445:
453:
Stefan
Kenneth Janson. Janson's new design was given the name EM-2, in spite of being more closely related to the original EM-1. A new EM-1 was developed by Stanley Thorpe while Eric Hall developed an EM-3. Perhaps due to the confusing re-use of the names, these weapons are often referred to by their designer's names, becoming the "Thorpe EM-1", "Janson EM-2" and "Hall EM-3". As if this were not confusing enough, code names were also assigned, the EM-1 "Cobra", EM-2 "Mamba", while the EM-3 did not proceed and did not receive a name, as was the case for an entry from
600:
465:
40:
550:, who had already announced an intention to move to the .280 and the EM-2. During this time, prototype EM-2s were built in several different calibres: Chambons built two for the 7Ă—49mm "Second Optimum" cartridge and another two for the 7.62Ă—51mm NATO. One of the Chambon prototypes was even rebuilt for the US .30-06 cartridge. RSAF-Enfield and BSA built 15 and 10 prototypes for the 7.62Ă—51mm, respectively. Canadian Arsenals Limited also built 10 rifles for the 7Ă—51mm "Compromise" cartridge.
1435:
579:
In time, the
British position on intermediate cartridges was vindicated, the 7.62Ă—51mm proving to be too powerful to be controllable in rifles using automatic mode, smaller cartridges being deemed necessary for that application. Due to combat experience in Vietnam in the mid-1960s, the US adopted the
529:
With the creation of NATO in 1949, there was a clear preference that NATO forces would have commonality of weapons and ammunition, so weapons designs had to meet with the approval of more than one government, and it was hoped, would be adopted by the organisation as a whole. It was at this point that
472:
Both the EM-1 and EM-2 were bullpup-style weapons; the magazine and chamber are placed behind the trigger and pistol grip, leading to a shorter overall length (by about 20%) and a better ratio between barrel length and weapon length. The overall length of the EM-2 is 9.5 inches (24 cm) less than
477:
in spite of its barrel being 2.5 inches (6.4 cm) longer. Both EM-1 and EM-2 used 20-round magazines with "charger" reloads (the charger guide was later omitted from the magazines on EM2s), included the
Universal Optical Sight (unit sight) due to the inability to add more traditional sights onto
541:
A series of lengthy debates followed, which were finally settled in an unlikely fashion when Canada stated they would use the
British .280 round, but only if the US did as well. It was clear this would never happen. Winston Churchill felt a NATO standard was more important than any qualities of the
452:
With the release of the SACP reports, interest in the original series of EM weapons ended and a call for weapons based on the new round went out in
September 1947. By this time, Korsak had left the original EM-1 program and Kazimierz Januszewski had replaced him and had adopted the anglicized name
440:
sized cartridge that would allow fully automatic fire from a rifle-sized weapon. The Army demanded a high degree of accuracy due to the emphasis on marksmanship, so the new round was designed to meet the performance of the .303 (7.7 mm) at 1,000 yards (910 m) but at the reduced range of 600
561:, the FAL was itself a re-designed version of FN's own design for an intermediate cartridge rifle using the .280 round (the first prototypes had used the 7.92Ă—33mm Kurz German round from the StG44). However, the FAL was more easily adaptable to handle the more powerful, longer round.
595:
Some years afterwards, NATO also agreed to move to a smaller round more suitable for full-automatic fire and lighter weapons, ultimately adopting the 5.56Ă—45mm. Prior to committing to the 5.56mm, the
British Army conducted additional intermediate cartridge research.
611:
Around 1970, a pair of the original .280 EM-2 were re-barrelled for an experimental 6.25Ă—43mm cartridge. However, the revival of the EM-2 was short-lived as the 6.25mm was dropped for an even smaller 4.85mm cartridge in a completely new rifle, the
616:
which evolved into the 5.56mm SA80 currently used by the
British Army. In spite of having a similar appearance due to its bullpup layout the SA80 is mechanically unrelated to the EM-2; rather it is essentially a bullpup adaptation of the
389:, these efforts were repeatedly put off due to one crisis after another. There had been some consideration of a less powerful cartridge just prior to the start of WWII, using a 7.92 mm bullet, but in the aftermath of the
376:
round, including the Lee-Enfield bolt-action rifle, Vickers machine gun and the Bren gun. The .303 had been developed near the end of the 19th century, and had several problems when used in modern designs, notably, the
432:
suggested that it would be ten years before the
Soviets would be ready for another major war, so the time frame for re-equipping was the mid-to-late 1950s. This gave the Panel ample time to test a number of options.
481:
The two designs were superficially similar but were internally very different in design and construction, with no parts in common other than sights. The EM-1 used 0.04 in (1.02 mm) thick steel plate
498:
in its mechanics, although it used a long stroke instead of a short stroke. A fifth design was commissioned from the BSA company, who built prototypes of a more conventional rifle using the same round, the
534:, with the US claiming the British round was underpowered, and the British claiming the US round was too powerful to be used in a rifle in full-automatic mode. At the same trials the Belgian .280
441:
yards (550 m). After testing a variety of designs, they selected a bullet of about .270 in (6.9 mm) calibre and 1 inch (2.5 cm) long, with a mass of 130 grains (8.4 g).
530:
the US put forth its own designs for NATO standardisation, using the 7.62Ă—51mm NATO round in their prototype T25 and T44 rifles. Matters came to a head in 1951 in a shoot-off conducted at the
1910:
553:
It was clear the EM-2 could not be easily adapted to the powerful 7.62Ă—51mm NATO round , so the only realistic alternative was to adopt a licensed version of the FN FAL from
478:
the rifle, had a carrying handle built into the top, could fire semi-automatic or fully automatic and the .280 (7 mm) round was accurate to about 800 yards (730 metres).
1905:
339:
standardization efforts, the United States claimed the .280 British round was too weak for use in rifles and machine guns, and instead favoured the much more powerful
1723:
1567:
1778:
1555:
1019:
722:(Ares) - Armament Research Services is a Specialist Technical Intelligence Consultancy Offering Arms & Munitions Research/Analysis Services
1900:
1703:
301:, designed to a 1945 requirement as a result of combat experience and German advances in weapons design during World War II. The round, the
1773:
568:
and other NATO countries adopting the FN FAL the US Army would do so as well, however the US adopted the T44 (an updated version of the
1074:
1009:
428:
As the war ran down, in 1945 the Army formed the Small Arms
Calibre Panel (SACP) to develop a new standard calibre for future weapons.
521:
and SA80, the EM-2 was designed to achieve a high degree of accuracy due to the tradition of
British Army emphasis on marksmanship.
506:
The EM-2 was eventually selected as the better design, and was adopted as the British Army's new rifle on 25 April 1951 as the
400:, Enfield began the development of a series of designs firing German rounds. Polish designer Roman Korsak was producing a new
898:
879:
1219:
638:
1294:
843:
490:
short recoil mechanism, and was somewhat heavier at about 10 pounds (4.5 kg) with an empty magazine. With uncommon
1864:
1104:
1004:
920:
962:
940:
1920:
1067:
282:. It was briefly adopted by British forces in 1951, but the decision was overturned very shortly thereafter by
122:
1698:
1838:
592:
intermediate cartridge, the M16 replaced the M14 which had been adopted little more than a decade earlier.
1823:
1394:
719:
1793:
1663:
1060:
778:
714:
1728:
1479:
1264:
1259:
762:
543:
531:
397:
999:
420:, the EM-2. A second infantry weapon was developed by Metcalf, the EM-3, but was not successful.
1915:
1484:
565:
483:
298:
1798:
1630:
1037:
664:
437:
210:
1026:
444:
1572:
1179:
429:
385:. Although the Army had intended to replace the .303 on several occasions dating from before
1254:
857:
1859:
1688:
1461:
1344:
1119:
518:
290:
standardisation of small arms and ammunition. It was an innovative weapon with the compact
193:
22:
8:
1655:
1620:
1349:
1038:
Antill, P. (29 July 2009), The EM-2 (Rifle No. 9, Mk 1): Britain's Original Bullpup Rifle
382:
329:
405:
1788:
1625:
1314:
554:
390:
347:
layout for a British service rifle was finally adopted some years later in form of the
148:
599:
558:
464:
39:
1869:
1833:
1419:
1329:
1209:
993:
916:
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875:
454:
401:
283:
205:
1456:
589:
417:
340:
144:
1640:
1577:
1299:
1014:
309:
round, which dated to the late 19th century. The EM-2 was intended to replace the
1718:
1645:
1610:
1605:
1560:
1323:
1134:
1129:
622:
564:
It grew in weight and length as a consequence. Churchill had hoped that with the
491:
412:
known as the EM-1, while Jeziorański was designing an infantry weapon firing the
231:
214:
1803:
1783:
1740:
1504:
1404:
1184:
618:
547:
378:
1537:
1532:
1494:
1047:
1042:
989:
576:, which had won US trials against a more radical experimental rifle, the T25.
1894:
1828:
1735:
1683:
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1517:
1451:
1199:
487:
317:
279:
56:
1813:
297:
The gun was designed to fire one of the first purpose-designed entirely new
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365:
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1274:
1269:
1149:
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511:
458:
177:
629:
which led to the design of the EM-2 was reflected in the SA80 system.
1879:
1874:
1713:
1708:
1600:
1379:
1359:
1354:
1289:
1244:
1194:
654:
585:
573:
569:
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474:
1818:
859:
The British Army and the Politics of Rifle Development, 1880 to 1986
641:, similar Australian concept intended for Jungle Warfare conditions.
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325:
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1522:
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weapon itself and overturned the decision by the previous Labour
500:
344:
291:
53:
845:
Provisional Notes for Users of Rifle, Automatic, .280 in, E.M. 1
1635:
1527:
1512:
1339:
1319:
1279:
1239:
932:
Guns Review Vol. 12 Number 3 - The British 7mm (.280 in) Rifles
649:
644:
613:
604:
535:
413:
517:
In common with other 20th century British designs such as the
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321:
1414:
1334:
1284:
1124:
1099:
348:
336:
287:
964:
Assault Rifles And Their Ammunition: History And Prospects
891:
Thorneycroft to SA80: British Bullpup Firearms 1901–2020
1911:
History of science and technology in the United Kingdom
494:
and a gas piston above the barrel, EM-2 was similar to
436:
Experience during the war led to demands for a smaller
294:
layout, built-in carrying handle and an optical sight.
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
1020:
Canadian Arsenal Limited variant with winter trigger
510:, the designation by which it had been known in the
1024:
737:
1906:Trial and research firearms of the United Kingdom
996:about the rifle, which it refers to as the "280".
1892:
1043:video of 7.62 variant: shooting and disassembly
934:. London: Ravenhill Publishing Company Limited.
907:
381:design that made it more difficult to use in a
351:assault rifle, which remains in service today.
893:. Nashville, Tennessee: Headstamp Publishing.
286:'s incoming government in an effort to secure
1865:Springfield Special Purpose Individual Weapon
1068:
1075:
1061:
865:(Technical report). King's College London.
783:, Armament Research Services, 12 July 2017
755:
691:
689:
687:
685:
514:since the American weapons tests of 1950.
393:, any interest in this development ended.
942:The .256 Inch British: A Lost Opportunity
939:Williams, Anthony G (25 September 2010),
874:. Toronto: Collector Grade Publications.
767:, Armament Research Services, 6 July 2017
423:
1027:"New British Rifle Outfires U.S. Garand"
960:
938:
915:. Arms & Armour Press / Hippocrene.
888:
856:Ford, Matthew Charles (September 2008).
603:Pictured left to right are the SA80-A2,
598:
508:Rifle, Automatic, Calibre .280, Number 9
463:
443:
913:Military Small Arms of the 20th Century
869:
682:
524:
408:round using a mechanism similar to the
151:, Carbine, HBAR, Winter trigger variant
1893:
929:
1056:
961:Williams, Anthony G (November 2014),
707:
1901:Assault rifles of the United Kingdom
1420:W+F C42 (Stgw 90 "kurz Version C 2")
1082:
1025:Bonnier Corporation (October 1951).
855:
780:British Janson E.M.2 automatic rifle
764:British Thorpe E.M.1 automatic rifle
1033:. Bonnier Corporation. p. 122.
639:KAL1 General Purpose Infantry Rifle
372:with infantry weapons based on the
359:
13:
1015:British Pathé newsreel of the EM-2
396:In the immediate post-war period,
14:
1932:
1105:Advanced Individual Combat Weapon
1048:Shooting the EM-2 in .280 British
983:
1433:
252:20-round detachable box magazine
241:Effective firing range
226:450–600 round/min (7.5 to 10 /s)
38:
1000:Enfield EM2 at securityarms.com
930:Hobart, Major F. W. A. (1972).
836:
823:
814:
805:
889:Ferguson, Jonathan S. (2021).
796:
787:
771:
728:
698:
354:
305:, was designed to replace the
129:
1:
715:"Thorpe EM-1 automatic rifle"
670:
625:. However, the concept of an
123:Birmingham Small Arms Company
18:British bullpup assault rifle
1839:Standard Manufacturing DP-12
1005:Enfield EM2 at world.guns.ru
675:
7:
870:Dugelby, Thomas B. (1980).
632:
486:for simpler manufacture, a
143:6.25Ă—43mm, 7Ă—49mm, 7Ă—51mm,
10:
1937:
1794:Heckler & Koch HK CAWS
720:Armament Research Services
695:Dugelby (1980), p. 259–261
183:623 mm (24.5 in)
172:889 mm (35.0 in)
164:3.49 kg (7.7 lb)
20:
1852:
1764:
1689:DSR-Precision GmbH DSR-50
1654:
1591:
1546:
1503:
1470:
1442:
1431:
1090:
256:
248:
240:
230:
220:
204:
192:
187:
176:
168:
160:
155:
139:
128:
112:
104:
96:
91:
83:
75:
70:
63:Place of origin
62:
49:
37:
30:
1824:Mossberg 500/590 Bullpup
1621:DSR-Precision GmbH DSR-1
872:EM-2: Concept and Design
704:Dugelby 1980, p. 258–261
627:Infantry Personal Weapon
532:Aberdeen Proving Grounds
398:Royal Small Arms Factory
244:700 m (770 yd)
992:– A YouTube video from
299:intermediate cartridges
44:The EM-2 as Rifle No. 9
1921:Rifles of the Cold War
1799:High Standard Model 10
1180:Heckler & Koch G11
911:; Weeks, John (1977).
829:Dugelby (1980), p. 258
820:Dugelby (1980), p. 261
811:Dugelby (1980), p. 260
793:Dugelby (1980), p. 149
665:List of assault rifles
608:
469:
449:
424:Intermediate cartridge
222:Rate of fire
1573:Bushmaster Arm Pistol
802:Dugelby (1980), p. 55
752:Hobart (1972), p. 109
734:Dugelby (1980), p. 27
602:
467:
447:
430:Military intelligence
100:Stefan Kenneth Janson
1860:ADS amphibious rifle
1656:Anti-materiel rifles
1538:Steyr AUG A3 Para XS
1120:ADS amphibious rifle
588:. Chambered for the
566:British Commonwealth
525:NATO standardisation
232:Muzzle velocity
32:No. 9 bullpup rifle
23:EM2 (disambiguation)
21:For other uses, see
1724:PanzerbĂĽchse M.SS41
1568:Bond Arms BullPup 9
1350:Springfield Hellion
544:Minister of Defence
330:Vickers machine gun
316:rifles and various
236:771m/s (2,545 ft/s)
1870:S&T Daewoo K11
1330:S&T Daewoo XK8
1315:Pindad SS2 Bullpup
1010:EM2 specifications
971:on 5 November 2017
609:
555:Fabrique Nationale
470:
450:
448:Thorpe EM-1 rifle.
391:Dunkirk evacuation
324:would replace the
149:.30-06 Springfield
92:Production history
1888:
1887:
1834:Pancor Jackhammer
1210:Interdynamics MKR
994:British Movietone
900:978-1-7334246-2-2
881:978-0-88935-002-1
538:was also tested.
402:light machine gun
284:Winston Churchill
272:Rifle, No.9, Mk.1
264:
263:
1928:
1789:Franchi mod .410
1732:
1578:Remington XP-100
1564:
1480:Pecheneg Bullpup
1437:
1300:Norinco Type 86S
1084:Bullpup firearms
1077:
1070:
1063:
1054:
1053:
1034:
979:
978:
976:
967:, archived from
957:
956:
954:
945:, archived from
935:
926:
904:
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726:
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711:
705:
702:
696:
693:
468:EM-2 being fired
406:7.92Ă—57mm Mauser
379:rimmed cartridge
360:Post-war weapons
278:, was a British
270:, also known as
249:Feed system
131:
42:
33:
28:
27:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1848:
1760:
1726:
1719:MICOR Leader 50
1650:
1646:Walther WA 2000
1611:Desert Tech HTI
1606:Desert Tech SRS
1587:
1558:
1542:
1505:Submachine guns
1499:
1466:
1438:
1429:
1324:DI MA-1 Mk. III
1135:Desert Tech MDR
1130:Bushmaster M17S
1086:
1081:
1031:Popular Science
990:"The New Rifle"
986:
974:
972:
952:
950:
949:on 8 March 2016
923:
901:
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862:
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842:
839:
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703:
699:
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678:
673:
635:
559:Dieudonné Saive
527:
492:flapper locking
426:
362:
357:
188:
121:
119:
76:In service
71:Service history
45:
31:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1934:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1916:Bullpup rifles
1913:
1908:
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1886:
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1806:
1804:IWI Tavor TS12
1801:
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1784:ENARM Pentagun
1781:
1776:
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1743:
1741:Steyr IWS 2000
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1533:Steyr AUG Para
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1498:
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1495:Steyr AUG HBAR
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1405:VB Berapi LP06
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1185:HS Produkt VHS
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985:
984:External links
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724:. 6 July 2017.
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631:
590:5.56Ă—45mm NATO
548:Manny Shinwell
526:
523:
438:"intermediate"
425:
422:
418:7.92Ă—33mm Kurz
361:
358:
356:
353:
341:7.62Ă—51mm NATO
318:submachineguns
262:
261:
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215:flapper-locked
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156:Specifications
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455:Dennis Burney
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57:assault rifle
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24:
16:
1779:EAA MKA 1923
1641:VSSK Vykhlop
1583:USFA ZiP .22
1556:Boberg XR9-S
1472:Machine guns
1462:Thorneycroft
1410:Vektor CR-21
1305:OTs-14 Groza
1195:Tavor TAR-21
1165:FB MSBS Grot
1144:
1139:
1110:Armtech C30R
1030:
973:, retrieved
969:the original
963:
951:, retrieved
947:the original
941:
931:
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909:Hogg, Ian V.
890:
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837:Bibliography
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374:.303 British
370:World War II
366:British Army
363:
334:
320:, while the
303:.280 British
296:
276:Janson rifle
275:
271:
267:
265:
211:Gas-operated
199:.280 British
180: length
117:RSAF Enfield
113:Manufacturer
84:Used by
15:
1844:UTAS UTS-15
1809:Kel-Tec KSG
1727: [
1704:HK WSG 2000
1674:Barrett M95
1669:Barrett M90
1559: [
1425:Walther G22
1295:NIVA XM1970
1230:Kel-Tec RFB
1225:Kel-Tec RDB
1205:IWI Tavor 7
404:firing the
387:World War I
355:Development
335:As part of
314:bolt-action
311:Lee-Enfield
132: built
1895:Categories
1774:Crye Six12
1490:SAR 21 LMG
1400:Valmet M82
1275:Magpul PDR
1270:LAPA FA-03
975:9 November
953:9 November
671:References
660:Sieg rifle
512:War Office
343:round. A
1880:XM29 OICW
1875:XM25 CDTE
1814:Kushnapup
1380:TKB-022PM
1360:Steyr AUG
1355:Steyr ACR
1290:Model 45A
1220:KAL1 GPIR
1200:Tavor X95
676:Citations
655:Model 45A
572:) as the
570:M1 Garand
496:Gewehr 43
484:pressings
194:Cartridge
108:1948–1950
1766:Shotguns
1751:WKW Wilk
1548:Handguns
1444:Carbines
1375:TKB-0146
1170:FN F2000
1115:ASh-12.7
633:See also
607:and EM-2
383:magazine
368:entered
326:Bren gun
140:Variants
120:Chambons
105:Designed
97:Designer
1631:OTs-48K
1523:JS 9 mm
1395:Type 11
1390:TKB-408
1385:TKB-059
1370:TKB-011
1365:STG-556
1250:L86 LSW
1235:KH-2002
1190:IFAR 22
1175:Grad AR
1155:EMER-K1
584:as the
501:BSA 28P
473:the US
457:as the
345:bullpup
292:bullpup
260:Optical
54:Bullpup
1819:KS-23K
1699:Gepárd
1694:Falcon
1636:QBU-88
1528:QCW-05
1513:FN P90
1485:QBB-95
1340:SAR 21
1320:QBZ-95
1280:Malyuk
1240:L64/65
1092:Rifles
919:
897:
878:
650:L64/65
645:SLEM-1
623:SAR-87
614:L64/65
536:FN FAL
414:StG 44
257:Sights
206:Action
178:Barrel
169:Length
1853:Other
1756:PDShP
1746:SV-18
1736:RT-20
1731:]
1714:Mambi
1664:Arash
1626:M89SR
1563:]
1452:AGM-1
1310:PAPOP
1160:FAMAS
863:(PDF)
849:(PDF)
619:AR-18
605:XL 60
582:AR-15
410:FG 42
322:TADEN
1709:KSVK
1415:Vepr
1345:Sieg
1335:SA80
1285:MR-C
1265:LA-4
1260:LA-1
1150:EM-4
1145:EM-2
1140:EM-1
1125:BR18
1100:A-91
977:2014
955:2014
917:ISBN
895:ISBN
876:ISBN
459:EM-4
364:The
349:SA80
337:NATO
328:and
307:.303
288:NATO
268:EM-2
266:The
161:Mass
79:1951
50:Type
1616:SVU
1601:Bor
1457:L22
1255:L98
1245:L85
1215:K-3
586:M16
574:M14
519:P14
475:M14
416:'s
274:or
130:No.
1897::
1729:de
1561:de
1029:.
739:^
717:.
684:^
546:,
503:.
461:.
332:.
213:,
147:,
135:59
1326:)
1322:(
1076:e
1069:t
1062:v
925:.
903:.
884:.
851:.
621:/
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
