
8656:
8631:
8581:
8554:
8243:
8139:Overview of
8090:
8066:
8047:
8020:
7935:
7931:
7925:
7914:. Retrieved
7910:the original
7905:
7896:
7839:
7835:
7825:
7790:
7786:
7776:
7743:
7739:
7732:
7697:
7693:
7683:
7656:
7652:
7642:
7625:
7621:
7615:
7603:. Retrieved
7594:
7585:
7560:
7556:
7515:(1): 18–25.
7512:
7508:
7498:
7463:
7459:
7413:
7409:
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7378:
7374:
7367:
7340:
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7295:
7285:
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7248:
7214:10026.1/3146
7196:
7172:
7162:
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7134:
7124:
7087:
7083:
7073:
7038:
7034:
7024:
6991:
6987:
6977:
6936:
6932:
6922:
6881:
6877:
6867:
6858:
6833:
6826:
6815:. Retrieved
6801:
6764:
6760:
6714:
6710:
6704:
6687:
6652:
6648:
6638:
6593:
6589:
6579:
6554:
6550:
6540:
6497:
6493:
6483:
6473:, retrieved
6461:
6451:
6424:
6420:
6410:
6393:
6389:
6383:
6372:. Retrieved
6368:
6355:
6344:. Retrieved
6342:. 2016-02-10
6339:
6330:
6307:
6282:. Retrieved
6276:. May 2013.
6268:
6233:
6229:
6219:
6186:
6182:
6144:
6140:
6130:
6097:
6093:
6083:
6050:
6046:
6036:
6011:
6007:
5997:
5964:
5960:
5950:
5920:(2): 71–88.
5917:
5913:
5903:
5876:
5872:
5814:
5810:
5800:
5788:. Retrieved
5784:
5775:
5753:(1): 60–66.
5750:
5746:
5736:
5691:
5687:
5677:
5634:
5630:
5620:
5569:
5565:
5555:
5522:
5518:
5512:
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5465:
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5368:
5364:
5354:
5319:
5315:
5305:
5280:
5276:
5270:
5243:
5239:
5229:
5218:. Retrieved
5216:. 2024-03-06
5213:
5204:
5161:
5157:
5147:
5104:
5100:
5090:
5057:
5053:
4997:
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4682:
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4531:
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4471:
4461:
4428:
4424:
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4368:
4358:
4315:
4311:
4263:
4259:
4249:
4214:
4210:
4200:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4122:
4119:ChemPhysChem
4118:
4112:
4077:
4073:
4063:
4031:(1): 64–71.
4028:
4024:
4014:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3939:(1): 24–35.
3936:
3932:
3922:
3879:
3875:
3865:
3822:
3818:
3808:
3775:
3771:
3761:
3728:
3724:
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3630:
3605:
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3570:
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3523:
3519:
3467:
3463:
3453:
3410:
3406:
3393:
3360:
3356:
3346:
3303:
3299:
3289:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3093:
3089:
3047:
3005:. Retrieved
3001:
2992:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2852:. Retrieved
2847:
2838:
2811:
2805:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2740:
2733:
2723:29 September
2721:. Retrieved
2712:
2670:(1): 60–72.
2667:
2663:
2605:
2601:
2543:
2539:
2491:
2487:
2462:. Retrieved
2455:
2426:. Retrieved
2424:. 2017-10-18
2421:
2412:
2377:
2373:
2325:
2321:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2179:
2149:. Retrieved
2144:
2103:
2076:
2063:
2059:
1965:Epidemiology
1924:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1879:
1868:
1866:and beyond.
1853:
1837:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1800:Psychosocial
1752:
1732:
1725:
1713:
1698:gene therapy
1692:
1682:
1656:
1641:
1629:
1610:
1600:
1582:
1579:Chemotherapy
1577:
1574:Chemotherapy
1553:
1525:
1511:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1479:
1471:
1468:
1453:
1445:
1439:
1437:treatments.
1431:
1417:, a kind of
1405:
1392:
1360:
1340:panendoscopy
1329:
1323:(CT) and/or
1310:
1284:
1281:
1277:nasendoscope
1273:
1269:hoarse voice
1266:
1262:
1196:and chronic
1194:oral hygiene
1178:mineral acid
1163:
1143:
1123:
1104:
1084:
1069:
1059:
1053:
1022:
1018:chemotherapy
1014:radiotherapy
1011:
999:
997:in the UK.
980:
973:
955:
931:
916:
900:
857:
831:nitrosamines
815:pipe smoking
809:
787:
745:
730:
726:acetaldehyde
723:
715:feeding tube
711:
701:
646:
636:
627:
612:
585:
571:
540:
521:epidemiology
502:
479:nasal cavity
477:affects the
473:
451:
446:laryngectomy
417:
378:
351:
335:
312:
295:
287:chemotherapy
272:
225:
168:
167:
141:chemotherapy
81:Risk factors
18:
8693:Rhabdomyoma
8688:Leukoplakia
8563:Oral cancer
8547:oral cavity
8487:Cancer pain
8427:Cancer cell
8172:Hyperplasia
7973:MedlinePlus
7659:(1): 7–30.
5631:Epigenetics
4630:(4): 1299.
3658:2434/520105
3007:28 November
2151:28 November
2048: 20-25
2042: 18-20
2036: 16-18
2030: 14-16
2024: 12-14
2018: 10-12
1939:bone marrow
1885:nasogastric
1774:ototoxicity
1674:bevacizumab
1592:carboplatin
1482:HPV vaccine
1379:radiologist
1352:mucosectomy
1286:Neck masses
1206:leukoplakia
991:HPV vaccine
892:salted fish
860:antioxidant
797:oral cancer
783:mutagenesis
717:placed and
642:lung cancer
619:vocal folds
593:metastasize
588:hypopharynx
576:Hypopharynx
551:soft palate
505:nasopharynx
493:Nasopharynx
433:Glossectomy
393:hard palate
367:Oral cancer
275:HPV vaccine
268:blood tests
234:(including
183:), throat (
177:oral cancer
32:Other names
9074:Categories
8980:Colposcopy
8706:Oropharynx
8666:Oncocytoma
8432:Carcinogen
8296:Urogenital
8237:Topography
8218:Metastasis
8182:Pseudocyst
8156:Conditions
8092:Patient UK
7916:2007-06-17
7041:(1): 3–4.
6994:: 103424.
6817:2014-08-07
6557:: 104848.
6475:2023-11-24
6462:StatPearls
6374:2024-05-28
6346:2024-05-28
6014:: 104551.
5790:4 December
5694:(4): 801.
5220:2024-05-28
4175:2115/43021
4154:DNA Repair
2854:4 December
2464:7 February
2428:2024-06-04
2108:References
2012: 8-10
1931:metastasis
1779:Xerostomia
1702:adenovirus
1613:amifostine
1588:paclitaxel
1488:Management
1465:Prevention
1434:metastases
1419:epithelial
1290:ultrasound
1166:carcinogen
835:cell death
756:DNA damage
557:, and the
547:oropharynx
454:prosthesis
339:lymph node
323:xerostomia
305:is 42–64%.
248:betel quid
246:, chewing
124:Prevention
94:betel quid
9022:Treatment
9003:Koilocyte
8990:histology
8922:Screening
8879:skin tags
8862:Papilloma
8657:ungrouped
8451:Oncovirus
8441:oncogenes
8394:Ann Arbor
8337:Papilloma
8322:Carcinoma
8315:Histology
8259:laryngeal
8203:Dysplasia
8187:Hamartoma
7577:0732-183X
7438:207335139
7090:(5): 49.
7016:235791305
6969:251221072
6953:0941-4355
6914:195690071
6898:0012-6667
6717:(7): 45.
6612:2296-875X
6514:0008-543X
6252:0961-5423
6203:0022-2151
6114:0904-2512
6067:0194-5998
5981:0020-7136
5833:1664-3224
5710:2076-2607
5651:1559-2294
5594:0036-8075
5486:0007-0920
5178:0960-1643
5121:0022-4790
5074:0361-1817
5014:0008-5472
4957:1061-4036
4875:1548-8748
4832:0937-4477
4775:2076-3271
4759:(2): 42.
4703:1436-6207
4646:2072-6643
4624:Nutrients
4587:2574-3805
4548:2168-6181
4453:145920823
4389:1476-6256
4332:1474-175X
4192:207147128
3953:0028-4793
3896:0027-8874
3839:0171-5216
3792:2296-5270
3745:0030-2414
3540:1097-0347
3484:1347-9032
3427:0392-100X
3377:0020-7136
3320:0393-2990
3263:0007-0920
3167:1055-9965
3110:0007-0610
2830:180905431
2692:209482428
2622:2056-676X
2608:(1): 92.
2562:1750-9378
2546:(1): 24.
2350:214644380
2006: 6-8
2000: 4-6
1994: 2-4
1925:Like any
1864:esophagus
1809:Prognosis
1765:Mucositis
1739:nivolumab
1694:Gendicine
1688:cisplatin
1684:Cetuximab
1678:erlotinib
1670:cetuximab
1602:Docetaxel
1596:Cetuximab
1567:pituitary
1474:screening
1459:glandular
1395:histology
1338:and then
1212:Diagnosis
1174:wood dust
1134:esophagus
1087:apoptosis
1039:oncogenes
965:Infection
958:radiation
952:Radiation
913:Betel nut
903:vitamin E
872:green tea
847:marijuana
839:apoptosis
781:prevents
772:mutagenic
677:lymphomas
673:melanomas
657:teratomas
327:dysphagia
319:mucositis
221:neck lump
181:laryngeal
151:Frequency
135:Surgery,
132:Treatment
55:Specialty
8930:Pap test
8910:Gardasil
8905:Cervarix
8760:diseases
8472:Research
8332:Blastoma
8149:oncology
8000:(HANCUK)
7952:29208439
7885:Archived
7866:25043222
7817:26351338
7768:37877664
7760:23568556
7724:31560378
7675:31912902
7634:11558403
7599:Archived
7597:. 2009.
7539:22154127
7490:23440820
7430:21234721
7277:11140152
7269:16826042
7231:42090352
7223:23857592
7116:23718828
7065:14704685
7008:34245856
6961:35913625
6906:18034592
6850:19588382
6811:Archived
6793:32475079
6739:23888595
6731:27181400
6694:Archived
6679:26225798
6630:35464886
6571:32534362
6532:34762303
6470:34424632
6443:12410178
6402:24065233
6322:Archived
6278:Archived
6260:33932056
6211:38482835
6161:29472150
6122:33655561
6075:33494648
6028:31986342
5989:31953840
5942:20708025
5895:21119507
5851:36713430
5767:11790556
5728:33920277
5669:24169583
5612:21798893
5547:21515048
5539:22262398
5504:31708575
5441:Archived
5429:16911640
5346:16644882
5297:22793850
5262:15734974
5196:30166370
5139:34558067
5082:37751612
5032:32276964
4975:27749845
4918:11435174
4883:24857143
4840:35094122
4793:37367741
4784:10304137
4721:32770356
4664:33920788
4605:31774524
4510:36561957
4445:31843181
4407:23817919
4350:34980891
4290:27744388
4241:20955798
4184:20197241
4139:23934915
4104:16679449
4055:19546159
4006:21802474
3971:20530316
3914:29659925
3857:27370781
3800:32950990
3753:36538910
3725:Oncology
3706:19036528
3667:10218516
3587:27094976
3548:31777131
3502:27801961
3445:28663597
3385:18729183
3338:29779202
3281:25422909
3224:20444641
3185:19190158
3128:36369568
2984:24369209
2943:17546592
2899:Archived
2895:22841677
2797:24652023
2756:Archived
2717:Archived
2684:31893516
2640:33243986
2580:37095546
2571:10127083
2518:24794262
2404:34483015
2342:32209823
2288:27733281
2239:27733282
2100:Research
1875:vomiting
1647:Amphinex
1344:biopsies
1170:asbestos
1056:mutation
928:Genetics
888:nitrites
876:red meat
868:curcumin
843:necrosis
827:glycerol
511:and the
481:and the
438:Radical
250:(paan),
219:, and a
71:Symptoms
60:Oncology
9047:History
8988:Biopsy
8892:Vaccine
8837:plantar
8832:genital
8790:Vaginal
8780:cancers
8768:Cancers
8758:Related
8551:pharynx
8482:History
8381:grading
8377:Staging
8342:Adenoma
8327:Sarcoma
8073:D006258
7857:4297584
7808:4979086
7715:6777271
7605:Nov 11,
7530:3357183
7481:6769131
7395:2674073
7359:7882285
7318:9827726
7107:4064312
7056:7097065
6784:7476193
6670:5242089
6621:9021537
6523:9446338
5922:Bibcode
5842:9875085
5719:8069883
5660:3962529
5603:3415217
5574:Bibcode
5566:Science
5495:7000688
5437:2502403
5387:9028373
5337:1860277
5187:6104855
5130:8552291
5023:7299763
4966:5131845
4712:7987633
4655:8071138
4596:6902836
4501:9764206
4480:Bibcode
4398:3755640
4341:9308447
4281:5141945
4232:3254599
4095:1458282
4046:2726299
3962:2943767
3905:6292793
3848:5018052
3622:8704646
3493:5276823
3436:5782422
3329:6290648
3272:4453639
3176:3051410
3119:9652141
2631:7944998
2509:4040236
2395:8492544
2279:5388903
2230:5055577
1563:thyroid
1513:Surgery
1508:Surgery
1413:of the
1319:(MRI),
1298:lesions
1007:tonsils
707:tobacco
703:Alcohol
559:tonsils
413:surgery
409:alcohol
397:tobacco
347:earache
232:tobacco
228:alcohol
173:cancers
90:tobacco
86:Alcohol
8873:Others
8800:Penile
8795:Vulvar
8680:Tongue
8539:Tumors
8213:Cancer
8145:cancer
8141:tumors
7950:
7864:
7854:
7815:
7805:
7766:
7758:
7722:
7712:
7673:
7632:
7575:
7537:
7527:
7488:
7478:
7436:
7428:
7393:
7357:
7337:Cancer
7316:
7296:Cancer
7275:
7267:
7229:
7221:
7114:
7104:
7063:
7053:
7014:
7006:
6967:
6959:
6951:
6912:
6904:
6896:
6848:
6791:
6781:
6737:
6729:
6677:
6667:
6628:
6618:
6610:
6569:
6530:
6520:
6512:
6494:Cancer
6468:
6441:
6400:
6314:
6284:22 May
6258:
6250:
6209:
6201:
6159:
6120:
6112:
6073:
6065:
6026:
5987:
5979:
5940:
5893:
5849:
5839:
5831:
5765:
5726:
5716:
5708:
5667:
5657:
5649:
5610:
5600:
5592:
5545:
5537:
5502:
5492:
5484:
5435:
5427:
5385:
5365:Cancer
5344:
5334:
5295:
5260:
5194:
5184:
5176:
5137:
5127:
5119:
5080:
5072:
5030:
5020:
5012:
4973:
4963:
4955:
4916:
4881:
4873:
4838:
4830:
4791:
4781:
4773:
4719:
4709:
4701:
4662:
4652:
4644:
4603:
4593:
4585:
4546:
4508:
4498:
4451:
4443:
4405:
4395:
4387:
4348:
4338:
4330:
4288:
4278:
4239:
4229:
4190:
4182:
4137:
4102:
4092:
4053:
4043:
4004:
3969:
3959:
3951:
3912:
3902:
3894:
3855:
3845:
3837:
3798:
3790:
3751:
3743:
3704:
3665:
3620:
3585:
3546:
3538:
3500:
3490:
3482:
3443:
3433:
3425:
3383:
3375:
3336:
3326:
3318:
3279:
3269:
3261:
3222:
3183:
3173:
3165:
3126:
3116:
3108:
3054:
2982:
2941:
2893:
2828:
2818:
2795:
2748:
2690:
2682:
2638:
2628:
2620:
2578:
2568:
2560:
2516:
2506:
2402:
2392:
2348:
2340:
2286:
2276:
2258:Lancet
2237:
2227:
2209:Lancet
2186:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1927:cancer
1921:Others
1871:nausea
1676:, and
1606:taxane
1517:larynx
1411:cancer
1377:and a
1369:, and
1336:PET-CT
1313:staged
1292:and a
1251:PET-CT
1150:immune
1071:PIK3CA
1065:CDKN2A
793:chewed
683:Causes
667:, and
615:larynx
603:Larynx
597:larynx
555:tongue
527:Throat
391:, and
381:tongue
289:, and
159:Deaths
8936:stain
8822:Warts
8465:Misc.
8351:Other
8291:Blood
7764:S2CID
7434:S2CID
7273:S2CID
7227:S2CID
7012:S2CID
6965:S2CID
6910:S2CID
6878:Drugs
6735:S2CID
6365:(PDF)
5543:S2CID
5444:(PDF)
5433:S2CID
5405:(PDF)
4449:S2CID
4188:S2CID
3403:(PDF)
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