667:, glass can undergo more elongation before it breaks. Thinner filaments can bend further before they break. The viscosity of the molten glass is very important for manufacturing success. During drawing, the process where the hot glass is pulled to reduce the diameter of the fiber, the viscosity must be relatively low. If it is too high, the fiber will break during drawing. However, if it is too low, the glass will form droplets instead of being drawn out into a fiber.
2557:
44:
2567:
815:(NAIMA) claims that glass fiber is fundamentally different from asbestos, since it is man-made instead of naturally occurring. They claim that glass fiber "dissolves in the lungs", while asbestos remains in the body for life. Although both glass fiber and asbestos are made from silica filaments, NAIMA claims that asbestos is more dangerous because of its crystalline structure, which causes it to
881:, the glass fibers are very strong in tension but tend not to resist compression. By combining the two materials, GRP becomes a material that resists both compressive and tensile forces well. The two materials may be used uniformly or the glass may be specifically placed in those portions of the structure that will experience tensile loads.
125:. Although not as rigid as carbon fiber, it is much cheaper and significantly less brittle when used in composites. Glass fiber reinforced composites are used in marine industry and piping industries because of good environmental resistance, better damage tolerance for impact loading, high specific strength and stiffness.
762:
is applied. This size helps protect the fiber as it is wound onto a bobbin. The particular size applied relates to end-use. While some sizes are processing aids, others make the fiber have an affinity for a certain resin, if the fiber is to be used in a composite. Size is usually added at 0.5–2.0%
746:
to the nozzle as long as the viscosity is in the correct range for fiber formation. The smaller the annular ring of the nozzle and the thinner the wall at exit, the faster the drop will form and fall away, and the lower its tendency to wet the vertical part of the nozzle. The surface tension of the
736:
Bushings are the major expense in fiber glass production. The nozzle design is also critical. The number of nozzles ranges from 200 to 4000 in multiples of 200. The important part of the nozzle in continuous filament manufacture is the thickness of its walls in the exit region. It was found that
265:
minerals globally. It is susceptible to chloride ion attack and is a poor choice for marine applications. S-glass ("S" for "Strength") is used when high tensile strength (modulus) is important, and is thus important in composites for building and aircraft construction. The same substance is known as
255:
with no true melting point, can be used as a glass fiber for fiberglass, but has the drawback that it must be worked at very high temperatures. In order to lower the necessary work temperature, other materials are introduced as "fluxing agents" (i.e., components to lower the melting point). Ordinary
732:
were first used they were 100% platinum, and the glass wetted the bushing so easily that it ran under the plate after exiting the nozzle and accumulated on the underside. Also, due to its cost and the tendency to wear, the platinum was alloyed with rhodium. In the direct melt process, the bushing
260:
glass, was the first type of glass used for fiberglass. E-glass ("E" because of initial electrical application), is alkali free, and was the first glass formulation used for continuous filament formation. It now makes up most of the fiberglass production in the world, and also is the single largest
827:
Synthetic vitreous fibers differ from asbestos in two ways that may provide at least partial explanations for their lower toxicity. Because most synthetic vitreous fibers are not crystalline like asbestos, they do not split longitudinally to form thinner fibers. They also generally have markedly
460:
E-glass does not actually melt, but softens instead, the softening point being "the temperature at which a 0.55–0.77 mm diameter fiber 235 mm long, elongates under its own weight at 1 mm/min when suspended vertically and heated at the rate of 5 °C per minute". The strain point is reached when the
771:
For staple fiber production, there are a number of ways to manufacture the fiber. The glass can be blown or blasted with heat or steam after exiting the formation machine. Usually these fibers are made into some sort of mat. The most common process used is the rotary process. Here, the glass
432:
Although pure silica is a perfectly viable glass and glass fiber, it must be worked with at very high temperatures, which is a drawback unless its specific chemical properties are needed. It is usual to introduce impurities into the glass in the form of other materials to lower its working
788:
causes cancer and its subsequent removal from most products. However, the safety of glass fiber is also being called into question, as research shows that the composition of this material (asbestos and glass fiber are both silicate fibers) can cause similar toxicity as asbestos.
643:
The strength of glass is usually tested and reported for "virgin" or pristine fibers—those that have just been manufactured. The freshest, thinnest fibers are the strongest because the thinner fibers are more ductile. The more the surface is scratched, the less the resulting
1766:
T. W. Hesterberga, G. Chaseb, C. Axtenc, 1, W. C. Millera, R. P. Musselmand, O. Kamstrupe, J. Hadleyf, C. Morscheidtg, D. M. Bernsteinh and P. Thevenaz (2 August 1998). "Biopersistence of
Synthetic Vitreous Fibers and Amosite Asbestos in the Rat Lung Following Inhalation".
940:
Open-weave glass fiber grids are used to reinforce asphalt pavement. Non-woven glass fiber/polymer blend mats are used saturated with asphalt emulsion and overlaid with asphalt, producing a waterproof, crack-resistant membrane. Use of glass-fiber reinforced polymer
486:
Fabrics of woven glass fibers are useful thermal insulators because of their high ratio of surface area to weight. However, the increased surface area makes them much more susceptible to chemical attack. By trapping air within them, blocks of glass fiber make good
145:
processing. The technique of heating and drawing glass into fine fibers has been known for millennia, and was practiced in Egypt and Venice. Before the recent use of these fibers for textile applications, all glass fiber had been manufactured as
733:
serves as a collector for the molten glass. It is heated slightly to keep the glass at the correct temperature for fiber formation. In the marble melt process, the bushing acts more like a furnace as it melts more of the material.
953:
Glass fiber has recently seen use in biomedical applications in the assistance of joint replacement where the electric field orientation of short phosphate glass fibers can improve osteogenic qualities through the proliferation of
741:
here reduced wetting. Today, the nozzles are designed to have a minimum thickness at the exit. As glass flows through the nozzle, it forms a drop which is suspended from the end. As it falls, it leaves a thread attached by the
118:. Glass fiber, when used as a thermal insulating material, is specially manufactured with a bonding agent to trap many small air cells, resulting in the characteristically air-filled low-density "glass wool" family of products.
812:
1942:
Electric Field-Assisted
Orientation of Short Phosphate Glass Fibers on Stainless Steel for Biomedical Applications Qiang Chen, Jiajia Jing, Hongfei Qi, Ifty Ahmed, Haiou Yang, Xianhu Liu, T. L. Lu, and
750:
The attenuation (drawing) speed is important in the nozzle design. Although slowing this speed down can make coarser fiber, it is uneconomic to run at speeds for which the nozzles were not designed.
692:
and rolled into marbles which are cooled and packaged. The marbles are taken to the fiber manufacturing facility where they are inserted into a can and remelted. The molten glass is extruded to the
1612:
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2000:
72:
Glassmakers throughout history have experimented with glass fibers, but mass manufacture of glass fiber was only made possible with the invention of finer machine tooling. In 1893,
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temperature. These materials also impart various other properties to the glass that may be beneficial in different applications. The first type of glass used for fiber was
272:("T" is for "thermal insulator" – a North American variant of C-glass) are resistant to chemical attack; both are often found in insulation-grades of blown fiberglass.
801:
776:
is thrown out horizontally. The air jets push it down vertically, and binder is applied. Then the mat is vacuumed to a screen and the binder is cured in the oven.
402:
can move about freely. If the glass is extruded and cooled quickly at this temperature, it will be unable to form an ordered structure. In the polymer it forms SiO
473:
point, which is the temperature where the internal stresses are reduced to an acceptable commercial limit in 15 minutes, is marked by a viscosity of 10 poise.
1476:
1881:
680:
There are two main types of glass fiber manufacture and two main types of glass fiber product. First, fiber is made either from a direct melt process or a
897:, sound insulation, high-strength fabrics or heat- and corrosion-resistant fabrics. It is also used to reinforce various materials, such as tent poles,
55:
1812:
829:
1816:
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1516:
Hillermeier KH, Melliand
Textilberichte 1/1969, Dortmund-Mengede, pp. 26–28, "Glass fiber—its properties related to the filament fiber diameter".
1756:(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry), September 2004, p. 17.
1956:
Nandi, S., Jaffee, A. M., Goya, K. F., & Dietz, A. G. (2019). U.S. Patent No. US10193138. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office.
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1997:
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208:
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that destroy E-glass. T-glass is a North
American variant of C-glass. AR-glass is alkali-resistant glass. Most glass fibers have limited
1702:
1977:
268:
226:
220:
202:
2511:
1195:"A Market Assessment and Impact Analysis of the Owens Corning Acquisition of Saint-Gobain's Reinforcement and Composites Business"
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to be formed into fiber. In the direct melt process, the molten glass in the furnace goes directly to the bushing for formation.
2603:
1724:
1634:
805:
3167:
425:) have similar energy levels on a molecular basis, also implying that the glassy form is extremely stable. In order to induce
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atom at the center, and four oxygen atoms at the corners. These atoms then form a network bonded at the corners by sharing the
1258:
1194:
441:-free (<2%) type, E-glass, is an alumino-borosilicate glass. C-glass was developed to resist attack from chemicals, mostly
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212:(Electrical/Chemical Resistance; alumino-lime silicate with less than 1% w/w alkali oxides, with high acid resistance),
1852:
1276:. ASM International. Handbook Committee. (10th ed.). Materials Park, OH: ASM International. 2001. pp. 27–29.
1243:
873:), the two materials act together, each overcoming the deficits of the other. Whereas the plastic resins are strong in
1892:
962:. Another potential use is within electronic applications as sodium based glass fibers assist or replace lithium in
684:
remelt process. Both start with the raw materials in solid form. The materials are mixed together and melted in a
2047:
1097:
Sathishkumar, TP; Satheeshkumar, S; Naveen, J (July 2014). "Glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites – a review".
836:
A 1998 study using rats found that the biopersistence of synthetic fibers after one year was 0.04–13%, but 27% for
708:
plate is the most important part of the machinery for making the fiber. This is a small metal furnace containing
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reinforced by fine glass fibers. The glass can be in the form of a chopped strand mat (CSM) or a woven fabric.
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170:
158:
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Infante, PF; Schuman, LD; Huff, J (1996). "Fibrous glass insulation and cancer: response and rebuttal".
1483:, Cambridge Solid State Science Series (2 ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 15,
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in biological tissues than asbestos fibers because they can undergo dissolution and transverse breakage.
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glass is what influences the formation of the meniscus. For E-glass it should be around 400 mN/m.
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A-glass ("A" for "alkali-lime") or soda lime glass, crushed and ready to be remelted, as so-called
1084:
102:, which is one product called "fiberglass" today, was invented some time between 1932 and 1933 by
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2983:
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17:
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glass or A-glass ("A" for the alkali it contains). It is not very resistant to alkali. A newer,
218:(alkali-lime glass with high boron oxide content, used for glass staple fibers and insulation),
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894:
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395:
181:. When the two companies joined to produce and promote glass fiber, they introduced continuous
73:
1439:
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Glass fiber has roughly comparable mechanical properties to other fibers such as polymers and
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2733:
1806:
963:
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instead of steel rebar shows promise in areas where avoidance of steel corrosion is desired.
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933:. It has been used for medical purposes in casts. Glass fiber is extensively used for making
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115:
1947:
ACS Applied
Materials & Interfaces 2018 10 (14), 11529-11538 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01378
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240:(alumino silicate glass without CaO but with high MgO content with high tensile strength).
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804:, on the other hand, says that there is insufficient evidence, and that glass fiber is in
8:
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R-glass ("R" for "reinforcement") in Europe. C-glass ("C" for "chemical resistance") and
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glass fibers. Owens-Corning is still the major glass-fiber producer in the market today.
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alkali oxides, mainly used for glass-reinforced plastics. Other types of glass used are
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in diameter and greater than 20 ÎĽm in length is a "potent carcinogen". Likewise, the
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1965:
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429:, it must be heated to temperatures above 1200 °C for long periods of time.
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230:(alumino silicate glass without MgO and CaO with high mechanical requirements as
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Fiberglass and Glass
Technology: Energy-Friendly Compositions and Applications
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structure, its properties are the same along the fiber and across the fiber.
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in 1933. The first commercial production of glass fiber was in 1936. In 1938
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35:
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and can worsen microscopic cracks and surface defects, and lessen tenacity.
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asbestos. Fibers that persisted longer were found to be more carcinogenic.
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10.1002/(sici)1097-0274(199607)30:1<113::aid-ajim21>3.3.co;2-n
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2013:
1725:"What does the research show about the health and safety of fiber glass?"
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found it "may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen" in 1990. The
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114:. It is marketed under the trade name Fiberglas, which has become a
30:
For the common composite material reinforced with glass fibers, see
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2314:
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910:
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721:
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is an important factor in the tensile strength. Moisture is easily
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454:
85:
43:
2081:
2831:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2378:
2086:
1226:
E. Fitzer; et al. (2000). "Fibers, 5. Synthetic
Inorganic".
1023:
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Glass fiber has increased in popularity since the discovery that
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for the fiber to be formed through. It is almost always made of
681:
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379:
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In the continuous filament process, after the fiber is drawn, a
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1966:
New recycling effort aims to push KC to go green with its glass
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The modern method for producing glass wool is the invention of
134:
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1970s studies on rats found that fibrous glass of less than 3
27:
Material consisting of numerous extremely fine fibers of glass
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2627:
2612:
2538:
2491:
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1993:
CDC – Fibrous Glass – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic
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902:
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by weight. Winding then takes place at around 1 km/min.
262:
252:
224:(borosilicate glass, named for its low dielectric constant),
77:
66:
62:
2286:
2271:
2241:
2133:
2128:
2116:
2101:
1839:. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
1438:
Frederick T. Wallenberger; Paul A. Bingham (October 2009).
1230:. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
496:
442:
347:
Long term acid resistance and short term alkali resistance
165:). He first applied for a patent for a new process to make
89:
1871:. Trans. Martin Thompson. Munich: Hanser Publishers, 2006.
978:. Recycled glass fiber contains up to 40% recycled glass.
889:
Uses for regular glass fiber include mats and fabrics for
724:
is used because the glass melt has a natural affinity for
355:
High tensile strength and properties at high temperatures
188:
The most common type of glass fiber used in fiberglass is
2025:
802:
American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
197:
1835:
Ilschner, B; et al. (2000). "Composite
Materials".
843:
688:. Then, for the marble process, the molten material is
34:. For the glass fiber used to transmit information, see
1553:
The Manufacturing Technology of Continuous Glass Fibers
1528:
The Manufacturing Technology of Continuous Glass Fibers
1171:
The Manufacturing Technology of Continuous Glass Fibers
450:
1392:
Handbook of Fiberglass and Advanced Plastic Composites
406:
groups which are configured as a tetrahedron with the
276:
Common Fiber Categories and Associated Characteristic
61:) is a material consisting of numerous extremely fine
1980:. North American Insulation Manufacturers Association
1261:. Redorbit.com (2014-06-20). Retrieved on 2016-06-02.
457:
ions will also attack and dissolve E-glass surfaces.
1599:
1597:
1754:
Toxicological Profile for Synthetic Vitreous Fibers
813:
North American Insulation Manufacturers Association
394:but softens up to 1200 °C, where it starts to
206:(Alkali-lime glass with little or no boron oxide),
141:into many fibers with small diameters suitable for
1688:
1406:
806:group A4: "Not classifiable as a human carcinogen"
92:fibers. Glass fibers can also occur naturally, as
1594:
1325:
3144:
1404:
1173:. New York: Elsevier Scientific. pp. 2–94.
974:Manufacturers of glass-fiber insulation can use
869:As with many other composite materials (such as
819:into smaller, more dangerous pieces, citing the
1580:. Atlanta: Van Nostrand Reindhold. p. 13.
1405:Incropera, Frank P.; De Witt, David P. (1990).
150:(that is, clusters of short lengths of fiber).
1837:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1330:. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 544–546.
1228:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
970:Role of recycling in glass fiber manufacturing
753:
3052:Conservation and restoration of glass objects
2597:
2041:
1605:"Fiber Glass: A Carcinogen That's Everywhere"
1575:
1555:. New York: Elsevier Scientific. p. 94.
1530:. New York: Elsevier Scientific. p. 91.
1099:Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites
1811:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1164:
1162:
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821:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
1882:"Reflective Cracking Treated with GlasGrid"
1834:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1632:
1550:
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1168:
966:due to its improved electronic properties.
798:International Agency for Research on Cancer
133:Glass fiber is formed when thin strands of
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1815:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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1691:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
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1481:An Introduction to Composite Materials
1409:Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer
772:enters a rotating spinner, and due to
506:
137:-based or other formulation glass are
110:, as a material to be used as thermal
2585:
2029:
1475:Hull, D.; Clyne, T. W., eds. (1996),
1470:
1468:
1389:
1376:
844:Glass-reinforced plastic (fiberglass)
2566:
1968:, Kansas City Star, October 14, 2009
1357:
1344:
1312:
854:Glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) is a
84:incorporating glass fibers with the
2010:International Geosynthetics Society
1770:Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
1394:. Huntingdon NY: Robert E. Krieger.
449:in water but are very dependent on
378:. In its pure form it exists as a
179:Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation
24:
1465:
1326:Gupta, V.B.; V.K. Kothari (1997).
1087:. Application 1933, granted 1938.
1062:, naturally occurring glass fibre.
247:(silicon dioxide), when cooled as
128:
25:
3189:
1986:
1978:FAQs About Fiber Glass Insulation
1729:FAQs About Fiber Glass Insulation
1613:Environmental Research Foundation
948:
2565:
2556:
2555:
398:. At 1713 °C, most of the
3122:Radioactive waste vitrification
3077:Glass fiber reinforced concrete
1971:
1959:
1950:
1936:
1910:
1874:
1759:
1747:
1717:
1682:
1652:
1626:
1544:
1519:
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1431:
1398:
1034:Glass fiber reinforced concrete
877:loading and relatively weak in
1576:Mohr, J.G.; W.P. Rowe (1978).
1264:
1187:
1133:Inorganic and Composite Fibers
1125:
1090:
1078:
913:, translucent roofing panels,
13:
1:
3168:Building insulation materials
2989:Chemically strengthened glass
1328:Manufactured Fibre Technology
1197:. August 2007. Archived from
1085:Slayter patent for glass wool
476:
292:Soda lime glass/ high alkali
2822:Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals
1489:10.1017/cbo9781139170130.004
699:
421:states of silica (glass and
361:
316:Low electrical conductivity
171:Owens-Illinois Glass Company
159:Owens-Illinois Glass Company
82:World's Columbian Exposition
7:
1918:"Steel Versus GFRP Rebars?"
1444:. Springer. pp. 211–.
1390:Lubin, George, ed. (1975).
1360:Technical Approach to Glass
981:
754:Continuous filament process
10:
3194:
2055:
1633:John Fuller (2008-03-24).
1551:Loewenstein, K.L. (1973).
1526:Loewenstein, K.L. (1973).
1169:Loewenstein, K.L. (1973).
847:
675:
481:
194:alumino-borosilicate glass
29:
3042:
2974:
2906:
2853:Chemical vapor deposition
2840:
2802:
2774:Ultra low expansion glass
2664:Borophosphosilicate glass
2646:
2620:
2551:
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2407:
2359:
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2327:
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2192:
2072:
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1635:"Fiberglass and Asbestos"
779:
336:
300:High chemical resistance
3092:Glass-reinforced plastic
2754:Sodium hexametaphosphate
1924:. September–October 2005
1845:10.1002/14356007.a07_369
1639:Is insulation dangerous?
1236:10.1002/14356007.a11_001
1111:10.1177/0731684414530790
860:fiber-reinforced plastic
308:Low dielectric constant
2984:Anti-reflective coating
2858:Glass batch calculation
2739:Photochromic lens glass
1869:Designing with Plastics
1731:. NAIMA. Archived from
1358:Volf, Milos B. (1990).
1141:10.1016/C2016-0-04634-X
884:
671:Manufacturing processes
648:. Because glass has an
370:-grade glass fibers is
1891:. 2010. Archived from
1791:10.1006/taap.1998.8472
1362:. New York: Elsevier.
1304:: CS1 maint: others (
834:
332:High tensile strength
74:Edward Drummond Libbey
48:
47:Bundle of glass fibers
3117:Prince Rupert's drops
2966:Transparent materials
2926:Gradient-index optics
2734:Phosphosilicate glass
1998:Fiberglass and health
1477:"Fibres and matrices"
1415:John Wiley & Sons
964:lithium-ion batteries
935:FRP tanks and vessels
895:electrical insulation
825:
639:Mechanical properties
495:of the order of 0.05
324:High tensile modulus
116:genericized trademark
46:
3082:Glass ionomer cement
2956:Photosensitive glass
2883:Liquidus temperature
2704:Fluorosilicate glass
1073:Notes and references
767:Staple fiber process
525:Compressive strength
493:thermal conductivity
3153:Composite materials
3102:Glass-to-metal seal
3024:Self-cleaning glass
2946:Optical lens design
1898:on 26 February 2013
1783:1998ToxAP.151..262H
1004:Composite materials
871:reinforced concrete
531:Young's Modulus, E
507:Selected properties
277:
234:einforcement), and
177:joined to form the
175:Corning Glass Works
112:building insulation
3178:1938 introductions
3087:Glass microspheres
3009:Hydrogen darkening
2931:Hydrogen darkening
2679:Chalcogenide glass
2669:Borosilicate glass
2003:2017-11-03 at the
1945:Aldo R. Boccaccini
1664:Yeshiva University
1135:. Elsevier. 2018.
1014:Fiberglass molding
958:and with improved
891:thermal insulation
856:composite material
489:thermal insulation
390:. It has no true
275:
196:with less than 1%
49:
3140:
3139:
3057:Glass-coated wire
3029:sol–gel technique
3014:Insulated glazing
2951:Photochromic lens
2936:Optical amplifier
2888:sol–gel technique
2579:
2578:
2547:
2546:
2323:
2322:
2012:, information on
1587:978-0-442-25447-6
1562:978-0-444-41109-9
1537:978-0-444-41109-9
1498:978-1-139-17013-0
1451:978-1-4419-0735-6
1424:978-0-471-51729-0
1369:978-0-444-98805-8
1337:978-0-412-54030-1
1283:978-1-62708-011-8
1180:978-0-444-41109-9
1150:978-0-08-102228-3
1105:(13): 1258–1275.
1040:Glass microsphere
960:surface chemistry
774:centrifugal force
720:for durability.
636:
635:
542:Thermal expansion
417:The vitreous and
359:
358:
16:(Redirected from
3185:
3173:Synthetic fibers
3163:Glass production
2878:Ion implantation
2633:Glass transition
2606:
2599:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2569:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2334:
2333:
2070:
2069:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2027:
2026:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1886:
1878:
1872:
1867:Erhard, Gunter.
1865:
1859:
1858:
1832:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1802:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1666:. Archived from
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1601:
1592:
1591:
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1566:
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1542:
1541:
1523:
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1514:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1417:. pp. A11.
1413:(3rd ed.).
1412:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1374:
1373:
1355:
1342:
1341:
1323:
1310:
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1191:
1185:
1184:
1166:
1155:
1154:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1094:
1088:
1082:
879:tensile strength
518:Tensile strength
511:
510:
278:
274:
21:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3072:Glass electrode
3067:Glass databases
3044:
3038:
2976:
2970:
2902:
2836:
2812:Bioactive glass
2798:
2784:Vitreous enamel
2769:Thoriated glass
2764:Tellurite glass
2749:Soda–lime glass
2719:Gold ruby glass
2689:Cranberry glass
2642:
2616:
2610:
2580:
2575:
2543:
2436:
2403:
2355:
2346:Artificial silk
2319:
2301:
2188:
2059:
2054:
2005:Wayback Machine
1989:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1833:
1824:
1804:
1803:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1735:on 13 June 2010
1723:
1722:
1718:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1670:on 20 July 2011
1658:
1657:
1653:
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1399:
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1338:
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1313:
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1284:
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1224:
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1204:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1167:
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1151:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
984:
972:
951:
931:paper honeycomb
887:
852:
846:
782:
769:
756:
702:
678:
673:
663:In contrast to
641:
553:
548:
543:
538:
527:
520:
509:
484:
479:
427:crystallization
405:
389:
385:
377:
364:
338:Special Purpose
284:Characteristic
157:working at the
131:
129:Fiber formation
88:and texture of
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3191:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3034:Tempered glass
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3004:DNA microarray
3001:
2999:Dealkalization
2996:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2873:Glass modeling
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2804:Glass-ceramics
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2744:Silicate glass
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
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2661:
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2650:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2615:science topics
2609:
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2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
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2381:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2361:Semi-synthetic
2357:
2356:
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2353:
2348:
2342:
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2320:
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2076:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2021:
2007:
1995:
1988:
1987:External links
1985:
1983:
1982:
1970:
1958:
1949:
1935:
1909:
1873:
1860:
1854:978-3527306732
1853:
1822:
1777:(2): 262–275.
1758:
1746:
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1681:
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1625:
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1586:
1568:
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1543:
1536:
1518:
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1450:
1430:
1423:
1397:
1375:
1368:
1343:
1336:
1311:
1282:
1263:
1251:
1245:978-3527306732
1244:
1211:
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1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
985:
983:
980:
976:recycled glass
971:
968:
950:
949:Potential uses
947:
886:
883:
848:Main article:
845:
842:
830:biopersistence
781:
778:
768:
765:
755:
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313:E, electrical
310:
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305:D, dielectric
302:
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130:
127:
108:Owens-Illinois
26:
9:
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3:
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2967:
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2944:
2942:
2941:Optical fiber
2939:
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2934:
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2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
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2899:
2898:Vitrification
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:Glass melting
2866:
2864:
2863:Glass forming
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2779:Uranium glass
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2759:Soluble glass
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
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2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2674:Ceramic glaze
2672:
2670:
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2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
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2639:
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2600:
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2588:
2587:
2584:
2572:
2564:
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2540:
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2513:
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2240:
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2197:
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2177:
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2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
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2152:
2150:
2147:
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2142:
2140:
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2127:
2123:
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2119:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
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2075:
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2068:
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2058:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2018:geosynthetics
2015:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1979:
1974:
1967:
1962:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1877:
1870:
1864:
1856:
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1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1829:
1827:
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1800:
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1771:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1697:(1): 113–20.
1696:
1692:
1685:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1614:
1610:
1609:Rachel's News
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1471:
1469:
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1218:
1216:
1201:on 2009-08-15
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1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1055:Optical fiber
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:(GFRC or GRC)
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1019:Filament tape
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
979:
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967:
965:
961:
957:
946:
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938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
919:hockey sticks
916:
912:
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904:
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882:
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876:
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867:
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831:
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809:
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803:
799:
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764:
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748:
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734:
731:
727:
723:
719:
716:alloyed with
715:
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691:
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683:
668:
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661:
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647:
631:
628:
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619:
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541:
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448:
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436:
430:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
401:
397:
393:
392:melting point
381:
373:
369:
366:The basis of
354:
351:
350:
346:
343:
342:
339:
335:
331:
328:
327:
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164:
160:
156:
155:Games Slayter
151:
149:
144:
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136:
126:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
104:Games Slayter
101:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
57:
53:
45:
41:
37:
36:Optical fiber
33:
19:
3131:
3107:Porous glass
3062:Safety glass
3019:Porous glass
2977:modification
2789:Wood's glass
2709:Fused quartz
2684:Cobalt glass
2638:Supercooling
2507:Polyethylene
2416:
2023:
1973:
1961:
1952:
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1922:Public Roads
1921:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1893:the original
1888:
1876:
1863:
1836:
1807:cite journal
1774:
1768:
1761:
1749:
1737:. Retrieved
1733:the original
1728:
1719:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1668:the original
1660:"Fiberglass"
1654:
1642:. Retrieved
1638:
1628:
1617:. Retrieved
1615:. 1995-05-31
1608:
1577:
1571:
1552:
1546:
1527:
1521:
1512:
1502:, retrieved
1480:
1455:. Retrieved
1440:
1433:
1408:
1400:
1391:
1359:
1327:
1273:ASM handbook
1272:
1266:
1254:
1227:
1203:. Retrieved
1199:the original
1189:
1170:
1132:
1127:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1080:
1066:Quartz fiber
1045:Glass Poling
994:Carbon fiber
989:Basalt fiber
973:
952:
939:
888:
868:
853:
835:
826:
810:
791:
783:
770:
757:
749:
737:inserting a
735:
703:
679:
665:carbon fiber
662:
642:
532:
485:
461:glass has a
459:
431:
416:
365:
337:
329:S, strength
297:C, chemical
267:
261:consumer of
249:fused quartz
242:
235:
231:
225:
219:
213:
207:
201:
189:
187:
163:Toledo, Ohio
152:
132:
123:carbon fiber
120:
98:
76:exhibited a
71:
58:
51:
50:
40:
3158:Glass types
3132:Glass fiber
3097:Glass cloth
2841:Preparation
2817:CorningWare
2699:Flint glass
2694:Crown glass
2647:Formulation
2338:Regenerated
2282:Spider silk
2020:in general.
2014:geotextiles
1928:1 September
1902:1 September
1060:Pele's hair
1029:Glass cloth
956:osteoblasts
875:compressive
739:counterbore
547:Softening T
465:of 10
419:crystalline
321:M, modulus
192:, which is
94:Pele's hair
59:glass fibre
52:Glass fiber
3147:Categories
3127:Windshield
2961:Refraction
2921:Dispersion
2729:Milk glass
2724:Lead glass
2487:Modacrylic
2482:Microfiber
2399:Triacetate
2351:Milk fiber
2217:Camel hair
2149:Lotus silk
1619:2008-10-30
1578:Fiberglass
1504:2020-11-07
1259:Fiberglass
1205:2009-07-16
1050:Glass wool
1009:Fiberglass
923:surfboards
915:automobile
899:pole vault
862:made of a
850:Fiberglass
728:it. When
514:Fiber type
477:Properties
447:solubility
289:A, alkali
209:E-CR-glass
167:glass wool
100:Glass wool
32:Fiberglass
2994:Corrosion
2893:Viscosity
2848:Annealing
2502:Polyester
2374:Diacetate
2329:Synthetic
2232:Chiengora
1889:CTIP News
1739:27 August
1674:27 August
1644:27 August
1300:cite book
1292:712545628
1119:136242178
911:crossbows
700:Formation
650:amorphous
611:S-2 glass
544:(μm/m·°C)
491:, with a
471:annealing
463:viscosity
435:soda lime
400:molecules
362:Chemistry
352:R and Te
281:Category
3112:Pre-preg
2916:Achromat
2659:Bioglass
2654:AgInSbTe
2561:Category
2470:Technora
2432:Metallic
2315:Asbestos
2257:Pashmina
2222:Cashmere
2001:Archived
1711:16374937
1457:29 April
982:See also
917:bodies,
786:asbestos
744:meniscus
730:bushings
722:Platinum
714:platinum
658:adsorbed
654:Humidity
646:tenacity
585:C-glass
554:($ /kg)
537:Density
455:Chloride
183:filament
139:extruded
86:diameter
3043:Diverse
2975:Surface
2832:Zerodur
2571:Commons
2529:Vinylon
2524:Vectran
2519:Spandex
2450:Acrylic
2442:Polymer
2409:Mineral
2389:Piñatex
2379:Lyocell
2369:Acetate
2307:Mineral
2237:Guanaco
2087:Bagasse
2065:Natural
1799:9707503
1779:Bibcode
1024:Gelcoat
925:, boat
901:poles,
864:plastic
838:amosite
726:wetting
718:rhodium
710:nozzles
706:bushing
694:bushing
690:sheared
686:furnace
676:Melting
559:E-glass
482:Thermal
414:atoms.
408:silicon
396:degrade
380:polymer
368:textile
269:T-glass
251:into a
237:S-glass
227:R-glass
221:D-glass
215:C-glass
203:A-glass
190:E-glass
143:textile
80:at the
18:E-glass
3045:topics
2908:Optics
2714:GeSbTe
2621:Basics
2534:Vinyon
2512:UHMWPE
2497:Olefin
2465:Kevlar
2460:Twaron
2455:Aramid
2427:Basalt
2422:Carbon
2292:Vicuña
2277:Tendon
2267:Rabbit
2262:Qiviut
2252:Mohair
2227:Catgut
2212:Byssus
2207:Angora
2202:Alpaca
2194:Animal
2174:Rattan
2164:Raffia
2107:Cotton
2092:Bamboo
2057:Fibers
1851:
1797:
1709:
1584:
1559:
1534:
1495:
1448:
1421:
1366:
1334:
1290:
1280:
1242:
1177:
1147:
1117:
999:BS4994
929:, and
903:arrows
817:cleave
780:Safety
682:marble
539:(g/cm)
533:(GPa)
528:(MPa)
469:. The
439:alkali
423:quartz
412:oxygen
382:, (SiO
372:silica
258:cullet
245:silica
148:staple
135:silica
63:fibers
2827:Macor
2794:ZBLAN
2628:Glass
2613:Glass
2539:Zylon
2492:Nylon
2475:Nomex
2417:Glass
2394:Rayon
2384:Modal
2247:Llama
2179:Sisal
2169:Ramie
2144:Kenaf
2139:Kapok
2122:Linen
2112:Fique
2097:BashĹŤ
2082:Abacá
2074:Plant
1896:(PDF)
1885:(PDF)
1115:S2CID
943:rebar
927:hulls
828:less
617:1600
597:2.49
594:69.0
588:3300
565:1080
552:Price
521:(MPa)
467:poise
443:acids
374:, SiO
263:boron
253:glass
243:Pure
78:dress
67:glass
2287:Wool
2272:Silk
2242:Hair
2184:Wood
2159:Pine
2154:Piña
2134:Jute
2129:Hemp
2117:Flax
2102:Coir
2016:and
1930:2013
1904:2013
1849:ISBN
1817:link
1813:link
1795:PMID
1741:2010
1707:PMID
1676:2010
1646:2010
1582:ISBN
1557:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1493:ISBN
1459:2011
1446:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1364:ISBN
1332:ISBN
1306:link
1288:OCLC
1278:ISBN
1240:ISBN
1175:ISBN
1145:ISBN
909:and
907:bows
885:Uses
811:The
760:size
704:The
632:~20
629:1056
623:2.46
620:85.5
614:4890
600:7.2
571:2.58
568:76.0
562:3445
549:(°C)
499:/(m·
344:ECR
173:and
90:silk
2297:Yak
1841:doi
1787:doi
1775:151
1699:doi
1485:doi
1232:doi
1137:doi
1107:doi
858:or
626:2.9
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603:--
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580:~2
577:846
503:).
198:w/w
106:of
65:of
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