Wedge-tailed eagle

3794:. At about 12 days or so, a slightly greyer down develops and this ultimately becomes the woolly undercoat for the contour feathers. Within a couple days later, the black quills of the primaries often start to emerge, and can start to stand and move around the nest. At 28 days, the eaglets are showing their upper wing coverts increasingly through the down. At 35 days of age, some darker feathers are appearing on areas such as the breast, belly, mantle, back and head; mostly these are evident as a few dark rufous feathers poking through the head down while at this age they show a short buff-tipped tail. They are partially feathered up to 37 days and nearly completely feathered by 49 days. At around 37 days, they can attempt to tear food from carcass in the nests without much success. From 50 days onwards, the eaglet(s) play a good deal, pouncing on sticks and degree around the nest. Around this age, they are markedly almost full feathered but for the wing and tail, neither of which has reached its full length, and they may have a few wisps of down about their crown or neck. Weight increases are from about 1.17 kg (2.6 lb) at 15 days with a notably increase in robustness to 2.6 kg (5.7 lb) at 29 days, to 3.2 kg (7.1 lb) at 49 days, making more rapid feathering growth thereafter primarily while body size growth slows considerably. Sibling aggression tends to begin at very early stage of life and decrease after first week. Unlike related eagles, there is some evidence that higher parental attendance limits instances of aggression, whereas in other eagles this occurs often in the parent's presence. In all eagles, the parent eagles do not attempt to intercede when runting or aggression between siblings occurs. 3812:

eagles stop feeding the young eagle(s), forcing to go forage elsewhere for foods. A study of post-fledgling dispersal found in one case that a young eagle covered only a 4.22 km (1.63 sq mi) range, with a maximum covered in a week of 3.28 km (2.04 mi). Most recoveries in one banding study were distributed under 300 km (190 mi) from their original banding site, mostly as fledgling age juveniles, but some meandered up to 821 km (510 mi) away. After dispersal, young eagles are floaters up until their 4th or 5th year, typically avoiding the territories of adults and searching out feeding opportunities. Up to two-thirds of young wedge-tailed eagles may die some time between fledgling and when they are 3–5 years but adults often have quite low mortality rates and can live the better part of a half century. First breeding is typically at 6 or 7 years old. Lifespans of wedge-tailed eagles in the wild are poorly known, with the maximum recorded in one banding study being merely 9 years, quite a paltry age compared to other large eagles, and it is quite conceivable that eagles who survive to maturity not infrequently live around twice that long or more. In captivity, the species has been known to live to around 40 years of age.

2147:, however they more typically range from 16% to 49% of the diet by number in various studies. One Canberra study found that 98.5% of the rabbits taken were adults. In the largest study near Canberra, over 5.5 years, 19.3% of the diet of wedge-tailed eagles was rabbits (12.7% of prey biomass) among 1421 prey items, so the eagles took a total of some 275 rabbits in the 11 to 17 studied territories of the area. A study estimated that mean weight of wild rabbits in Australia was 1.4 kg (3.1 lb), lower than estimated in the past. However, other studies estimated the mean weights of rabbits taken by wedge-tailed eagles as variously from 1.5 to 2.2 kg (3.3 to 4.9 lb) or “usually over 1.65 kg (3.6 lb)”, infrequently reported to 2.47 kg (5.4 lb), size of the rabbits being perhaps limited the poorly-suited soil and environs of the Australian wilderness. Meanwhile, the European hare is neither as widely established nor as prolifically taken as rabbits by wedge-tailed eagles but are by no means neglected and a substantial meal. With a mean body mass of 4 kg (8.8 lb), hares have been as much as nearly 10% of the local diet and up to 14% of prey biomass in studies. 960:, males averaged wingspan of 193 cm (6 ft 4 in) (sample of 26) and body length of 85.2 cm (33.5 in) (sample 5) while females had an average wingspan of 209 cm (6 ft 10 in) (sample 23) and body length of 92.1 cm (36.3 in). However, the Nullarbor Plain eagles appear slightly smaller than wedge-tailed eagle sizes from other surveys, based on body mass and wing chord sizes. An average length for males of 91 cm (36 in) and 100 cm (39 in) was described for wedge-tailed eagles in Queensland. Another source claimed an average male weight of 3.2 kg (7.1 lb) and average female body mass of 4.3 kg (9.5 lb). Yet another book lists males as averaging 2.95 kg (6.5 lb) and females as averaging 3.97 kg (8.8 lb). A sample of 10 males averaged 3.14 kg (6.9 lb) while 19 females weighed 4.18 kg (9.2 lb). The mean body mass of males in Tasmania was 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) while that for females was 4.1 kg (9.0 lb). 2220:) made up 7.3% of pellet remains and 22% of the biomass. Although it can be highly difficult, attempts have been made at parsing out whether the eagles had indeed killed the lambs rather than just lifting or dismantling them after finding them dead, as this eagle quite readily comes to carrion. The findings were that of 29 diagnosable lamb deaths in northwest Queensland, only 34.5% were due to eagle attacks. The wedge-tailed eagle is at times capable of taking very substantial livestock animals, lambs taken have been estimated to weigh a mean of 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) or up to 15 kg (33 lb) while fully grown sheep weighing some 40 to 50 kg (88 to 110 lb) are infrequently vulnerable, presumably in large part to hunting pairs of eagles. In the largest study of the Canberra area, 82.5% of diagnosable sheep specimens were adults but probably were by and large scavenged. Meanwhile, young pigs included in the diet were estimated to weigh around 14 kg (31 lb), and sometimes 3551:

gliders and aircraft, advances noisily, bill open and talons extended until flying just above and behind or slightly ahead of pilot then swoops repeatedly after making contact with the hang-glider. A core of some 1 km (0.62 mi) radius around the nest is most fervently defended. Foraging ranges from nest may be up to about 20 km (7.7 sq mi). Foraging ranges on breeding home ranges may be around 50 km (19 sq mi) for males and 20 km (7.7 sq mi) for females in arid central western Australia. Range sizes of pair members vary greatly based on topography, habitat and prey access. Several reported densities of 3–6 pairs per 100 km (39 sq mi), others of 7–12 pairs per 100 km (39 sq mi). When rabbits were in plague type numbers, pairs may nest as close 700 m (2,300 ft) apart and 4 others no more than 2 km (1.2 mi) from those two pairs. In semi-arid areas of New South Wales near

3335:) in North America, both of which are slightly heavier than the golden, is that the white-bellied sea eagle is the slightly smaller species than the wedge-tailed eagle, potentially giving the latter a more pronounced competitive edge. However, the white-bellied sea eagle clearly does not shy away from contentious border disputes with wedge-tailed eagles and the two species can often be seen be seen readily attacking each other, occasionally in talon grappling and sometimes cartwheeling attacks on one another. However, the ecological effect of interspecific competition of the two species is not clear. Although the wedge-tailed eagle is considered the dominant species of the two, they clearly do not take the presence of white-bellied sea eagles lightly and some authors feel they may avoid nesting near them. Clearly, there is ample partitioning between the wedge-tailed and white-bellied sea eagles, the latter adapted to mostly open 3849:. Western Australian eagles produced 0.92 fledged young per clutch laid and 1.1 young per successful nest. During periods of drought in Western Australia, some wedge-tailed eagles may forgo breeding for up to four years. Higher annual rainfall in Western Australia, higher in mesic than arid areas, made a big difference in pair productivity, with 12% of arid zone pairs producing young, or 0.13 fledglings per pair, a very low productivity, while the mesic zone 69% of pairs produced fledglings, or 0.77 fledglings per pair. Generally, wedge-tailed eagles can nest in a variety of habitats and climatic conditions but tend to be slightly less productive in more arid environments. Significant broad-scale control is thought to be unlikely to be harming numbers of young being produced with those with a macropod-based diet perhaps having a richer diet. Like most eagles, wedge-tailed eagles fit the mould rather well of a 3612:

territories held a mean of 1.4 nests. The nest is usually either substantial or massive. The nest is a structure of sticks ranging 70 to 100 cm (2.3 to 3.3 ft) across and 30 to 80 cm (12 to 31 in) deep when first build but with repeated additions up to 2.5 m (8.2 ft) across and nearly 4 m (13 ft) deep. The interior nest cup is commonly around 30 to 40 cm (12 to 16 in) across about 10 cm (3.9 in) deep. Four studies found the diameter of nests to average from as little as 1.1 m (3.6 ft) and as much as 1.9 m (6.2 ft) and in depth from as little as 1 m (3.3 ft) to as much as 1.3 m (4.3 ft). Generally speaking in woodland or forest edge areas, nests tend to be larger, while those in sparser, more arid areas tend to have characteristically smaller nests, as they have lesser access to nest building materials.

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be broader winged by comparison. The wingspan is around 2.2 times greater than the bird's total length. They tend to fly with rather loose but deep and powerful beats. Wedge-tailed eagles spend much time sailing along, looking quite stable and controlled even in strong winds. The species glides and soars on upswept wings with long splayed primaries. The ample tail may be upcurved, or "dished", at the edges. The eagle often spreads its deep wing emarginations to reduce drag in high winds. Contrary to their superlative and controlled appearance once on the wing, flight for wedge-tailed eagles can be a struggle even in normal circumstances, unless from it is from a pinnacle or it is somewhat windy and, within the forest, they may clamber about, with a "lack of grace", to reach the canopy. Gorged birds on the ground can be vulnerable, being practically grounded, which was an advantage historically to

768: 1128:, the enlarged rear talon on the hind toe, is slightly smaller than that of a golden or Verreaux's eagle, even proportionately, but is extremely sharp. According to one study, wedge-tailed eagles had a hallux claw of 38.9 mm (1.53 in), ranging from 38.1 to 41 mm (1.50 to 1.61 in), in males 44.7 mm (1.76 in), ranging from 40.6 to 48.1 mm (1.60 to 1.89 in) in a sample of 10, in females. Another source listed the hallux claw of mainland Australian eagles as averaging 41 mm (1.6 in) in males and 46 mm (1.8 in) in females. Meanwhile, in Tasmanian eagles, the hallux claw averaged 45.2 mm (1.78 in), ranging from 38.6 to 48.8 mm (1.52 to 1.92 in) in males while in females, the hallux claw averaged 49.9 mm (1.96 in), ranging from 45.5 to 55.6 mm (1.79 to 2.19 in). In terms of 923:. Juvenile wedge-tailed eagles appear much browner although in general are not dissimilar in pattern below though the body and wings relative to adult. However, juveniles may show some paler mottling, of an off-rufous colour. Meanwhile, the juvenile's tail and most flight feathers are barred greyish which in turn contrast against the pale based primaries with black tips. Above, the juvenile bears much paler and more sandy rufous colour from the head to at least upper mantle and along broad wing band (as well as more than half the wing width). The lighter dorsal colour sometimes extends to much of the back and scapulars. Rare individual juvenile eagles are dull black, without a wing band or paler edges. With much variation in individuals, generally as the young eagles age, the signature wing band shrinks incrementally and, after the fifth year, the plumage darkens. 2295:) was said to be 3.8 kg (8.4 lb) in one study in Western Australia. The estimated weight of juvenile red kangaroos taken was 9 kg (20 lb) in northwestern Queensland where they were the primary prey species ahead of lambs. However, wedge-tailed eagles do not shy away from attacking large, adult macropods. They've been recorded attacking eastern grey kangaroos weighing over 35 kg (77 lb). In one case, a huge male eastern grey kangaroo, estimated to stand 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in) was successfully dispatched by a pair of wedge-tailed eagles. Furthermore, an adult female western grey kangaroo was witnessed to be killed “in a few minutes” by a hunting pair of wedge-tailed eagles and the eagles are considered a serious predator of the western grey. Similarly large adult macropods killed by these eagles can include 1636:. Now and then, it takes off from its perch to fly low over its territory. Especially whilst not breeding, wedge-tailed eagles spends a considerable amount of the day on the wing. Wedge-tailed eagles are highly aerial, soaring for hours on end without wingbeat and seemingly without effort, regularly reaching 1,800 m (5,900 ft) and sometimes considerably higher. The purpose of soaring has received little specific study in wedge-tailed eagles, but it is likely, as in other accipitrids, in large part for surveying the territory and advertising their presence to other eagles. During the intense heat of the middle part of the day, it often soars high in the air, circling up on the thermal currents that rise from the ground below. Often when on the wing, it is scarcely visible to the human's naked eye. Their keen eyesight extends into 862: 4082: 1071: 3900:

1967 to 1976, likely intentional human killings accounted for 54% of wedge-tailed eagle mortalities in Western Australia, with an estimated 30,000 killed in the year of 1969 throughout Australia. Strong legal protections started in Western Australia in the 1950s increasingly so to the 1970s or later elsewhere, now it is protected and subject to limited persecution throughout. Despite reduced persecution, as of the 1980s, 54% of recovered eagles by the 1980s were killed by human persecution. Despite such stunningly high rates of persecution, the wedge-tailed eagle was remarkably resilient to the haphazard persecution inflicted by humans in a way many other Australian wildlife, especially the regionally endemic mammals, and even other eagles elsewhere often are not.

4021:, is quite restricted in range and habitat, with estimated numbers having gone from 140 pairs in the 1980s down to only 60–80 by the mid-1990s. With the island's population numbering quite low and likely continuing its declining, as evidenced by slow replacement of lost pair members, the subspecies is listed as state-endangered. Furthermore, surveys contrasting 1977–1981 with 1998–2001 data found a decline of around 28% in the island's reported number of eagles. Generally Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagles are even less tolerant of human alterations and disturbances near the nest site than mainland wedge-tailed eagles and have more specific habitat requirements. Historically, the same hunting organization in Tasmania that played a large role in the extinction of the 2008: 2646: 1992: 2638: 3816: 3529:

September. In western Australia, breeding depends on food and during drought periods there may be no nesting for up to 4 years. Adult wedge-tailed eagles are usually solitary or occur in pairs but immatures are more gregarious. 10–15 young wedge-tailed eagles may rest or soar together or even hunt together and up to 40 have been recorded at once at a carcass. Mated adults perform mutual soaring, undulating dives, and tandem flights with rolling and foot-touching. The female may appear to ignore or more often turn over and present claws when a male is displaying. As possibly part of courtship feedings on pairs have taken place away from the nest and sharing of a cache of food may occur.

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resume hunting after nest attendance drops. Potential predators such as goannas are struck when found to be approaching the nest, although the eagles usually abandon the nest when a human approaches. Repeated intrusions and noisy disturbances may have a net negative effect such as on Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagles, as these factors often lead to nest failure. In one case in South Australia, the removal of a dead tree in the vicinity of a wedge-tailed eagle nest resulted in full abandonment of the nest by the parents. The female may too continue to bring green leaves to a late stages, doing so more often in a spell of wet weather. During times of plenty,

539: 3275: 2253:, which is also in accord with studies involving places where rabbits have declined or never occurred. Many wallabies, kangaroos and associated animals are included in the diet, with over 50 marsupials known to be in the species’ prey spectrum. When selecting marsupials, wedge-tailed eagles tend to ignore smaller species and focus on larger-sized ones. However, they generally most often take alive the young, small and sickly of large macropod marsupials. Findings were that juvenile macropods were taken out of proportion to their numbers in the environment, unlike rabbits which were taken roughly in proportion to their abundance. 1222: 3787:

days. The female of the pair either primarily or entirely incubates on her own and, like many eagles, she is a tight sitter. However, the male will incubate at times as well, at least up to an hour at a time. In New South Wales, the male was found to incubate for 16–20% of daylight during which the nest was unguarded for 3–13% of the day. In some cases, male incubation may vary from 1–6% of daylight to as much as 38% of daylight with shifts in extreme lasting up to 6 hours. Male primarily delivers prey to the nest during incubation (not prior), up about to the stage where the eaglet(s) can be left unattended.

2260:, as well as introduced rabbits, foxes, and livestock animals, killed by cars. There is little evidence that macropods delivered to nests are usually roadkills or from carrion, but the source of prey is difficult to determine because, to minimize disturbance, examinations are usually done after breeding is complete. As well, the attendance at carrion by wedge-tailed eagles is disproportionately done by juvenile eagles. In one study of roadkills in Australia, the species ranked around fourth in frequency and capacity for carcass breakdown of scavengers at roadkills, behind feral pigs, red foxes and ravens. 2351:), but usually only a pair is sufficient to kill such prey. Normally, the eagles repeatedly attack the kangaroo, sinking their talons into the back or nape and then fly up, when the second eagle starts doing the same. In some cases as many as 123 attacks have been carried out against large kangaroo before they succumb. When attacking joeys, eagles may, in some cases, have intentionally caused a mother kangaroo to dislodge a joey from the pouch in order to capture and fly off with it. In extreme cases, wedge-tailed eagles have killed kangaroos weighing approximately 60 kg (130 lb). 3311:. The little eagle has a few ecological similarities to the wedge-tailed eagle. It is also something of a habitat generalist, although it is found somewhat scarcely in more arid vicinity, high elevation areas and varied semi-open forest than the wedge-tailed eagle. Like the wedge-tailed eagle, the little eagle has in recent decades become a somewhat specialized predator of European rabbits. However, the size difference is extreme between the wedge-tailed and little eagles, with the earlier over four times heavier than the latter, and the little eagle as expected exploits a lower 2959:), Australia's tallest and second heaviest bird, wedge-tailed eagles normally attack the small young but are capable of attacking adult emus more than 10 times their own weight. Two estimates estimated the typical body mass of emus attacked were merely 2.42 and 3.32 kg (5.3 and 7.3 lb), respectively, against an average of 34 kg (75 lb) for adult emu. As much as 4% of the diet of wedge-tailed eagles can consist of emu chicks. Some of Australia's largest flying birds are also included in the wedge-tailed eagle's prey spectrum. These include the 1362: 3624:) and white-bellied sea eagles, with the earlier's nests apparently added to in order to enlargen it. Ideally the nest is located at 12 to 30 m (39 to 98 ft) above the ground on a lateral branch or main fork of lone or forest tree; in taller trees, nests can be as much as 75 m (246 ft) high to the opposite extreme down in lower ground or even on rocks or ground trees are scarce. In a few studies different areas of New South Wales, the mean nest height was from 5.2 to 21.7 m (17 to 71 ft) and were often relatively close to 3862: 1142: 527: 3534:

devoting their energy for the upcoming trying breeding season along with territorial exclusions of conspecifics and obtaining food. Mating tends to occur on a bare branch or dead tree in the nest area, and may continue into the nestling period. Contrary to old accounts, the species does not mate in flight. In the pre-laying phase, mating was recorded to be preceded or accompanied by loud, slow yelping, but in the nestling period, the pair alighted together and the male mounted without preliminaries and a silent copulation lasted for one minute.

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fledgling per pair, 0.7–1.2 fledgling per clutch and 1.1–1.3 fledgling per brood. In southwestern Australia, from 0.7 to 1.2 young are fledged per clutch laid, 0.19–0.46 young per pair per year. In south-central Queensland, fledgling productivity was 1.1 per young to pairs that laid eggs. Northern New South Wales eagles were able to produce 0.8 young per pair from 2005 to 2006 while 0.89 and 0.64 fledged young per pair per year was the fledgling rate in central and western New South Wales, respectively. In a further study in New South Wales at

1675:, the species often apparently vacates snow-covered alpine zone in winter. The small New Guinea population is apparently indistinguishable from the mainland race and so possibly result of recent colonization, although no records exist of migrating wedge-tailed eagles islands past the Torres Straits. However, it can be projected from its presence in various offshore islands its capacity for crossing straits ranging up to as far as 50 to 100 km (31 to 62 mi) apart. One post dispersal young eagle was observed to distribute from 932: 49: 2092:

weighs 500 to 1,000 g (1.1 to 2.2 lb), 25% weighs 1,000 to 2,000 g (2.2 to 4.4 lb), 18% weighs 2,000 to 4,000 g (4.4 to 8.8 lb) and 14% weighs over 4,000 g (8.8 lb). Projected from this comparison, the mean prey size for wedge-tailed eagles is estimated at 1,750 g (3.86 lb), similar but just slightly ahead of the Verreaux's eagle and some 14% ahead of the golden eagle global mean prey size. Further studies estimated mean prey weight, showing the mean prey weigh in the

854: 2032: 4029:) also intentionally tried to hunt the Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagle into extinction, publicly having erroneously claimed that eagles were non-native in Tasmania; however, hunting is unlikely to further continue on a large scale in the state. Where habitat clearance and degradation is extensive in Tasmania, the native prey populations are insufficient to support eagles. Furthermore, the clearing or logging of trees is especially critical in Tasmania, where the eagle is by and large a forest-dependent breeder. 1620: 122: 3402:). Wedge-tailed eagles will opportunistically prey on other birds of prey. They share this aptitude with other large eagles in different parts of the world such as golden eagles, although such acts are relatively infrequent, it is clear that the wedge-tailed eagle is considered a primary threat by many raptors based on witnessed attacks by eagles on them and the mobbing behaviour of other raptors. Among the other birds of prey known to occasionally fall prey to these eagles are little eagles, 3517: 1694:, although other eagles including the golden eagle have also been recorded to behave thusly. Based on the response the eagles show to the gliders, they presumably are defending their territory and treating the perceived intruder like another eagle. Cases are recorded of the birds damaging the fabric of these gliders with their talons as well as some other parts of the gliding apparatus, but not the humans themselves, has been reported. They have also been reported to attack and destroy 2176: 3755: 3596: 271: 1213:. Also documented during the breeding season are various other whistles, yelps and squeals and an often rolling series. Characteristically, all their calls are surprisingly weak, though the main call is sometimes considered to have a "melancholy" quality. The opinion on their call is not dissimilar to the golden eagle, whose voice is similarly considered unimpressive. Female calls in wedge-tailed eagles are similar but are generally lower and harsher than males. 1810: 1742:

eagles could not grasp the attacking birds. The wedge-tailed eagle usually does not engage its tormentors but sometimes rolls in the air to present talons whether perched or not. Sometimes wedge-tailed eagles appear to fight but this and other behaviours, especially between young eagles, may be interpreted as playful. Some such behaviours have included fetching sticks tossed by others, athletic flipping between juvenile eagles and even playing games with

80: 3023:) dominated the prey composition, making up 68.2% of 110 prey deliveries and the only known instance of reptiles forming the bulk of wedge-tailed eagle diet. A different study from prey remains and pellets found the central bearded dragon to comprise 28.6% of the diet among 192 prey items. In south-central Queensland, the bearded dragon was the leading prey species by number, making up 26.9% of 729 prey items. In northeastern New South Wales, the 9082: 3547:. Cartwheeling is typically rare but in one case, three immatures mock dived at each other, two birds interlocked and cartwheeled several times before breaking away. No cartwheeling or talon grappling has been reported between members of a mated pair, but occasionally reported as used against intruding eagles. Aerial displays may go on for a while normally early in the breeding season, between 3 months and 3 weeks prior to egg laying. 1829:

transect flights. Prey is not infrequently spotted from a soaring flight and they may undertake a long, slanting stoop towards it. They may be able to spot prey from farther than a kilometre given their keen vision. Its typical hunting style is not all-together dissimilar from that of golden or Verreaux's eagles. Occasionally, a wedge-tailed eagle still hunts from a perch. Unsuccessful hunts typically exceed in number successful ones.

3837:, however, the rate of 0.99 young per pair was fairly consistent regardless of climatic conditions. In the Australian Capital Territory, pairs were said to produce 1.1 fledglings per pair. In southeastern Australia, from 0.9 to 1.5 young per clutch are laid, with 0.6–1.0 young per pair per year. In Tasmania, from 0.64 to 0.8 young are fledged per clutch laid, 1.07 per successful nest. 0.91 young were produced per pair in southern 3394:, coming to dead animals including roadkills. However, heavier terrestrial meat-eaters can hold their own at times against wedge-tailed eagles, namely red foxes, dingos, monitor lizards and Tasmanian devils, despite all these species sometimes turning up as prey of these eagles as well. Sometimes the wedge-tailed eagle will readily rob various other raptors of their prey, including little eagles, white-bellied sea eagles and 3770:

white in colour, often appearing heavily blotched all over with purple-brown, red-brown or lavender, or more sparsely spotted with reddish brown. The amount of spotting is quite variable on eggs even within a single clutch, some being heavily marked, others hardly at all, and at times concentrated on the pointier end of the egg. When freshly laid, the eggs are glossy but they become more matte and brittle with age.

3882:, mostly inadvertent provisioning of carrion food sources and, particularly, rabbit introductions may have aided the species, and it may actually be commoner now than before European colonization. Though protected, sometimes wedge-tailed eagles are shot or trapped or killed by poison carcasses set out by farmers many of whom consider it a serious sheep killer. Historically, the wedge-tailed eagle was subject to 952:

and 106 cm (32 and 42 in) and the wingspan typically is between 182 and 232 cm (6 ft 0 in and 7 ft 7 in). In 1930, the average weight and wingspans of 43 birds were 3.4 kg (7.5 lb) and 204.3 cm (6 ft 8 in). The same average figures for a survey of 126 eagles in 1932 were 3.63 kg (8.0 lb) and 226 cm (7 ft 5 in), respectively.

9070: 1663:(Tasmania). However, juveniles of the species can be quite dispersive. In some cases, they have moved to a recorded distance of some 836 to 868 km (519 to 539 mi). These extreme movements have been completed within 7 to 8 months after dispersal. More typically they move no farther than 200 km (120 mi) or so. The adult eagles can also be nomadic, though only in circumstances such as 1087:, is in males from 352 to 479 mm (13.9 to 18.9 in), averaging 370 mm (15 in) in the Nullarbor eagles and 421.2 mm (16.58 in) in Tasmania, and from 376 to 536 mm (14.8 to 21.1 in), averaging 410 mm (16 in) in Nullarbor and 448.9 mm (17.67 in) in Tasmania. Although they only slightly exceed in tail length the heavier two 4078:

so are largely outside the strict legal protection the subspecies has on governmental forest land. Furthermore, researchers are instituting rules to minimize disturbance, limiting breeding surveys to distant observations of whitewash and flattened treetops as proof of nesting and all detailed observations to be obtained after the cessation of breeding activities.

2621:. In one instance, a young girl was apparently subject to a brief attack by a wedge-tailed eagle, in what was likely an attempted act of predation, near her rural home but the attack was abandoned by the eagle. It has been noted that some different species of large eagles are thought to occasionally attack children as prey though, among extant species, only the 1182:

the Gurney's eagle has a much paler immature plumage. Although usually considered an island endemic, the Gurney's eagle is possibly capable of marine dispersals, as is the wedge-tailed eagle, that may lead to them to turn up in the forests of northern Australia and historical reports show that a rare vagrant of the species may indeed appear there. The

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with the intruders usually giving the ground to incumbents. Violence is usually avoided but sometimes the most heated territorial disputes can escalate to deaths. Sometimes the displaying eagle may engage in a steep dive on part closed wings followed by an upwards swoop, later may escalate into spectacular sky dance with undulations; they may too

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eagles. Generally, the predation of birds seems to be highly opportunistic and no one type of bird reliably dominates the eagle's diet. However certain species, probably due to their commonality in eagle territories and perhaps vulnerability through their own behaviour that seem to be taken most often. These consist of

3628:. Two results in southern Victoria found mean nest heights to be 12.6 and 18.1 m (41 and 59 ft). In often particularly arid Western Australia, mean nest heights were reportedly lower, averaging at 6.5 and 15.5 m (21 and 51 ft). Detailed study in Western Australia found nest heights were higher in 1083:

wedge-tailed eagles averaged 611 mm (24.1 in) in wing chord among males and 650 mm (26 in) among females. In Tasmania, the wing chord averaged 618.8 mm (24.36 in) in males and 661.3 mm (26.04 in) in females. The extreme tail length, slightly to greatly exceeding that of other

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and scavengers, such as dingos, quolls, Tasmanian devils, goannas and snakes, but no such verified instances seem to be known in literature, and man is considered to be the wedge-tailed eagle's only true threat. Occasionally they may be injured and even killed via intra- and interspecies territorial conflicts and

3738:(which more so than the small birds are presumably vulnerable to the eagles if caught in the open), perhaps gaining some protection from the presence of the eagles. This is a not unknown phenomenon in many bird assemblages for small birds to gain incidental protection from strong raptors. Other species, such as 898:

considerably more prominent than those of adults, extending to the median and sometimes the lesser coverts. Rarely, a juvenile may be all dull black, lacking rufous edges or a wing band. Young eagles are much the same by the second through to the fourth years though they may be almost invariably visibly in

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operation have been restricted during the breeding season to outside a buffer zone of 500 m (1,600 ft), extending further to 1 km (0.62 mi) if the proposed work is in the line-of-sight of the nesting eagles. About 20% of known pairs are outside protected areas and on private land,

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Studies indicate that Tasmanian eagles mostly nest in emergent trees in old-growth native forest exposed to early morning sun and sheltered from prevailing strong winds and cold spring winds, given the more temperate climate there relative to most points in mainland Australia. The subspecies requires

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particularly intensifying agricultural and modern settlements, which can in turn lead to clearing of mature trees, disturbances at the nest and decline of native prey species, all of which have a net negative effect on the wedge-tailed eagles. Eggshell thickness was not significantly decreased by the

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during the early to mid 2000s, there was a pair per 53 km (20 sq mi), active nest sites were 6.6 km (4.1 mi) apart, while the average home range around the nest is 34 km (13 sq mi) roughly. Resurvey efforts a dozen years later in Fleurieu Peninsula found a more

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The breeding season is from July to December through much of range, in New Guinea apparently from May on. They have a distinct tendency that lay earlier in the more northerly part of the range. For instance, in northeastern Australia laying has been recorded in January and February and in Tasmania in

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and have no well-documented predators, although presumably they have some nest predators, likely including ravens and currawongs, especially when displaced by human disturbance from their nests. Occasionally, these eagles may possibly risk injury or death in conflicts against other powerful predators

1955:

Aggregations of wedge-tailed eagles may occur not infrequently at large carcasses, with up to 5–12 eagles or sometimes 20 gathering. A wedge-tailed eagle can gorge up to 1 to 1.5 kg (2.2 to 3.3 lb) at a sitting and, when fulfilled, can lasts for an unusual amount of time, for up to weeks or

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is more similar than those species in form and build but the Gurney's is somewhat smaller and more compact than the wedge-tailed eagle with rich yellow feet, a rather shorter rounded or faintly wedge-tipped tail, shorter and relatively broader wings (in adaptation to more forest-living). Furthermore,

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Eggs may range in height from 66 to 79.3 mm (2.60 to 3.12 in), averaging 73 mm (2.9 in) in a sample of 54, by 55 to 63.5 mm (2.17 to 2.50 in), averaging 58.8 mm (2.31 in). Each egg normally weighs about 120 to 150 g (4.2 to 5.3 oz), the equivalent to

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Territories are established with aerial displays, which can include high circling by one or both of pair, sometimes interspersed with flight rolls and talon presenting. Most of the time, wedge-tailed eagles typically respect pair boundaries and can limit territorial behaviour to mild aerial flights,

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are included in the diet. When attacking lambs, the wedge-tailed eagles are apparently capable of driving their talons into the skull of the victim, although more typically they land along the back and grip the lamb along the spine until it weakens and collapses while flapping the wings for balance.

1828:

The wedge-tailed eagle is one of the world's most powerful avian predators. Due to its formidable and dominating nature, it is sometimes nicknamed “King of Birds”, along with golden eagles. Prey is usually grabbed via a pounce or snatch during a gliding flight or a tail-chase from low quartering or

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According to one guide, the mean body mass of male wedge-tailed eagles is 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) while that of females is listed as 4.7 kg (10 lb), which, if accurate, is one of the most extreme examples of size sexual dimorphism known in any bird of prey. However, another sample showed

910:

In flight, wedge-tailed eagles appear as a very large, dark raptor, with a protruding head, long and relatively narrow-looking wings, more or less parallel edged when soaring and, most distinctly, a long diamond-shaped tail. The shape is dissimilar to any other raptor in the world. Juveniles tend to

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family. The subfamily is commonly referred to as booted eagles or sometimes as true eagles. Those species may be distinguished from most other accipitrids by the feathering covering their legs, regardless of distribution. With some 39 or so species, the Aquilinae is present on every continent except

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tree species used by wedge-tailed eagles is extremely diverse and ultimately the species seem to have no strong overall preferences regarding tree species, more importantly seeking a given tree of ample height and considerable broadness. Furthermore, nest trees are often on slightly elevated ground

3550:

Territorial attacks by male wedge-tailed eagles may be against any encountered intruding eagles, including both male and female intruders, while female eagles engage in less territorial attacks and when they do, it is exclusively against other females. Territorial aggression can extend towards hang

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and face considerable competition over resources, enabling certain specializations of most species in habitat or microhabitat, morphology and behaviours and often life history, including nesting grounds and often foods. The wedge-tailed eagle has the ability to exploit a more catholic variation of

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most likely to typically attack the largest prey. Generally, this species prefers to attack birds and reptiles weighing over 100 g (3.5 oz) and mammals weighing over 500 g (1.1 lb), although prey taken at times has varied from a few grams to more than sixteen times the weight of

1204:

Wedge-tailed eagles are not well known for its vocalization nor are they often heard. They may be silent for long stretches of time, possibly months, at least outside of breeding season. When vocalizations have been documented, it usually only near the nest and in aerial display, and can be hard to

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Their unique combination of large size, lanky build, long, diamond-shaped tail (though can be round-ended when both central feathers are moulted together), mainly black or rather dark plumage, and long wings seen when soaring or gliding make all ages of the wedge-tailed eagle fairly unmistakable in

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than the male. Although a few individual females are larger by only a small amount, they average up to 33 per cent larger. A full-grown female weighs between 3.0 and 5.8 kg (6.6 and 12.8 lb), while the smaller males weigh 2 to 4 kg (4.4 to 8.8 lb). Total length varies between 81

4149:

received its new badge, a wedge-tailed eagle swooping, carrying a lance-bearing the motto "Courage" in its talons. The regiment's mascot is a wedge-tailed eagle named "Courage". Since its formation, there have been two, Courage I and Courage II. In 1997, while on flight training with his handlers,

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could sometimes trap several eagles at once, beyond sustained shooting and poisoning efforts. Between the years 1958 and 1967, 120,000 bounties were paid in merely the states of Queensland and Western Australia on wedge-tailed eagles killed, meaning an average 13,000 were killed each year. Even by

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Only one young is typically produced from a clutch of two but occasionally two fledglings may occur. The breeding success rates of the species are variable. In overall studies, at least 52 to 90% of breeding pairs managed to produce a fledgling, with further projected numbers from this of 0.2–0.5

3769:

Clutch size is usually just one or two but sometimes to 4. About 80% of nests where eagles have managed to lay eggs contain two eggs. Mean clutch size is apparently somewhat higher in the western part of the range. The female lays multi-egg clutches by some 3 days or so apart. The eggs are buff or

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density was around a pair per 3 to 9 km (1.2 to 3.5 sq mi). Much higher densities were noted in this semi-arid zone of western New South Wales, with a pair per 3 to 9 km (1.2 to 3.5 sq mi), against around a pair per 40 to 48 km (15 to 19 sq mi) in other

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occurs occasionally between pairs but is seldom observed, although at times has been considered a “regular” part of the courtship process. Contrary to historical accounts, wedge-tailed eagles seldom engage in an elaborate courtship display and will instead generally try to conserve energy, instead

906:

Adults have dark brown eyes, while juveniles usually have similar but slightly darker eyes. Wedge-tailed eagles are typically creamy white on the cere and feet, although those can be dull yellow, more so in juveniles than adults. The wedge-tailed eagle has a unique moult process in that they moult

485:

Wedge-tailed eagles usually construct a large stick nest in an ample tree, normally the largest in a stand, and typically lay two eggs, although sometimes one to four. Usually, breeding efforts manage to produce one or two fledglings which, after a few months more, tend to disperse widely. Nesting

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Dependence lasts up to 4 to 6 months after fledging, with the juvenile eagles which overstay rarely known to be an occasionally fatal danger to the subsequent chick hatched to their parents. During the later periods of fledgling, interactions are restricted to brief prey deliveries and the parent

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can sometimes form around the nest, with much prey left partially or entirely uneaten. Upon leaving the nest at 11 to 12 weeks of age, the young eagles are not strong fliers for another 20 days or so, but can competent flying can be by about 90 days of ages, though full feather development is not

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occurs occasionally in this species and it is considered a “facultative cainist” rather than an obligate one, meaning siblicide occurs occasionally and as conditions dictate as opposed to some eagles where it occurs almost invariably. Sufficient environmental conditions can largely reduce sibling

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eggs in nests in normal nests, in a condition apparently unique for Australian raptors, and these reportedly never hatch. If a clutch is lost or stolen early in incubation, some pairs have been documented to replace it, being able to do so about a month later. The incubation stage lasts for 42–48

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eagles (see video). Multiple species may join the kerfuffle and mob them, especially while the eagles perched, often engaging in noisy calling, presumably meant to disorient the predator, and occasionally in physical attacks against the eagle, typically focused where the big, relatively lumbering

825:

differs from mainland wedge-tailed eagles mainly via size and colouring. It is larger than the mainland eagle and is said to have particularly outsized talon dimensions compared to mainland eagles. Furthermore, it has a deep chocolate brown overall colour rather than blackish, with a whitish buff

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listed the total population as only 100,000 mature individuals, possibly conservative and from admittedly poor supporting data. As of that analysis, Birdlife considers the overall population of wedge-tailed eagles to be “possibly increasing”. Generally, the wedge-tailed eagle appears to be quite

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The female broods attentively at first but then decreases after the second or third week and then ceases brooding almost entirely by 30 days, even at night. For 40 or more days, the female continues to assist the young with feeding, typically from the male's prey deliveries though the female may

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which have successfully knocked wedge-tailed eagles out of the sky, with a force known to kill both golden and bald eagles in other parts of the world. Due to the formidable aerial attack of the peregrine, it may be the only raptor besides the white-bellied sea eagle that wedge-tailed eagles may

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A comparison estimate posited that around 2% of wedge-tailed eagle prey weighs less than 63 g (2.2 oz), 4% of their prey weighs 63 to 125 g (2.2 to 4.4 oz), 7% of their prey weighs 125 to 250 g (4.4 to 8.8 oz), 10% weighs 250 to 500 g (8.8 to 17.6 oz), 20%

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Birds take a clearly secondary position to mammals when importance and especially prey weight are concerned; however, the wedge-tailed eagle shows some fondness for avian prey. With more than 100 prey species included in the prey spectrum, birds are the most diverse class of prey taken by these

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The wedge-tailed eagle is a dietary generalist, opportunistically capturing a wide range of prey species. Its prey spectrum is quite broad, with well over 200 prey species documented to be taken and even this includes very few prey only from secondary accounts from Tasmania and New Guinea. The

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In Tasmania, the wing chord measured from 594 to 664 mm (23.4 to 26.1 in) in males and 620 to 711 mm (24.4 to 28.0 in) in females. In Nullarbor Plain, males averaged 587 mm (23.1 in) in wing chord while females averaged 638 mm (25.1 in). Other Australian

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Conservation needs may differ in different habitats, i.e. in more coastal temperate areas, the eagle is reported to have difficulty nesting when hillsides have been cleared of trees, meanwhile inland, they have lesser need of trees in elevated locations because they are more often assisted by

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Both sexes may participate in building the nest but the female takes the greater share, often standing in the middle and building outwards. Often wedge-tailed eagles build alternative nest, up to 2 to 3 per territory, though when undisturbed uses the same general site repeatedly. In Tasmania,

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out of parts of their range. Ultimately, the rabbit population may have more than halved and locally have been some 90% reduced. As a matter of consensus, the wedge-tailed eagles do not appear to be adversely affected in major ways by the biological control of rabbits since they can revert to

1627:

This impressive bird of prey spends much of the day perching in trees, on rocks as well as similar exposed lookout sites such as cliffs from which it has a good view of its surroundings. Alternatively, they may sit on the ground for long periods of time or watch from a lower point, such as or

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The juvenile is mainly darkish brown, with extensive rufous feather edging, and a paler, fairly streaky head. Furthermore, the juvenile has a lighter-brown crissum, and a light reddish-brown to golden nape, with similar colouring extending sometimes to the back and wing band. The wing band is

881:

neck. Furthermore, they are distinctive for their prominent carpals and baggy feathered trousers. The species tends to perch conspicuously on dead trees, telegraph poles, rocks or, at times, the open ground. Between the bill size, elongated shape and prominent shoulders, the species is highly

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in Tasmania are also an occasional threat; although not thought to be a significant source of mortality, wedge-tailed eagles, especially young ones, are less success at avoiding invariably fatal collisions with them than Tasmanian white-bellied sea eagles. Furthermore, of 109 eagle carcasses

4000:

where pair occupancy remained consistent through drought for wedge-tailed eagles but not for little eagles, but this is may have more to do with the wedge-tails more successful uncoupling from a dependence on declining rabbits as prey than the little eagle. Of 84 eagle deaths or debilitating

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The largest wingspan ever verified for an eagle was for this species. A female killed in Tasmania in 1931 had a wingspan of 284 cm (9 ft 4 in), and another female measured barely smaller at 279 cm (9 ft 2 in). Similar claims, however, have been made for the

2728:) are known to be taken, these collectively forming up to about 25% of the diet by number. In the Perth region, birds were taken amply, especially the Australian raven at 12.6% of prey remains and 4.7% of the biomass, with birds constituting just shy of 25% of the diet. Elsewhere in 3586:

area, it was projected that the mean home range was about 36 km (14 sq mi). Meanwhile, in southern Victoria the nearest neighbour distance of breeding pairs was 4.7 km (2.9 mi) while mean territory size was calculated at 17.6 km (6.8 sq mi).

1832:

Hunting habitat can be highly variably and can manage to capture prey in both open country and quite thick woodland or forest, though typically require an open understory in the latter. Almost all its prey is taken on the ground but to a lesser extent it may be taken from the tree

1233:

Wedge-tailed eagles are found throughout Australia (including Tasmania), as well as southern New Guinea, in almost all habitats, though they tend to be more common in favourable habitat in southern and eastern Australia. In Australia, they may be found almost all the way from the

1991: 1880:, two actively chasing at a time, then repeatedly being replaced by two more from the circling group overhead. Regardless of prey size and season, tandem hunts, mainly by breeding adult pairs or sometimes loosely associated young eagles, are not uncommon. Of 89 observed hunts in 3886:

levels to rival any other eagle in the world. The heavy persecution began in the closing decades of the 19th century, due largely to the establishment of large-scale sheep farming in Australia. One Queensland station claimed to have poisoned 1060 eagles over 8 months in 1903.

2199:

animals. The predation of wedge-tailed eagles on young farm animals has been the primary historic driver for the persecution of the species. However, in no known study have domestic livestock been known to be primary prey. The closest association with them was in northwestern

380:. Adults of the species have long, broad wings, fully feathered legs, an unmistakable wedge-shaped tail, an elongated upper mandible, a strong beak and powerful feet. The wedge-tailed eagle is one of 12 species of large, predominantly dark-coloured booted eagles in the genus 1772: 1566:

prey they live off of there were all but hunted to extinction. Wedge-tailed eagles commonly occur from sea level up to about 2,000 m (6,600 ft) with seemingly no preference based on altitudinal level. A fairly pronounced liking for mountainous localities such as

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structure and size, the wedge-tailed eagle is said to be proportional to other eagles, being notably smaller and less robust than the heaviest eagles, such as Steller's and harpies, but fairly similar in osteology, in both structure and proportions, to the golden eagle.

3382:) was observed to engage in an apparent territorial fight with a wedge-tailed eagle, including talon-grappling. When it comes to carrion, wedge-tailed eagles tend to dominate other predators, especially most birds, with most kites, other assorted raptors and some large 2995:, where bustards were found to account for 13.4% of the pellet contents and 23% of prey biomass. That study calculated the mean weight of bustards taken as 8.97 kg (19.8 lb), indicating that the eagles were selectively predating the much larger male bustards. 1769: 918:

The adult is all blackish on the wing but for the tawny-rufous nape and greyish wing band (running less than a quarter of the way down the wing's width). Little relieves the dark coloration below but the pale brown to rufous crissum and the pale greyish bases to their

3920:

poisons long used to “control” Australian wildlife, but now generally directed at invasive species such as rabbits, feral pigs and foxes. A list of the main persistent threats in the 21st century to wedge-tailed eagles consists of: destruction of habitat, including

1790: 1120:

and Philippine eagles amongst all eagles. In Tasmania, culmen lengths averaged 48.4 mm (1.91 in) in males and 51.4 mm (2.02 in) in females while the total length of the bill averaged 59.4 mm (2.34 in) and 63.2 mm (2.49 in).

2130:, which were deliberately introduced repeatedly (abortively in 1859 and then via a concerted effect from 1937 to 1950), largely so the wealthy could hunt them. The wedge-tailed eagles quickly took to the rabbits as prey along with another introduced leporid, the 1925:

with vehicles. The importance of carrion relative to live prey has not been greatly studied but away from human development, especially roads, carrion is less likely to be encountered and eagles of all ages must presumably hunt to survive. In general, Australian

1063:, and is exceeded amongst all eagles probably only by the white-tailed and Steller's sea eagles in average spread though its average (not maximum) wingspan is rivaled by that of the martial eagle. Among standard measurements, within the nominate subspecies, the 902:

and with a narrowing wing band. They become darker around the fifth year, with a red-brown nape and a still narrowing wing band. Full mature plumage is not attained until the seventh or eighth year, although sexual maturity can be considered as early as five.

3878:

stable in population. Although wedge-tailed eagles are often scarcer than those large distribution suggests, their total distribution covers more than 10.5 million square kilometres and the population is quite likely within hundreds of thousands. Thinning of

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Subsequent research in South Australia found 38 successfully fledged young with 10 pairs or 26% producing two fledglings and that production was 1.1 per occupied territory and 1.3 per successful pair. 0.73 fledglings were produced pair per year in south-west

972:), which has been said to reach or exceed 274 cm (9 ft 0 in) in wingspan. Reported claims of wedge-tailed eagles spanning 312 cm (10 ft 3 in) and 340 cm (11 ft 2 in) were unverified and deemed to be unreliable per 907:

almost continuously and very slowly, and it might take three or more years for an eagle of the species to complete a moult. Moults are arrested only at times of famine, and happen gradually, so that they do not impede the bird's flight or hunting capacities.

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to Australia has been generally having a negative to devastating effect on native animals and ecosystems, the wedge-tailed eagle is one of a few native species to largely benefit from these introductions. This is especially due to the introduction of the

1920:

and young wedge-tailed eagles, even more so shortly post-dispersal, are thought to be far more likely to scavenge on carrion than adults generally. Wedge-tailed eagles are often seen by the roadside in rural Australia, feeding on animals that have been

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around one-third were cooperative ones. As in other tandem hunting raptors, one eagle typically lies in wait generally unseen while the other eagle distracts and drives the prey towards it. When hunting domesticated prey, they've been seen to land near

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This species will also land between a ewe or female pig and their respective lambs or piglets in order to separate the latter for attack. Wedge-tailed eagles are also known to at times prey on another animal introduced for human hunting purposes, the

3011:. Despite the small size of this prey relative to most mammalian prey, they can be key to survivorship in more arid vicinities such as central and western Australia where there is less diverse prey to pick from. In video monitored prey deliveries at 839:

between Tasmanian and other wedge-tailed eagles. Furthermore, the insular race was likely formed by marine dispersals, a process wedge-tailed eagles may continue to engage in despite usually avoiding large bodies of water, albeit usually in narrower

6536:

Sharp, A., Gibson, L., Norton, M., Marks, A., Ryan, B., & Semeraro, L. (2002). An evaluation of the use of regurgitated pellets and skeletal material to quantify the diet of Wedge-tailed Eagles, Aquila audax. Emu-Austral Ornithology, 102(2),

1960:, 29 to 98 mm (1.1 to 3.9 in) long by 20 to 50 mm (0.79 to 1.97 in) wide and weighing some 8.8 g (0.31 oz). Usually the diet is determined from a combination of reviewing these pellets along with loose prey remains. 2343:) (mean adult weight around 15 kg (33 lb)), and even red kangaroo adults. In some unusual cases, wedge-tailed eagle hunting parties can form whilst hunting red kangaroos, sometimes including up to 15 eagles (more loose, opportunistic 1190:), the only other island raptor in New Guinea that approaches the wedge-tailed in size, is a highly distinct and forest-restricted species, being much paler, particularly below, with long, bare legs and different proportions, more like a giant 3031:) was the second most numerous prey species behind the rabbit, at 16.6% of the diet. The bearded dragons when taken by wedge-tailed eagles have had an estimated body mass ranging from 80 to 320 g (2.8 to 11.3 oz). They also prey on 1771: 3890:

Laws passed from 1909 to 1925 made it mandatory for landowners and farmers to kill eagles as vermin with enforcement determined by a given region's minister or vermin board, resulting in even more sweeping efforts to destroy the species.

1792: 3702:, usually this occurs where there is an absence of leafy ones. While Australian nests can be in quite varied surroundings, Tasmanian nests are almost exclusively within well forested areas. Forest type nests tend to have a sparse, open 2007: 4119: 2142:

in some numbers and they usually constitute the bulk of the prey species in most, if not all, Australian food studies. In some dietary studies rabbits have accounted for up to 89.2% of the diet by number and 86% by biomass, as in

1971: 3636:, but nest height seemed to not have bearing on occupancy or success, territoriality kept the population regulated within the habitats. Occasionally they may nest in dwarf trees at as low as 1 to 2 m (3.3 to 6.6 ft). 3615:

Good sized nests can weigh well over 400 kg (880 lb). Nests are usually lined with green leaves and twigs, a common practice in accipitrids. Infrequently, they may use an old nest built by another accipitrid, namely

4150:

Corporal Courage II refused to cooperate and flew away, not being found for two days following an extensive search. He was charged with being AWOL and reduced to the rank of trooper. He was promoted back to corporal in 1998.

3568:, there were 9–10 pairs per 390 km (150 sq mi). Near Canberra, around 37 pairs were reported in an area of 1,000 km (390 sq mi), including some unusually as close as 130 m (430 ft) to 4460:

Lerner, H., Christidis, L., Gamauf, A., Griffiths, C., Haring, E., Huddleston, C.J., Kabra, S., Kocum, A., Krosby, M., Kvaloy, K., Mindell, D., Rasmussen, P., Rov, N., Wadleigh, R., Wink, M. & Gjershaug, J.O. (2017).

2108:, it was estimated that mean prey weight was 1,309 g (2.886 lb). It only ranks behind the crowned eagle and harpy eagle and rivals the martial eagle as the eagle likely to attack the largest prey on average. 3572:

and as close as 260 m (850 ft) from suburban spots. This contrasts strongly with 36 years prior, when few nests were near human-altered areas and the amount of pairs in the same area was about 32. In the

4058:. In addition, like all eagles, Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagles are vulnerable to electrocutions, and collisions with vehicles, overhead wires, and fences and poisonings, largely via illegal killings by poachers of 2172:, rabbits have gone down from accounting for 56–69% of the diet to 16–31% of it. Furthermore, wedge-tailed eagles have been known to successfully maintain population in the absence of any rabbits in a few areas. 3266:. Why and how they capture a profusion of insects locally is not clear, and they may be often from the stomachs of other prey or even byproduct from the captures of other prey or from the bodies of carcasses. 1908:. These eagles have been seen removing rabbits from traps and eating carrion in bright moonlight as well. At times, remarkably, wedge-tailed eagles have been covering large prey with vegetation, apparently to 1170:), at times mentioned as potentially confusable with a young wedge-tailed eagle, are much paler below with a rather different flight pattern: a short pale tail, bare legs, shorter, broader wings held in stiff 1683:”. However, while they are arguably irruptive, it does not fit the mould of a true migrant well since under normal circumstances adults are rather sedentary unless environmental changes force them to move. 490:

activity and other alterations, which both degrade habitats and cause disturbances. The species is known to be highly sensitive to human disturbance at the nest, which may lead to abandonment of the young.

2233:), which can form up to about 4% of an eagle's breeding diet and 5% of the biomass, weighing up to 9 kg (20 lb). In Canberra, about 59% of the foxes found in the diet were adults. Additionally, 2059:, along with scarcely other prey taxon. Out of 21 accrued dietary studies, 61.3% of prey items by number in the foods during nesting efforts were mammals, 21.6% were birds, 13.2% were reptiles, 2.1% by 2031: 889:

has similar facial feathering and the golden eagle eats carrion too. Against the blackish plumage, the tawny-rufous hackles on the neck, forming a lanceolated shape, as well as the pale brown to rufous

7092:

Sharp, Andy, et al. "The breeding season diet of wedge-tailed eagles (Aquila audax) in western New South Wales and the influence of rabbit calicivirus disease." Wildlife Research 29.2 (2002): 175-184.

1374:

The wedge-tailed eagle lives in an extremely wide range of habitats. Although range is restricted relative to the golden eagle, it likely occupies a wider range of habitat types than likely any other

2100:

region in three different studies was estimated to be 1,298 g (2.862 lb), 2,131 g (4.698 lb) and 2,890 g (6.37 lb), changing likely due to the shifting significances of

3698:

above the mean ground level, presumably in order to offer a more commanding view of the surrounding environment. Additionally, trees with fewer lower branches may be preferred. Nests are seldom on

8853:. In Practising forestry today. Proceedings 18th Biennial Conference of the Institute of Foresters of Australia, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 3–8 October 1999. Institute of Foresters of Australia. 3912:

likely due likely to the largely mammal-based diet of the species, whereas raptors which consume birds or fish are disproportionately effected by DDT. On occasion, the species is still subject to

3198:) have been claimed as prey in one report although any other confirmed cases of predation on turtles by this species are not known. Notably, there are no reports of wedge-tailed eagles attacking 3319:

have abutting ranges, sometimes wedge-tailed eagles compete with white-bellied sea eagles. One key difference from elsewhere where competition sometimes occurs such as the golden eagle with the

1106:

measurements, the exposed culmen may range from 37.5 to 61.6 mm (1.48 to 2.43 in) in males and 46.3 to 65.1 mm (1.82 to 2.56 in) in females while total bill length (from the

3007:. The range of lizards they may prey upon is highly diverse in size and nature, with somewhere between 20 and 30 species known in the prey spectrum. The most preferred reptilian prey by far is 1162:), which is surprisingly similar in colouring but is much smaller with a relatively short, squared tail and extensive clear white windows covering a good part of their wings. Juveniles of the 1916:

around a carcass from a great distance, and glide down to appropriate it. Carrion consumption is recorded in all season and contexts, although generally non-breeding birds are more likely to

1102:

may be from 99 to 139.9 mm (3.90 to 5.51 in). The tarsus of 7 males averaged 104.3 mm (4.11 in) while that of 7 females averaged 111.1 mm (4.37 in). In terms of

1770: 1791: 3799:

aggression. In New South Wales, three of four successful pairs raised two fledglings and no sign of rivalry or pecking behaviors observed despite the size difference of two siblings.

1059:). However, it rivals the Steller's and harpy eagles and is known to be exceeded only by the Philippine eagle in total length. The wedge-tailed eagle's wingspan is the largest of any 956:

far less stark size differences, with 29 males weighing an average of 3.13 kg (6.9 lb) and 29 females an average of 3.8 kg (8.4 lb). In the same sample, from the

3354:

Most other diurnal raptors that reside in Australia are considerably smaller and seldom can be said to present great competition to the wedge-tailed eagles, although some, such as

2983:), arguably Australia's largest resident flying species of bird at a mean of 6.23 kg (13.7 lb). An unusually close feeding association with a very large bird is with the 778:

Two subspecies of wedge-tailed eagle are recognised. However, the separation of the two subspecies has been called into question, largely because the reported differences in both

1599:. However, the species is seldom seen other than as a flyover in more developed towns and cities. Additionally, it is not uncommon to see these eagles in man-made spots such as 3746:), falcons and owls, may also benefit by utilizing unused nests for their own breeding purposes, although typically only the falcons usually use them with relative regularity. 797:(Latham, 1801) – This subspecies resides in the entire continent of Australia as well as in southern New Guinea. It is the typical wedge-tailed eagle as subsequently described. 1893:

to limit a prey's escape routes. In some cases, these eagles will attempt to force large prey such as kangaroos and dingos to fall off steep hillsides and injure themselves.

1667:

conditions. In turn this explains the species presence in places they don't breed, even adults. In addition to moving for drought in arid zone, also moves in highest part of

6649:

Trophic relationships between neighbouring White-bellied Sea-Eagles (Haliaeetus leucogaster) and Wedge-tailed Eagles (Aquila audax) breeding on rivers and dams near Canberra

2287:) estimated to weigh 17.2 to 20 kg (38 to 44 lb) when taken by wedge-tailed eagles, in Australian Capital Territory and New South Wales, while the weight of young 826:

colouring to the nape rather than tawny-rufous feathers there. The juvenile is altogether paler and sandier than an equivalent-aged wedge-tailed eagle on mainland Australia.

3582:

populous population, resulting in a home range estimated at 32.1 km (12.4 sq mi) with some active nests as close as 1.5 km (0.93 mi) apart. In the

984:, at up to 45 cm (18 in), are unusually elongated for its body weight, and nine or ten other eagle species regularly outweigh it. It is around the third heaviest 3508:

avoid nesting near. Most of the large falcons, including peregrine, brown and black falcons, and at times large owls nest in unused or abandoned wedge-tailed eagle nests.

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somewhat away from the water. Favored habitat tends to be remote or rough country, at least partially wooded and not uncommonly varied with some rocky spots as well as in

2517:

With relative infrequency, other classes of mammals, beyond leporids and marsupials, may be taken opportunistically by wedge-tailed eagles. At least two species each of

2195:

Much more controversial at one time than hunting introduced rabbits and hares is the wedge-tailed eagle's occasional tendency to feed on and sometimes kill domesticated

7496:

Timing of the evening emergence from day roosts of the grey-headed flying fox, Pteropuspoliocephalus: the effects of predation risk, foraging needs, and social context

4165:, uses a stylised wedge-tailed eagle as their club emblem. In recent years, they have had a real-life wedge-tailed eagle named "Auzzie" perform tricks before matches. 3833:, from 1993 to 2003, 15 pairs produced an average of one fledgling per territory but 1998 due to drought conditions, the rate was only 0.4 chick per territory. Within 3107:), which weighs 6.3 kg (14 lb) on average adults, can be a prey for this powerful eagle. Contrarily, lizards down to the size of a 20 g (0.71 oz) 2434:) were regular supplemental prey in northeastern New South Wales. Other notable marsupials known to fall prey to wedge-tailed eagles include adults of the following: 1571:

has been detected in a few studies of wedge-tailed eagle. One of the few habitat types considered to be strongly avoided by wedge-tailed eagles are areas intensively

885:

They have a large proportion of bare facial skin, which is thought to be an adaptation to the warm climate rather than carrion eating, because the non-carrion-eating

731:

species, although outwardly similar to golden and wedge-tailed eagles, being large, dark and brownish, with long wings, are thought to form a separate clade, and are

696:), the most widely distributed species in the entire accipitrid family, as well as outwardly dissimilar (smaller and paler-bellied yet also powerful) eagles like the 3718:, and even on ground in both islands and desert-like areas, preferably in areas difficult for or inaccessible to humans. Additionally they've been known to nest on 2565:) may taken by a wedge-tailed eagle at times, mostly pups, or carrion but sometimes a pair of eagles can kill adults too. Beyond sheep, pigs and infrequently young 606:, meaning "bold", indicative of their perceived disposition, perhaps when hunting, although the species is, in general, highly wary, and even timid, around humans. 2712:. On Kangaroo Island, Australian and little ravens together constituted 19% of the diet. In Canberra, fairly prominent numbers of magpies, wood ducks, galahs and 1579:. A slightly fading tendency to avoid human areas has been detected, perhaps as persecution rates have gone far down, and the wedge-tailed eagle may be seen near 7509:

Anti-predation strategies of chocolate wattled bats (Chalinolobus morio) after a predation event at a maternal roost by a southern boobook (Tyto novaeseelandiae)

3782:

eagle but a small percentage relative to smaller raptors. The larger eagles of Tasmania lay larger eggs on average reportedly. Wedge-tailed eagles sometimes lay

1258:

in the east. They are widespread throughout the desert interior of Australia, but are rare in low densities in the most arid parts of the continent, such as the

4106:. The Parks and Wildlife Service of the Northern Territory uses the wedge-tailed eagle, superimposed over a map of the Northern Territory, as their emblem. The 4033:

forest areas greater than 10 ha (25 acres) in which to breed and is very prone to desert its nest when disturbed. A predicted change was calculated to the

1262:. Offshore, the wedge-tailed eagle may be distributed in several of the larger Australian islands and some of the smaller ones. Those include a majority of the 1110:) is from 55 to 67 mm (2.2 to 2.6 in) and 58.2 to 73 mm (2.29 to 2.87 in), in the sexes respectively. It is likely to be the largest billed 8681:

Land use, habitat change and the conservation of birds in fragmented rural environments: a landscape perspective from the Northern Plains, Victoria, Australia

1499:, sloping ground allowing good access and access to tall, mature trees being paramount to the eagles in the study. Quite often they will be seen soaring over 510:, wedge-tailed eagles have proved to be exceptionally resilient, and their numbers have quickly rebounded to being similar or even higher numbers than before 7665:

Additions to prey taken by Wedge-tailed Eagles' Aquila audax'after release of Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus haemorrhagic disease (Rabbit Calicivirus) in 1996

6299:

Osborne, W.S. & Green, K. (1992). Seasonal changes in composition, abundance and foraging behaviour of birds in the Snowy Mountains. Emu 92(2):93–105.

5210:

The conservation status of the Wedge-tailed Eagle in Australian law and thoughts on the value of early legal intervention in the conservation of a species

4001:

injuries, 52% were attributable to collisions or electrocutions, 15.5% due to persecution, 11% due to natural causes and 15% were due to unknown causes.

6908:

Geographic and seasonal variation in the impact of rabbit haemorrhagic disease on European rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, and rabbit damage in Australia

2001:

to Australia has been greatly harmful to the Australian environs but a boon to opportunistic wedge-tailed eagles, which often take them in great numbers.

877:

brown, depending on lighting and individual variation. They have a massive bill but possess a relatively small and rather flat head, with a long, almost

397:

The wedge-tailed eagle is one of its native continent's most generalised birds of prey. They reside in most habitats present in Australia, ranging from

9502: 7202:

Hayward, M. W., L'Hotellier, F., O'Connor, T., Ward-Fear, G., Cathcart, J., Cathcart, T., Sephens, J., Stephens, J. Herman, K. & Legge, S. (2012).

386:

found worldwide. Genetic research has clearly indicated that the wedge-tailed eagle is fairly closely related to other, generally large members of the

3254:

beetles. Truly exceptional is in the Northern Territory, where a large percentage of 1826 prey items was made up of by insects including unidentified

6153:

Modelling the nesting habitat requirements of the wedge-tailed eagle Aquila audax in the Australian Capital Territory using nest site characteristics

6780: 2263:

A video surveillance study at the nest determined that seemingly freshly killed, albeit usually quite young macropods were delivered to nests near

8890:

High frequency of lead exposure in the population of an endangered Australian top predator, the Tasmanian wedge‐tailed eagle (Aquila audax fleayi)

8305:

Diet, occupancy and breeding success of Wedge-tailed Eagles Aquila audax near Canberra, Australia, 2002–2003: four decades after Leopold and Wolfe

3299:

both prey and habitat since it exists with relatively fewer competing species. The most considerable potential competition comes in the two other

1378:

eagle, and may outrival any booted eagle species in their use of diverse habitats, being somewhat more akin to habitat generalist raptors such as

1365:

Wedge-tailed eagles favor varied environments, mostly those with some leafy trees and rocky areas, but can be seen in a great variety of habitats.

9343: 8081:

Selva, N., Moleón, M., Sebastián-González, E., DeVault, T. L., Quaggiotto, M. M., Bailey, D. M., Lambertucci , S. A. & Margalida, A. (2019).

7858:

Amphibians and reptiles: predators and prey. Amphibians and birds. Bibliography of Herptological References in Australian Ornithological Journals

3555:

densities were found to be about a pair per 53 km (20 sq mi), 10–12 pairs in good years, 3 in drought years. Not far from that in

3710:

often are considered perhaps more attractive to the species. In desert-type areas, they may nest on a hill or a rise, and in addition sometimes

1956:

even a month, before needing to hunt again, apparently due to the warmth of the environment. After feeding they may disgorge a relatively small

1845:

by coming around them by surprise around a tree or by darting out in flight at close range for a brief tail-chase. Sometimes, an eagle may pull

3206:; perhaps these are the only predators too formidable to be attacked, as both of these reptiles can attain extremely large sizes. Predation on 7956:

Correlated geographic variation in predation risk and antipredator behaviour within a wide‐ranging snake species (Notechis scutatus, Elapidae)

7483:

Microhabitat use by the long-nosed potoroo, Potorous tridactylus, and other small mammals in remnant forest vegetation, south-western Victoria

6921:

Is wedge-tailed eagle, Aquila audax, survival and breeding success closely linked to the abundance of European rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus?

6699:

Breeding diets of the little eagle Hieraaetus morphnoides and wedge-tailed eagle Aquila audax in the Australian capital territory in 2011–2019

1067:

of males may range from 553 to 667 mm (21.8 to 26.3 in) while that of the female is from 600 to 703 mm (23.6 to 27.7 in).

9382: 5926:

Haselgrove, P. (1975). Notes on the birds of Groote Eylandt, NT. Sunbird: Journal of the Queensland Ornithological Society, The, 6(2), 32–41.

947:

in Australia for size is some 15 per cent smaller linearly and 25 per cent lighter in weight. As is typical in birds of prey, the female is

9462: 7297:

Leary, T.; Seri, L.; Flannery, T.; Wright, D.; Hamilton, S.; Helgen, K.; Singadan, R.; Menzies, J.; Allison, A.; James, R.; et al. (2008).

2680:), weighing a mean between species of around 580 to 590 g (1.28 to 1.30 lb) when taken, 300 to 329 g (10.6 to 11.6 oz) 3916:, however persecution of the species is significantly less prevalent in recent decades. Occasionally but not commonly, they are killed by 3047:) at around 500 g (1.1 lb) can make up around 5% of the diet (in northeast New South Wales), while the 204 g (7.2 oz) 767: 6179:

The breeding season diet of wedge-tailed eagles (Aquila audax) in western New South Wales and the influence of rabbit calicivirus disease

3629: 609:

However, the species is quite similar in many aspects of its morphology, appearance, behaviour and life history, to other species in the

4073:, protocols are in place to protect Tasmanian eagle nests and protect them by creating an obligatory nest reserve of at least 10 ha and 9507: 3075:. Around 20% of the 231 prey items of in a Western Australian study was found to be monitor lizards, mostly 2.32 kg (5.1 lb) 3873:

In the 1990s, it was estimated broadly that the global population was somewhere between 10,001 and 1,000,000 individuals. As of 2009,

1679:

to the mainland, possibly a regular occurrence. Due to their tendency for wandering, some authors class the wedge-tailed eagles as a “

894:, and narrow mottled grey-brown band across the greater wing coverts, all stand out well. The sexes are indistinguishable by plumage. 4114:

in Melbourne also uses the wedge-tailed eagle in its corporate logo and coat of arms. The wedge-tailed eagle is also a symbol of the

7838:

Nest site selection and nesting behaviour of the Black-necked Stork Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus australis in northern New South Wales

6402: 6353: 3560:

arid zones. In Western Australia, arid areas had a nearest neighbour distance of 5.32 km (3.31 mi) while those nesting in

861: 9317: 8530:

Effect of reduced rabbit numbers on the reproductive success of Wedge-tailed Eagles Aquila audax in central-western New South Wales

2557:), likely the smallest mammalian prey known for wedge-tailed eagles at around 20 g (0.71 oz) in weight. Although rare, a 9020:"Did postglacial sea-level changes initiate the evolutionary divergence of a Tasmanian endemic raptor from its mainland relative?" 8888:

Pay, J. M., Katzner, T. E., Hawkins, C. E., Koch, A. J., Wiersma, J. M., Brown, W. E., Mooney, N. J. & Cameron, E. Z. (2021).

8057:

Diets of White-bellied Sea-Eagles Haliaeetus leucogaster and Whistling Kites Haliastur sphenurus breeding near Canberra, 2003–2008

7269:

Behavioural ecology of the black-flanked rock-wallaby (Petrogale lateralis lateralis): Refuge importance in a variable environment

5410:

Burridge, C. P., Brown, W. E., Wadley, J., Nankervis, D. L., Olivier, L., Gardner, M. G., Barbour, R. & Austin, J. J. (2013).

4081: 2151:

was deliberately introduced to control the population of rabbits subsequent to 1995, followed more effectively by introduction of

9356: 7470:

Observations of predation, nest-predation and other disturbance events at Dryandra, south-western Australia I: Birds as predators

4066:). Efforts are underway to ameliorate the harm being done to Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagles, especially via forestry operations. 1205:

hear unless at close range. The commonest calls for wedge-tailed eagles are high, rather thin whistles, sometimes transcribed as

8289:

Climate influences productivity but not breeding density of wedge‐tailed eagles Aquila audax in arid and mesic Western Australia

6499:

Habitat use, temporal activity patterns and foraging behaviour of raptors in the south-west of the Northern Territory, Australia

5412:

Did postglacial sea-level changes initiate the evolutionary divergence of a Tasmanian endemic raptor from its mainland relative?

3278:

Being the largest and most powerful Australian raptor, wedge-tailed eagles are dominant over other raptor species of the region.

7132:

Variation in the taphonomic effect of scavengers in semi‐arid Australia linked to rainfall and the El Niño Southern Oscillation

5186:, Wintle, B. A., Gordon, A., Fox, J. C., Chisholm, R., Brown, B., Regan, T., Mooney, N., Read, S. & Burgman, M. A. (2009). 3565: 3012: 2187:(killed by cars). In the wild they often capture live prey. They often tolerate sharing carrion with other scavengers, such as 1283: 8785:

Intrinsic factors drive spatial genetic variation in a highly vagile species, the wedge‐tailed eagle Aquila audax, in Tasmania

9492: 6049: 5865:, version 2.0. In Birds of the World (P. G. Rodewald and B. K. Keeney, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 5727: 5642: 5558: 1024:) can average of a roughly similar body mass to the wedge-tailed eagle, although the latter is marginally the heavier bird. 9361: 5619:

Sexual size dimorphism in raptors: intrasexual competition in the larger sex for a scarce breeding resource, the smaller sex

3808:

until 120 days. Fledgling occurs at 67 to 95 days, typically being less than 90 days and averaging roughly around 79 days.

1746:, via floating above them until the dogs bark or leap then floating up until the dog settles and then repeating the “game”. 1527:, it is with relative scarcity despite this being where many other raptors of the nation concentrate. In the deserts of the 7570:

Scavenging birds at risk of ingesting fragments of lead bullets from kangaroo and deer carcasses in south-eastern Australia

1889:

mothers to intimidate them and separate their young, so they can attack the latter. Sometimes, wedge-tailed eagles may use

7366:

A note on predation on koalas Phascolarctos cinereus by raptors, including Wedge-tailed eagles Aquila audax, in Queensland

7325:

Nest Sites, Breeding, Satellite Telemetry and Diet of the Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax at Lorna Glen, Western Australia

6731:

A community-level evaluation of the impact of prey behavioural and ecological characteristics on predator diet composition

1070: 8148:

Further observations on Black-breasted Buzzards' Hamirostra melanosternon'breeding near Alice Springs, Northern Territory

6378:

Alarm calls of The Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen): predators elicit complex vocal responses and mobbing behaviour

5606:

Territory size and diet throughout the year of the Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax in the Perth region, Western Australia

2577:, entirely introduced by man into the Australasian region, is eaten exclusively as carrion so far as is known, including 1701:

The presence of a wedge-tailed eagle often causes panic among smaller birds and, as a result, aggressive species such as

1339: 7217:

The distribution and abundance of the banded and rufous hare-wallabies, Lagostrophus fasciatus and Lagorchestes hirsutus

6599:

Diets of wedge-tailed eagles (Aquila audax) and little eagles (Hieraaetus morphnoides) breeding near Canberra, Australia

6073:

Breeding activity, nest site selection and nest spacing of wedge-tailed eagles, Aquila audax, in western New South Wales

2585:- despite claims that eagles have killed young calves, which is possible, they have only ever been witnessed feeding on 2267:. As much as 20% to 30% of the diet can be made up of by macropods. Large and prominent species are known including the 2079:, and found that just shy of 90% of prey biomass was made of by mammals, 6.2% by birds and 3.4% by reptiles. Out of the 9482: 8556:

Nest-site characteristics and breeding productivity of wedge-tailed eagles (Aquila audax) near Perth, Western Australia

8446:

Geographic-variation in egg size, clutch size and date of laying of Australian raptors (Falconiformes and Strigiformes)

7678:

The breeding behaviour and biology of the short‐billed form of the White‐tailed Black Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus funereus

5168: 4525: 4135: 3214:

is almost unheard of for wedge-tailed eagles, however, based on toxicity reports in eagles, they may consume invasive

1648:

of any bird and an eye roughly as big as a small human's, they may be one of the most sharp-eyed birds in the world.

669:

but outwardly fairly similar eagle, is clearly a very close relation of the wedge-tailed eagle and the two are likely

9426: 8602:. Surrey Beatty & Sons in Association with Western Australian Laboratory, CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology. 5397:

Pay, J. M., Katzner, T. E., Wiersma, J. M., Brown, W. E., Hawkins, C. E., Proft, K. M., & Cameron, E. Z. (2021).

4539: 4438: 3351:

and other wetland-dwelling prey, and they seldom compete directly for prey such as mammals with wedge-tailed eagles.

2637: 443: 7418:

The ecology of the quokka (Setonix brachyurus)(Macropodidae: Marsupialia) in the northern jarrah forest of Australia

6205:

An intraspecific and interspecific comparison of raptor diets in the south-west of the Northern Territory, Australia

5246:

Phylogeny, taxonomy, and geographic diversity of diurnal raptors: Falconiformes, Accipitriformes, and Cathartiformes

3286:. While primarily continental in distribution, it is distributed well apart from most related species, whereas most 2645: 9497: 9109: 9093: 8977: 5371:

Twenty microsatellite loci for population and conservation genetic studies of the wedge-tailed eagle (Aquila audax)

4146: 2212:) made up 32.7% of prey in pellets and 17.1% in remains, accounting for 15–21% of the prey biomass, while juvenile 1335: 1239: 8746:

Completing a worldwide picture: preliminary evidence of lead exposure in a scavenging bird from mainland Australia

8718:

Kuvlesky Jr, W. P., Brennan, L. A., Morrison, M. L., Boydston, K. K., Ballard, B. M., & Bryant, F. C. (2007).

8161:

Breeding biology, behaviour and foraging ecology of the Black Falcon Falco subniger near Tamworth, New South Wales

7870: 7768: 2155:

to limit the damage rabbits have inflicted on native vegetation and resultingly have competed native mammals like

9387: 8668:

Ongoing unraveling of a continental fauna: decline and extinction of Australian mammals since European settlement

6943:

The breeding diet of Wedge-tailed Eagles Aquila audax in the absence of rabbits: Kangaroo Island, South Australia

2398:, at 33% of the diet there. Around Perth, other small, nocturnal marsupials were taken in some numbers including 8923:

Investigating the conservation requirements of the endangered Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagle (Aquila audax fleayi)

5324:

A multi-gene phylogeny of aquiline eagles (Aves: Accipitriformes) reveals extensive paraphyly at the genus level

2760:), at 29 g (1.0 oz) one of the smallest avian prey species for this eagle. In a single study from the 8543:

Breeding productivity of the Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax on the Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia in 2017

8318:

A review of Wedge-tailed Eagle population stability in the Fleurieu Peninsula region of South Australia in 2017

7559:

Burton, Maurice, and Robert Burton. The New International Wildlife Encyclopedia. Purnell Reference Books, 1980.

7353:

Diet and breeding biology of the Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax at three nests in northeastern New South Wales

5758: 5399:

Morphometric Sex Identification of Nestling and Free-Flying Tasmanian Wedge-Tailed Eagles (Aquila audax fleayi)

2908: 514:, thanks in part to humans inadvertently providing several food sources, such as rabbits and a large volume of 8135:

Predation of a Grey Goshawk Accipiter novaehollandiae with a Powerful Owl Ninox strenua as the likely predator

7599:

Diet of 25 sympatric raptors at Kapalga, Northern Territory, Australia 1979–89, with data on prey availability

4266:

Gill F, D Donsker & P Rasmussen (Eds). 2020. IOC World Bird List (v10.2). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.10.2.

3055:) was quite prominent in the diet in the Northern Territory. In Western Australia, 617 g (1.360 lb) 831:

Although the validity of the subspecies has been questioned, genetic studies have determined that there is no

751:

eagles. One member of the latter genus contains the only other widely found Aquilinae eagle in Australia, the

9074: 8866:. Report by Biosis Research Pty. Ltd. For Australian Department of Environment and Heritage. Project, (4857). 8811: 8189:, version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. 7165:

Historical perspectives of the ecology of some conspicuous vertebrate species in south-west Western Australia

6715:

Breeding biology and diet of the Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax in the New England region of New South Wales

6137:

Nest-site selection, diet and parental care of the wedge-tailed eagle Aquila audax in western New South Wales

3778:

eggs or about 3% of the female eagle's body weight, 10% when the clutch number is 3, which is typical for an

3048: 2165: 8574:

The breeding of the Wedge‐tailed Eagle Aquila audax in relation to its food supply in arid Western Australia

3815: 3126:

Beyond lizards, wedge-tailed eagles seldom seem to hunt other types of reptiles. They hunt a few species of

9018:

Burridge CP, Brown WE, Wadley J, Nankervis DL, Olivier L, Gardner MG, Hull C, Barbour R, Austin JJ (2013).

8174:

Further observations on the breeding biology of the Powerful Owl (Ninox strenua) in south-eastern Australia

7106:

Wedge-tailed eagle Aquila audax predation on endangered mammals and rabbits at Shark Bay, Western Australia

4107: 4086: 3997: 2097: 1496: 869:

Wedge-tailed eagles are very large and quite lanky birds. They are characteristically black but can appear

801: 4004: 2382:, hare-wallabies and bettongs seem to form the central part of the diet. Another dietary favourite is the 9487: 9477: 9260: 9255: 9190: 8358:

Using surveys of nest characteristics to assess the breeding activity of the Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagle

5222: 4127: 3726:. Other smaller animals may nest among the sticks at the base of active wedge-tailed eagle nests such as 3064: 2629:, both in Africa, are thought to have successfully carried out rare acts of predation on human children. 2148: 1334:. In New Guinea, the wedge-tailed eagle is highly range restricted and can be found predominantly in the 1299: 555: 233: 8851:

Appearances versus performance; managing endangered Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagles in forestry operations

7717:

Efficacy of fox control in reducing the mortality of released captive-reared malleefowl, Leipoa ocellata

3976:

and other bullet fragments which may be responsible for some eagle debilitations and deaths. Within the

9208: 8864:

Modelled cumulative impacts on the Tasmanian Wedge-tailed Eagle of wind farms across the species’ range

6997:

eeding ecology of the Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax in north-west Queensland: Interactions with lambs

5369:

Austin, J. J., Olivier, L., Nankervis, D., Brown, W. E., Gardner, M. G., & Burridge, C. P. (2014).

4158: 4131: 4123: 3804: 3374:), are relatively large for their taxon and powerful predators in their own rights. In one instance, a 3191: 2741: 2732:, a similar percentage of the diet is made up of by birds, mostly the same species with some number of 1909: 1095:

eagles, Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagles are quite likely to be the longest-tailed of all modern eagles.

1027:

The wedge-tailed is exceeded in body mass by only a few eagles, especially the Steller's sea eagle and

735:

from the members of what can be called the golden eagle clade. Other related outliers from outside the

31: 5308:

Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA

4220: 4110:

emblem contains a wedge-tailed eagle in flight, as does the Northern Territory Correctional Services.

3933:

collisions and the disturbance and destruction associated with their construction, increasing density

1896:

At times, wedge-tailed eagles appear to hunt at earliest light or late twilight in order to come upon

1869:

food from other predators. An eagle of the species can carry prey of at least 5 kg (11 lb).

790:, and some of the insular populations may still be at an intermediate stage of subspecific formation. 9221: 7649:

Status and distribution of the Wedge-tailed Eagle on the Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia, in 2005

6362: 3552: 3500: 2836: 2650: 2363: 2105: 1738: 1279: 1251: 1243: 17: 8642:

Age, Movements and the Management of the Wedge-Tailed Eagle, Aquila-Audax, in Arid Western Australia

7943:

Natural history of thorny devils Moloch horridus (Lacertilia: Agamidae) in the Great Victoria Desert

6275:

Spatial visual acuity of the eagle Aquila audax: a behavioural, optical and anatomical investigation

5953:

Trophic rewilding of native extirpated predators on Bass Strait Islands could benefit woodland birds

5507: 9195: 8964: 8376:

Sites and spacing of nests as determinants of Wedge-tailed Eagle breeding in arid Western Australia

4115: 3604: 3556: 3108: 2407: 1483: 1425: 882:

distinctive. While perched, their long wings extend down to a long and markedly wedge-tipped tail.

121: 6808:

Diet and Space Use of the Martial Eagle (Polemaetus bellicosus) in the Maasai Mara Region of Kenya

5861:

Katzner, T. E., M. N. Kochert, K. Steenhof, C. L. McIntyre, E. H. Craig, and T. A. Miller (2020).

3470:). Occasionally owls are also included in the prey spectrum when an opportunity arises, including 3274: 3242:) have been documented as prey. Occasionally, wedge-tailed eagles may even attack insects such as 1912:

food too heavy to carry. Carrion is a major diet item, also; wedge-tails can spot the activity of

9467: 8517:

Post-fledging spatial use by a juvenile Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax using satellite telemetry

4037:

of the Tasmanian forest given current operations is modeled, likely driving the population down.

3969: 3308: 3175: 3071:) collectively comprised about 7.5% of the diet. Much bigger lizards are sometimes taken, namely 2804: 2503: 2383: 1695: 1629: 1295: 1163: 976:. This eagle's great length and wingspan place it among the largest eagles in the world, but its 944: 538: 482:, especially while young. The species tends to pair for several years, possibly mating for life. 421:. Preferred habitats, however, tend towards those that have a fairly varied topography including 4531: 1562:, wedge-tailed eagles were once reasonably common but have largely vacated the region after the 939:. The species is the largest Australian bird of prey and one of the largest eagles in the world. 915:. Human gliders have encountered wedge-tailed eagles at more than 3,000 m (9,800 ft). 9348: 9229: 9168: 9130: 9086: 7178:

Group size but not distance to cover influences agile wallaby (Macropus agilis) time allocation

3874: 3834: 3431: 3167: 3092: 3076: 3024: 3016: 2916: 2768:

followed by wood duck, galah and magpies. Other assorted avian prey include several species of

2415: 2371: 2344: 997: 973: 965: 912: 713: 394:

of 2.84 m (9 ft 4 in) and a length of up to 1.06 m (3 ft 6 in).

9374: 8951:"Royal Australian Air Force – Air Force provides air and space power for Australia's security" 8783:

Kozakiewicz, C. P., Carver, S., Austin, J. J., Shephard, J. M., & Burridge, C. P. (2017).

7786:

Ratites and Tinamous: Tinamidae, Rheidae, Dromaiidae, Casuariidae, Apterygidae, Struthionidae

6823:. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Publishing (CSIRO Publishing). 6793:

Miranda, Everton B. P.; Campbell-Thompson, Edwin; Muela, Angel; Vargas, Félix Hernán (2018).

6774: 3665: 3134:, because they are prevalent in Australia. Snakes known to be included in the diet including 2785: 2320: 2288: 2280: 2018: 1686:

The wedge-tailed eagle is the only bird that has a reputation for not infrequently attacking

1263: 1221: 806: 666: 216: 9400: 8733:

The Birds of Bulgunnia and Mulyungarie Stations in the pastoral zone of arid South Australia

2943:. The smallest avian prey attributed to wedge-tailed eagles is the 10 g (0.35 oz) 1149:, notable for paler areas on the wing coverts and nape as well as for a browner overall hue. 821:, an Australian naturalist who was the first to propose the difference of the insular race. 442:

The wedge-tailed eagle is one of the world's most powerful avian predators. Although a true

9421: 9304: 9234: 9177: 8838:

The effects of disturbance on nesting wedge-tailed eagles (Aquila audax fleayi) in Tasmania

8070:

Encounter between square-tailed kite Lophoictinia isura and wedge-tailed eagle Aquila audax

4139: 3917: 3850: 3521: 3403: 2748:) as well. Peculiarly, one study found that among a large sample of 1826 prey items in the 2689: 2606: 2538: 2427: 2139: 1998: 1957: 1196:

with short rounded wings, a long, somewhat rounded tipped tail, and a large, rounded head.

1075: 1064: 977: 7932:

Geary, N. "Notes on the Wedge-tailed Eagle." Emu-Austral Ornithology 31.4 (1932): 288-289.

6797:. Journal of Ornithology. 159 (1): 141–150. doi:10.1007/s10336-017-1482-3. S2CID 36830775. 2390:), weighing some 2.55 kg (5.6 lb), which was important supplemental prey in the 8: 9247: 8247:

The breeding cycle of a pair of wedge-tailed eagles Aquila audax in South-east Queensland

4111: 3960:(especially while foraging for roadkill carrion), collisions with fences, powerlines and 3600: 3363: 3250: 3143: 2920: 2900: 2872: 2733: 2586: 2426:, comprising 20.1% of the diet, with some numbers of common brushtails also taken there. 2304: 1779: 1718: 1470: 1421: 1235: 1155: 993: 886: 650: 418: 69: 7444:

Breeding behaviour and success of the Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagle (Aquila audax fleayi)

4197: 3632:

at 4 to 16 m (13 to 52 ft) against 2 to 6 m (6.6 to 19.7 ft) in the

1361: 9242: 9044: 9019: 8877:

Behavior and turbine avoidance rates of eagles at two wind farms in Tasmania, Australia

6757: 6728: 5787: 4103: 3977: 3739: 3719: 3574: 3544: 3375: 3320: 3235: 3151: 3040: 2984: 2968: 2951:). Particularly large birds are sometimes taken of a few species. When it comes to the 2940: 2928: 2761: 2749: 2618: 2574: 2511: 2328: 1466: 1347: 1331: 1146: 1141: 1044: 779: 705: 697: 410: 292: 116: 7204:

Reintroduction of bridled nailtail wallabies beyond fences at Scotia Sanctuary-Phase 1

6455:

Some observations of diurnal raptors catching apparently nocturnal animals in Tasmania

6403:

Bird watcher's Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagle photo shows group's vulture-like behaviour

3003:

When selecting reptiles as prey, wedge-tailed eagles by far are most likely to pursue

1952:

do in other continents to some extent, albeit with considerably less specialization.

1114:, a bit ahead of the imperial eagles and the Verreaux's eagle, behind only the larger 645:

genes, it has been determined that the wedge-tailed eagle clusters with certain other

9395: 9278: 9182: 9049: 8334:

Nest-site characteristics of the Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax in southern Victoria

8008:

Suspected cane toad (Rhinella marina) toxicity in a wedge‐tailed eagle (Aquila audax)

6839:

Deliberate introduction of the European rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, into Australia

6762: 6045: 5723: 5638: 5554: 5545: 5164: 4535: 4434: 4162: 4154: 4034: 3846: 3707: 3689: 3633: 2912: 2729: 2681: 2256:

In recent times, they have been known to eat marsupials, such as kangaroos, that are

1949: 1881: 1822: 1702: 1660: 1641: 1576: 1559: 1516: 1441: 1405: 1318:. In Tasmania, they may be found essentially throughout as well as some isles of the 1307: 1178: 948: 878: 658: 638: 584: 406: 402: 8912:. Raptors in Human Landscapes: Adaptation to Built and Cultivated Environments, 275. 7921:

Food habits of nesting Wedge-tailed Eagles, Aquila audax, in south-eastern Australia

5747:. Salvador, A., Morales, M. B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. 5226: 3315:

relative to its more powerful competitor. As in other areas where booted eagles and

2083:

genus, it is one of a few generalist species, however the wedge-tailed eagle is the

1651:

The wedge-tailed eagle is largely sedentary as expected of a raptor dwelling in the

9039: 9031: 8260:

Notes on the territorial defence and nest building behaviour of wedge-tailed eagles

7062: 6752: 6744: 6177:

Sharp, A., Gibson, L., Norton, M., Ryan, B., Marks, A., & Semeraro, L. (2002).

5779: 4215: 4008:

A wedge-tailed eagle killed during times of heavy persecution, Queensland, c. 1910.

3904: 3879: 3861: 3735: 3683: 3625: 3504: 3479: 3443: 3435: 3244: 3183: 2673: 2122: 1945: 1913: 1866: 1846: 1834: 1572: 1036: 783: 543: 526: 467: 9283: 9270: 8910:

Ameliorating the Effects of Forestry Operations on Wedge-tailed Eagles in Tasmania

7522:

Observations of a platypus foraging in the sea and hunting by a wedge-tailed eagle

7256:

The ecology and management of the Proserpine rock-wallaby (Petrogale persephone) \

7152:

Observations of the killing of large macropods by Wedge-tailed Eagles Aquila audax

6356:

Wedge-tailed eagles do battle with mining giant's drones, knocking nine out of sky

5979:

The Birds of Papua New Guinea: including the Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville

3343:

and, while also a dietary generalist, they tend to derive most of their diet from

1623:

Taking off from its perch, the long legs of this adult female are clearly visible.

931: 470:

in large volume, although the wedge-tailed eagle otherwise generally lives off of

48: 9472: 8800:. Linking landscape ecology and management to population viability analysis, 215. 8208:

Supplementary Notes on the Breeding Behaviour of Wedge-tailed Eagles Aquila audax

7230:

Vigilance and its complex synchrony in the red-necked pademelon, Thylogale thetis

7228:

Pays, O., Dubot, A. L., Jarman, P. J., Loisel, P., & Goldizen, A. W. (2009).

7119:

The role of avian scavengers in the breakdown of carcasses in pastoral landscapes

6406: 6037: 5188:

Modelling human impacts on the Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagle (Aquila audax fleayi)

4059: 3896: 3866: 3838: 3578: 3463: 2936: 2888: 2864: 2856: 2832: 2721: 2713: 2475: 2395: 2296: 2250: 2127: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1532: 1528: 1512: 1343: 1327: 1303: 1259: 1091:

and crowned eagles and they can rival the tail lengths of the Philippine and the

957: 853: 787: 685: 670: 569: 531: 459: 173: 61: 9413: 8744:

Lohr, M. T., Hampton, J. O., Cherriman, S., Busetti, F., & Lohr, C. (2020).

6726: 6391:

Acoustic Discrimination of passerine anti-predator signals by Australian Raptors

5804:

Mendelsohn, J.M., Kemp, A.C., Biggs, H.C., Biggs, R., & Brown, C.J. (1989).

1865:

and other farm equipment for the same purpose. Wedge-tailed eagles occasionally

1619: 943:

The female wedge-tailed eagle is one of the world's largest eagles. Its nearest

8720:

Wind energy development and wildlife conservation: challenges and opportunities

8273:

Effects of drought on a breeding population of Wedge-tailed Eagles Aquila audax

5761:

Philippine Birds of Prey: Interrelations among habitat, morphology and behavior

4070: 3973: 3853:, i.e. being large, producing fewer young and tending to live relatively long. 3830: 3715: 3699: 3617: 3131: 3072: 3056: 2932: 2653:

a wedge-tailed eagle, the latter being an opportunistic predator of many birds.

1722: 1714: 1680: 1543: 1449: 1351: 1311: 1291: 1171: 920: 600: 422: 382: 9439: 8287:

Cherriman, S. C., Fleming, P. A., Shephard, J. M., & Olsen, P. D. (2021).

7814:. Sunbird: Journal of the Queensland Ornithological Society, The, 6(2), 30–31. 6795:

Sex and breeding status affect prey composition of Harpy Eagles Harpia harpyja

5891:. Sunbird: Journal of the Queensland Ornithological Society, The, 7(3), 67–76. 551: 9456: 9369: 9153: 7743:

The nesting of the Chestnut-breasted Quail-Thrush in south-western Queensland

6895:

Diet of breeding Wedge-tailed Eagles Aquila audax in south-central Queensland

5414:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 280(1773), 20132448.

5337: 5183: 4206: 3965: 3561: 3516: 3495: 3415: 3355: 3312: 2896: 2840: 2820: 2797: 2789: 2709: 2626: 2622: 2610: 2495: 2459: 2451: 2355: 2336: 2312: 2144: 2131: 1730: 1524: 1520: 1413: 1287: 1267: 1017: 1009: 936: 836: 741: 588: 563: 559: 193: 89: 84: 57: 7117:

Peisley, R. K., Saunders, M. E., Robinson, W. A., & Luck, G. W. (2017).

5438:

The booted eagles (Aves: Accipitridae): perspectives in evolutionary biology

4463:

Phylogeny and new taxonomy of the Booted Eagles (Accipitriformes: Aquilinae)

3980:, some 1.74 eagles on average are claimed by wind farm turbine collisions. 2764:, birds were the majority of prey for wedge-tailed eagles, at 62.5%, mostly 2354:

In addition, several smaller and more elusive macropods are taken including

2175: 1384:

buzzards. Assorted habitats known to host wedge-tailed eagles includes open

1004:). Among the entire booted eagle subfamily, in addition to the two heavier 727:

Beyond the aforementioned species, based on genetic testing, the four other

9053: 9035: 8935: 7730:

Long incubation bouts and biparental incubation in the nomadic Banded Stilt

6766: 6748: 6597:

Olsen, J., Judge, D., Fuentes, E., Rose, A. B., & Debus, S. J. (2010).

4242: 4090: 3989: 3926: 3791: 3754: 3723: 3595: 3569: 3487: 3459: 3451: 3423: 3411: 3395: 3367: 3304: 3116: 3100: 3032: 2892: 2848: 2777: 2665: 2367: 2359: 2272: 2152: 2060: 1930:

of many species not infrequently come to carrion and they along with large

1927: 1901: 1897: 1877: 1754: 1687: 1645: 1604: 1563: 1536: 1478: 1429: 1355: 1315: 1275: 1271: 1183: 989: 752: 689: 674: 634: 622: 511: 475: 426: 361: 270: 183: 8731:

Debus, S. J. S., Lollback, G., Oliver, D. L., & Cairns, S. C. (2006).

8249:. Sunbird: Journal of the Queensland Ornithological Society. 36(1), 37–41. 7535:

Predator-prey interactions in the spinifex grasslands of central Australia

7049:

Brooker, M.G.; Ridpath, M.G. (1980). "The Diet of the Wedge-tailed Eagle,

6510:

Ellis, D. H., Bednarz, J. C., Smith, D. G., & Flemming, S. P. (1993).

2037:

A diversity of birds may be taken with medium-sized, common birds such as

1872:

Large animals may be attacked by pairs or, occasionally, by groups acting

1154:

the majority of their range. The only main confusion species is often the

891: 466:) has been a boon to the wedge-tailed eagle and they hunt these and other 9330: 9162: 7583:

On Birds New for New Guinea, Or with a Larger Range Than Previously Known

7390:

Rose, R. K., Pemberton, D. A., Mooney, N. J., & Jones, M. E. (2017).

6941:

Fitzsimons, J. A., Carlyon, K., Thomas, J. L., & Rose, A. B. (2014).

6875:

The diet of the Wedge-tailed Eagle, Aquila audax, breeding near Melbourne

6859:

Breeding diet of the wedge-tailed eagle Aquila audax in southern Victoria

6111:

Factors influencing chick survival in the Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax

5806:

Wing areas, wing loadings and wing spans of 66 species of African raptors

3903:

Often the species is less intentionally harmed via human disturbance via

3883: 3391: 3227: 3159: 3135: 3084: 2944: 2868: 2844: 2781: 2598: 2550: 2522: 2467: 2348: 2264: 2161: 2022: 1873: 1850: 1750: 1726: 1710: 1691: 1637: 1608: 1539: 1323: 1099: 1028: 818: 810: 642: 495: 8190: 7971:. International biodeterioration & biodegradation, 49(2–3), 107–111. 7301:. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2008: e.T21873A9333404. 3282:

The wedge-tailed eagle occupies a fairly unique niche relative to other

1809: 649:

eagles. The species found to share the most genetic similarities is the

9434: 9322: 7810:

Christopher, A., Cameron, A., Balda, R. P., & Brown, J. L. (1975).

5791: 4055: 3961: 3946: 3703: 3677: 3641: 3348: 3328: 3255: 3199: 2992: 2960: 2904: 2812: 2773: 2753: 2590: 2201: 2169: 1652: 1633: 1551: 1508: 1454: 1319: 1052: 747: 721: 627: 435: 373: 8670:. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(15), 4531–4540. 7206:. In Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (Vol. 134). 7066: 390:

genus. A large brown-to-black bird of prey, it has a maximum reported

8796:

Bekessy, S., Fox, J., Brown, B., Regan, T., & Mooney, N. (2004).

7433:(Dasyuromorphia: Myrmecobiidae). Mammalian Species, 43(881), 129–140. 6713:

Debus, S. J., Hatfield, T. S., Ley, A. J., & Rose, A. B. (2007).

5964:

Bennett, M., Burgess, N., Woehler, E. J., & Tasmania, B. (2015).

4038: 4022: 3930: 3795: 3731: 3659: 3647: 3383: 3316: 3215: 3211: 3203: 3099:), weighing around 1.1 kg (2.4 lb) can be also taken. Even 2924: 2876: 2769: 2526: 2525:

are included in the prey spectrum. Occasionally, an eagle may take a

2423: 2379: 2375: 2246: 2234: 2221: 2196: 2160:

primarily taking native prey species quite readily. In the region of

2156: 2101: 2075:

by number. Meanwhile, out of the 21, 13 studies calculated estimated

2072: 1941: 1931: 1917: 1886: 1838: 1706: 1644:

some three times more acute than those of humans, one of the largest

1474: 1445: 1397: 1255: 1247: 1226: 1192: 1129: 1116: 1092: 832: 732: 618: 471: 369: 365: 133: 9335: 9296: 9124: 8989: 8041:

Handbook of North American Birds Volume VI: Diurnal Raptors (Part 1)

7010:

The impact of human-wildlife conflict on human lives and livelihoods

5783: 5756: 3790:

The chicks are covered in white down up at first and are expectedly

2179:

Wedge-tailed eagles are disproportionately likely to be seen eating

9147: 9081: 7243:

The Yellow-footed Rock-Wallaby, Petrogale xanthopus (Macropodidae)

6910:. In Lagomorph Biology (pp. 279–293). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 6473:

Food and hunting of eight breeding raptors near Canberra, 1990–1994

5688:

Morphometric data and dimorphism indices of some Australian raptors

5440:. University of London, University College London (United Kingdom). 4074: 3957: 3942: 3938: 3913: 3892: 3653: 3530: 3471: 2793: 2705: 2530: 2518: 2483: 2268: 2257: 2184: 2093: 2051:

as prey. However, they not infrequently take ample numbers of both

2014: 1922: 1858: 1842: 1814: 1596: 1504: 1417: 1409: 1385: 1078:, New South Wales, Australia. Note the massive, pale bill and cere. 899: 874: 814: 515: 503: 391: 377: 153: 6376:

Kaplan, G., Johnson, G., Koboroff, A., & J Rogers, L. (2009).

5819:

On the skeleton of the wedge-tailed eagle (Uroaetus audax, Latham)

5701:

Birds of Queensland's Wet Tropics and Great Barrier Reef Australia

5322:

Helbig, A. J., Kocum, A., Seibold, I., & Braun, M. J. (2005).

3035:. Larger lizards are readily taken as well given the opportunity. 568:. At one time, the wedge-tailed eagle was classified in it is own 546:

with an unusual amount of pale colour showing due likely to moult.

9216: 8772:

Wedge-Tailed Eagles, Little Eagles and Drought in the ACT in 2019

8666:

Woinarski, J. C., Burbidge, A. A., & Harrison, P. L. (2015).

7364:

Melzer, A., Hodgon, J., Elliott, B. C., & Tucker, G. (2003).

6737:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences

6697:

Debus, S. J. S., Olsen, J., Trost, S., & Fuentes, E. (2021).

5770: 3993: 3985: 3953: 3950: 3922: 3775: 3336: 3291: 2852: 2279:). Generally, juveniles are targeted of these large species with 2226: 2180: 2076: 2056: 1905: 1862: 1818: 1758: 1664: 1656: 1600: 1584: 1568: 1433: 1389: 487: 486:

failures are usually attributable to human interference, such as

479: 451: 430: 9309: 8759:

Conservation of faunal diversity in forested landscapes (Vol. 6)

8415:

An annotated bird list from the Davenport Range, South Australia

8085:. In Carrion Ecology and Management (pp. 71–99). Springer, Cham. 6328:

Migrating Raptors of the World: their Ecology & Conservation

6315:

Assessment of band recoveries for three Australian eagle species

6249:

The Wedge-tailed Eagle in Bendigo, Mandurang and Big Hill Ranges

6218:

An annotated bird list from the Davenport Range, South Australia

5510:

The Spread and Weight of the Wedge-tailed Eagle (Uroaetus audax)

5228:

Supplementum indicis ornithologici sive systematis ornithologiae

2335:) estimated to weigh around 16 kg (35 lb) when taken, 1749:

Flocking behaviour has been noted, similar to that of vultures (

1523:

often sought out in forested areas. While they do occur in rich

9203: 9069: 8655:

Austral Ark: The State of Wildlife in Australia and New Zealand

7969:

Predation of brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis) in Australia

6151:

Hatton, F., Mickan, P. H., Gruber, B., & Olsen, J. (2014).

5289: 3988:. However, they cannot generally persist where leafy trees are 3671: 3295: 3259: 3008: 3004: 2976: 2824: 2660: 2578: 2487: 2443: 2399: 2188: 2064: 2048: 1982: 1978: 1977:

Regular wedge-tailed eagle prey can vary in size down to small

1936: 1734: 1592: 1460: 1401: 1225:

A wedge-tailed eagle seen over well-wooded environments around

841: 745:

or spotted eagle species, and the widely found and quite small

673:, most probably originating from the same radiation across the 499: 455: 414: 398: 143: 8146:

Watson, C., Nunn, P. J., Carter, M., & Waring, R. (2016).

8055:

Olsen, J., Debus, S. J., Rose, A. B., & Judge, D. (2013).

7568:

Woodford, L. P., Forsyth, D. M., & Hampton, J. O. (2020).

7285: 7258:. Brisbane: Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage. 6810:. Theses and Dissertations—Forestry and Natural Resources. 44. 3749: 2422:) was the second most prominent prey species in the diet near 2245:

Presumably, the primary native prey of wedge-tailed eagles is

9408: 9291: 8950: 8234:

Field observations of the behaviour of the Wedge-tailed Eagle

8185:

White, C. M., N. J. Clum, T. J. Cade, and W. G. Hunt (2020).

7945:. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 81, 183. 7241:

Wilson, G. R., Gerritsen, J., & Milthorpe, P. L. (1976).

6471:

Olsen, J., Fuentes, E., Rose, A. B., & Trost, S. (2006).

4051: 4047: 3934: 3727: 3711: 3583: 3340: 3300: 3202:, despite several species being present in Australia, nor on 3127: 3036: 2880: 2697: 2558: 2435: 2391: 2205: 2047:

wedge-tailed eagles tends to prefer smallish to fairly large

2038: 1890: 1588: 1437: 1393: 1380: 720:), the latter three having once been considered members of a 681: 507: 376:

to the north and is distributed as far south as the state of

106: 100: 9017: 8707:

Conservation letter: Raptors and overhead electrical systems

8653:

Holwell, G. I., Maclean, N., & Stow, A. (Eds.). (2014).

7941:

Pianka, G. A., Pianka, E. R., & Thompson, G. G. (1998).

7134:. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 16(2), 165–176. 5951:

Fielding, M. W., Buettel, J. C., & Brook, B. W. (2020).

5608:. B. Sc.(Hons) Thesis, Curtin University, Western Australia. 5340:

New World vultures, Secretarybird, kites, hawks & eagles

3222:) from time to time. Similarly rare in the species’ diet is 7967:

Caudell, J. N., Conover, M. R., & Whittier, J. (2002).

7728:

Pedler, R. D., Weston, M. A., & Bennett, A. T. (2015).

7280:

Australian Marsupial and Monotreme Specialist Group, 2004.

7176:

Blumstein, D. T., Daniel, J. C., & Sims, R. A. (2003).

4043: 3783: 3762: 3344: 3223: 3207: 2884: 2828: 2566: 2068: 2052: 1854: 1580: 1555: 1500: 1125: 1107: 1103: 981: 447: 163: 8705:

Slater, S. J., Dwyer, J. F., & Murgatroyd, M. (2020).

8462:

Notes upon eggs of the Wedge-tailed Eagle (Uroaetus audax)

8159:

Debus, S. J., Bauer, A. L., & Mitchell, G. I. (2017).

7520:

Rakick, R., Rakick, B., Cook, L., & Munks, S. (2001).

7008:

Thirgood, S., Woodroffe, R., & Rabinowitz, A. (2005).

6906:

Mutze, G., Bird, P., Cooke, B., & Henzell, R. (2008).

5284:

Global Raptor Information Network. 2021. Species account:

2319:) (median adult weight around 16.8 kg (37 lb)), 1659:(far northern Australia and New Guinea) as well as in the 1440:

areas, though normally along the coasts they occur around

8892:. Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 40(1), 219–230. 8809: 8694:

Pesticide-related eggshell thinning in Australian raptors

8402:

Unusual nest sites of the Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax

8206:

Cherriman, S. C., Foster, A., & Debus, S. J. (2009).

6919:

Olsen, J., Cooke, B., Trost, S., & Judge, D. (2014).

6727:

Shultz S., Noë R., McGraw W. S., Dunbar R. I. M. (2004).

3909: 3263: 2967:), estimated to weigh 5 kg (11 lb) when taken, 2952: 2752:

that the most often identified prey species was the tiny

2546: 2213: 1743: 870: 454:

and, rarely, other taxa, the species is, by and large, a

8172:

McNabb, E. G., Kavanagh, R. P., & Craig, S. (2007).

7954:

Aubret, F., Michniewicz, R. J., & Shine, R. (2011).

7860:. Smithsonian Herptological Information Service, No. 71. 7612:

Notes on the diet of the wedge-tailed eagle Aquila audax

6819:

Woinarski, J., Burbidge, A., & Harrison, P. (2014).

5902:

Birds of Queensland's wet tropics and Great Barrier Reef

5326:. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 35(1), 147–164. 5310:. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 37(2), 327–346. 5244:

Mindell, D. P., Fuchs, J., & Johnson, J. A. (2018).

3269: 2975:), which weighs at least 4.1 kg (9.0 lb), and 2327:) (median adult weight around 13 kg (29 lb)), 2138:). In almost every part of Australia, these eagles take 680:

The wedge-tailed, Gurney's and Verreaux's eagles form a

8722:. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 71(8), 2487–2498. 7420:(Doctoral dissertation, University of New South Wales). 6893:

Parker, B. D., Hume, I. D., & Boles, W. E. (2007).

6444:

Whelan, D. (2009) Eagle takes cockatoo. Boobook 27, 16.

6341:

Encounters between Wedge-tailed Eagles and Hang-gliders

5947: 5945: 5494:

The Empire of the Eagle: An Illustrated Natural History

4042:

recovered in Tasmania, all of them had trace levels of

2041:

taken relatively frequently due to the conspicuousness.

8631:. Birds of Prey. Facts on File, New York, NY USA, 196. 5757:

Gamauf, A.; Preleuthner, M. & Winkler, H. (1998).

4989:. Australian Natural History Series. CSIRO Publishing. 4195: 2311:) (mean adult weight around 30 kg (66 lb)), 2303:) (mean adult weight around 25 kg (55 lb)), 996:, although it only slightly exceeds the weight of the 7377:

Jones, M. E., Rose, R. K., & Burnett, S. (2001).

7130:

Brown, O. J. F., Field, J., & Letnic, M. (2006).

5850:

An Australian record of Gurney's eagle Aquila gurneyi

4426: 3996:

was found recently in the wedge-tailed eagles in the

2013:

Regular prey can range up to the size of large adult

583:

is used only for a completely unrelated bird of the

8757:

DeGraaf, R. M., & Miller, R. I. (Eds.). (2012).

8006:

Hill, A. G., Madden, C., & Reddrop, C. (2021).

7597:

Corbett, L., Hertog, T., & Estbergs, J. (2014).

7048: 5992:

Some observations on birds in Irian Jaya, New Guinea

5942: 5915:

Birds of Kangaroo Island: a photographic field guide

5668:

Morphometrics of the Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax

5231:(in Latin). London: Leigh & Sotheby. p. ii. 2780:, and a fairly strong frequency of attacks on large 8798:Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagle (Aquila audax fleayi) 8245:Allott, M., Allott, M., & Hatchett, N. (2006). 7457:

Petauroides volans (Diprotodontia: Pseudocheiridae)

5722:by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (2008), 4130:both use a wedge-tailed eagle on their badges. The 3841:or 1.1 fledglings per successful nesting attempt. 8692:Olsen, P.D., Fuller, P. and Marples, T.G. (1993). 8303:Fuentes, E., Olsen, J., & Rose, A. B. (2007). 7498:. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 60(3), 311. 6647:Olsen, J., Fuentes, E., & Rose, A. B. (2006). 6420:King of birds: The story of the Wedge-tailed Eagle 5544: 3564:had a distance of 4.88 km (3.03 mi). At 1876:. One record shows 15 wedge-tailed eagles hunting 1515:grassland. Dense forest is typically avoided with 8051: 8049: 7693:. Australasian Raptor Association News, 6, 14–15. 7691:Wedge-tailed Eagle taking Black-tailed Native-hen 7392:Sarcophilus harrisii (Dasyuromorphia: Dasyuridae) 6389:Jurisevic, M. A., & Sanderson, K. J. (1998). 5966:Interim checklist of King Island birds, July 2015 5745:Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles 4221:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22696064A93542539.en 2378:. Other marsupials are by no means neglected. In 1698:used for mining survey operations in Australia. 595:). The specific scientific name for the species, 9454: 8925:(Doctoral dissertation, University of Tasmania). 8748:. Science of the Total Environment, 715, 135913. 8515:Hatton, F., Olsen, J., & Gruber, B. (2015). 8316:Rowe E., Brinsley, R., & Dennis, T. (2018). 7446:(Doctoral dissertation, University of Tasmania). 7012:. Conservation Biology Series-Cambridge-, 9, 13. 6393:. Australian Journal of Zoology, 46(4), 369–379. 5373:. Australian Journal of Zoology, 62(3), 235–237. 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 1246:in the southern tips of the continent, and from 30:"Eaglehawk" redirects here. For other uses, see 8770:Olsen, J., Trost, S., & Gruber, B. (2020). 8623: 8621: 8210:. Australian Field Ornithology, 26(4), 142–147. 8029:. Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7706:. Australian Field Ornithology, 30(3), 157–159. 7472:. Australian Field Ornithology, 23(3), 144–151. 7167:. Conservation Science Western Australia, 6(3). 7154:. Australian Field Ornithology, 32(3), 160–166. 6262:Raptors: a field guide to survey and monitoring 6071:Sharp, A., Norton, M., & Marks, A. (2001). 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4054:with at least part of the exposure likely from 2237:, mainly juveniles, can be part of their prey. 8735:. South Australian Ornithologist, 35(1/2), 27. 8683:. Pacific Conservation Biology, 3(3), 244–261. 8491:Offspring quality and the evolution of cainism 8202: 8200: 8198: 8046: 7871:"Wedge-tailed Eagle | the Peregrine Fund" 7801:. Angus and Robertson. ISBN 978-0-207-95120-6. 7769:"Wedge-tailed Eagle | the Peregrine Fund" 7651:. South Australian Ornithologist, 35(1/2), 38. 7319: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7307: 6841:. Revue Scientifique et Technique, 29(1), 103. 6717:. Australian Field Ornithology, 24(3), 93–120. 5720:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2nd Edition 5248:. In Birds of prey (pp. 3–32). Springer, Cham. 5190:. Biological conservation, 142(11), 2438–2448. 3537: 857:In flight, the wedged tail is clearly visible. 478:. Additionally, wedge-tailed eagles often eat 446:, which hunts a wide range of prey, including 8787:. Journal of Avian Biology, 48(7), 1025–1034. 8709:. Journal of Raptor Research, 54(2), 198–203. 8640:Ridpath, M. G., & Brooker, M. G. (1986). 8598:Saunders, D. A., & Ingram, J. A. (1995). 8572:Ridpath, M. G., & Brooker, M. G. (1986). 8374:Ridpath, M. G., & Brooker, M. G. (1987). 7704:Wedge-tailed eagle preying on Purple Swamphen 7044: 7042: 7040: 7038: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6475:. Australian Field Ornithology, 23(2), 77–95. 6236:Handbook of Western Australian Birds (Vol. 2) 6234:Johnstone, R. E., & Storr, G. M. (1998). 5682: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 4519: 1861:to search for fleeing animals or alternately 8618: 8587:Systematics and taxonomy of Australian birds 8568: 8566: 8564: 8417:. South Australian Ornithologist, 32, 76–81. 8299: 8297: 8150:. Australian Field Ornithology, 33, 217–221. 8122:Wedge-tailed Eagles preying on other raptors 8022: 7572:. Australian Field Ornithology, 37, 112–116. 7455:Harris, J. M., & Maloney, K. S. (2010). 7100: 7098: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7020: 7018: 6779:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6288:An eagle's eye: quality of the retinal image 6230: 6228: 6226: 6035: 5889:Birds from some islands of the Torres Strait 5588: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5542: 5306:Lerner, H. R., & Mindell, D. P. (2005). 4269: 3503:by other birds of prey, especially stooping 3262:, at about 8.4%, as well as some numbers of 2696:), 310 to 335 g (10.9 to 11.8 oz) 2688:), 800 to 820 g (1.76 to 1.81 lb) 2104:and larger macropods. In a small study from 1985:, their favourite variety of reptilian prey. 980:, at more than 65 cm (26 in), and 865:A wedge-tailed eagle foraging on the ground. 534:in flight, notably dark and blackish colour. 8908:Mooney, N. J., & Taylor, R. J. (1996). 8589:. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia. 8579: 8548: 8541:Rowe, E. L., & Brinsley, R. F. (2018). 8370: 8368: 8366: 8352: 8350: 8348: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8328: 8326: 8283: 8281: 8195: 7919:Leopold, A. S., & Wolfe, T. O. (1970). 7915: 7913: 7610:Debus, S. J. S., & Rose, A. B. (1999). 7593: 7591: 7548:Free-ranging dogs and wildlife conservation 7436: 7304: 7146: 7144: 7142: 7140: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6821:The Action Plan for Australian Mammals 2012 6651:. Emu-Austral Ornithology, 106(3), 193–201. 6601:. Journal of Raptor Research, 44(1), 50–61. 6309: 6307: 6305: 6220:. South Australian Ornithologist 32, 76–81. 6105: 6103: 6101: 5955:. Emu-Austral Ornithology, 120(3), 260–262. 5835:Beehler, B. M., & Pratt, T. K. (2016). 5548:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats 4524:)". In del Hoyo, Elliott; Sargatal (eds.). 4520:Debus, S.J.S. (1994). "Wedge-tailed Eagle ( 3750:Development of young and parental behaviour 3258:, at about 10.8% of the diet, unidentified 2803:Additionally, wedge-tailed eagles may take 1837:. They've been known to take birds such as 8904: 8902: 8900: 8898: 8879:. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 37(1), 49–58. 8679:Bennett, A. F., & Ford, L. A. (1997). 8464:. Emu-Austral Ornithology, 17(3), 149–150. 8440: 8438: 8436: 8320:. South Australian Ornithologist, 43: 1–2. 8265: 8262:. Australian Bird Watcher, 10(5), 166–167. 8133:Mourik, V., & Richards, A. O. (2019). 7780: 7778: 7667:. Australian Field Ornithology, 36, 11–12. 7659: 7657: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7627:. Emu-Austral Ornithology, 27(4), 287–289. 7347: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7219:. Biological Conservation, 60(3), 157–166. 7191:Tree-kangaroos of Australia and New Guinea 6985: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6926: 6701:. Australian Field Ornithology, 38, 19–28. 6693: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6512:Social foraging classes in raptorial birds 6433:Wedge-tailed Eagle takes juvenile Kangaroo 6343:. Australian Bird Watcher, 13(5), 153–155. 6099: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6081: 5852:. Australian Bird Watcher, 12(4), 134–135. 5831: 5829: 5827: 5821:. Emu-Austral Ornithology, 21(4), 295–306. 5798: 5741:Águila imperial ibérica – Aquila adalberti 5673: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5454:The Australian Bird Guide: Revised Edition 5302: 5300: 5298: 5240: 5238: 5179: 5177: 4017:The Tasmanian race of wedge-tailed eagle, 2998: 2191:, despite them being prey species as well. 1778:In flight, 'mobbed' by Australian magpie, 1448:. Wedge-tailed eagles seem to prefer some 935:A profile view of a wedge-tailed eagle at 269: 78: 47: 9503:Taxa named by John Latham (ornithologist) 9043: 8836:Mooney, N., & Holdsworth, M. (1991). 8561: 8504:Breeding of a Pair of Wedge-tailed Eagles 8472: 8470: 8456: 8454: 8413:Gee, P., Gee, I., & Read, J. (1996). 8294: 8137:. Australian Field Ornithology, 36, 5–10. 8018: 8016: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7836:Clancy, G. P., & Ford, H. A. (2011). 7784:Davies, S. J., & Bamford, M. (2002). 7121:. Emu-Austral Ornithology, 117(1), 68–77. 7104:Richards, J. D., & Short, J. (1998). 7095: 7015: 7002: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6756: 6709: 6707: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6223: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6147: 6145: 6135:Silva, L. M., & Croft, D. B. (2007). 6109:Collins, L.., & Croft, D. B. (2007). 6067: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6013: 5567: 5474:Birds of Prey of Australia: a Field Guide 5468: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5448: 5446: 5365: 5363: 5318: 5316: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4219: 2394:area and was the primary prey species on 8761:. Springer Science & Business Media. 8506:. Australian Bird Watcher, 5(3), 99–101. 8444:Olsen, P., & Marples, T. G. (1993). 8428:Protective nesting associations in birds 8404:. South Australian Ornithologist 32, 61. 8363: 8339: 8323: 8278: 8275:. Emu 87, 220–223. doi:10.1071/MU9870220 8221:Courtship feeding in Wedge-tailed Eagles 8068:Raymond, A., & Morrison, V. (1990). 7910: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7614:. Australian Bird Watcher, 18(1), 38–41. 7588: 7137: 6953: 6951: 6525:Unusual behaviour of Wedge-tailed Eagles 6478: 6396: 6333: 6302: 6216:Gee, P., Gee, I. & Read, J. (1996). 6173: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6119: 5994:. Emu-Austral Ornithology, 80(2), 89–91. 5703:. Bowden, SA, Gerard Industries Pty Ltd. 5621:. Emu-Austral Ornithology, 87(1), 59–62. 5488: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5404: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4725:Australasian Eagles and Eagle-like Birds 4719: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4427:Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D. (2001). 4080: 4003: 3860: 3814: 3753: 3594: 3515: 3303:regularly distributed in Australia, the 3273: 2644: 2636: 2174: 1808: 1618: 1511:as well as over flat plains, especially 1360: 1250:in the western side of the continent to 1220: 1140: 1069: 930: 860: 852: 766: 537: 525: 8994:Western Australian Birds of Prey Centre 8895: 8875:Hull, C. L., & Muir, S. C. (2013). 8774:. Canberra Bird Notes, 45 (3): 267–272. 8585:Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. 2008. 8480:. Emu-Austral Ornithology, 52(1), 1–16. 8433: 8356:Weirsma, J., & Koch, A. J. (2012). 8239: 8033: 8010:. Veterinary Record Case Reports, e159. 7982:Pythons of Australia: A Natural History 7923:. CSIRO Wildlife Research, 15(1): 1–17. 7905:Goannas: the biology of varanid lizards 7775: 7715:Priddel, D., & Wheeler, R. (1997). 7654: 7630: 7511:. The Tasmanian Naturalist, 136, 35–42. 7330: 7180:. Journal of Mammalogy, 84(1), 197–204. 6964: 6961:. Emu-Austral Ornithology, 7(1), 43–45. 6869: 6867: 6491: 6251:. Australian Bird Watcher, 1(1), 19–22. 6078: 5824: 5651: 5630: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5335: 5295: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5235: 5174: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 3083:) with some 821 g (1.810 lb) 1487:. A strong preference was detected for 1278:, many small isles in Queensland, from 988:species, outsized only somewhat by the 817:. The subspecies is named in honour of 14: 9455: 8522: 8467: 8451: 8213: 8072:. Australian Bird Watcher, 13(7), 238. 8013: 7993:Webb, G. & Manolis, S. C. (1993). 7894:. Journal of Zoology, 281(3), 218–226. 7877: 7459:. Mammalian Species, 42(866), 207–219. 6913: 6880: 6844: 6826: 6704: 6654: 6604: 6540: 6460: 6438: 6425: 6380:. The Open Ornithology Journal, 2 (1). 6184: 6142: 6058: 6010: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5617:Olsen, P. D., & Olsen, J. (1987). 5505: 5459: 5443: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5360: 5313: 5221: 5212:. De Jure Law Journal, 48(2), 293–311. 5193: 5161:Eagles, Hawks and Falcons of the World 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 3856: 3013:Fowlers Gap Arid Zone Research Station 542:A young wedge-tailed eagle perched in 9129: 9128: 8948: 8629:Persecution of the Wedge-tailed Eagle 8478:With a wedge-tailed eagle at the nest 8426:Quinn, J. L., & Ueta, M. (2008). 8332:Foster, A., & Wallis, R. (2010). 8310: 8258:Hughes, P., & Hughes, B. (1984). 8191:https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.perfal.01 7843: 7604: 7150:Fuentes, E., & Olsen, J. (2015). 6948: 6857:Foster, A., & Wallis, R. (2010). 6277:. Vision research, 25(10), 1477–1491. 6158: 6116: 6003:Walls, S., & Kenward, R. (2020). 5492:Unwin, M., & Tipling, D. (2018). 5479: 5417: 5348:. International Ornithologists' Union 5086: 4992: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4447: 4012: 3270:Interspecific predatory relationships 2772:, including several ducks as well as 2116: 1705:(one of the most vulnerable types of 1458:woodland quite regularly, as well as 1452:to be present. They may occur around 774:, mobbed by forest ravens in Tasmania 554:in 1801 by the English ornithologist 8644:. Wildlife Research, 13(2), 245–260. 8114: 8096:Wedge-tailed Eagle robs Little Eagle 7892:Length–weight allometries in lizards 7812:Wedge-tailed eagle attacks Emu chick 7719:. Wildlife Research, 24(4), 469–482. 7485:. Wildlife Research, 20(3), 267–285. 7381:. Mammalian Species, 2001(676), 1–9. 7284:(On-line). Accessed 9 April 2006 at 7215:Short, J., & Turner, B. (1992). 6864: 6501:. Wildlife Research, 28(4), 365–378. 6486:Wedge-tailed Eagle hunting behaviour 6207:. Wildlife Research, 28(4), 379–393. 6181:. Wildlife Research, 29(2), 175–184. 5529: 5336:Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). 5251: 4730: 4548: 3639:Favoured nesting trees include many 1799:Samsonvale, SE Queensland, Australia 1216: 474:, including many surprisingly large 27:Bird of prey within the genus Aquila 9463:IUCN Red List least concern species 8862:Smales, I., & Muir, S. (2005). 8187:Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) 8023:Cramp, S.; Simmons, K.E.L. (1980). 7394:. Mammalian Species, 49(942), 1–17. 7232:. Behavioral Ecology, 20(1), 22–29. 5878:. Wildlife Australia, 47(4), 16–19. 5706: 5376: 5329: 4207:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4174: 4145:Early in 1967, the Australian Army 3823: 24: 9010: 8965:"2 Cav. 2nd Cavalry Regiment RAAC" 8528:Davey, C., & Pech, R. (2004). 8389:Wedge-tailed eagle's nest on cliff 8219:Olsen, J. & Trost, S. (2014). 7958:. Austral Ecology, 36(4), 446–452. 7903:King, D., & Green, B. (1999). 7368:. The Queensland Naturalists Club. 7083:. Victorian Naturalist, 74, 89-90. 5631:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (2008). 5159:Brown, L, & Amadon, D. (1986) 4527:Handbook of the Birds of the World 4468: 4136:airborne early warning and control 3039:are occasional supplemental prey, 1804: 1655:, although they also dwell in the 813:, 1954) – This race is endemic to 739:genus, are the small-to-mid-sized 576:, perhaps due to its unique form. 506:, mostly for alleged predation on 458:predator. The introduction of the 25: 9519: 9508:Symbols of the Northern Territory 9062: 8816:— Wedge-tailed Eagle (Tasmanian)" 8615:. University of California, Dodd. 8083:Vertebrate scavenging communities 7524:. Tasmanian Naturalist, 123, 3–4. 7245:. Wildlife Research, 3(1), 73–78. 6923:Wildlife Research, 41(2), 95–105. 5634:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses 3669:while in inland areas more often 2240: 1813:A wedge-tailed eagle standing on 1733:, including both accipitrids and 1546:, here often concentrated around 1136: 9080: 9068: 8982: 8978:2nd Cavalry Regiment (Australia) 8971: 8957: 8942: 8928: 8915: 8882: 8869: 8856: 8843: 8830: 8803: 8790: 8777: 8764: 8751: 8738: 8725: 8712: 8699: 8686: 8673: 8660: 8647: 8634: 8605: 8592: 8535: 8509: 8496: 8483: 8420: 8407: 8394: 8381: 8252: 8226: 8179: 8166: 8153: 8140: 8127: 8101: 8088: 8075: 8062: 8000: 7987: 7974: 7961: 7948: 7935: 7926: 7897: 7863: 7830: 7817: 7804: 7791: 7761: 7748: 7735: 7722: 7709: 7696: 7683: 7670: 7625:Wedge-tailed Eagle Attacks Child 7617: 7575: 7562: 7553: 7540: 7527: 7514: 7501: 7488: 7475: 7462: 7449: 7423: 7410: 7397: 7384: 7371: 7358: 7291: 7274: 7261: 7248: 7235: 7222: 7209: 7196: 7183: 7170: 7157: 7124: 7111: 7086: 7073: 5863:Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) 3992:. Surprising resilience even to 3972:and other baits and exposure to 3914:illegal shootings and poisonings 3115:) and a 38 g (1.3 oz) 2030: 2006: 1990: 1970: 1963: 1853:, as well as young birds from a 1787: 1766: 1737:, any of which may aggressively 1464:woodland and mixed woodlands of 1346:, with some isolated reports in 1338:and the general area around the 1336:Trans-Fly savanna and grasslands 1240:Wilsons Promontory National Park 1199: 1008:, it is outsized in bulk by the 617:genus are part of the subfamily 120: 8810:Department of the Environment. 8600:Birds of southwestern Australia 8026:Birds of the Western Palearctic 7825:Wedge-tailed Eagle takes Brolga 6900: 6813: 6800: 6787: 6720: 6530: 6517: 6504: 6447: 6422:. Geelong Naturalist, 1, 12–15. 6412: 6383: 6370: 6346: 6320: 6293: 6280: 6267: 6254: 6241: 6210: 5997: 5984: 5971: 5958: 5929: 5920: 5907: 5894: 5881: 5868: 5855: 5842: 5811: 5750: 5733: 5693: 5624: 5611: 5499: 5286:Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax 5215: 5081:Australian High Country Raptors 4196:BirdLife International (2016). 4118:, featuring prominently on the 4089:seen in silhouette alongside a 2549:are readily taken and even the 1857:. They've been known to follow 1436:as well as regularly forays to 1209:followed by a short descending 530:An adult wedge-tailed eagle at 372:. It is also found in southern 8949:Force, Air (3 December 2019). 8519:. Corella, 2015, 39(3): 53–60. 7546:Gompper, M. E. (Ed.). (2013). 7081:Wedge-tailed eagle takes a fox 6290:. Science, 176(4037), 920–922. 5968:. Tasmanian Bird Report 37, 1. 4260: 4235: 4097: 3895:were set around carcasses and 1016:), while the also long-tailed 848: 494:Although historically heavily 13: 1: 8657:. Cambridge University Press. 8039:Palmer, R. S. (Ed.). (1988). 5839:. Princeton University Press. 5401:. Journal of Raptor Research. 4433:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 4168: 4138:aircraft after the bird, the 4102:The bird is an emblem of the 3520:A wedge-tailed eagle nest in 3049:Centralian blue-tongued skink 2641:A wedge-tailed eagle feeding. 762: 9493:Diurnal raptors of Australia 7055:Australian Wildlife Research 6959:Wedge-Tailed Eagle and Lambs 6238:. Western Australian Museum. 5981:(Vol. 2). Dove Publications. 5290:http://www.globalraptors.org 4465:. Zootaxa, 4216(4), 301–320. 4108:New South Wales Police Force 4087:Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagle 3998:Australian Capital Territory 2098:Australian Capital Territory 1681:partial or irruptive migrant 1614: 1497:Australian Capital Territory 1495:species was detected in the 7: 7756:Malurus fighting its shadow 7286:http://www.iucnredlist.org/ 6514:. Bioscience, 43(1), 14–20. 6330:. Cornell University Press. 5637:(2nd ed.). CRC Press. 5346:World Bird List Version 5.4 4128:Australian Air Force Cadets 3538:Territories and home ranges 3511: 3494:). Wedge-tailed eagles are 2149:Rabbit haemorrhagic disease 1817:carcass of kangaroo in the 1757:) in other countries, when 1491:alternatively with several 521: 10: 9524: 7788:. Oxford University Press. 7550:. Oxford University Press. 7407:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 7189:Martin, R. (Ed.). (2005). 5686:Baker-Gabb, D. J. (1984). 4132:Royal Australian Air Force 4124:Royal Australian Air Force 3192:Eastern long-necked turtle 3065:western blue-tongued skink 2973:Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus 2121:While the introduction of 2111: 1369: 1342:, as well as in Indonesia 1244:Great Otway National Parks 657:) of Africa. However, the 32:Eaglehawk (disambiguation) 29: 9483:Birds of Papua New Guinea 9137: 8611:Burton, P. J. K. (1983). 8554:Cherriman, S. C. (2013). 7840:. Corella, 35(4), 95–100. 7533:Paltridge, R. M. (2005). 7494:Welbergen, J. A. (2006). 7403:Rafferty, J. P.. (2020). 7323:Cherriman, S. C. (2013). 7053:, in Western Australia". 6363:The Sydney Morning Herald 6326:Bildstein, K. L. (2006). 5604:Cherriman, S. C. (2007). 5553:. Guinness Superlatives. 3925:, developments including 3372:Accipiter novaehollandiae 3041:common blue-tongued skink 2589:and not harming calves), 2408:southern brown bandicoots 2106:Armidale, New South Wales 1531:, they are often seen in 1252:Great Sandy National Park 613:genus. The eagles of the 298: 291: 277: 268: 261:Condon & Amadon, 1954 246: 241: 222: 215: 117:Scientific classification 115: 98: 76: 67: 55: 46: 41: 8576:. Ibis, 128(2), 177–194. 8493:. Ibis, 130(3), 339–357. 8360:. Corella, 36(2): 38–44. 8111:. Bird Observer 867, 27. 8043:. Yale University Press. 7680:. Ibis, 124(4), 422–455. 7676:Saunders, D. A. (1982). 7623:Whitlock, F. L. (1928). 7355:. Corella, 24(1/2), 1–5. 6806:Hatfield, R. S. (2018). 6264:. The Stationery Office. 6139:. Corella, 31(2), 23–31. 6007:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 5817:Shufeldt, R. W. (1922). 5808:. Ostrich, 60(1), 35-42. 5739:González, L. M. (2016). 5496:. Yale University Press. 4214:: e.T22696064A93542539. 4116:Australian Defence Force 3893:Steel-jawed rabbit traps 3865:A wedge-tailed eagle at 3706:and woodlands or nearby 3605:Mutawintji National Park 3590: 3557:Mutawintji National Park 3333:Haliaeetus leucocephalus 3109:pygmy spiny-tailed skink 2957:Dromaius novaehollandiae 2805:Australian brush turkeys 2742:Baudin's black cockatoos 2632: 2535:Ornithorhynchus anatinus 2504:southern greater gliders 2420:Pseudocheirus peregrinus 2333:Notamacropus rufogriseus 1696:unmanned aerial vehicles 1484:Casuarina cunninghamiana 1284:South Cumberland Islands 1160:Hamirostra melanosternon 1057:Haliaeetus leucocephalus 9498:Birds described in 1801 9196:Aquila_(Uroaetus)_audax 8840:. Tasforests, 3, 15–31. 8818:. Australian Government 8627:Brooker, M. G. (1990). 8232:Brooker, M. G. (1974). 8107:Stephenson, D. (2010). 7995:Crocodiles of Australia 7754:Cleland, J. B. (1908). 7741:Brooker, M. G. (1969). 7581:Hoogerwerf, A. (1964). 7481:Bennett, A. F. (1993). 7442:O’Sullivan, T. (2014). 6075:. Emu, 101(4), 323–328. 5670:. Corella, 20, 129–134. 5163:. The Wellfleet Press. 4530:. Vol. 2. p. 4027:Thylacinus cynocephalus 3819:Two chicks in the nest. 3630:Mediterranean scrubland 3432:black-breasted buzzards 3408:Accipiter cirrocephalus 3309:white-bellied sea eagle 3180:Pseudechis porphyriacus 3176:red-bellied black snake 3077:yellow-spotted monitors 3063:) and somewhat smaller 3017:central bearded dragons 2999:Reptiles and other prey 2758:Melopsittacus undulatus 2384:common brushtail possum 1999:introduction of rabbits 1849:and other mammals from 1296:North Stradbroke Island 1188:Harpyopsis novaeguineae 1164:white-bellied sea eagle 1022:Stephanoaetus coronatus 926: 9036:10.1098/rspb.2013.2448 8558:. Amytornis, 5, 23–28. 8448:. Emu, 93(3), 167–179. 8378:. Emu, 87(3), 143–149. 8271:Robertson, G. (1987). 7980:Harvey, M. B. (2001). 7663:Fulton, G. R. (2019). 7647:Dennis, T. E. (2006). 7468:Fulton, G. R. (2006). 7429:Cooper, C. E. (2011). 6877:. Corella, 10, 21 (4). 6749:10.1098/rspb.2003.2626 6418:MacKenzie, D. (1964). 5977:Coates, B. J. (1985). 5874:Wilson, S. G. (2010). 5506:Morgan, A. M. (1932). 5452:Recher, H. F. (2020). 4094: 4009: 3875:Birdlife International 3870: 3835:Kinchega National Park 3820: 3766: 3608: 3525: 3279: 3168:yellow-faced whipsnake 3025:eastern bearded dragon 2654: 2642: 2545:). Several species of 2543:Tachyglossus aculeatus 2440:Phascolarctos cinereus 2416:common ringtail possum 2309:Osphranter antilopinus 2289:western grey kangaroos 2281:eastern grey kangaroos 2192: 2088:an individual eagle. 2021:, usually attacked in 2019:eastern grey kangaroos 1825: 1624: 1366: 1230: 1168:Haliaeetus leucogaster 1150: 1079: 1035:) and somewhat by the 998:Spanish imperial eagle 974:Guinness World Records 940: 866: 858: 775: 757:Hieraaetus morphnoides 599:, is derived from the 550:The species was first 547: 535: 9118:NCBI Taxonomy Browser 9102:NCBI Taxonomy Browser 8545:. Corella, 42: 86–90. 8532:. Boobook, 22: 37–38. 8460:White, H. L. (1918). 8430:. Ibis, 150, 146–167. 8391:. ARA News, 8(3), 52. 8387:Crawford, E. (1987). 8336:. Corella, 34, 36–44. 8307:. Corella, 31: 65–73. 8223:. Boobook, 32: 12–13. 8176:. Corella, 3(1), 6–9. 8059:. Corella, 37, 13–18. 7823:Drummond, R. (2005). 7758:. Emu, 8(3), 151–151. 7732:. Emu, 116(1), 75–80. 7702:Smith, A. N. (2013). 7601:. Corella, 38, 81–94. 7431:Myrmecobius fasciatus 7282:Dorscopsulus macleayi 7267:Pentland, C. (2014). 7079:Lewis, C. F. (1957). 6999:. Corella, 31, 41–49. 6945:. Corella 38, 18, 21. 6897:. Corella, 31, 50–62. 6861:. Corella, 34, 45–48. 6484:McGregor, B. (2007). 6339:Meredith, P. (1990). 6313:Debus, S. J. (2015). 6155:. Corella, 38, 63–70. 6113:. Corella, 31, 32–40. 6036:Watson, Jeff (2010). 5990:Melville, D. (1980). 5935:Green, R. H. (1989). 5543:Wood, Gerald (1983). 5436:Parry, S. J. (2001). 4084: 4007: 3941:in sheep farm areas, 3864: 3818: 3757: 3666:Syncarpia glomulifera 3598: 3519: 3404:collared sparrowhawks 3327:) in Eurasia and the 3277: 3196:Chelodina longicollis 3053:Tiliqua multifasciata 2710:parakeets and parrots 2702:Eolophus roseicapilla 2648: 2640: 2492:Myrmecobius fasciatus 2428:Long-nosed bandicoots 2404:Bettongia penicillata 2388:Trichosurus vulpecula 2325:Notamacropus dorsalis 2321:black-striped wallaby 2218:Sus scrofa domesticus 2178: 1944:probably fulfill the 1812: 1622: 1595:areas largely within 1430:dwarf conifer forests 1364: 1264:Torres Strait Islands 1238:in the north down to 1224: 1144: 1073: 1041:Pithecophaga jefferyi 1014:Polemaetus bellicosus 934: 864: 856: 786:can be attributed to 770: 637:testing, largely via 541: 529: 512:European colonisation 464:Oryctolagus cuniculus 9077:at Wikimedia Commons 8489:Simmons, R. (1988). 8400:Ragless, G. (1995). 8236:. Emu, 74(1), 39–42. 7856:Cook, W. E. (1987). 7797:Eastman, M. (1969). 7416:Hayward, M. (2002). 7108:. Emu, 98(1), 23–31. 6995:Winkel, P. (2007). F 6457:. Boobook 31, 61–62. 6273:Reymond, L. (1985). 6247:Eddy, R. J. (1959). 5904:. Gerard Industries. 5900:Nielsen, L. (1996). 5848:Garnett, S. (1987). 5699:Nielsen, L. (1996). 5690:. Corella, 8, 61–63. 5666:Brooker, M. (1996). 4430:Raptors of the World 4243:"Appendices | CITES" 4147:2nd Cavalry Regiment 4140:Boeing E-7 Wedgetail 3918:sodium fluoroacetate 3651:species, as well as 3522:Barmah National Park 3364:black-breasted kites 3325:Haliaeetus albicilla 3093:Rosenberg's monitors 2861:Pedionomus torquatus 2734:Australian ringnecks 2690:Australian wood duck 2664:species, especially 2539:short-beaked echidna 2480:Sarcophilus harrisii 2347:than well-organized 2293:Macropus fuliginosus 1923:killed in collisions 1422:tropical rainforests 1076:Symbio Wildlife Park 1074:Captive specimen at 1049:Haliaeetus albicilla 992:and slightly by the 970:Haliaeetus pelagicus 688:with the well-known 621:, within the larger 419:tropical rainforests 356:) also known as the 334:Aquila audax carteri 9112:Aquila audax fleayi 8921:Pay, J. M. (2020). 8849:Mooney, N. (1999). 8814:Aquila audax fleayi 8696:. Emu. 93(1): 1–11. 7799:The Life of the Emu 7507:Cawten, L. (2014). 7351:Harder, M. (2000). 7254:Winkel, P. (1997). 7193:. CSIRO Publishing. 7163:Abbott, I. (2008). 6837:Fenner, F. (2010). 6523:Taylor, P. (2009). 6497:Aumann, T. (2001). 6453:Mooney, N. (2013). 6431:Cowell, G. (2006). 6405:, Georgie Burgess, 6366:. 17 November 2016. 6286:Shlaer, R. (1972). 6260:Hardey, J. (2006). 6203:Aumann, T. (2001). 5913:Baxter, C. (2015). 5887:Ingram, G. (1976). 5837:Birds of New Guinea 5476:. CSIRO Publishing. 5456:. CSIRO Publishing. 5208:Knobel, J. (2015). 5083:. CSIRO Publishing. 4727:. CSIRO Publishing. 4161:football club from 4112:La Trobe University 4062:and forest ravens ( 3939:illegal persecution 3937:human populations, 3857:Conservation status 3740:Pacific black ducks 3622:Haliastur sphenurus 3428:Aviceda subcristata 3420:Accipiter fasciatus 3290:are distributed in 3251:Heteronychus arator 3236:western blue groper 3172:Demansia psammophis 3164:Vermicella annulata 3148:Pseudonaja textilis 3144:eastern brown snake 3069:Tiliqua occipitalis 2949:Taeniopygia guttata 2917:monarch flycatchers 2738:Barnardius zonarius 2726:Platycercus elegans 2718:Platycercus eximius 2529:including both the 2456:Dasyurus viverrinus 2364:nail-tail wallabies 2317:Notamacropus agilis 2305:antilopine kangaroo 2301:Osphranter robustus 1729:as well as smaller 1719:monarch flycatchers 1709:to eagle attacks), 1481:and also stands of 1471:Flindersia maculosa 1236:Cape York Peninsula 1177:In New Guinea, the 1156:black-breasted kite 966:Steller's sea eagle 714:Cassin's hawk-eagle 326:Aquila cuneicaudata 70:Conservation status 42:Wedge-tailed eagle 9488:Birds of Indonesia 9478:Birds of Australia 9248:wedge-tailed-eagle 9243:BirdLife-Australia 9096:Aquila audax audax 9030:(1773): 20132448. 8502:Young, H. (1973). 8476:Fleay, D. (1952). 8291:. Austral Ecology. 8098:. Boobook, 24, 43. 8094:Debus, S. (2006). 7890:Meiri, S. (2010). 7689:Hardy, J. (1985). 7379:Dasyurus maculatus 6957:Batey, I. (1907). 6527:. Boobook, 27, 39. 6005:The Common Buzzard 5519:S.A. Ornithologist 5472:Debus, S. (2019). 5292:on 4 November 2021 5288:. Downloaded from 5079:Olsen, J. (2014). 4987:Wedge-tailed Eagle 4985:Olsen, P. (2005). 4723:Debus, S. (2017). 4104:Northern Territory 4095: 4013:Status in Tasmania 4010: 3978:Fleurieu Peninsula 3871: 3851:K-selected breeder 3821: 3767: 3609: 3575:Fleurieu Peninsula 3526: 3444:Australian hobbies 3380:Lophoictinia isura 3376:square-tailed kite 3360:Circus approximans 3321:white-tailed eagle 3280: 3240:Achoerodus gouldii 3156:Pseudonaja modesta 3152:ringed brown snake 3097:Varanus rosenbergi 3045:Tiliqua scincoides 2991:) in northwestern 2989:Ardeotis australis 2985:Australian bustard 2981:Antigone rubicunda 2969:black-necked stork 2762:Fleurieu Peninsula 2750:Northern Territory 2686:Gymnorhina tibicen 2682:Australian magpies 2655: 2643: 2619:Northern Territory 2508:Petauroides volans 2472:Dasyurus maculatus 2464:Dasyurus geoffroii 2448:Setonix brachyurus 2329:red-necked wallaby 2285:Macropus giganteus 2193: 2117:Introduced mammals 1826: 1625: 1605:forestry clearings 1525:riparian woodlands 1467:Casuarina cristata 1414:montane grasslands 1367: 1348:Western New Guinea 1332:Cape Barren Island 1231: 1151: 1147:Northern Territory 1145:A juvenile in the 1098:The length of the 1080: 1045:white-tailed eagle 941: 913:Aboriginal hunters 867: 859: 776: 710:Aquila spilogaster 706:African hawk-eagle 548: 536: 498:by humans through 348:wedge-tailed eagle 310:Aquila albirostris 9450: 9449: 9396:Open Tree of Life 9131:Taxon identifiers 9073:Media related to 8124:. Boobook 24, 42. 7827:. Boobook 23, 19. 7299:Thylogale calabyi 7067:10.1071/WR9800433 6873:Hull, C. (1986). 6743:(1540): 725–732. 6488:. Boobook 25, 14. 6435:. Boobook 24, 46. 6051:978-1-4081-1420-9 6044:. A&C Black. 5937:Birds of Tasmania 5728:978-1-4200-6444-5 5644:978-1-4200-6444-5 5560:978-0-85112-235-9 4163:Western Australia 4155:West Coast Eagles 4064:Corvus tasmanicus 4035:carrying capacity 3968:, poisoning from 3847:Western Australia 3744:Anas superciliosa 3714:ledges, or among 3690:Grevillea striata 3626:human development 3505:peregrine falcons 3480:southern boobooks 3468:Falco cenchroides 3448:Falco longipennis 3436:peregrine falcons 3188:Boiga irregularis 3140:Notechis scutatus 3057:shingleback skink 2730:Western Australia 2694:Chenonetta jubata 2678:Corvus coronoides 2674:Australian ravens 2597:) in New Guinea, 1882:Central Australia 1847:brushtail possums 1823:Western Australia 1794: 1773: 1642:visual perception 1560:Western Australia 1489:C. cunninghamiana 1410:subalpine forests 1308:Nuyts Archipelago 1217:Range and habitat 694:Aquila chrysaetos 655:Aquila verreauxii 639:Mitochondrial DNA 585:New World vulture 579:Today, the genus 417:, even sometimes 411:mountainous areas 360:, is the largest 344: 343: 338: 330: 322: 314: 306: 262: 254: 110: 93: 16:(Redirected from 9515: 9443: 9442: 9430: 9429: 9417: 9416: 9404: 9403: 9391: 9390: 9378: 9377: 9365: 9364: 9352: 9351: 9339: 9338: 9326: 9325: 9313: 9312: 9300: 9299: 9287: 9286: 9274: 9273: 9264: 9263: 9251: 9250: 9238: 9237: 9225: 9224: 9222:5E574D70AC136CC1 9212: 9211: 9199: 9198: 9186: 9185: 9173: 9172: 9171: 9158: 9157: 9156: 9126: 9125: 9121: 9105: 9085:Data related to 9084: 9072: 9057: 9047: 9005: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8986: 8980: 8975: 8969: 8968: 8961: 8955: 8954: 8946: 8940: 8939: 8932: 8926: 8919: 8913: 8906: 8893: 8886: 8880: 8873: 8867: 8860: 8854: 8847: 8841: 8834: 8828: 8827: 8825: 8823: 8807: 8801: 8794: 8788: 8781: 8775: 8768: 8762: 8755: 8749: 8742: 8736: 8729: 8723: 8716: 8710: 8703: 8697: 8690: 8684: 8677: 8671: 8664: 8658: 8651: 8645: 8638: 8632: 8625: 8616: 8613:Vanishing Eagles 8609: 8603: 8596: 8590: 8583: 8577: 8570: 8559: 8552: 8546: 8539: 8533: 8526: 8520: 8513: 8507: 8500: 8494: 8487: 8481: 8474: 8465: 8458: 8449: 8442: 8431: 8424: 8418: 8411: 8405: 8398: 8392: 8385: 8379: 8372: 8361: 8354: 8337: 8330: 8321: 8314: 8308: 8301: 8292: 8285: 8276: 8269: 8263: 8256: 8250: 8243: 8237: 8230: 8224: 8217: 8211: 8204: 8193: 8183: 8177: 8170: 8164: 8157: 8151: 8144: 8138: 8131: 8125: 8120:Ley, A. (2006). 8118: 8112: 8105: 8099: 8092: 8086: 8079: 8073: 8066: 8060: 8053: 8044: 8037: 8031: 8030: 8020: 8011: 8004: 7998: 7991: 7985: 7978: 7972: 7965: 7959: 7952: 7946: 7939: 7933: 7930: 7924: 7917: 7908: 7901: 7895: 7888: 7875: 7874: 7867: 7861: 7854: 7841: 7834: 7828: 7821: 7815: 7808: 7802: 7795: 7789: 7782: 7773: 7772: 7765: 7759: 7752: 7746: 7739: 7733: 7726: 7720: 7713: 7707: 7700: 7694: 7687: 7681: 7674: 7668: 7661: 7652: 7645: 7628: 7621: 7615: 7608: 7602: 7595: 7586: 7579: 7573: 7566: 7560: 7557: 7551: 7544: 7538: 7531: 7525: 7518: 7512: 7505: 7499: 7492: 7486: 7479: 7473: 7466: 7460: 7453: 7447: 7440: 7434: 7427: 7421: 7414: 7408: 7401: 7395: 7388: 7382: 7375: 7369: 7362: 7356: 7349: 7328: 7321: 7302: 7295: 7289: 7278: 7272: 7265: 7259: 7252: 7246: 7239: 7233: 7226: 7220: 7213: 7207: 7200: 7194: 7187: 7181: 7174: 7168: 7161: 7155: 7148: 7135: 7128: 7122: 7115: 7109: 7102: 7093: 7090: 7084: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7046: 7013: 7006: 7000: 6993: 6962: 6955: 6946: 6939: 6924: 6917: 6911: 6904: 6898: 6891: 6878: 6871: 6862: 6855: 6842: 6835: 6824: 6817: 6811: 6804: 6798: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6778: 6770: 6760: 6724: 6718: 6711: 6702: 6695: 6652: 6645: 6602: 6595: 6538: 6534: 6528: 6521: 6515: 6508: 6502: 6495: 6489: 6482: 6476: 6469: 6458: 6451: 6445: 6442: 6436: 6429: 6423: 6416: 6410: 6400: 6394: 6387: 6381: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6350: 6344: 6337: 6331: 6324: 6318: 6311: 6300: 6297: 6291: 6284: 6278: 6271: 6265: 6258: 6252: 6245: 6239: 6232: 6221: 6214: 6208: 6201: 6182: 6175: 6156: 6149: 6140: 6133: 6114: 6107: 6076: 6069: 6056: 6055: 6040:The Golden Eagle 6033: 6008: 6001: 5995: 5988: 5982: 5975: 5969: 5962: 5956: 5949: 5940: 5933: 5927: 5924: 5918: 5911: 5905: 5898: 5892: 5885: 5879: 5872: 5866: 5859: 5853: 5846: 5840: 5833: 5822: 5815: 5809: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5767: 5754: 5748: 5737: 5731: 5717: 5704: 5697: 5691: 5684: 5671: 5664: 5649: 5648: 5628: 5622: 5615: 5609: 5602: 5565: 5564: 5552: 5540: 5527: 5526: 5516: 5503: 5497: 5490: 5477: 5470: 5457: 5450: 5441: 5434: 5415: 5408: 5402: 5395: 5374: 5367: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5333: 5327: 5320: 5311: 5304: 5293: 5282: 5249: 5242: 5233: 5232: 5219: 5213: 5206: 5191: 5181: 5172: 5157: 5084: 5077: 4990: 4983: 4728: 4721: 4546: 4545: 4517: 4466: 4458: 4445: 4444: 4424: 4267: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4223: 4193: 4060:Tasmanian devils 3905:land development 3897:Heligoland traps 3824:Breeding success 3693:. The amount of 3684:Hakea leucoptera 3464:Nankeen kestrels 3440:Falco peregrinus 3245:Psaltoda moerens 3184:brown tree snake 3132:venomous species 3123:) may be taken. 3113:Egernia depressa 3081:Varanus panoptes 3021:Pogona vitticeps 2857:plains-wanderers 2809:Alectura lathami 2722:crimson rosellas 2563:Canis familiaris 2500:Vombatus ursinus 2476:Tasmanian devils 2432:Perameles nasuta 2412:Isoodon obesulus 2341:Wallabia bicolor 2297:common wallaroos 2277:Osphranter rufus 2123:invasive species 2071:, and almost no 2034: 2010: 1994: 1974: 1796: 1795: 1775: 1774: 1577:cultivated areas 1558:desert areas of 1420:, not-too-dense 1340:Western Province 1274:, the isles of 1037:Philippine eagle 1002:Aquila adalberti 994:Verreaux's eagle 887:Verreaux's eagle 788:clinal variation 718:Aquila africanus 651:Verreaux's eagle 633:By a variety of 544:Birdsville Track 468:invasive species 336: 329:C.L. Brehm, 1845 328: 320: 312: 304: 285: 273: 260: 252: 228: 125: 124: 104: 87: 82: 81: 51: 39: 38: 21: 9523: 9522: 9518: 9517: 9516: 9514: 9513: 9512: 9453: 9452: 9451: 9446: 9438: 9433: 9425: 9420: 9412: 9407: 9399: 9394: 9386: 9381: 9373: 9368: 9360: 9355: 9347: 9342: 9334: 9329: 9321: 9316: 9308: 9303: 9295: 9290: 9282: 9277: 9269: 9267: 9259: 9254: 9246: 9241: 9233: 9228: 9220: 9215: 9207: 9202: 9194: 9189: 9181: 9176: 9167: 9166: 9161: 9152: 9151: 9146: 9133: 9108: 9092: 9065: 9060: 9024:Proc. Biol. Sci 9013: 9011:Further reading 9008: 8998: 8996: 8988: 8987: 8983: 8976: 8972: 8963: 8962: 8958: 8947: 8943: 8934: 8933: 8929: 8920: 8916: 8907: 8896: 8887: 8883: 8874: 8870: 8861: 8857: 8848: 8844: 8835: 8831: 8821: 8819: 8808: 8804: 8795: 8791: 8782: 8778: 8769: 8765: 8756: 8752: 8743: 8739: 8730: 8726: 8717: 8713: 8704: 8700: 8691: 8687: 8678: 8674: 8665: 8661: 8652: 8648: 8639: 8635: 8626: 8619: 8610: 8606: 8597: 8593: 8584: 8580: 8571: 8562: 8553: 8549: 8540: 8536: 8527: 8523: 8514: 8510: 8501: 8497: 8488: 8484: 8475: 8468: 8459: 8452: 8443: 8434: 8425: 8421: 8412: 8408: 8399: 8395: 8386: 8382: 8373: 8364: 8355: 8340: 8331: 8324: 8315: 8311: 8302: 8295: 8286: 8279: 8270: 8266: 8257: 8253: 8244: 8240: 8231: 8227: 8218: 8214: 8205: 8196: 8184: 8180: 8171: 8167: 8158: 8154: 8145: 8141: 8132: 8128: 8119: 8115: 8106: 8102: 8093: 8089: 8080: 8076: 8067: 8063: 8054: 8047: 8038: 8034: 8021: 8014: 8005: 8001: 7992: 7988: 7979: 7975: 7966: 7962: 7953: 7949: 7940: 7936: 7931: 7927: 7918: 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6505: 6496: 6492: 6483: 6479: 6470: 6461: 6452: 6448: 6443: 6439: 6430: 6426: 6417: 6413: 6409:, 27 April 2022 6407:ABC News Online 6401: 6397: 6388: 6384: 6375: 6371: 6352: 6351: 6347: 6338: 6334: 6325: 6321: 6312: 6303: 6298: 6294: 6285: 6281: 6272: 6268: 6259: 6255: 6246: 6242: 6233: 6224: 6215: 6211: 6202: 6185: 6176: 6159: 6150: 6143: 6134: 6117: 6108: 6079: 6070: 6059: 6052: 6034: 6011: 6002: 5998: 5989: 5985: 5976: 5972: 5963: 5959: 5950: 5943: 5934: 5930: 5925: 5921: 5912: 5908: 5899: 5895: 5886: 5882: 5873: 5869: 5860: 5856: 5847: 5843: 5834: 5825: 5816: 5812: 5803: 5799: 5784:10.2307/4089419 5765: 5755: 5751: 5738: 5734: 5718: 5707: 5698: 5694: 5685: 5674: 5665: 5652: 5645: 5629: 5625: 5616: 5612: 5603: 5568: 5561: 5541: 5530: 5514: 5504: 5500: 5491: 5480: 5471: 5460: 5451: 5444: 5435: 5418: 5409: 5405: 5396: 5377: 5368: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5334: 5330: 5321: 5314: 5305: 5296: 5283: 5252: 5243: 5236: 5220: 5216: 5207: 5194: 5182: 5175: 5158: 5087: 5078: 4993: 4984: 4731: 4722: 4549: 4542: 4518: 4469: 4459: 4448: 4441: 4425: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4251: 4249: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4194: 4175: 4171: 4100: 4071:protected areas 4056:lead ammunition 4015: 3867:Lake Burrumbeet 3859: 3839:South Australia 3826: 3752: 3724:telegraph poles 3618:whistling kites 3593: 3579:South Australia 3540: 3514: 3272: 3232:Cyprinus carpio 3220:Rhinella marina 3121:Moloch horridus 3089:Varanus gouldii 3073:monitor lizards 3009:bearded dragons 3001: 2837:owlet-nightjars 2817:Leipoa ocellata 2635: 2615:Bubalus bubalis 2595:Rusa timorensis 2396:Kangaroo Island 2249:, particularly 2243: 2136:Lepus europaeus 2128:European rabbit 2119: 2114: 2042: 2035: 2026: 2011: 2002: 1995: 1986: 1983:bearded dragons 1975: 1966: 1807: 1805:Dietary biology 1800: 1797: 1788: 1783: 1782:, SE Queensland 1776: 1767: 1677:Kangaroo Island 1673:Snowy Mountains 1669:New South Wales 1617: 1544:drainage basins 1529:Lake Eyre basin 1426:monsoon forests 1372: 1344:Merauke Regency 1328:Flinders Island 1304:Kangaroo Island 1300:Montague Island 1260:Lake Eyre Basin 1219: 1202: 1139: 958:Nullarbor Plain 929: 921:flight feathers 851: 765: 722:different genus 702:Aquila fasciata 698:Bonelli's eagle 686:species complex 532:Lake Burrumbeet 524: 460:European rabbit 287: 283: 237: 230: 224: 211: 174:Accipitriformes 119: 111: 94: 83: 79: 72: 62:New South Wales 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9521: 9511: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9468:Aquila (genus) 9465: 9448: 9447: 9445: 9444: 9431: 9418: 9405: 9392: 9379: 9366: 9353: 9340: 9327: 9314: 9301: 9288: 9275: 9265: 9252: 9239: 9226: 9213: 9200: 9187: 9174: 9159: 9143: 9141: 9135: 9134: 9123: 9122: 9106: 9090: 9089:at Wikispecies 9078: 9064: 9063:External links 9061: 9059: 9058: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9006: 8981: 8970: 8956: 8941: 8927: 8914: 8894: 8881: 8868: 8855: 8842: 8829: 8802: 8789: 8776: 8763: 8750: 8737: 8724: 8711: 8698: 8685: 8672: 8659: 8646: 8633: 8617: 8604: 8591: 8578: 8560: 8547: 8534: 8521: 8508: 8495: 8482: 8466: 8450: 8432: 8419: 8406: 8393: 8380: 8362: 8338: 8322: 8309: 8293: 8277: 8264: 8251: 8238: 8225: 8212: 8194: 8178: 8165: 8152: 8139: 8126: 8113: 8100: 8087: 8074: 8061: 8045: 8032: 8012: 7999: 7986: 7973: 7960: 7947: 7934: 7925: 7909: 7896: 7876: 7862: 7842: 7829: 7816: 7803: 7790: 7774: 7760: 7747: 7734: 7721: 7708: 7695: 7682: 7669: 7653: 7629: 7616: 7603: 7587: 7574: 7561: 7552: 7539: 7526: 7513: 7500: 7487: 7474: 7461: 7448: 7435: 7422: 7409: 7396: 7383: 7370: 7357: 7329: 7303: 7290: 7273: 7260: 7247: 7234: 7221: 7208: 7195: 7182: 7169: 7156: 7136: 7123: 7110: 7094: 7085: 7072: 7061:(3): 433–452. 7014: 7001: 6963: 6947: 6925: 6912: 6899: 6879: 6863: 6843: 6825: 6812: 6799: 6786: 6719: 6703: 6653: 6603: 6539: 6529: 6516: 6503: 6490: 6477: 6459: 6446: 6437: 6424: 6411: 6395: 6382: 6369: 6345: 6332: 6319: 6301: 6292: 6279: 6266: 6253: 6240: 6222: 6209: 6183: 6157: 6141: 6115: 6077: 6057: 6050: 6009: 5996: 5983: 5970: 5957: 5941: 5939:. Potoroo Pub. 5928: 5919: 5906: 5893: 5880: 5876:After the rain 5867: 5854: 5841: 5823: 5810: 5797: 5778:(3): 713–726. 5749: 5732: 5705: 5692: 5672: 5650: 5643: 5623: 5610: 5566: 5559: 5528: 5498: 5478: 5458: 5442: 5416: 5403: 5375: 5359: 5328: 5312: 5294: 5250: 5234: 5214: 5192: 5184:Bekessy, S. A. 5173: 5169:978-1555214722 5085: 4991: 4729: 4547: 4540: 4467: 4446: 4439: 4268: 4259: 4234: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4134:has named its 4099: 4096: 4014: 4011: 3966:electrocutions 3954:pastoral zones 3858: 3855: 3831:Burrendong Dam 3825: 3822: 3792:semi-altricial 3751: 3748: 3592: 3589: 3539: 3536: 3513: 3510: 3496:apex predators 3456:Falco subniger 3416:brown goshawks 3400:Falco berigora 3386:birds, mainly 3356:swamp harriers 3271: 3268: 3105:Varanus varius 3061:Tiliqua rugosa 3029:Pogona barbata 3000: 2997: 2965:Cygnus atratus 2933:grass warblers 2909:quail-thrushes 2746:Zanda baudinii 2670:Corvus mellori 2634: 2631: 2605:) in northern 2496:common wombats 2368:rock-wallabies 2360:hare-wallabies 2356:tree-kangaroos 2269:grey kangaroos 2242: 2241:Native mammals 2239: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2063:, principally 2044: 2043: 2036: 2029: 2027: 2012: 2005: 2003: 1996: 1989: 1987: 1976: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1786: 1784: 1777: 1765: 1761:is available. 1661:temperate zone 1640:bands. With a 1630:termite mounds 1616: 1613: 1607:, and rolling 1418:mountain peaks 1371: 1368: 1352:Bensbach River 1312:Groote Eylandt 1292:Moreton Island 1218: 1215: 1201: 1198: 1179:Gurney's eagle 1138: 1137:Identification 1135: 1033:Harpia harpyja 928: 925: 850: 847: 846: 845: 828: 827: 798: 764: 761: 671:sister species 663:Aquila gurneyi 659:Gurney's eagle 593:Vultur gryphus 523: 520: 342: 341: 340: 339: 331: 323: 318:Aquila fuscosa 315: 313:Vieillot, 1816 307: 296: 295: 289: 288: 286: Resident 282: 275: 274: 266: 265: 264: 263: 255: 253:(Latham, 1801) 244: 243: 239: 238: 231: 220: 219: 213: 212: 205: 203: 199: 198: 191: 187: 186: 181: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 113: 112: 99: 96: 95: 77: 74: 73: 68: 65: 64: 53: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9520: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9460: 9458: 9441: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9332: 9328: 9324: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9266: 9262: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9218: 9214: 9210: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9179: 9175: 9170: 9164: 9160: 9155: 9149: 9145: 9144: 9142: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9127: 9119: 9115: 9113: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9097: 9091: 9088: 9083: 9079: 9076: 9071: 9067: 9066: 9055: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9016: 9015: 8995: 8991: 8985: 8979: 8974: 8966: 8960: 8952: 8945: 8937: 8936:"Our history" 8931: 8924: 8918: 8911: 8905: 8903: 8901: 8899: 8891: 8885: 8878: 8872: 8865: 8859: 8852: 8846: 8839: 8833: 8817: 8815: 8806: 8799: 8793: 8786: 8780: 8773: 8767: 8760: 8754: 8747: 8741: 8734: 8728: 8721: 8715: 8708: 8702: 8695: 8689: 8682: 8676: 8669: 8663: 8656: 8650: 8643: 8637: 8630: 8624: 8622: 8614: 8608: 8601: 8595: 8588: 8582: 8575: 8569: 8567: 8565: 8557: 8551: 8544: 8538: 8531: 8525: 8518: 8512: 8505: 8499: 8492: 8486: 8479: 8473: 8471: 8463: 8457: 8455: 8447: 8441: 8439: 8437: 8429: 8423: 8416: 8410: 8403: 8397: 8390: 8384: 8377: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8359: 8353: 8351: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8343: 8335: 8329: 8327: 8319: 8313: 8306: 8300: 8298: 8290: 8284: 8282: 8274: 8268: 8261: 8255: 8248: 8242: 8235: 8229: 8222: 8216: 8209: 8203: 8201: 8199: 8192: 8188: 8182: 8175: 8169: 8162: 8156: 8149: 8143: 8136: 8130: 8123: 8117: 8110: 8104: 8097: 8091: 8084: 8078: 8071: 8065: 8058: 8052: 8050: 8042: 8036: 8028: 8025: 8019: 8017: 8009: 8003: 7996: 7990: 7984:. UNSW Press. 7983: 7977: 7970: 7964: 7957: 7951: 7944: 7938: 7929: 7922: 7916: 7914: 7907:. UNSW Press. 7906: 7900: 7893: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7872: 7866: 7859: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7847: 7839: 7833: 7826: 7820: 7813: 7807: 7800: 7794: 7787: 7781: 7779: 7770: 7764: 7757: 7751: 7745:. Emu, 69(1). 7744: 7738: 7731: 7725: 7718: 7712: 7705: 7699: 7692: 7686: 7679: 7673: 7666: 7660: 7658: 7650: 7644: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7626: 7620: 7613: 7607: 7600: 7594: 7592: 7584: 7578: 7571: 7565: 7556: 7549: 7543: 7536: 7530: 7523: 7517: 7510: 7504: 7497: 7491: 7484: 7478: 7471: 7465: 7458: 7452: 7445: 7439: 7432: 7426: 7419: 7413: 7406: 7400: 7393: 7387: 7380: 7374: 7367: 7361: 7354: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7326: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7300: 7294: 7287: 7283: 7277: 7270: 7264: 7257: 7251: 7244: 7238: 7231: 7225: 7218: 7212: 7205: 7199: 7192: 7186: 7179: 7173: 7166: 7160: 7153: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7133: 7127: 7120: 7114: 7107: 7101: 7099: 7089: 7082: 7076: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7011: 7005: 6998: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6960: 6954: 6952: 6944: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6922: 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4201: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4173: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4148: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4092: 4088: 4085:A threatened 4083: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4006: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3868: 3863: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3679: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3661: 3656: 3655: 3650: 3649: 3644: 3643: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3588: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3546: 3545:loop-the-loop 3535: 3532: 3523: 3518: 3509: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3492:Ninox strenua 3489: 3488:powerful owls 3485: 3484:Ninox boobook 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3460:brown falcons 3457: 3453: 3452:black falcons 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3424:Pacific bazas 3421: 3417: 3413: 3412:grey goshawks 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3396:brown falcons 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3368:grey goshawks 3365: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3313:trophic level 3310: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3276: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3101:lace monitors 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3033:jacky dragons 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2929:true thrushes 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2897:birds of prey 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2662: 2652: 2647: 2639: 2630: 2628: 2627:martial eagle 2624: 2623:crowned eagle 2620: 2616: 2612: 2611:water buffalo 2608: 2604: 2603:Rusa unicolor 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2575:ungulate prey 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2337:swamp wallaby 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2313:agile wallaby 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2259: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2231:Vulpes vulpes 2228: 2223: 2222:feral piglets 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2145:Bacchus Marsh 2141: 2137: 2133: 2132:European hare 2129: 2124: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2061:invertebrates 2058: 2054: 2050: 2040: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2023:hunting pairs 2020: 2016: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1973: 1968: 1967: 1964:Prey spectrum 1961: 1959: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1900:prey such as 1899: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1874:cooperatively 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1851:tree cavities 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1785: 1781: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1731:birds of prey 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1621: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1533:gibber plains 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1462: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1377: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1288:Fraser Island 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1268:Albany Island 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1228: 1223: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1200:Vocalizations 1197: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1148: 1143: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1018:crowned eagle 1015: 1011: 1010:martial eagle 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 961: 959: 953: 950: 946: 938: 937:Captains Flat 933: 924: 922: 916: 914: 908: 904: 901: 895: 893: 888: 883: 880: 876: 872: 863: 855: 843: 838: 837:introgression 834: 830: 829: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 803: 799: 796: 793: 792: 791: 789: 785: 781: 773: 769: 760: 758: 754: 750: 749: 744: 743: 738: 734: 730: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 678: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 631: 629: 624: 620: 616: 612: 607: 605: 602: 598: 594: 590: 589:Andean condor 586: 582: 577: 575: 571: 567: 565: 561: 560:binomial name 557: 553: 545: 540: 533: 528: 519: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 492: 489: 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 440: 438: 437: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 395: 393: 389: 385: 384: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 354: 349: 337:Mathews, 1912 335: 332: 327: 324: 319: 316: 311: 308: 303: 300: 299: 297: 294: 290: 281: 276: 272: 267: 259: 256: 251: 248: 247: 245: 240: 235: 229: 227: 221: 218: 217:Binomial name 214: 210: 209: 208:A. audax 204: 201: 200: 197: 196: 192: 189: 188: 185: 182: 179: 178: 175: 172: 169: 168: 165: 162: 159: 158: 155: 152: 149: 148: 145: 142: 139: 138: 135: 132: 129: 128: 123: 118: 114: 108: 102: 97: 91: 86: 85:Least Concern 75: 71: 66: 63: 59: 58:Captains Flat 54: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 9440:Aquila-audax 9209:aquila-audax 9183:Aquila_audax 9169:Aquila audax 9139:Aquila audax 9138: 9117: 9111: 9101: 9095: 9087:Aquila audax 9075:Aquila audax 9027: 9023: 8999:19 September 8997:. 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Retrieved 8813: 8805: 8797: 8792: 8784: 8779: 8771: 8766: 8758: 8753: 8745: 8740: 8732: 8727: 8719: 8714: 8706: 8701: 8693: 8688: 8680: 8675: 8667: 8662: 8654: 8649: 8641: 8636: 8628: 8612: 8607: 8599: 8594: 8586: 8581: 8573: 8555: 8550: 8542: 8537: 8529: 8524: 8516: 8511: 8503: 8498: 8490: 8485: 8477: 8461: 8445: 8427: 8422: 8414: 8409: 8401: 8396: 8388: 8383: 8375: 8357: 8333: 8317: 8312: 8304: 8288: 8272: 8267: 8259: 8254: 8246: 8241: 8233: 8228: 8220: 8215: 8207: 8186: 8181: 8173: 8168: 8160: 8155: 8147: 8142: 8134: 8129: 8121: 8116: 8108: 8103: 8095: 8090: 8082: 8077: 8069: 8064: 8056: 8040: 8035: 8027: 8024: 8007: 8002: 7994: 7989: 7981: 7976: 7968: 7963: 7955: 7950: 7942: 7937: 7928: 7920: 7904: 7899: 7891: 7865: 7857: 7837: 7832: 7824: 7819: 7811: 7806: 7798: 7793: 7785: 7763: 7755: 7750: 7742: 7737: 7729: 7724: 7716: 7711: 7703: 7698: 7690: 7685: 7677: 7672: 7664: 7648: 7624: 7619: 7611: 7606: 7598: 7582: 7577: 7569: 7564: 7555: 7547: 7542: 7534: 7529: 7521: 7516: 7508: 7503: 7495: 7490: 7482: 7477: 7469: 7464: 7456: 7451: 7443: 7438: 7430: 7425: 7417: 7412: 7404: 7399: 7391: 7386: 7378: 7373: 7365: 7360: 7352: 7324: 7298: 7293: 7281: 7276: 7268: 7263: 7255: 7250: 7242: 7237: 7229: 7224: 7216: 7211: 7203: 7198: 7190: 7185: 7177: 7172: 7164: 7159: 7151: 7131: 7126: 7118: 7113: 7105: 7088: 7080: 7075: 7058: 7054: 7051:Aquila Audax 7050: 7009: 7004: 6996: 6958: 6942: 6920: 6915: 6907: 6902: 6894: 6874: 6858: 6838: 6820: 6815: 6807: 6802: 6794: 6789: 6775:cite journal 6740: 6736: 6730: 6722: 6714: 6698: 6648: 6598: 6532: 6524: 6519: 6511: 6506: 6498: 6493: 6485: 6480: 6472: 6454: 6449: 6440: 6432: 6427: 6419: 6414: 6398: 6390: 6385: 6377: 6372: 6361: 6355: 6348: 6340: 6335: 6327: 6322: 6314: 6295: 6287: 6282: 6274: 6269: 6261: 6256: 6248: 6243: 6235: 6217: 6212: 6204: 6178: 6152: 6136: 6110: 6072: 6041: 6038: 6004: 5999: 5991: 5986: 5978: 5973: 5965: 5960: 5952: 5936: 5931: 5922: 5914: 5909: 5901: 5896: 5888: 5883: 5875: 5870: 5862: 5857: 5849: 5844: 5836: 5818: 5813: 5805: 5800: 5775: 5769: 5760: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5735: 5719: 5700: 5695: 5687: 5667: 5635: 5632: 5626: 5618: 5613: 5605: 5549: 5546: 5522: 5518: 5509: 5501: 5493: 5473: 5453: 5437: 5411: 5406: 5398: 5370: 5350:. Retrieved 5345: 5339: 5331: 5323: 5307: 5285: 5245: 5227: 5223:Latham, John 5217: 5209: 5187: 5160: 5080: 4986: 4724: 4526: 4522:Aquila audax 4521: 4462: 4431: 4428: 4262: 4250:. Retrieved 4246: 4237: 4225:. Retrieved 4211: 4205: 4200:Aquila audax 4199: 4152: 4144: 4101: 4091:forest raven 4068: 4063: 4031: 4026: 4019:A. a. fleayi 4018: 4016: 3982: 3970:rabbit baits 3927:urbanization 3902: 3889: 3880:forest cover 3872: 3843: 3827: 3810: 3801: 3789: 3779: 3774:about three 3772: 3768: 3759:Aquila audax 3758: 3743: 3720:power pylons 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3638: 3621: 3614: 3610: 3549: 3541: 3531:Allopreening 3527: 3491: 3483: 3475: 3467: 3455: 3447: 3439: 3427: 3419: 3407: 3399: 3392:butcherbirds 3390:species and 3387: 3379: 3371: 3359: 3353: 3332: 3324: 3305:little eagle 3287: 3283: 3281: 3249: 3248:cicadas and 3243: 3239: 3231: 3219: 3195: 3187: 3179: 3171: 3163: 3155: 3147: 3139: 3136:tiger snakes 3125: 3120: 3117:thorny devil 3112: 3104: 3096: 3088: 3085:sand goannas 3080: 3068: 3060: 3052: 3044: 3028: 3020: 3002: 2988: 2980: 2972: 2964: 2956: 2948: 2860: 2845:buttonquails 2816: 2808: 2802: 2765: 2757: 2745: 2737: 2725: 2717: 2708:and smaller 2701: 2693: 2685: 2677: 2669: 2659: 2656: 2614: 2602: 2594: 2582: 2571:Capra hircus 2570: 2562: 2555:Mus musculus 2554: 2542: 2534: 2523:wattled bats 2519:flying foxes 2516: 2507: 2499: 2491: 2479: 2471: 2468:tiger quolls 2463: 2455: 2447: 2439: 2431: 2419: 2411: 2403: 2387: 2353: 2345:aggregations 2340: 2332: 2324: 2316: 2308: 2300: 2292: 2284: 2276: 2273:red kangaroo 2262: 2255: 2244: 2230: 2217: 2209: 2194: 2166:White Cliffs 2153:myxoma virus 2135: 2120: 2090: 2084: 2080: 2045: 1954: 1940:species and 1935: 1902:hare-wallaby 1895: 1871: 1831: 1827: 1755:Accipitridae 1748: 1711:butcherbirds 1700: 1688:hang gliders 1685: 1650: 1646:pecten oculi 1626: 1547: 1540:watercourses 1492: 1488: 1482: 1465: 1459: 1453: 1379: 1375: 1373: 1356:Oriomo River 1316:Tiwi Islands 1282:down to the 1280:Night Island 1276:Bathurst Bay 1272:Pipon Island 1232: 1210: 1207:I-see, I-see 1206: 1203: 1191: 1187: 1184:Papuan eagle 1176: 1167: 1159: 1152: 1130:osteological 1123: 1115: 1111: 1097: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1060: 1056: 1048: 1040: 1032: 1026: 1021: 1013: 1005: 1001: 990:golden eagle 985: 969: 962: 954: 942: 917: 909: 905: 896: 884: 868: 823:A. a. fleayi 822: 802:A. a. fleayi 800: 794: 777: 772:A. a. fleayi 771: 756: 753:little eagle 746: 740: 736: 733:paraphyletic 728: 726: 717: 709: 701: 693: 690:golden eagle 679: 675:Indo-Pacific 665:), a mostly 662: 654: 646: 635:phylogenetic 632: 623:Accipitridae 614: 610: 608: 603: 596: 592: 587:family, the 580: 578: 573: 562: 558:, under the 549: 493: 484: 463: 441: 434: 427:open terrain 396: 387: 381: 362:bird of prey 357: 353:Aquila audax 352: 351: 347: 345: 333: 325: 321:Dumont, 1816 317: 309: 305:Latham, 1801 302:Vultur audax 301: 279: 258:A. a. fleayi 257: 249: 226:Aquila audax 225: 223: 207: 206: 194: 184:Accipitridae 36: 9331:iNaturalist 9163:Wikispecies 8938:. La Trobe. 4098:Iconography 3884:persecution 3869:, Victoria. 3681:as well as 3601:leopardwood 3570:paved roads 3566:Fowlers Gap 3562:mesic areas 3486:) and even 3349:water birds 3228:common carp 3226:, although 3160:bandy-bandy 2945:zebra finch 2905:honeyeaters 2901:kingfishers 2865:thick-knees 2794:native-hens 2599:sambar deer 2587:afterbirths 2551:house mouse 2372:dorcopsises 2265:Broken Hill 2162:Broken Hill 1928:accipitrids 1751:Cathartidae 1692:paragliders 1671:, e.g. the 1638:ultraviolet 1509:escarpments 1406:semi-desert 1402:desert edge 1324:Bass Strait 1126:hallux claw 1029:harpy eagle 849:Description 819:David Fleay 795:A. a. audax 643:Nuclear DNA 570:monotypical 556:John Latham 429:and native 423:rocky areas 403:semi-desert 250:A. a. audax 242:Subspecies 103:Appendix II 9457:Categories 9435:Xeno-canto 8822:25 January 8163:. Corella. 8109:Sea-Eagles 6317:. Corella. 5917:. ISD LLC. 5352:24 January 4252:14 January 4227:2 November 4169:References 4122:, and the 4039:Wind farms 3964:, regular 3947:open tanks 3732:pardalotes 3704:understory 3700:dead trees 3695:Eucalyptus 3678:Flindersia 3642:Eucalyptus 3599:Nest in a 3329:bald eagle 3317:sea eagles 3256:Orthoptera 3216:cane toads 3212:amphibians 3204:crocodiles 2993:Queensland 2961:black swan 2921:mudnesters 2889:spoonbills 2877:cormorants 2833:frogmouths 2813:malleefowl 2784:, such as 2754:budgerigar 2704:), larger 2591:Javan rusa 2583:Bos taurus 2537:) and the 2376:pademelons 2247:marsupials 2235:feral cats 2210:Ovis aries 2202:Queensland 2170:Cunnamulla 2073:amphibians 2067:, 1.5% by 1942:currawongs 1932:passerines 1839:currawongs 1821:region of 1653:subtropics 1552:creek beds 1548:Eucalyptus 1493:Eucalyptus 1455:Eucalyptus 1450:dead trees 1398:grasslands 1320:Kent Group 1117:Haliaeetus 1065:wing chord 1053:bald eagle 1051:) and the 784:coloration 763:Subspecies 748:Hieraeetus 712:) and the 667:allopatric 628:Antarctica 496:persecuted 472:marsupials 444:generalist 436:Eucalyptus 374:New Guinea 9120:. 433368. 9104:. 433367. 4247:cites.org 4046:in their 4023:thylacine 3962:airplanes 3958:roadkills 3931:wind farm 3796:Siblicide 3734:and even 3660:Callitris 3648:Casuarina 3634:arid zone 3476:Tyto alba 3472:barn owls 3384:passerine 3210:or other 3130:, mostly 3091:). 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Wedge-tailed eagle

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