Eadwig - Knowledge

1098: 808:, called the alliterative charters. Almost all charters of Eadwig's reign are mainstream. There are Dunstan B charters dating to the reigns of Eadred and Edgar, but none of Eadwig, while only one alliterative charter (S 633) of Eadwig is known, a grant to Worcester minster. His charters were probably drawn up by a central writing office in the king's household which had existed since the 930s. About ninety charters survive, an exceptionally large number, but analysis is limited because only seven are original documents, with the rest being later copies. The sixty dating to 956 seem to have been mainly issued on four occasions, on his coronation in late January, on around 13 February, on a third occasion which cannot be dated, and on about 29 November. 839: 822: 780: 649:

will was his mother Eadgifu, and Eadwig was not mentioned. She does not appear to have received the bequest as she later complained that she had been "despoiled of all her property", on Eadwig's accession, perhaps because he resented her power. Eadgifu had frequently attested charters in the reigns of her sons Edmund and Eadred, but she attested only one of Eadwig's, whereas Edgar was prominent at his brother's court between 955 and 957, attesting many of his charters. The position of Æthelstan Half-King was too strong for Eadwig to be able to remove him, but in 956 Eadwig appointed several new ealdormen covering parts of the area in Æthelstan's jurisdiction, including Æthelstan's eldest son

641:, and almost all of these were not attested by the king, suggesting that Dunstan was authorised to issue charters in Eadred's name when he was too ill to carry out his duties. When Eadwig succeeded, the court was ruled by powerful factions. He appears to have been determined to show his independence from the previous regime from the start: the historian Ben Snook comments that "Eadwig, unlike his brother Edgar, was clearly his own man. Immediately on coming to power, he acted to put a stop to all this." However, in the view of Keynes, "whether Eadwig and Edgar were able to assert their own independence of action, or remained at the mercy of established interests at court, is unclear". 613:, states that Eadwig, who was "leading a wicked life – as immoderate youth is accustomed to do – loved another woman as if she were his own wife"; he eloped with her, and Oda (Oswald's uncle) went on horseback to the house where she was staying, seized her and took her out of the kingdom. He then urged Eadwig to abandon his wicked ways, and henceforth the king "knelt before Oda with contrite visage". Some historians regard this story as a version of the account of Eadwig's marriage, but Keynes thinks that different stories about Eadwig and his women may have been conflated. 772:

Eadwig's name until his death, and the historian Frederick Biggs comments that if Edgar had seized control of Mercia, it is unlikely that he would have allowed Eadwig to keep control over the area's coinage. Biggs sees the division as a survival of the early Anglo-Saxon tradition of joint kingship. Benedictine reformers such as Æthelwold opposed division because they wanted uniform monastic observance, which would be jeopardised if different kings supported different practices. Æthelwold criticised Eadwig for dividing the kingdom and praised Edgar for bringing it "back to oneness".

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adopted a much stricter rule, forbidding marriages between people related in seven degrees and counting only once back to the common ancestor, which made marriages between people with a common great-great-great-great-grandparent ineligible. Churchmen denounced marriages within forbidden degrees as incestuous, and in the tenth and eleventh centuries Continental nobility increasingly tried to avoid such unions. This created severe problems, especially for royalty, as almost all prospective partners of suitable status were too closely related, and in 988

5328: 38: 913:, which they themselves raised from the ground and established in a shrine. The prestige of those clerks was further enhanced by royal generosity, which gave the saint an estate admirably adapted both by its size and by its convenient position. All the same, even at this distance, it is horrible to remember how cruelly the king behaved to the other monasteries, being himself young and foolish, and moved too by the advice of his mistress, who constantly laid siege to his childish mind. 544:, who describes Eadwig as "deeply unpleasant", but most historians are sceptical. Ælfgifu was a member of the highest West Saxon aristocracy and she appears to have been on good terms with Edgar after his accession. He described her as his relative in charters granting her property. The historian Rory Naismith sees the story of Dunstan's intervention at the coronation dinner as "essentially a piece of propaganda designed to blacken the reputation of Eadwig, Ælfgifu and her mother". 565:, Ælfgifu, wife of King Eadwig, appears in a list of "illustrious women, choosing this holy place for the love of God, who have commended themselves to the prayers of the community by the gift of alms". Churchmen of the highest merit were willing to come to court when both the ladies were present. All that can be safely inferred from the story is the high probability that Dunstan was exiled because he had affronted the king, the woman who became the king's wife, and her mother. 390:(northern Northumbria), as the earl of all Northumbria. Eadred died on 23 November 955, and Eadwig succeeded at the age of around fifteen. He was the first king since the early ninth century not to face the threat of imminent foreign invasion, although this could not have been known at the time. In his will Eadred left 1600 pounds to be used for protection of his people from famine or to buy peace from a heathen army, showing that he did not regard England as safe from attack. 657:

no other ruler in Europe is known to have matched that yearly total before the twelfth century. They were mainly in favour of laymen, and it is possible that some church land was being alienated, but only a few estates are known to have formerly been in religious ownership. Historians sometimes assume that he was giving away royal property in order to buy support, but again there is little evidence for this. He may have been selling privileges, allowing landholders to convert

428:. This term is generally taken by historians to refer to Ælfric's status as a relative of Eadwig by marriage, but he may have played a role in bringing up Eadwig. Eadwig and Edgar are not recorded in contemporary sources until 955, when they first attested charters, suggesting that they did not regularly attend court when they were young. King Eadred never married, and his attitude towards the claims of his nephews is uncertain. Eadwig attested Eadred's charters as 909:

was a time when all monasteries wore an unkempt and pitiful air. Even the convent of Malmesbury, where monks had dwelt for over two hundred and seventy years, he made into a bawdy house for clerks. But you, O Lord Jesus, our creator and re-creator, a skilled artificer well able to reform our deformities, used these unruly and wandering persons to bring to light and public knowledge your treasure that for so many years lay hidden – I mean the body of

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a charter of Eadwig granting Abingdon a wood for building the church suggests that the work continued during his reign. Æthelwold sided with Eadwig over his marriage against Oda and Dunstan and Eadwig probably sent Edgar to be tutored by Æthelwold. Religious reform does not appear to have been an important issue for Edgar and his advisers in 958, when he granted estates to the unreformed house of secular clerks at the minster church of

525:, but he does not name the daughter in his account. "B" aimed both to show Dunstan in a favourable light and to present Eadwig as acting unregally at the coronation feast, thus demonstrating his unfitness to be king. Dunstan was exiled from England, and "B" said that he was driven out as a result of the machinations of Æthelgifu, and that Dunstan's own pupils sided against him. Dunstan's opponents probably included 232:. He later came to be seen as an enemy of monasteries, but most historians think that this reputation is unfair. In 956, he issued more than sixty charters transferring land, a yearly total unmatched by any other European king before the twelfth century, and this is seen by some historians as either an attempt to buy support or rewarding his favourites at the expense of the powerful old guard of the previous reign. 859:) in Eadwig's reign followed the three basic horizontal types of Eadred, HT1, HR1 and HR2. There were also additional horizontal types. Many HT1 coins were produced in the Midlands and South by some 35 moneyers, 17 of whom showed the mint town. There was an unexpectedly high number of HT1 coins from two York moneyers considering the shortness of Eadwig's reign, and 13 moneyers in the rest of north-east England. 499:, who identified himself only as "B", a well born woman and her adult daughter, who hoped to secure a marriage with Eadwig to one of them, were pursuing Eadwig with "indecent proposals", and he offended the assembled nobles by leaving the feast to "caress these whores". Oda urged that he should be brought back to the feast, but almost all the nobles feared to offend the king, and only Dunstan and his relative 768:

against Eadwig. Keynes considers both views of the division of the kingdom plausible, commenting that it may have been the result of dissatisfaction with Eadwig's rule north of the Thames, but on the other hand there would have been no presumption at that period that political unity was desirable for its own sake, and it may always have been intended that Eadwig would share the kingship with his brother.

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of his son. Ælfsige was also close to another supporter of Eadwig, Wulfric Cufing, and left him an estate in his will. Ælfsige's lifestyle made him abhorrent to the reformers. He was an enemy of Oda, and Byrhtferth accused him of gloating over Oda's death and striking his tomb with his staff. When Oda died in 958, Eadwig appointed Ælfsige as Archbishop of Canterbury, but he froze to death in the

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959. Æthelstan Half-King appears to have retired around the time of the division; he had been Edgar's foster-father and he may have thought it was the right time to hand over his responsibilities. As Ælfhere was a Mercian ealdorman, he served under Edgar when the kingdom was divided even though he had been appointed by Eadwig, and he became Edgar's senior ealdorman.

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Eadwig and he made the eldest, Ælfheah, his seneschal. Ælfheah and his wife Ælfswith, who was also acknowledged by Eadwig as a relative, benefited from his generosity. Ælfhere, who was to become the pre-eminent lay magnate until his death in 983, was appointed an ealdorman in Mercia in 956. Other ealdormen appointed in the first year of Eadwig's reign were

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and many of whom were married, were corrupt and immoral. Like Edmund and Eadred, Eadwig donated both to communities of Benedictine monks and of secular clergy, but he was later portrayed as an enemy of the movement who despoiled the monasteries and favoured the secular clergy. According to the Benedictine chronicler

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your great men." Dunstan first told off the foolish women. As for the king, since he would not get up, Dunstan put out his hand and removed him from the couch where he had been fornicating with the harlots, put his diadem on him, and marched him off to the royal company, parted from his women if only by main force.

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aristocracy of remoter areas. In the twenty first century, Christopher Lewis sees the division as the solution to "a dangerously unstable government and a court in deep crisis", while Miller and Naismith attribute it to an unsuccessful attempt to promote a powerful new faction at the expense of the old guard.

757:'s view, the difference in dates may be because it was always intended that Edgar would rule Mercia as a sub-king, but he was unable to act in person until he came of age when he reached the age of fourteen in 957. The Worcester charter S 633 of 956 (see the "Charters" section below) describes Edgar as 1083:

Eadwig was an unusually generous king who appears to have managed the emerging factional rivalries amongst the English nobility with remarkable dexterity and political acumen, arguably preserving peace, if not unity, in the kingdom and avoiding the devastating infighting that would tear England apart

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and prohibition of personal property, became dominant in religion and politics. Kings before Edgar were sympathetic to its ideals, but they did not take the view of Bishop Æthelwold and his circle that it was the only worthwhile religious life, and that the secular clergy (clerks), who owned property

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Historians have often been critical of Eadwig, portraying him as irresponsible or incompetent, and the key evidence cited for this view is the exceptional number of charters he issued in 956. His sixty-odd gifts of land in that year make up around five percent of all genuine Anglo-Saxon charters, and

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also questions "B"'s account of the coronation feast, suggesting that Oda may have objected to the marriage on the ground that it was against ecclesiastical law and that "B"'s version may have been based on an unsuccessful attempt by Dunstan and Cynesige to dissuade him from the marriage. In the view

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condemned the marriage as incestuous and a Roman synod demanded that Hugh leave Bertha and sentenced the couple to seven years' penance, but Robert ignored the complaints until it became clear that Bertha was not going to give him a son, and the charge of incest then provided a convenient excuse for

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Eadwig gave land to Æthelwold's Abingdon in many charters, leading him to be later regarded by its monks as one of its greatest royal benefactors. He is also named as a benefactor of Abingdon in a charter of 993. The construction of a new church was commenced by Eadred and completed under Edgar, but

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For soon, with the support of his pitiful toadies, plunged all men of the monastic order all over England into undeserved calamities, first stripping them of the support of their revenues and then driving them into exile. Dunstan himself as head of all the monks was sent packing into Flanders. That

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There is no evidence that coins were struck in the name of Edgar during Eadwig's reign, and coins of Eadwig in Mercia and Northumbria were much more common than would be expected if some had been struck in Edgar's name in 957–959, indicating that all coins were struck in Eadwig's name throughout his

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There is no evidence of rivalry between the brothers, but there were disagreements. Soon after becoming king of Mercia Edgar recalled Dunstan from his exile, and he showed his disapproval of Eadwig's treatment of their grandmother by restoring her property when he acceded to the throne of England in

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The evidence for Eadwig's reign is ambiguous and unclear, and historians differ widely both on his character and on the politics of his reign. The principal controversies concern his marriage and its dissolution in 958, and the division of the kingdom in 957 between Eadwig, who kept England south of

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Some contemporaries were more sympathetic. Æthelweard, who may have been Eadwig's brother-in-law, wrote that "he for his great beauty got the nickname "All-fair" from the common people. He held the kingdom continuously for four years, and deserved to be loved." The New Minster, where he was buried,

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Eadwig's close allies included Ælfsige, who had been appointed Bishop of Winchester by Eadred in 951. Ælfsige was a wealthy married man with a son, who had strong connections with the West Saxon aristocracy. He described Ælfhere's brother, Ælfheah, as "my beloved friend", and appointed him guardian

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forming the boundary. According to "B", "King Eadwig was totally abandoned by the people north . They despised him for his imprudent discharge of the power entrusted to him. The wise and sensible he destroyed in a spirit of idle hatred, replacing them with ignoramuses like himself to whom he took a

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Modern historians generally reject "B"'s verdict. Williams sees his comments as "mere spite" from a partisan of Dunstan. Snook says that "B" "conducted a comprehensive hatchet-job on Eadwig's reputation, portraying him as an incompetent, lecherous, vengeful, impious tyrant". "B" and his successors

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Little is known of Eadwig after the division of the kingdom. A man called Ælfric became an ealdorman in the south-east in 957, but he probably died in 958. Eadmund, probably Ealdorman of the Western Shires, had usually attested second among the lay magnates after Æthelstan before the division, and

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was disporting himself disgracefully between the two women as though they were wallowing in some revolting pigsty. They said to the king: "Our nobles have sent us to ask you to come with all speed to take your proper place in the hall, and not to refuse to show yourself at this happy occasion with

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Eadwig left no family to cultivate his memory, was too easy a target for the moralists-in-politics of the late tenth century. The circumstances of his brief reign were complex and some arguments against him must have been strictly contemporary, part of the debate about succession which took place

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which was exempt from most obligations, thus making money but reducing the income of the crown in the long term. However, many of the estates had recently been the subject of royal charters, which means they must have already been bookland, and suggests that in some cases he may have been seizing

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even though his will suggests that this location was not his choice. He probably wished to be buried at a reformed Benedictine monastery such as Glastonbury, but Eadwig may have wanted to ensure that his tomb would not become a focus for opponents such as Dunstan. The main beneficiary in Eadred's

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became dominant in Edgar's reign with his strong support, and monastic writers praised him and condemned Eadwig as irresponsible and incompetent. Their view was generally accepted by historians until the late twentieth century, but in the twenty-first century some historians have defended Eadwig,

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attributed the division to Eadwig having "alienated responsible ecclesiastical opinion". Stenton commented that it was probably through "mere irresponsibility" that Eadwig lost the greater part of his kingdom, that in the society of his West Saxon friends it is likely that he lost touch with the

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Some of the hostility towards Eadwig was probably due to his promotion of his friends, especially Ælfhere, at the expense of the old guard, such as Dunstan. Ælfhere and his brothers were acknowledged by several kings as relatives, but the nature of the relationship is unknown. They were close to

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Eadwig seems to have retained some seniority. He is described as "King of the English" in his charters, a title which Edgar only occasionally used; Edgar was mostly "King of the Mercians", and rarely also of the Northumbrians and the Britons. All coins, including those issued in Mercia, were in

580:), in 958 "Archbishop Oda separated King Eadwig and Ælfgifu, because they were too closely related". It is not certain what their relationship was, but Eadwig's wife has been identified as the Ælfgifu who made a will naming Æthelweard as her brother, and he has been identified as the chronicler 1204:

Roman civil law forbade marriages within four degrees, counting up from a prospective spouse to the common ancestor and back down the other prospective spouse, which made marriages between first cousins incestuous, and this rule was adopted by the early church. In the ninth century, the church

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distributed the lands of the holy churches to rapacious strangers". Eadwig's gifts to monasteries are numerous enough to show that he was not hostile to them, and his reputation as an opponent seems to be due to the fact that he regarded Dunstan as a personal enemy. Some early sources, such as

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who attested his charters before the division were loyal to him after it. Both Edgar's prominence as an attester of charters up to the division, and his retention as king of Mercia of ealdormen appointed by Eadwig, are evidence of continuity, and that the division of the kingdom was not a coup

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The titles given to kings Edmund and Eadred in charters varied, with the most common being "king of the English". In Eadwig's charters issued before the division of the kingdom in 957, he was variously styled king of "the Anglo-Saxons", "the English", "Albion" and "the whole of Britain". Oda's

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In 957, the kingdom was divided between Eadwig, who kept the territory south of the Thames, and Edgar, who became king of the land north of it. Historians disagree whether this had been planned since the beginning of his reign or was the result of a successful revolt brought about by Eadwig's

763:(underking). Charters of 957 to 959 suggest that the division was a peaceful political settlement: ealdormen and bishops with jurisdictions south of the Thames stayed with Eadwig and those with northern ones with Edgar, including those who had been promoted by Eadwig. Almost all 1238:Æthelred declares that "it must never happen that a Christian man marries among his own kin within six degrees of relationship, that is, within the fourth generation". If Ælfgifu was the sister of the chronicler Æthelweard, who stated that Alfred the Great's elder brother King 1030:, "Eadwig, king of the English, since he behaved foolishly in the government entrusted to him, was abandoned by the Mercians and the Northumbrians with contempt". To William of Malmesbury he "was a wanton youth, and one who misused his personal beauty in lascivious behaviour". 569:

The marriage was politically important as part of Eadwig's efforts to strengthen his position as king, and it may have been seen as a threat by the circle around Edgar as it could have cut him out from the prospect of inheriting the crown. According to version "D" of the

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Dunstan's biographer B and Byrhtferth, criticised Eadwig but do not list spoliation of the church among his crimes, and he was selected by some monastic forgers as the grantor of estates to their establishments, showing that he was considered a plausible benefactor.

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Even in its earliest form it has already assumed a scandalous colour which clashes with better evidence. It is known, for example, that the younger of the two ladies married the king and that she was honoured in one of the greatest of English monasteries. In the

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observes that the large number of charters may indicate that Eadwig had to buy support, but too little is known about the background to be sure. The wealth of the crown was so great that the grants do not seem to have significantly depleted its resources.

1066:, and from later sources which elaborate the same themes. It is the case, however, that Eadwig quarrelled with Dunstan, and sent him into exile; and it may be doubted whether a life of the saint would provide impartial evidence for the life of the king. 878:

types under Eadwig. The weight of the coins continued a gradual decline since the reign of Edward the Elder. The high silver content in the period of 85–95% was generally maintained, but as under Eadred there were a few less fine coins produced.

870:, with a cross on both sides of the coin in the centre and the inscriptions round the edge. These were both produced in very limited numbers, but foreshadowed more extensive use in Edgar's reign. East Anglian moneyers had generally used the 620:, which is a northern document dating to the second half of the eleventh century or the early twelfth, is the only source for the annulment. In his view it "is too late to have authority on a subject which invited legendary accretions". 511:

As the nobles had requested, they went in and found the royal crown, brilliant with the wonderful gold and silver and variously sparkling jewels that made it up, tossed carelessly on the ground some distance from the king's head, while

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Other historians are more cautious. Williams comments that "much is still obscure about the politics of Eadwig's reign", and Richard Huscroft agrees, saying that "the evidence about Eadwig's reign remains obscure and ambiguous".

1006:, which had been built by Edward the Elder to serve as a royal mausoleum. Alfred and Edward were buried there, but the only later royal entombment was that of Eadwig, associating his reign with that of his illustrious ancestors. 922:, but in the 970s Benedictine reformers rewrote the history of the 950s and presented Edgar's accession as a victory for the movement over the unfit rule of Eadwig. Æthelwold wrote that Eadwig "through the ignorance of childhood 1088:

What seems clear is that, at this time, the kingdom's leading ecclesiastics, emboldened by the ideology of the monastic reform movement, were keen to enhance their personal and political influence at the expense of the king's

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after it he moved up to first in Eadwig's charters until Ælfhere's brother Ælfheah was promoted from seneschal to Ealdorman of Central Wessex shortly before Eadwig died, and immediately went to the head of the lay attesters.

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Most charters in the mid-tenth century were written in a style known as the "diplomatic mainstream", but there were also two other traditions, one associated with Dunstan, the Dunstan B charters, and the other with

687:, became ealdorman of Essex. These were sound appointments of men from established families and Edgar kept them when he came to power, but the rivalries between the families of Ælfhere and Æthelstan Half-King's son 1058:

Eadwig has acquired a reputation as a debaucher, an opponent of monasticism, a despoiler of the church, and an incompetent ruler, which derives from the account of him in the earliest life of St Dunstan , written

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attestations during Edmund's and Eadred's reigns had been longer and more boastful than those of the king, but these were cut down during Eadwig's time, no longer allowing him to overshadow his royal master.

599:"B's account is a lurid fabrication of Oda's implementation of the procedures of canon law". On the other hand, Sean Miller argues that objections to the marriage were political rather than religious, and 628:

Eadwig's predecessor Eadred suffered from ill health which became much worse in his last years, and he relied on key advisers, including his mother Eadgifu, Archbishop Oda, Abbot Dunstan of Glastonbury,

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Like Edmund, Eadred inherited the kingship of the whole of England but soon lost it when York accepted a Viking leader as king. The sequence of events is unclear, but Eadred, Anlaf Sihtricson and

1014:"B"'s condemnation of Eadwig has influenced later opinion. From soon after his death, most judgements of him were harsh, amounting in the view of the historian Shashi Jayakumar to "a type of 1117:

The story of Eadwig and Ælfgifu was a popular subject for artists, playwrights and poets in the second half of the eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth. Artists included

2803: 347:(southern Northumbria). He then invaded Mercia and Edmund was forced to surrender north-east Mercia to him, but Guthfrithson died in 941. By 944, York was ruled by two Viking kings, 5391: 1034:

also remembered him favourably, saying in its tenth century history that he was "mourned by many tears of his people". The Minster was a beneficiary of Ælfgifu's will, and its

721:, published in 1889, stated that Eadwig carried on the government foolishly and provoked the Mercians and Northumbrians to rebellion by favouring the West Saxons. In 1922, 1226:

ending the marriage. Consanguinity which was ignored at the time of a marriage provided a convenient justification for ending it in other cases, such as that of King

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mention the division of the kingdom, and they all describe it as the "succession" of Edgar to the kingship of the Mercians, as if it was a normal and expected event.

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Eadred made bequests to an unspecified location where "he wishes his body to rest", and then property to the Old Minster, implying that they were different places.

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as the second Lady of the Mercians, but Edward seized her and established full control over Mercia. When he died in 924, he controlled all of England south of the

316:, who was his sister and Æthelred's widow, conquered Viking-ruled eastern Mercia and East Anglia. Æthelflæd died in 918 and the Mercians installed her daughter 5384: 382:

ruled the kingdom of York at different periods until its magnates expelled Erik, and Northumbria became permanently part of England. Eadred then appointed

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was his great-great-grandfather, she and Eadwig were related in the fourth degree on his side and the fifth on hers by their common descent from King

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Naismith, Rory (2014b). "Prelude to Reform: Tenth-Century English Coinage in Perspective". In Naismith, Rory; Allen, Martin; Screen, Elina (eds.).

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stated that Oda separated Eadwig and Ælfgifu, but John was uncertain whether this was because they were too closely related or they were unmarried.

852: 304:, had accepted Alfred's overlordship, and in the 880s and 890s the Anglo-Saxons ruled Wessex and western Mercia, but the rest of England was under 5377: 356: 206: 603:

sees the annulment as a result of the successful revolt of Edgar, which weakened Eadwig so much that his enemies felt able to act against him.

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is one of the few sources to describe her as Eadwig's wife. In the late tenth or early eleventh century, a slave was freed in his memory at

537:. Æthelwold supported the marriage, describing Ælfgifu in an Abingdon charter as "the king's wife", and she left him an estate in her will. 355:, and in that year Edmund expelled them and recovered full control of England. On 26 May 946, he was stabbed to death trying to protect his 216:

Eadwig became king in 955 aged about fifteen and was no more than twenty when he died in 959. He clashed at the beginning of his reign with

637:, who was so powerful that he was known as the Half-King. Most surviving charters of the last two years of Eadred's reign were produced at 4191:

Keynes, Simon (2013). "Church Councils, Royal Assemblies and Anglo-Saxon Royal Diplomas". In Owen-Crocker, Gale; Schneider, Brian (eds.).

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Historians almost all accept that the marriage between Eadwig and Ælfgifu was dissolved, but Stenton was an exception, pointing out that

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and thus became the first king of all of England. He died in October 939 and was succeeded by his half-brother and Eadwig's father,

6164: 5092: 5016: 4971: 4086: 3752: 3134: 331:, who may have been king only of Mercia at first, but ruled the whole of his father's realm by the next year. In 927, he conquered 5215: 5054: 4672: 6169: 688: 650: 5288: 5261: 5235: 5204: 5185: 5163: 5141: 5112: 5074: 5036: 4991: 4960: 4941: 4886: 4864: 4803: 4781: 4759: 4730: 4692: 4661: 4642: 4595: 4519: 4500: 4481: 4462: 4443: 4421: 4399: 4367: 4320: 4301: 4282: 4260: 4241: 4222: 4200: 4181: 4162: 4143: 4106: 4075: 4054: 3998: 3979: 3960: 3938: 3919: 3900: 3841: 3822: 3772: 3741: 3658: 3601: 3582: 3494: 3468: 3437: 3398: 3379: 3304: 3278: 3221: 3195: 3154: 5314: 313: 3258: 4379:"Eadwig All-Fair, king of England (955 [cons. 26 January 956] – 1 October 959) (kingdom divided with Edgar, 957)" 1075:

between 955 and 957. At best we have received only half of those arguments, those used to bury Eadwig not to praise him.

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from attack by an outlawed thief on 26 May 946. As Edmund's sons were too young to rule he was succeeded by his brother

339:, who was the first king to succeed to the throne of all England. He almost immediately lost control of the north when 479:, probably in late January 956. After the ceremony, a feast was held for the king and his leading magnates, including 5323: 457: 1352:

Southwell was probably transferred to the archbishopric of York when Oscytel was appointed archbishop in 958 or 959.

301: 6149: 3389:

Brooks, Nicholas (1992). "The Career of St Dunstan". In Ramsay, Nigel; Sparks, Margaret; Tatton-Brown, Tim (eds.).

717: 4416:. The Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 3. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 327–344. 5129: 1054:

wrote "all manner of puerile prattle about his impiety and his unsuitability for high office". In Keynes's view:

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while others see his character and the events of his reign as unclear due to uncertain and conflicting evidence.

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Lewis, Christopher (2008). "Edgar, Chester and the Kingdom of the Mercians, 957–959". In Scragg, Donald (ed.).

661:, which they already owned as hereditary family estates which owed food, rent and services to the crown, into 1043: 480: 237: 6051: 6014: 4588:

The Anglo-Saxon Chancery: The History, Language and Production of Anglo-Saxon Charters from Alfred to Edgar

3793: 3646: 3408: 3292: 935: 703:

In the summer of 957, the kingdom was divided between Eadwig in the south and Edgar in the north, with the

4378: 838: 821: 5776: 4453:

Naismith, Rory (2014a). "Money". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).

4409: 3367: 987: 733:

Other historians reject the view that the division was caused by Eadwig's failures. Four versions of the

448:

respectively for prince), and while some give Edgar the same title, others show him as Eadwig's brother.

5765: 584:, who was descended from King Æthelred I, which would have made her Eadwig's third cousin once removed. 522: 241: 130: 6061: 5739: 5707: 4635:

Unification and Conquest. A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries

4358:

Miller, Sean (2014). "Eadwig". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).

2704: 1130: 1105: 892: 779: 252: 5319: 5310: 4153:

Keynes, Simon (2008b). "A Conspectus of the Charters of King Edgar 957–975". In Scragg, Donald (ed.).

3832:

Jayakumar, Shashi (2008). "Eadwig and Edgar: Politics, Propaganda, Faction". In Scragg, Donald (ed.).

526: 6056: 5851: 5796: 5404: 3314:

Bouchard, Constance (1981). "Consanguinity and Noble Marriages in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries".

1654: 1168: 1046:

in Cornwall. Æthelred the Unready named his sons after his predecessors, and his fifth son was named

2652: 581: 399: 198: 163: 6174: 5857: 5846: 5552: 5408: 5400: 5151: 4896: 3933:. Anglo-Saxon Charters. Vol. 10. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press for the British Academy. 3288: 1282: 1118: 991: 711:

Until the late twentieth century most historians blamed the division on Eadwig's incompetent rule.

667: 541: 492: 225: 418:

of Mercia, was acknowledged as a relative of the royal family, and his sister married the magnate

5826: 5821: 5806: 5781: 4813: 1150: 1003: 725:

saw the division as the result of a revolt by the Mercians against Eadwig's misrule, and in 1984

645: 556: 119: 5488: 6005: 5890: 5836: 5811: 5786: 5771: 5643: 5478: 3542: 3231: 368: 281: 202: 81: 5948: 634: 5995: 5905: 5885: 5816: 5754: 5744: 5734: 5613: 5608: 5581: 5542: 5537: 3789: 947: 901: 862:

Eadwig's reign saw several typological developments: especially the revival in London of the

712: 572: 500: 5700: 5452: 3989:

Keynes, Simon (1985). "King Æthelstan's books". In Lapidge, Michael; Gneuss, Helmut (eds.).

1221:, who was his second cousin, and thus related in the third degree, shocking contemporaries. 6154: 5973: 5920: 5910: 5900: 5873: 5791: 5714: 5648: 5603: 5593: 5587: 5576: 5570: 5520: 4529: 2051: 1231: 967: 722: 534: 488: 476: 352: 245: 221: 8: 6159: 6000: 5953: 5895: 5831: 5628: 5618: 5598: 5564: 5369: 5351: 4874: 1320: 1227: 1214: 1023: 931: 856: 805: 504: 383: 265: 5327: 4794:(1996). "Saint Oswald's Family and Kin". In Brooks, Nicholas; Cubitt, Catherine (eds.). 4412:(2014). "The Problems of Property". In Noble, Thomas. F. X.; Smith, Julia M. H. (eds.). 6037: 5675: 5623: 5547: 4070:. Cambridge, UK: Dept. of Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic, University of Cambridge, UK. 4033: 3668: 3529: 3355: 3339: 3026: 2592: 2318: 1940: 1218: 1210: 340: 293: 273: 4331: 1047: 5670: 5483: 5284: 5257: 5231: 5200: 5181: 5159: 5137: 5108: 5070: 5032: 4987: 4956: 4937: 4920: 4882: 4860: 4843: 4835: 4823: 4799: 4777: 4755: 4726: 4688: 4657: 4638: 4621: 4591: 4574: 4566: 4554: 4537: 4515: 4496: 4477: 4458: 4439: 4417: 4395: 4363: 4316: 4315:. Anglo-Saxon Charters. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press for the British Academy. 4297: 4278: 4256: 4237: 4218: 4196: 4177: 4158: 4139: 4102: 4071: 4050: 4037: 4025: 3994: 3975: 3956: 3934: 3915: 3914:. Anglo-Saxon Charters. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press for the British Academy. 3896: 3895:. Anglo-Saxon Charters. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press for the British Academy. 3876: 3859: 3837: 3818: 3801: 3768: 3737: 3720: 3700: 3680: 3654: 3615: 3597: 3578: 3558: 3533: 3521: 3490: 3464: 3433: 3416: 3394: 3375: 3347: 3331: 3300: 3274: 3250: 3217: 3191: 3150: 2580: 2461: 1586: 1260: 1195:

In this period a pound was not a coin but a unit of account equivalent to 240 pence.

1027: 1017: 994:

to Canterbury, but when Edgar succeeded he dismissed Byrhthelm in favour of Dunstan.

959: 919: 691:

were to destabilise the country and broke into open hostilities after Edgar's death.

638: 407: 344: 20: 5531: 5176:(1988). "Æthelwold and the Politics of the Tenth Century". In Yorke, Barbara (ed.). 3359: 676: 5988: 5978: 5868: 5841: 5693: 5525: 5445: 5438: 5361: 5223: 5100: 5062: 5024: 4979: 4912: 4718: 4680: 4613: 4605: 4339: 4094: 4017: 3760: 3623: 3570: 3513: 3456: 3323: 3183: 3142: 2426: 1642: 1026:

were adopted by post-Conquest hagiographers and monastic chroniclers. According to

955: 684: 600: 348: 309: 297: 5244: 5121: 5083: 5045: 5007: 4739: 4701: 4350: 4122: 3781: 3634: 3477: 3204: 3163: 2813: 2046: 1676: 1213:, unsuccessfully sought a daughter of the Byzantine emperor as a wife for his son 5983: 5728: 5558: 5510: 5500: 5494: 4817: 4431: 4210: 3692: 3642: 2821: 2734: 2491: 1286: 1163: 866:, with a crude portrait of the king on the obverse, and in the south-west of the 783: 596: 364: 190: 143: 53: 4332:"Edward [called Edward the Elder] (870s?–924), king of the Anglo-Saxons" 3235: 3212:

Biggs, Frederick (2008). "Edgar's Path to the Throne". In Scragg, Donald (ed.).

2552: 2170: 1896: 6081: 5968: 5925: 5879: 5664: 4791: 4722: 4362:(Second ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 155–156. 3888: 3712: 3672: 3460: 3187: 1992: 1303: 1222: 1172: 1146: 662: 658: 530: 5104: 5028: 4983: 4916: 4827: 4343: 4098: 4049:. Vol. III. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 456–484. 4021: 3972:

Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources

3764: 3704: 3684: 3146: 419: 398:

Eadwig was born around 940. He was the elder son of Edmund and his first wife

6143: 5252:

Yorke, Barbara (2008). "The Women in Edgar's Life". In Scragg, Donald (ed.).

5227: 5173: 5066: 4924: 4877:(2009). "Problems in doing Comparative History". In Skinner, Patricia (ed.). 4847: 4769: 4747: 4684: 4625: 4578: 4558: 4541: 4436:

William of Malmesbury: Gesta Regum Anglorum, The History of the English Kings

4029: 3880: 3863: 3724: 3627: 3562: 3525: 3504:

Cubitt, Catherine (1997). "The Tenth-Century Benedictine Reform in England".

3420: 3335: 3254: 3130: 2676: 2640: 1800: 1176: 1126: 951: 754: 545: 521:"B" names one of the women as Æthelgifu, the mother of Eadwig's future wife, 379: 19:"Edwy" redirects here. For the airport in Germany with ICAO code "EDWY", see 4879:

Challenging the Boundaries of Medieval History: The Legacy of Timothy Reuter

3805: 3517: 1924: 1239: 1037: 37: 6106: 5863: 4457:(Second ed.). Chichester, UK: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 329–330. 3948: 3677:

Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents Relating to Great Britain and Ireland

3351: 3171: 1614: 1423: 1158: 1138: 1134: 855:. The horizontal coin designs (with the moneyer's name horizontally on the 704: 587: 496: 360: 5458: 4617: 2508: 2386: 1243: 874:

design since the reign of Æthelstan, but may have switched temporarily to

328: 6111: 6096: 5681: 4654:

Queens, Concubines and Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages

4172:

Keynes, Simon (2009). "Edward the Ætheling". In Mortimer, Richard (ed.).

3297:

Coinage in Tenth Century England: From Edward the Elder to Edgar's Reform

2986: 2931: 1860: 1570: 562: 441: 332: 277: 4065: 4045:

Keynes, Simon (1999). "England, c. 900–1016". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.).

2302: 2286: 1335:

has three crosses in the middle (see illustration above). HR coins have

679:

in Mercia and Æthelstan Half-King's son Æthelwold in East Anglia, while

6086: 6076: 6066: 5653: 5515: 4270: 3611: 3343: 1206: 910: 851:

The only coin in common use in late Anglo-Saxon England was the silver

726: 606: 4903::the Family, Career and Connections of Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia". 2524: 1542: 1459: 630: 411: 403: 317: 292:, but in that year the West Saxons achieved a decisive victory at the 205:

were young children when their father was killed trying to rescue his

6101: 6071: 5658: 5633: 5304: 5281:

The Reigns of Edmund, Eadred and Eadwig, 939-959: New Interpretations

3851: 3090: 2071: 2032: 1693: 844:

HT1 style reverse inscribed 'HERIGER MO'. Heriger was a York moneyer.

680: 415: 193:

from 23 November 955 until his death in 959. He was the elder son of

5759: 4474:

Early Medieval Monetary History: Studies in Memory of Mark Blackburn

3697:

Select English Historical Documents of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries

3327: 2855: 2775: 2138: 1828: 1514: 213:, who suffered from ill health and died unmarried in his early 30s. 6091: 6032: 5638: 5463: 3699:(in Latin and English). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2688: 2616: 1844: 943: 896: 387: 336: 229: 194: 153: 4438:(in Latin and English). Vol. I. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. 4294:

The King's Body: Burial and Succession in Late Anglo-Saxon England

3800:. Vol. XVII. London, UK: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 140. 1022:". The hostile views of Eadwig in the lives of Saints Dunstan and 6009: 5915: 2998: 2827: 2568: 2214: 2154: 1602: 983: 963: 939: 801: 484: 305: 217: 138: 2974: 2354: 1772: 429: 248:. Edgar succeeded to the whole kingdom when Eadwig died in 959. 5801: 5749: 5468: 5344: 3993:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 143–201. 3415:(in Latin and English). London, UK: Thomas Nelson and Son Ltd. 2540: 2370: 2338: 1912: 1247: 464: 372: 321: 289: 285: 269: 210: 71: 4656:(Paperback ed.). London, UK: Leicester University Press. 3753:"Æthelwine [Ethelwine, Æthelwine Dei Amicus] (d. 992)" 3577:(in Latin and English). Vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2481: 2008: 1285:'s catalogue of Anglo-Saxon charters, available online at the 5721: 5136:(in Latin and English). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2402: 764: 445: 5256:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 143–157. 4934:

Kingship and Government in Pre-Conquest England, c. 500–1066

4255:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 104–123. 4236:(2nd ed.). Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press. 4067:

An Atlas of Attestations in Anglo-Saxon Charters, c.670–1066

3216:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 124–139. 1343:

has a circle, a cross and a circle instead of three crosses.

930:

In addition to Malmesbury and Abingdon, Eadwig gave land to

5505: 4772:(1988). "Æthelwold and Abingdon". In Yorke, Barbara (ed.). 4553:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 4215:

Byrhtferth of Ramsey: The Lives of St Oswald and St Ecgwine

4195:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 17–182. 3836:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 83–103. 3487:

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, A Collaborative Edition, 6, MS D

2763: 1816: 1788: 979: 975: 5399: 5180:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 65–88. 4798:. London, UK: Leicester University Press. pp. 46–63. 4776:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 43–64. 4176:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 42–62. 4157:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 60–80. 3594:

Dissolving Royal Marriages: A Documentary History 860–1600

3054: 2952: 2950: 2604: 2451: 2449: 2274: 4430: 4392:

The Formation of the English Kingdom in the Tenth Century

4138:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 3–58. 3393:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 1–23. 3066: 2992: 2739: 2724: 2682: 2104: 2102: 1298:

The charters of 956 are discussed in detail by Keynes in

3430:

Monk-Bishops and the English Benedictine Reform Movement

3078: 3042: 2962: 2895: 2883: 2414: 2226: 2202: 1956: 1760: 1630: 1179:

as Elgiva, but closed after one disastrous performance.

4534:

The Laws of the Kings of England from Edmund to Henry I

4455:

The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England

4360:

The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England

3014: 2947: 2751: 2628: 2446: 2114: 1750: 1748: 1709: 1502: 1480: 1478: 343:, the Viking king of Dublin, crossed the sea to become 4193:

Kingship, Legislation and Power in Anglo-Saxon England

3432:. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. 2871: 2250: 2190: 2126: 2099: 1884: 1721: 666:

estates and selling or giving them to his favourites.

467:, and Edgar, who became king of the land north of it. 4754:(3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 4217:(in Latin and English). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. 2919: 2087: 1980: 1872: 1733: 1490: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1389: 410:, where Ælfgifu was buried and venerated as a saint. 276:

in 865. By 878, the army had overrun the kingdoms of

5093:"Edgar [called Edgar Pacificus] (943/4–975)" 4512:

Kingship and Consent in Anglo-Saxon England, 871–978

4476:. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. pp. 39–83. 3616:"Æthelstan (Athelstan) (893/4–939), king of England" 2791: 2496: 2020: 1968: 1745: 1558: 1475: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1369: 5279:Blanchard, Mary; Riedel, Christopher, eds. (2024). 5128: 4857:

English Historical Documents, Volume 1, c. 500–1042

3106: 2843: 2710: 2238: 2220: 1866: 1648: 1620: 1608: 1596: 1530: 1002:Eadwig died on 1 October 959 and was buried in the 962:was founded on a large estate which Eadwig gave to 950:were still in the abbey's hands at the time of the 422:, who is described in a charter of 956 as Eadwig's 308:. Alfred died in 899 and was succeeded by his son, 4008:Keynes, Simon (1994). "The "Dunstan B" Charters". 3953:The Diplomas of King Æthelred the Unready 978–1016 2907: 2262: 1681: 698: 4434:; Thomson, R. M.; Winterbottom, M., eds. (1998). 3641: 2558: 1435: 1411: 1366: 6141: 4296:. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. 3875:. Worcester, UK: Ebenezer Baylis & Son Ltd. 3569: 3287: 2980: 2646: 2622: 2598: 2586: 2574: 2546: 1918: 1079:Snook gives the most favourable modern verdict: 5307:at the official website of the British monarchy 5278: 4936:. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press Ltd. 1447: 4608:(1981). "The King's Wife in Wessex 800–1066". 4275:The Governance of Anglo-Saxon England 500–1087 4253:Edgar King of the English: New Interpretations 4155:Edgar King of the English: New Interpretations 4136:Edgar King of the English: New Interpretations 3991:Learning and Literature in Anglo-Saxon England 3970:Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael, eds. (1983). 3834:Edgar King of the English: New Interpretations 3214:Edgar King of the English: New Interpretations 633:, whom he appointed Bishop of Winchester, and 507:, had the courage to face his ire. B went on: 5385: 4953:Æthelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King 4881:. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. pp. 5–28. 4842:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 4536:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 4514:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 4495:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 3969: 3955:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 3719:. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press. 3653:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 3596:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 3446: 3372:The Early History of the Church of Canterbury 3100: 1429: 272:raids, culminating in invasion by the Viking 4174:Edward the Confessor: The Man and the Legend 3679:. Vol. I. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. 3667: 3036: 5952:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the 4414:Early Medieval Christianities c. 600 – 1100 3591: 1806: 1102:Edwy and Elgiva, A Scene from Saxon History 1035: 1015: 895:with monasteries following strict rules of 828: 758: 554: 435: 423: 6129:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. 5392: 5378: 5326: 5199:. London, UK: Leicester University Press. 5178:Bishop Æthelwold: His Career and Influence 4796:St Oswald of Worcester: Life and Influence 4774:Bishop Æthelwold: His Career and Influence 4590:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. 201:, who died in 944. Eadwig and his brother 36: 5052: 5014: 4969: 4854: 4834: 4708: 4670: 4548: 4528: 4471: 4452: 4389: 4291: 3858:. Leicester: Leicester University Press. 3831: 3543:"Feminism, Tragedy, and Frances Burney's 3374:. Leicester: Leicester University Press. 2968: 2941: 2889: 2877: 2861: 2769: 2745: 2634: 2610: 2562: 2475: 2471: 2436: 2420: 2324: 2148: 2057: 2014: 2002: 1906: 1838: 1766: 1739: 1672: 1668: 1660: 1548: 1524: 1508: 1484: 1465: 1300:The Diplomas of King Æthelred the Unready 1234:in 1152. The law code of 1008 known as VI 45:Genealogical Roll of the Kings of England 5090: 4950: 4931: 4895: 4651: 4632: 4604: 4565: 4490: 3812: 3551:Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism 3447:Courtney, W. P.; Mills, Rebecca (2021). 3407: 3313: 3135:"Byrhtnoth [Brihtnoth] (d. 991)" 3084: 3032: 3004: 2956: 2455: 2296: 2256: 2180: 2144: 2132: 2120: 2108: 2061: 1890: 1854: 1822: 1810: 1794: 1715: 1703: 1580: 1576: 1112: 1096: 1084:during the reign of Æthelred the Unready 778: 393: 5220:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5097:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5059:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5021:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4976:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4873: 4859:(2nd ed.). London, UK: Routledge. 4812: 4790: 4768: 4746: 4715:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4677:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4573:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 4394:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 4336:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4313:Charters of the New Minster, Winchester 4231: 4209: 4152: 4129: 4091:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3757:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3620:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3453:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3299:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 3273:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 3180:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3139:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3096: 2993:Mynors, Thomson & Winterbottom 1998 2833: 2817: 2757: 2698: 2683:Mynors, Thomson & Winterbottom 1998 2601:, pp. 172, 181, 194–195, 199, 272. 2432: 2396: 2392: 2364: 2312: 2280: 2196: 2176: 2160: 2093: 1986: 1930: 1902: 1727: 1496: 1469: 786:Eadwig to his familiar, Ælfwine, in 956 715:in his entry on Eadwig in the original 327:Edward was succeeded by his eldest son 42:Eadwig in the early fourteenth-century 6142: 4408: 4376: 4357: 4329: 4310: 4190: 4171: 4084: 4063: 4044: 4007: 3988: 3947: 3691: 3503: 3484: 3449:"Whalley, Thomas Sedgwick (1746–1828)" 3427: 3388: 3366: 3170: 3048: 3020: 3008: 2937: 2901: 2849: 2837: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2530: 2518: 2514: 2502: 2467: 2380: 2360: 2292: 2077: 2065: 2042: 2038: 2026: 1998: 1950: 1946: 1934: 1878: 1850: 1834: 1778: 1699: 1624: 1592: 1441: 1417: 1405: 1281:A charter's S number is its number in 623: 402:, who died in 944. She and her mother 189: – 1 October 959) was 5373: 5283:. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. 5251: 5213: 5194: 5172: 4819:Edwy and Edilda: a Tale in Five Parts 4585: 4509: 4250: 3928: 3909: 3887: 3870: 3717:The Early Charters of Eastern England 3540: 3268: 3230: 3211: 3129: 3112: 3072: 3060: 2925: 2913: 2865: 2809: 2785: 2781: 2730: 2714: 2694: 2658: 2589:, pp. 146–147, plates 15 and 16. 2487: 2440: 2408: 2376: 2348: 2344: 2332: 2328: 2308: 2232: 2208: 2164: 2081: 1974: 1962: 1782: 1754: 1664: 1636: 1564: 1552: 1536: 1520: 1123:The Insolence of Dunstan to King Edwy 653:, perhaps presaging a rearrangement. 359:from attack by a convicted outlaw at 5315:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England 5150: 4955:. London, UK: Hambledon and London. 4269: 4087:"Eadwig [Edwy] (c. 940–959)" 3850: 3817:. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. 3788: 3750: 3731: 3711: 3610: 3391:St Dunstan: His Life, Times and Cult 3176:"Oscytel [Oskytel] (d. 971)" 2797: 2718: 2534: 2268: 2244: 2184: 1687: 1453: 470: 4493:Early Medieval Britain, c. 500–1000 3736:. London, UK: The Hambledon Press. 1339:osettes instead of trefoils, and HR 1323:which has the moneyer's name shown 635:Æthelstan, Ealdorman of East Anglia 13: 5272: 5254:Edgar King of the English, 595–975 4047:The New Cambridge Medieval History 3575:The Chronicle of John of Worcester 1217:. After Hugh died, Robert married 958:and the Archbishop of Canterbury. 904:, writing in the twelfth century: 745:date the division to 955, whereas 495:. According to Dunstan's earliest 268:came under increasing attack from 14: 6186: 5324:National Portrait Gallery, London 5298: 5132:; Lapidge, Michael, eds. (2011). 5017:"Eadred [Edred] (d. 955)" 4234:Aethelred II: King of the English 3912:Charters of Abingdon Abbey Part 2 3271:The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society 3264:from the original on 30 May 2012. 1302:and Eadwig's Mercian charters by 1141:, while there were poems such as 827:Silver penny, obverse, inscribed 458:Government in Anglo-Saxon England 371:were young children, their uncle 240:, separated Eadwig from his wife 4855:Whitelock, Dorothy, ed. (1979). 3974:. London, UK: Penguin Classics. 3798:Dictionary of National Biography 3573:; McGurk, Patrick, eds. (1995). 1651:, pp. xxxii–xxxiii, 69, 71. 1346: 1331:refoils top and bottom. Variant 986:. Eadwig then translated Bishop 837: 820: 718:Dictionary of National Biography 6165:Burials at Winchester Cathedral 5429:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 5197:Wessex in the Early Middle Ages 3489:. Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer. 2711:Winterbottom & Lapidge 2011 2221:Winterbottom & Lapidge 2011 1867:Winterbottom & Lapidge 2011 1649:Winterbottom & Lapidge 2011 1621:Winterbottom & Lapidge 2011 1609:Winterbottom & Lapidge 2011 1597:Winterbottom & Lapidge 2011 1432:, pp. 9, 12–13, 23, 37–38. 1313: 1292: 1275: 1266: 1259:The twelfth century chronicler 1253: 1198: 1189: 699:Division of the kingdom 957–959 314:Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians 63:23 November 955 – 1 October 959 16:King of England from 955 to 959 5426:Monarchs of England until 1603 4549:Robertson, Agnes, ed. (1956). 4130:Keynes, Simon (2008a). "Edgar 3541:Darby, Barbara (Spring 1997). 2647:Blunt, Stewart & Lyon 1989 2623:Blunt, Stewart & Lyon 1989 2599:Blunt, Stewart & Lyon 1989 2587:Blunt, Stewart & Lyon 1989 2575:Blunt, Stewart & Lyon 1989 2547:Blunt, Stewart & Lyon 1989 302:Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians 1: 6170:10th-century English monarchs 5134:The Early Lives of St Dunstan 4637:. London, UK: Edward Arnold. 4277:. London, UK: Edward Arnold. 3931:Charters of St Paul's, London 3893:Charters of Shaftesbury Abbey 2649:, pp. 147, 272, 278–280. 2559:Grierson & Blackburn 1986 1905:, pp. 13 and n. 30, 15; 1359: 1327:orizontally in two lines and 1060: 1009: 753:correctly date it to 957. In 540:"B"'s version is accepted by 481:Oda, Archbishop of Canterbury 367:, and as his sons Eadwig and 259: 244:on the ground that they were 238:Oda, Archbishop of Canterbury 236:enemies. The following year, 183: 104: 5245:UK public library membership 5122:UK public library membership 5084:UK public library membership 5046:UK public library membership 5008:UK public library membership 4740:UK public library membership 4702:UK public library membership 4351:UK public library membership 4134:". In Scragg, Donald (ed.). 4123:UK public library membership 3782:UK public library membership 3635:UK public library membership 3478:UK public library membership 3236:"Saint Beornwald of Bampton" 3205:UK public library membership 3164:UK public library membership 2981:Darlington & McGurk 1995 1919:Darlington & McGurk 1995 7: 6036:British monarchs after the 5222:. Oxford University Press. 5099:. Oxford University Press. 5061:. Oxford University Press. 5023:. Oxford University Press. 4978:. Oxford University Press. 4717:. Oxford University Press. 4709:Stafford, Pauline (2004b). 4679:. Oxford University Press. 4671:Stafford, Pauline (2004a). 4338:. Oxford University Press. 4093:. Oxford University Press. 3759:. Oxford University Press. 3622:. Oxford University Press. 3485:Cubbin, G. P., ed. (1996). 3455:. Oxford University Press. 3428:Cooper, Tracy-Anne (2015). 3413:The Chronicle of Æthelweard 3182:. Oxford University Press. 3141:. Oxford University Press. 954:. He also gave land to the 893:Benedictine reform movement 886: 794: 386:, the Anglo-Saxon ruler of 253:Benedictine reform movement 10: 6191: 4822:. London, UK: J. Dodsley. 4652:Stafford, Pauline (1998). 4633:Stafford, Pauline (1989). 4571:The Times of Saint Dunstan 4390:Molyneaux, George (2015). 4311:Miller, Sean, ed. (2001). 4292:Marafioti, Nicole (2014). 3929:Kelly, Susan, ed. (2004). 3910:Kelly, Susan, ed. (2001). 3813:Huscroft, Richard (2019). 3122: 2521:, pp. 57–58, 173–174. 2490:, pp. 127, 133, 155; 891:During Edgar's reign, the 811: 455: 312:. In the 910s, Edward and 18: 6124: 6047: 6031: 6027: 5964: 5947: 5943: 5420: 5416: 5358: 5349: 5341: 5336: 4917:10.1017/S0263675100003240 4901:Princeps Merciorum Gentis 4022:10.1017/S026367510000452X 3794:"Edwy or Eadwig (d. 959)" 3651:Medieval European Coinage 3101:Courtney & Mills 2021 2713:, pp. xxxii–xxxiii; 2068:, p. 13, table XXXI. 2001:, p. 188 and n. 99; 1430:Keynes & Lapidge 1983 1157:, was published in 1779. 683:, the future hero of the 644:Eadred was buried in the 159: 149: 137: 126: 114: 99: 91: 87: 77: 67: 59: 52: 35: 30: 4814:Whalley, Thomas Sedgwick 3295:; Lyon, Stewart (1989). 3037:Haddan & Stubbs 1869 2411:, pp. 124–125, 138. 1599:, pp. xiii, 67, 69. 1182: 997: 609:, in his hagiographical 493:Archbishop of Canterbury 451: 226:Archbishop of Canterbury 6150:Medieval child monarchs 5214:Yorke, Barbara (2004). 5195:Yorke, Barbara (1995). 5158:. London, UK: Penguin. 5053:Williams, Ann (2004c). 5015:Williams, Ann (2004b). 4972:"Edmund I (920/21–946)" 4970:Williams, Ann (2004a). 4673:"Ælfgifu (fl. 956–966)" 4491:Naismith, Rory (2021). 3815:Making England 796–1042 3592:D'Avray, David (2014). 3518:10.1111/1468-0254.00004 1953:, table XXXIa (6 of 6). 1167:, was performed at the 1151:Thomas Sedgwick Whalley 1149:in 1784. Another poem, 1004:New Minster, Winchester 646:Old Minster, Winchester 548:comments on the story: 430: 288:, and nearly conquered 120:New Minster, Winchester 5091:Williams, Ann (2014). 4951:Williams, Ann (2003). 4932:Williams, Ann (1999). 4723:10.1093/ref:odnb/52307 4232:Lavelle, Ryan (2008). 4085:Keynes, Simon (2004). 4064:Keynes, Simon (2002). 3871:Jones, Arthur (1958). 3461:10.1093/ref:odnb/29162 3188:10.1093/ref:odnb/20897 3039:, p. 679 (XXVII). 1171:on 21 March 1795 with 1109: 1091: 1077: 1068: 1036: 1016: 920:St Werburgh in Chester 915: 829: 787: 759: 567: 555: 519: 475:Eadwig was crowned at 436: 424: 5130:Winterbottom, Michael 5105:10.1093/ref:odnb/8463 5029:10.1093/ref:odnb/8510 4984:10.1093/ref:odnb/8501 4567:Robinson, J. Armitage 4377:Miller, Sean (n.d.). 4344:10.1093/ref:odnb/8514 4330:Miller, Sean (2011). 4099:10.1093/ref:odnb/8572 3873:Anglo-Saxon Worcester 3765:10.1093/ref:odnb/8919 3506:Early Medieval Europe 3147:10.1093/ref:odnb/3429 2944:, pp. 21–22, 70. 2017:, pp. 69–71, 79. 1869:, p. xxxi n. 89. 1143:Edwy: a Dramatic Poem 1113:In art and literature 1100: 1081: 1072: 1056: 906: 902:William of Malmesbury 868:Circumscription Cross 782: 735:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 573:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 550: 509: 456:Further information: 394:Family and early life 264:In the ninth century 6006:William III & II 5571:Henry the Young King 5521:Edward the Confessor 5489:Æthelred the Unready 5228:10.1093/ref:odnb/192 5156:In Search of England 5067:10.1093/ref:odnb/182 4685:10.1093/ref:odnb/179 4551:Anglo-Saxon Charters 4510:Roach, Levi (2013). 3751:Hart, Cyril (2005). 3732:Hart, Cyril (1992). 3628:10.1093/ref:odnb/833 3269:Blair, John (2005). 3063:, pp. 126, 157. 3035:, pp. 172–174; 2812:, pp. 169–170 ( 2733:, pp. 104–105; 2685:, pp. 237, 239. 2669:, pp. 336–337; 2395:, pp. 7–8, 13; 2331:, pp. 129–131; 2327:, pp. 224–225; 2311:, pp. 124–125; 2295:, pp. 155–156; 2179:, pp. 364–365; 2080:, pp. 476–477; 2041:, pp. 190–191; 1949:, pp. 185–186; 1933:, p. 366 n. 3; 1702:, pp. 225–226; 1675:, pp. 21, 119; 1232:Eleanor of Aquitaine 968:Bishop of Dorchester 723:J. Armitage Robinson 593:Michael Winterbottom 535:Bishop of Winchester 489:Abbot of Glastonbury 477:Kingston-upon-Thames 406:were benefactors to 353:Ragnall Guthfrithson 228:, and exiled him to 222:Abbot of Glastonbury 103:1 October 959 (aged 5954:Union of the Crowns 5352:King of the English 5320:Portraits of Eadwig 4905:Anglo-Saxon England 4752:Anglo-Saxon England 4618:10.1093/past/91.1.3 4586:Snook, Ben (2015). 4010:Anglo-Saxon England 3075:, pp. 126–127. 2721:, pp. 159–160. 2625:, pp. 236–237. 2537:, pp. 445–449. 2283:, pp. 366–367. 2235:, pp. 124–125. 2211:, pp. 155–156. 1965:, pp. 154–155. 1937:, pp. xi, lxi. 1825:, pp. 268–269. 1797:, pp. 269–276. 1639:, pp. 169–170. 1583:, pp. 123–124. 1472:, pp. 357–358. 1228:Louis VII of France 1070:Stafford comments: 806:Bishop of Worcester 624:Early reign 955–957 505:Bishop of Lichfield 266:Anglo-Saxon England 246:too closely related 197:and his first wife 6038:Acts of Union 1707 6001:James II & VII 5694:Kenneth I MacAlpin 5479:Edgar the Peaceful 5216:"Ælfsige (d. 959)" 5055:"Ælfhere (d. 983)" 4836:Whitelock, Dorothy 3409:Campbell, Alistair 3289:Blunt, Christopher 2864:, pp. 85–86; 2788:, pp. 47–48). 2697:, pp. 79–80; 2673:, pp. 85, 88. 2665:, pp. 57–58; 2533:, pp. 48–69; 2435:, pp. 29–30; 2163:, pp. 30–31; 1809:, pp. 44–46; 1551:, pp. 84–85; 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1219:Bertha of Burgundy 1211:King of the Franks 1169:Drury Lane Theatre 1110: 1044:St Petroc's Church 788: 341:Anlaf Guthfrithson 294:Battle of Edington 274:Great Heathen Army 6137: 6136: 6120: 6119: 6023: 6022: 5939: 5938: 5934: 5933: 5484:Edward the Martyr 5368: 5367: 5359:Succeeded by 5290:978-1-78327-764-3 5263:978-1-84383-928-6 5243:(subscription or 5237:978-0-19-861412-8 5206:978-0-7185-1856-1 5187:978-0-85115-705-4 5165:978-0-14-024733-6 5143:978-0-19-960504-0 5120:(subscription or 5114:978-0-19-861412-8 5082:(subscription or 5076:978-0-19-861412-8 5044:(subscription or 5038:978-0-19-861412-8 5006:(subscription or 4993:978-0-19-861412-8 4962:978-1-85285-382-2 4943:978-0-312-22090-7 4888:978-2-503-52359-0 4866:978-0-415-14366-0 4840:Anglo-Saxon Wills 4805:978-0-7185-0003-0 4783:978-0-85115-705-4 4761:978-0-19-280139-5 4738:(subscription or 4732:978-0-19-861412-8 4700:(subscription or 4694:978-0-19-861412-8 4663:978-0-7185-0174-7 4644:978-0-7131-6532-6 4606:Stafford, Pauline 4597:978-1-78327-006-4 4521:978-1-107-03653-6 4502:978-1-108-44025-7 4483:978-0-367-59999-7 4464:978-0-470-65632-7 4445:978-0-19-820678-1 4423:978-1-107-42364-0 4401:978-0-19-871791-1 4369:978-0-470-65632-7 4349:(subscription or 4322:978-0-19-726223-8 4303:978-1-4426-4758-9 4284:978-0-7131-6376-6 4262:978-1-84383-399-4 4243:978-0-7524-4678-3 4224:978-0-19-955078-4 4202:978-1-84383-877-7 4183:978-1-84383-436-6 4164:978-1-84383-399-4 4145:978-1-84383-399-4 4121:(subscription or 4108:978-0-19-861412-8 4077:978-0-9532697-6-1 4056:978-0-521-36447-8 4000:978-0-521-25902-6 3981:978-0-14-044409-4 3962:978-0-521-02308-5 3940:978-0-19-726299-3 3921:978-0-19-726221-4 3902:978-0-19-726151-4 3843:978-1-84383-399-4 3824:978-1-138-18246-2 3780:(subscription or 3774:978-0-19-861412-8 3743:978-1-85285-044-9 3660:978-0-521-03177-6 3633:(subscription or 3603:978-1-107-64399-4 3584:978-0-19-822261-3 3571:Darlington, R. R. 3496:978-0-85991-467-3 3476:(subscription or 3470:978-0-19-861412-8 3439:978-0-88844-193-5 3400:978-0-85115-301-8 3381:978-0-7185-1182-1 3306:978-0-19-726060-9 3280:978-0-19-921117-3 3223:978-1-84383-399-4 3203:(subscription or 3197:978-0-19-861412-8 3162:(subscription or 3156:978-0-19-861412-8 3051:, pp. 43–44. 2904:, pp. 57–59. 2772:, pp. 83–84. 2613:, pp. 49–50. 2577:, pp. 13–15. 2399:, pp. 64–65. 2315:, pp. 29–30. 1813:, pp. 83–84. 1785:, pp. 76–77. 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1287:Electronic Sawyer 1261:John of Worcester 1121:, who showed his 1028:John of Worcester 1018:damnatio memoriae 960:Southwell Minster 946:which he gave to 932:Worcester Minster 639:Glastonbury Abbey 611:Life of St Oswald 471:Eadwig's marriage 408:Shaftesbury Abbey 169: 168: 21:Norderney Airport 6182: 6029: 6028: 5989:Richard Cromwell 5979:The Protectorate 5969:James I & VI 5945: 5944: 5526:Harold Godwinson 5446:Edward the Elder 5439:Alfred the Great 5423: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5394: 5387: 5380: 5371: 5370: 5342:Preceded by 5334: 5333: 5330: 5294: 5267: 5248: 5241: 5210: 5191: 5169: 5147: 5125: 5118: 5087: 5080: 5049: 5042: 5011: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4966: 4947: 4928: 4892: 4870: 4851: 4831: 4809: 4787: 4765: 4743: 4736: 4705: 4698: 4667: 4648: 4629: 4610:Past and Present 4601: 4582: 4562: 4545: 4530:Robertson, Agnes 4525: 4506: 4487: 4468: 4449: 4427: 4410:Morris, Rosemary 4405: 4386: 4383:anglo-saxons.net 4373: 4354: 4347: 4326: 4307: 4288: 4266: 4247: 4228: 4211:Lapidge, Michael 4206: 4187: 4168: 4149: 4126: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4081: 4060: 4041: 4004: 3985: 3966: 3944: 3925: 3906: 3884: 3867: 3856:Orbis Britanniae 3847: 3828: 3809: 3785: 3778: 3747: 3728: 3708: 3693:Harmer, Florence 3688: 3664: 3643:Grierson, Philip 3638: 3631: 3607: 3588: 3566: 3537: 3500: 3481: 3474: 3443: 3424: 3404: 3385: 3368:Brooks, Nicholas 3363: 3310: 3284: 3265: 3263: 3240: 3227: 3208: 3201: 3167: 3160: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2945: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2831: 2825: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2728: 2722: 2708: 2702: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2528: 2522: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2485: 2479: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2444: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2390: 2384: 2374: 2368: 2358: 2352: 2342: 2336: 2322: 2316: 2306: 2300: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2174: 2168: 2158: 2152: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2075: 2069: 2055: 2049: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2006: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1944: 1938: 1928: 1922: 1916: 1910: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1848: 1842: 1832: 1826: 1820: 1814: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1743: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1679: 1658: 1652: 1646: 1640: 1634: 1628: 1618: 1612: 1606: 1600: 1590: 1584: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1556: 1546: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1518: 1512: 1506: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1482: 1473: 1463: 1457: 1451: 1445: 1439: 1433: 1427: 1421: 1415: 1409: 1403: 1353: 1350: 1344: 1319:HT coins have a 1317: 1311: 1296: 1290: 1279: 1273: 1270: 1264: 1257: 1251: 1237: 1202: 1196: 1193: 1131:William Hamilton 1106:William Hamilton 1087: 1065: 1062: 1041: 1021: 956:Bishop of London 925: 841: 832: 824: 762: 685:Battle of Maldon 601:Pauline Stafford 560: 439: 433: 427: 425:adoptivus parens 349:Anlaf Sihtricson 310:Edward the Elder 298:Alfred the Great 188: 185: 109: 106: 47: 40: 28: 27: 6190: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6175:House of Wessex 6140: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6116: 6043: 6019: 5984:Oliver Cromwell 5960: 5935: 5930: 5777:Constantine III 5686: 5511:Harold Harefoot 5501:Edmund Ironside 5412: 5407: and 5398: 5364: 5355: 5347: 5301: 5291: 5275: 5273:Further reading 5270: 5264: 5242: 5238: 5207: 5188: 5166: 5144: 5119: 5115: 5081: 5077: 5043: 5039: 5005: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4963: 4944: 4889: 4867: 4806: 4792:Wareham, Andrew 4784: 4762: 4737: 4733: 4699: 4695: 4664: 4645: 4598: 4522: 4503: 4484: 4465: 4446: 4424: 4402: 4370: 4348: 4323: 4304: 4285: 4263: 4244: 4225: 4203: 4184: 4165: 4146: 4132:rex admirabilis 4120: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4078: 4057: 4001: 3982: 3963: 3941: 3922: 3903: 3844: 3825: 3779: 3775: 3744: 3675:, eds. (1869). 3673:Stubbs, William 3661: 3647:Blackburn, Mark 3632: 3604: 3585: 3545:Edwy and Elgiva 3497: 3475: 3471: 3440: 3401: 3382: 3328:10.2307/2846935 3307: 3281: 3261: 3238: 3224: 3202: 3198: 3161: 3157: 3125: 3120: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3031: 3027: 3023:, p. xxxi. 3019: 3015: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2948: 2936: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2912: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2836:, p. 436; 2832: 2828: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2784:, p. 155; 2780: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2729: 2725: 2717:, p. 212; 2709: 2705: 2693: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2661:, p. 349; 2657: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2585: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2561:, p. 270; 2557: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2529: 2525: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2486: 2482: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2447: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2391: 2387: 2375: 2371: 2367:, pp. 7–8. 2359: 2355: 2343: 2339: 2323: 2319: 2307: 2303: 2291: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2267: 2263: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2199:, pp. 6–7. 2195: 2191: 2175: 2171: 2159: 2155: 2147:, p. 148; 2143: 2139: 2131: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2107: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2076: 2072: 2056: 2052: 2037: 2033: 2025: 2021: 2013: 2009: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1981: 1973: 1969: 1961: 1957: 1945: 1941: 1929: 1925: 1917: 1913: 1901: 1897: 1889: 1885: 1877: 1873: 1865: 1861: 1853:, p. 225; 1849: 1845: 1837:, p. 225; 1833: 1829: 1821: 1817: 1805: 1801: 1793: 1789: 1777: 1773: 1765: 1761: 1753: 1746: 1738: 1734: 1726: 1722: 1714: 1710: 1698: 1694: 1686: 1682: 1659: 1655: 1647: 1643: 1635: 1631: 1619: 1615: 1607: 1603: 1591: 1587: 1575: 1571: 1563: 1559: 1547: 1543: 1535: 1531: 1523:, p. 132; 1519: 1515: 1507: 1503: 1495: 1491: 1483: 1476: 1464: 1460: 1452: 1448: 1440: 1436: 1428: 1424: 1416: 1412: 1404: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1318: 1314: 1297: 1293: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1258: 1254: 1235: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1164:Edwy and Elgiva 1155:Edwy and Edilda 1119:William Bromley 1115: 1085: 1063: 1012: 1000: 982:to collect his 948:Bury St Edmunds 936:Bampton Minster 923: 889: 849: 848: 847: 846: 845: 842: 834: 833: 825: 814: 797: 701: 626: 597:Michael Lapidge 473: 460: 454: 396: 365:Gloucestershire 262: 220:, the powerful 191:King of England 186: 180:Eadwig All-Fair 122: 107: 54:King of England 48: 43: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6188: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6041: 6025: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5992: 5991: 5986: 5976: 5971: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5958: 5941: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5880:Edward Balliol 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5740:Constantine II 5737: 5732: 5725: 5718: 5711: 5704: 5697: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5668: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5567: 5562: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5532:Edgar Ætheling 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5449: 5442: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5427: 5421: 5414: 5413: 5397: 5396: 5389: 5382: 5374: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5357: 5348: 5343: 5339: 5338: 5337:Regnal titles 5332: 5331: 5317: 5308: 5300: 5299:External links 5297: 5296: 5295: 5289: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5268: 5262: 5249: 5236: 5211: 5205: 5192: 5186: 5174:Yorke, Barbara 5170: 5164: 5148: 5142: 5126: 5113: 5088: 5075: 5050: 5037: 5012: 4992: 4967: 4961: 4948: 4942: 4929: 4893: 4887: 4875:Wickham, Chris 4871: 4865: 4852: 4838:, ed. (1930). 4832: 4810: 4804: 4788: 4782: 4766: 4760: 4748:Stenton, Frank 4744: 4731: 4706: 4693: 4668: 4662: 4649: 4643: 4630: 4602: 4596: 4583: 4563: 4546: 4532:, ed. (1925). 4526: 4520: 4507: 4501: 4488: 4482: 4469: 4463: 4450: 4444: 4428: 4422: 4406: 4400: 4387: 4374: 4368: 4355: 4327: 4321: 4308: 4302: 4289: 4283: 4267: 4261: 4248: 4242: 4229: 4223: 4213:, ed. (2009). 4207: 4201: 4188: 4182: 4169: 4163: 4150: 4144: 4127: 4107: 4082: 4076: 4061: 4055: 4042: 4005: 3999: 3986: 3980: 3967: 3961: 3945: 3939: 3926: 3920: 3907: 3901: 3891:, ed. (1996). 3885: 3868: 3848: 3842: 3829: 3823: 3810: 3786: 3773: 3748: 3742: 3729: 3709: 3695:, ed. (1914). 3689: 3669:Haddan, Arthur 3665: 3659: 3639: 3608: 3602: 3589: 3583: 3567: 3538: 3501: 3495: 3482: 3469: 3444: 3438: 3425: 3411:, ed. (1962). 3405: 3399: 3386: 3380: 3364: 3322:(2): 268–287. 3311: 3305: 3285: 3279: 3266: 3228: 3222: 3209: 3196: 3168: 3155: 3131:Abels, Richard 3126: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3105: 3089: 3087:, p. 124. 3077: 3065: 3053: 3041: 3025: 3013: 3007:, p. 55; 2997: 2995:, p. 237. 2985: 2983:, p. 407. 2973: 2969:Jayakumar 2008 2961: 2946: 2942:Marafioti 2014 2930: 2928:, p. 107. 2918: 2906: 2894: 2890:Jayakumar 2008 2882: 2878:Williams 2004c 2870: 2862:Jayakumar 2008 2854: 2842: 2826: 2820:, p. 47 ( 2802: 2800:, p. 248. 2790: 2774: 2770:Jayakumar 2008 2762: 2760:, p. 365. 2750: 2748:, p. 920. 2746:Whitelock 1979 2738: 2723: 2703: 2687: 2675: 2651: 2639: 2635:Naismith 2014b 2627: 2615: 2611:Naismith 2014b 2603: 2591: 2579: 2567: 2565:, p. 330. 2563:Naismith 2014a 2551: 2549:, p. 147. 2539: 2523: 2507: 2495: 2480: 2476:Jayakumar 2008 2472:Williams 2004c 2460: 2458:, p. 157. 2445: 2443:, p. 146. 2439:, p. 33; 2437:Molyneaux 2015 2425: 2423:, p. 215. 2421:Molyneaux 2015 2413: 2401: 2385: 2379:, p. 41; 2369: 2353: 2351:, p. 107. 2347:, p. 78; 2337: 2325:Whitelock 1979 2317: 2301: 2299:, p. 234. 2285: 2273: 2261: 2249: 2247:, p. 140. 2237: 2225: 2213: 2201: 2189: 2183:, p. 50; 2169: 2153: 2149:Williams 2004c 2137: 2125: 2123:, p. 262. 2113: 2098: 2086: 2084:, p. 106. 2070: 2064:, p. 48; 2058:Stafford 2004b 2050: 2045:, p. 68; 2031: 2019: 2015:Marafioti 2014 2007: 2005:, p. 555. 2003:Whitelock 1979 1991: 1979: 1977:, p. 155. 1967: 1955: 1939: 1923: 1921:, p. 409. 1911: 1907:Stafford 2004a 1895: 1883: 1881:, p. 156. 1871: 1859: 1843: 1839:Robertson 1925 1827: 1815: 1799: 1787: 1771: 1769:, p. 225. 1767:Whitelock 1979 1759: 1757:, p. 106. 1744: 1740:Stafford 2004a 1732: 1730:, p. 366. 1720: 1718:, p. 235. 1708: 1692: 1680: 1673:Whitelock 1930 1671:, p. 59; 1669:Robertson 1956 1667:, p. 80; 1663:, p. 89; 1661:Jayakumar 2008 1653: 1641: 1629: 1623:, p. 69; 1613: 1601: 1585: 1579:, p. 87; 1569: 1567:, p. 137. 1557: 1555:, p. 236. 1549:Jayakumar 2008 1541: 1529: 1527:, p. 555. 1525:Whitelock 1979 1513: 1511:, p. 330. 1509:Naismith 2014a 1501: 1499:, p. 364. 1489: 1485:Williams 2004b 1474: 1466:Williams 2004a 1458: 1446: 1434: 1422: 1410: 1364: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1345: 1312: 1291: 1274: 1265: 1252: 1223:Pope Gregory V 1197: 1187: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1173:Charles Kemble 1147:Thomas Warwick 1114: 1111: 1011: 1008: 999: 996: 978:on the way to 888: 885: 843: 836: 835: 826: 819: 818: 817: 816: 815: 813: 810: 796: 793: 784:Charter S 594: 700: 697: 677:Æthelstan Rota 625: 622: 472: 469: 453: 450: 395: 392: 261: 258: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 141: 135: 134: 128: 124: 123: 118: 116: 112: 111: 101: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 85: 84: 79: 75: 74: 69: 65: 64: 61: 57: 56: 50: 49: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6187: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6123: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 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2934: 2927: 2922: 2915: 2910: 2903: 2898: 2892:, p. 85. 2891: 2886: 2879: 2874: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2851: 2846: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2799: 2794: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2771: 2766: 2759: 2754: 2747: 2742: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2701:, p. 52. 2700: 2696: 2691: 2684: 2679: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2648: 2643: 2637:, p. 69. 2636: 2631: 2624: 2619: 2612: 2607: 2600: 2595: 2588: 2583: 2576: 2571: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2548: 2543: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2505:, p. 69. 2504: 2499: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2478:, p. 91. 2477: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2457: 2456:Williams 1982 2452: 2450: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2422: 2417: 2410: 2405: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2383:, p. 19. 2382: 2378: 2373: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2335:, p. 78. 2334: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2298: 2297:Naismith 2021 2294: 2289: 2282: 2277: 2271:, p. 90. 2270: 2265: 2259:, p. 87. 2258: 2257:Robinson 1923 2253: 2246: 2241: 2234: 2229: 2223:, p. 75. 2222: 2217: 2210: 2205: 2198: 2193: 2186: 2182: 2181:Stafford 1989 2178: 2173: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2150: 2146: 2145:Williams 1982 2141: 2135:, p. 92. 2134: 2133:Williams 1999 2129: 2122: 2121:Naismith 2021 2117: 2111:, p. 87. 2110: 2109:Williams 1999 2105: 2103: 2096:, p. 19. 2095: 2090: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2067: 2063: 2062:Stafford 1989 2059: 2054: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2029:, p. 14. 2028: 2023: 2016: 2011: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1989:, p. 30. 1988: 1983: 1976: 1971: 1964: 1959: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1920: 1915: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1893:, p. 15. 1892: 1891:Stafford 1981 1887: 1880: 1875: 1868: 1863: 1857:, p. 39. 1856: 1855:Campbell 1962 1852: 1847: 1841:, p. 95. 1840: 1836: 1831: 1824: 1823:Bouchard 1981 1819: 1812: 1811:Stafford 1998 1808: 1803: 1796: 1795:Bouchard 1981 1791: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1768: 1763: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1741: 1736: 1729: 1724: 1717: 1716:Naismith 2021 1712: 1705: 1704:Williams 2014 1701: 1696: 1690:, p. 59. 1689: 1684: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1650: 1645: 1638: 1633: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1611:, p. 69. 1610: 1605: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1582: 1581:Huscroft 2019 1578: 1577:Williams 1999 1573: 1566: 1561: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1539:, p. 56. 1538: 1533: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1510: 1505: 1498: 1493: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1455: 1450: 1443: 1438: 1431: 1426: 1419: 1414: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1365: 1349: 1322: 1316: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1295: 1288: 1284: 1278: 1269: 1262: 1256: 1249: 1246:and his wife 1245: 1241: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1201: 1192: 1188: 1180: 1178: 1177:Sarah Siddons 1174: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1133:(see image), 1132: 1128: 1127:Royal Academy 1124: 1120: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1039: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1019: 1007: 1005: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 952:Domesday Book 949: 945: 941: 938:. 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By 883, 260:Background 187: 940 133:(annulled) 6102:George VI 6072:George IV 6062:George II 5974:Charles I 5956:from 1603 5906:James III 5886:Robert II 5842:William I 5817:Duncan II 5745:Malcolm I 5735:Donald II 5659:Edward VI 5649:Henry VII 5634:Edward IV 5604:Edward II 5594:Henry III 5577:Richard I 5538:William I 5459:Æthelstan 5247:required) 5124:required) 5086:required) 5048:required) 5010:required) 4999:28 August 4925:0263-6751 4899:(1982). 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