640:"Effective writing techniques" are not relevant to general semantics as a discipline, and therefore it should not be promoted as general semantics practice. E-Prime does not distinguish statements that disobey the principles of general semantics from statements that do not. It lacks consistency with the other tenets of general semantics and should not be included into the discipline.
1450:
students from developing other fundamental skills of fluent writing. However, introducing E-Prime restrictions for at least one assignment forces students to spend more time with their essays, to think critically about acceptable grammar and vocabulary, and to search for new, or nearly forgotten, vocabulary.
1069:
Using E-Prime, I require students to paraphrase about half their sentences—admittedly, in a special way, but using as stylistic models the best of the rest of their sentences, already written in 'native' E-Prime. The more gracefully and effectively they learn to do this, the more they begin to sound
671:
Identity-in-the-language is not the same as the far more important identity-in-reaction (identification). General semantics cuts the link between the two through the practice of silence on the objective levels, adopting a self-reflexive attitude, e.g., "as I see it" "it seems to me" etc., and by the
659:
The context often ameliorates the possible harmful effects from the use of the "is" of identity and the "is" of predication, so it is not necessary to eliminate all such sentences. For example, "He is a judge" in response to a question about what someone does for a living would not be questionable,
628:
Many authors have questioned E-Prime's effectiveness at improving readability and reducing prejudice (Lakoff, 1992; Murphy, 1992; Parkinson, 1992; Kenyon, 1992; French, 1992, 1993; Lohrey, 1993). These authors observed that communication under the copula ban can remain obscure and imply prejudice,
601:
eliminate the infinitive and verb forms of "to be" from their vocabulary, whereas a second group continued to use "I am," "You are," "They are" statements as usual. For example, instead of saying, "I am depressed," a student was asked to eliminate that emotionally primed verb and to say something
1449:
When applying the aforementioned ideas to any writing assignment, teachers must make sure their students know that the proposed set of guidelines represents only one means to an end and does not present an end in itself. Requiring students to avoid the verb to be on every assignment would deter
667:
has little effect on eliminating identity. For example, a statement of apparently equal identification, "The silly ban on copula continues," can be made without the copula assuming an identity rather than asserting it, consequently hampering our awareness of
620:"has favored E-Prime more than any other form of psychotherapy and I think it is still the only form of therapy that has some of its main books written in E-Prime". However, Ellis did not always use E-Prime because he believed it interferes with readability.
651:
statements convey not only identity but also asymmetrical relations ("X heights more than Y"); negation ("A differs from B"); location ("Another castle contains the princess"); auxiliary ("He goes to the store") etc., forms that would also have to be
655:
The elimination of a whole class of sentences results in fewer alternatives and is likely to make writing less, rather than more, interesting. One can improve bad writing more by reducing use of the verb 'to be' than by excluding
410:
Bourland sees specifically the "identity" and "predication" functions as pernicious but advocates the exclusion of all forms for the sake of simplicity. In the case of the "existence" form or the "location" form, terms such as
1462:
1192:
Miller, Sally. “SEVENTH AND NINTH GRADE WRITING EXERCISES: Candy, Biographies, and E-Prime.” ETC: A Review of
General Semantics, vol. 56, no. 1, 1999, pp. 91–101. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/42579866. Accessed 7 Feb.
676:
is mathematics, which relies heavily on the notion of equivalence and equality. For the purposes of time-binding, it may be better to cut the link between identity-in-the-language and identity-in-reaction.
1466:
2860:
213:). The essay quickly generated controversy within the general semantics field, partly because practitioners of general semantics sometimes saw Bourland as attacking the verb
692:
of the United States, "Requiring students to avoid the verb to be on every assignment would deter students from developing other fundamental skills of fluent writing."
1536:
1545:
581:
as creating a "deity mode of speech", allowing "even the most ignorant to transform their opinions magically into god-like pronouncements on the nature of things".
226:
Bourland collected and published three volumes of essays in support of his innovation. The first (1991), co-edited by Paul
Dennithorne Johnston, bore the title:
2850:
2956:
2585:
2890:
2525:
1487:
3209:
2733:
209:
in the late 1940s. Bourland published the concept in a 1965 essay entitled "A Linguistic Note: Writing in E-Prime" (originally published in
3023:
2620:
1593:
685:
3187:
2930:
1429:
1278:
612:
advocated the use of E-Prime when discussing psychological distress to encourage framing these experiences as temporary (see also
2976:
1566:
681:
647:
than to eliminate only the "is" of identity and the "is" of predication. It may well be easier to do the latter for many people.
3013:
2797:
2670:
2455:
1385:
1146:
3197:
2820:
2690:
1763:
1648:
1560:
1542:
633:, such as identities and identification. Further, prejudices and judgments may become more difficult to notice or refute.
2171:
606:
Korzybski observed improvement "of one full letter grade" by "students who did not generalize by using that infinitive".
2276:
349:
2726:
1355:
1212:
1177:
1029:
900:
881:
689:
617:
2966:
2075:
3054:
2323:
2119:
1229:
2777:
1246:
In writing and talking [E‑Prime] provides a method for materially reducing 'the human misunderstanding'.
812:
2640:
2080:
1586:
613:
193:
Some scholars claim that E-Prime can clarify thinking and strengthen writing, while others doubt its utility.
3253:
2680:
2373:
2335:
555:"The cat is here": anything context-specific: "I see/hear/smell/sense/suspect (the presence of) the cat here"
234:, published in 1994, he added a third editor, Jeremy Klein. Bourland and Johnston then edited a third book,
2719:
2675:
2328:
2148:
1965:
1786:
1259:
3243:
2920:
2051:
2041:
1639:
1606:
1602:
1070:
like themselves as writers, rather than like all the other writers around them sound about half the time.
673:
3248:
2635:
2350:
2208:
1619:
842:
1571:
2615:
2141:
2099:
2070:
2002:
1970:
1579:
1491:
852:
565:
3177:
2767:
2340:
2294:
2193:
2166:
2131:
2026:
1897:
742:
51:
616:) and to encourage a sense of agency by specifying the subject of statements. According to Ellis,
3165:
2787:
2552:
2385:
2203:
2178:
2944:
2840:
2467:
2445:
2249:
1946:
1915:
1793:
636:
Various arguments against E-Prime (in the context of general semantics) have been conjectured:
2363:
3044:
3003:
2830:
2665:
2450:
2345:
2058:
1992:
1746:
1736:
1731:
1136:
827:
822:
794:
590:
362:
256:
123:
2658:
1345:
785: – First person singular present active indicative of the verb "to be" in ancient Greek
2087:
1980:
1920:
1798:
1771:
1688:
1437:
983:
817:
788:
393:
248:
8:
3110:
2880:
2742:
2685:
2515:
2507:
2405:
2368:
2254:
2239:
2114:
2104:
2031:
1870:
719:
602:
else, such as, "I feel depressed when ..." or "I tend to make myself depressed about ..."
304:
46:
3118:
3104:
2910:
2575:
2542:
2477:
2460:
2315:
2136:
1683:
1673:
1520:
1293:
1095:
771:
by John Tait (2024). ISBN 978-1-0687390-0-2 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-0687390-1-9 (ebook)
714:
288:
272:
1377:
The Albert Ellis Reader: A Guide to Well-Being Using
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
978:
540:"The cat is furry": "The cat feels furry" / "The cat looks furry" / "The cat has fur".
3214:
3140:
2870:
2757:
2580:
2565:
2537:
2497:
2289:
2226:
1975:
1751:
1715:
1381:
1351:
1208:
1173:
1142:
1123:
1025:
896:
877:
807:
206:
2271:
909:
Bourland, D. David, Jr., Jeremy Klein, and Paul
Dennithorne Johnstone, eds. (1994).
3133:
2700:
2653:
2605:
2532:
2440:
2430:
2425:
2415:
2261:
2234:
2092:
2012:
1957:
1855:
1837:
1824:
1661:
1656:
1527:
707:
594:
202:
3155:
3093:
2570:
2472:
2410:
2380:
2188:
2063:
1884:
1860:
1832:
1803:
1776:
1741:
1628:
1549:
1531:
1463:"The New American Standard Bible in E-Prime – The Institute of General Semantics"
1375:
857:
747:
680:
According to an article (written in E-Prime and advocating a role for E-Prime in
370:
574:
style of language that reduces the possibility of misunderstanding or conflict.
3145:
3128:
2645:
2560:
2520:
2420:
2244:
1997:
1902:
1892:
1808:
1610:
643:
The advocates of E-Prime have not proven that it is easier to exclude the verb
630:
336:
570:
Bourland and other advocates also suggest that use of E-Prime leads to a less
3237:
3192:
3099:
2900:
2695:
2610:
2266:
2183:
2124:
2036:
1987:
1865:
1847:
1119:
1053:
974:
837:
729:
427:
366:
353:
71:
672:
use of quotation marks—without using E-Prime. One of the best languages for
2198:
2046:
1925:
1555:
1371:
1341:
1320:
1172:. San Francisco: International Society for General Semantics. p. 185.
876:. San Francisco: International Society for General Semantics. p. 185.
802:
762:
702:
609:
1515:
1347:
Feeling Better, Getting Better, Staying Better: Profound Self-Help
Therapy
3160:
3064:
847:
1297:
1099:
1083:
1019:
3170:
2109:
1601:
660:
although "He works as a judge" would be an equivalent E-Prime sentence.
320:
87:
2711:
1241:
684:
programs) published by the Office of
English Language Programs of the
16:
Modified form of
English that eliminates all forms of the word "to be"
3150:
1666:
377:
1207:. Concord, California: International Society for General Semantics.
895:. Concord, California: International Society for General Semantics.
3182:
1693:
913:. Concord, California: International Society for General Semantics.
832:
782:
923:
French, James D. (1993). "The Prime
Problem with General Semantics
916:
French, James D. (1992). "The Top Ten
Arguments against E-Prime".
2630:
2435:
1781:
1708:
1703:
1409:
French, James D (1992). "The Top Ten
Arguments Against E-Prime".
20:
1698:
1678:
3123:
1230:"To be or not to be: E-Prime as a tool for critical thinking"
1203:
Bourland, D. David; Johnston, Paul Dennithorne, eds. (1997).
1168:
Bourland, D. David; Johnston, Paul Dennithorne, eds. (1991).
891:
Bourland, D. David; Johnston, Paul Dennithorne, eds. (1997).
872:
Bourland, D. David; Johnston, Paul Dennithorne, eds. (1991).
571:
1240:(3). Institute of General Semantics: 202–211. Archived from
726:
Worlds of Wonder: How to Write Science Fiction & Fantasy
1430:"English Prime as an Instructional Tool in Writing Classes"
534:"Garfield is a cat": "Garfield belongs to the cat species".
1556:
E-prime: The Spirit and the Letter, by Ralph E. Kenyon Jr.
933:
Kenyon, Ralph (1992). "E-Prime: The Spirit and the Letter
1021:
TRIZ Future Conference 2004: Florence, 3-5 November 2004
49:
of English in which authors avoid all forms of the verb
546:"The dog is chasing the cat": "The dog chases the cat".
524:
One could rewrite the functions of "to be" as follows:
1539:, by D. David Bourland, Jr. Accessed: 8 December 2015.
2943:
1134:
361: – with the copula being part of the
348: – with the copula being part of the
2957:
Cosmic Trigger I: The Final Secret of the Illuminati
1567:
E-Prime and Linguistic Revision, by C. A. Hilgartner
1436:. United States Department of State. Archived from
1276:
953:
Lohrey, Andrew (1993). "E-Prime, E-Choice, E-Chosen
813:
Language ideology § Language use and structure
552:"The cat is on the mat": "The cat sits on the mat".
1135:Johnston, P.D.; Bourland, D.D.; Klein, J. (1994).
967:'To Be' in Their Bonnets: A Matter of Semantics".
943:Lakoff, Robin T. (1992). "Not Ready for Prime Time
528:"The cat is my only pet": "I have only a pet cat".
1122:, "Just curious: essays", 1995, ISBN, 039570099X
577:Kellogg and Bourland describe misuse of the verb
241:
3235:
2891:Natural Law, or Don't Put a Rubber on Your Willy
1552:by E. W. Kellogg III. Accessed: 8 December 2015.
1336:
1334:
1202:
1167:
890:
871:
537:"A cat is an animal": "'Cat' denotes an animal".
531:"The cat is Garfield": "I call my cat Garfield".
246:In English, the verb 'to be' (also known as the
205:, devised E-Prime as an addition to Korzybski's
1277:Kellogg, E. W.; Bourland Jr., D. David (1990).
1141:. International Society for General Semantics.
979:'To Be' in Their Bonnets: A matter of semantics
382:medial-proadverb-of-location copula noun-phrase
1528:Beyond Is: Creative Writing with English Prime
2727:
1587:
1331:
1315:
1313:
991:Parkinson, Theresa (1992). "Beyond E-Prime".
201:D. David Bourland Jr., who had studied under
1945:
1279:"Working with E-Prime: Some Practical Notes"
732:has a chapter about (and written in) E-Prime
1417:(2). Institute of General Semantics: 75–79.
1374:(1998). Ellis, Albert; Blau, Shaun (eds.).
2734:
2720:
2621:Comparison of American and British English
1594:
1580:
1310:
736:The New American Standard Bible in E-Prime
686:Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs
98:) along with their negative contractions (
3188:Association for Consciousness Exploration
2931:TSOG: The Thing That Ate the Constitution
1490:. Penguin Books Australia. Archived from
1051:
990:
753:An Insider’s Guide to Robert Anton Wilson
2314:
1227:
791: – Christian term used in the Bible
584:
543:"The cat is sleeping": "The cat sleeps".
114:), and nonstandard contractions such as
2977:Cosmic Trigger III: My Life After Death
2741:
1325:Albert Ellis: Evolution of a Revolution
1084:"The Top Ten Arguments Against E-Prime"
1058:ETC: A Review of General Semantics 58.3
1017:
549:"There is a cat": "A cat exists there".
3236:
1408:
1257:
1081:
507:The electron functions as a particle.
223:as such, and not just certain usages.
3014:Reality Is What You Can Get Away With
2798:The Historical Illuminatus Chronicles
2715:
1575:
1370:
1340:
1319:
1205:E-Prime III! : a third anthology
893:E-Prime III! : a third anthology
430:may substitute the copula, including
3198:Eight-circuit model of consciousness
2691:Non-native pronunciations of English
1427:
1251:
359:The cat is being bitten by the dog.
13:
1411:ETC: A Review of General Semantics
1234:ETC: A Review of General Semantics
1170:To Be or Not: An E-Prime Anthology
1088:ETC: A Review of General Semantics
993:ETC: A Review of General Semantics
971:, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 125–30.
969:ETC: A Review of General Semantics
957:ETC: A Review of General Semantics
947:ETC: A Review of General Semantics
937:ETC: A Review of General Semantics
927:ETC: A Review of General Semantics
920:, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 175–79.
918:ETC: A Review of General Semantics
874:To Be or Not: An E-Prime Anthology
518:The electron functions as a wave.
398:noun-phrase copula location-phrase
325:noun-phrase copula possessive-noun
252:) has several distinct functions:
228:To Be or Not: An E-Prime Anthology
14:
3265:
2821:Playboy's Book of Forbidden Words
1509:
1260:"Professional Tips: To Be or Not"
710:, 1969 (except for one statement)
618:rational emotive behavior therapy
423:could substitute for the copula.
2967:Cosmic Trigger II: Down to Earth
1350:. Impact Publishers. p. 2.
1054:"E-Prime as a Revision Strategy"
277:definite-noun copula noun-phrase
261:noun-phrase copula definite-noun
3055:Right Where You Are Sitting Now
1480:
1455:
1421:
1401:
1364:
1270:
1228:Bourland, D. David Jr. (1989).
1052:Zimmerman, Daniel (Fall 2001).
759:A New Guide to Rational Living,
738:, composed by Dr. David F. Maas
695:
566:Alfred Korzybski § "To be"
403:The cat is nowhere to be found.
58:E-Prime excludes forms such as
3210:"The map is not the territory"
2641:English-based creole languages
1380:. Citadel Press. p. 312.
1221:
1196:
1186:
1161:
1128:
1113:
1075:
1045:
1018:Cascini, Gaetano, ed. (2004).
1011:
963:Murphy, Cullen (Summer 1992).
614:Solution focused brief therapy
341:noun-phrase copula verb-phrase
293:noun-phrase copula noun-phrase
236:E-Prime III: a third anthology
1:
2681:List of English-based pidgins
1434:English Teaching Forum Online
1138:More E-prime: To be Or Not II
959:, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 346-50.
949:, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 142-45.
939:, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 185-88.
929:, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 326-35.
911:More E-Prime: To Be or Not II
864:
623:
232:More E-Prime: To Be or Not II
3024:The Walls Came Tumbling Down
2676:Linguistic purism in English
1258:Lundin, Leigh (2013-03-03).
1024:. Firenze University Press.
1005:
559:
501:The electron is a particle.
309:noun-phrase copula adjective
7:
2921:Everything Is Under Control
1777:London & Thames Estuary
1537:E-Prime! – The Fundamentals
775:
765:and Robert A. Harper (1975)
481:
477:
10:
3270:
2636:English as a lingua franca
1488:"Scoundrel Days: A Memoir"
843:Point of view (philosophy)
597:counseled his students to
563:
211:General Semantics Bulletin
196:
18:
3085:
3036:
2993:
2810:
2778:Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy
2749:
2616:Broad and general accents
2598:
2551:
2526:regional and occupational
2506:
2493:
2486:
2398:
2359:
2307:
2285:
2225:
2157:
2022:
2011:
1956:
1938:
1911:
1883:
1846:
1823:
1762:
1724:
1647:
1638:
1627:
1618:
1082:French, James D. (1992).
853:Universality (philosophy)
769:Warrens Witches Psionics,
495:
488:
3065:Coincidance: A Head Test
2768:The Illuminatus! Trilogy
743:Scoundrel Days: A Memoir
512:The electron is a wave.
122:. E-Prime also excludes
19:Not to be confused with
3166:Church of the SubGenius
2788:Masks of the Illuminati
629:while losing important
266:The cat is my only pet.
2841:The Book of the Breast
1794:Received Pronunciation
1563:, by Elaine C. Johnson
1266:. Miami: SleuthSayers.
604:
589:While teaching at the
3074:Email to the Universe
3045:The Illuminati Papers
3004:Wilhelm Reich in Hell
2831:Sex, Drugs and Magick
1988:Multicultural Toronto
828:Linguistic relativity
823:Linguistic philosophy
795:English passive voice
599:
591:University of Florida
585:Psychological effects
564:Further information:
238:, published in 1997.
3254:Narrative techniques
2149:Western Pennsylvania
984:The Atlantic Monthly
818:Language proficiency
789:I am (biblical term)
346:The cat is sleeping.
242:Functions of "to be"
3111:Principia Discordia
2881:The New Inquisition
2743:Robert Anton Wilson
2686:Mid-Atlantic accent
2277:Trinidad and Tobago
1561:Discovering E-Prime
1543:Speaking in E-Prime
720:Robert Anton Wilson
485:Colloquial English
298:A cat is an animal.
72:present tense forms
3244:Controlled English
3119:Guerrilla ontology
3105:Operation Mindfuck
2911:Quantum Psychology
2209:Pennsylvania Dutch
1548:2012-03-19 at the
1521:Quantum Psychology
1327:. Barricade Books.
1060:. pp. 340–347
977:(February 1992). "
715:Quantum Psychology
354:present participle
350:progressive aspect
330:The cat is theirs.
282:Garfield is a cat.
230:. For the second,
3249:General semantics
3231:
3230:
3223:Tale of the Tribe
3141:Ewige Blumenkraft
2989:
2988:
2871:Prometheus Rising
2758:The Sex Magicians
2709:
2708:
2594:
2593:
2394:
2393:
2303:
2302:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2142:Pacific Northwest
2003:Standard Canadian
1934:
1933:
1879:
1878:
1819:
1818:
1494:on 20 August 2017
1428:Herbert, John C.
1387:978-0-8065-2032-2
1148:978-0-918970-40-4
808:Implicit attitude
522:
521:
314:The cat is furry.
207:general semantics
3261:
3178:Discordian works
3078:
3070:
3060:
3050:
3029:
3019:
3009:
2982:
2972:
2962:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2926:
2916:
2906:
2896:
2886:
2876:
2866:
2861:The Game of Life
2856:
2846:
2836:
2826:
2803:
2793:
2783:
2773:
2763:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2606:English language
2491:
2490:
2312:
2311:
2295:Falkland Islands
2194:General American
2167:African-American
2020:
2019:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1942:
1645:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1624:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1465:. Archived from
1459:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1283:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1132:
1126:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1015:
1000:
966:
906:
887:
708:G. Spencer-Brown
690:State Department
595:Alfred Korzybski
482:
474:, among others.
273:class membership
222:
216:
203:Alfred Korzybski
88:past tense forms
3269:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3156:SNAFU Principle
3094:Semiotext(e) SF
3081:
3076:
3068:
3058:
3048:
3032:
3027:
3017:
3007:
2995:
2985:
2980:
2970:
2960:
2939:
2934:
2924:
2914:
2904:
2894:
2884:
2874:
2864:
2854:
2844:
2834:
2824:
2813:and non-fiction
2812:
2806:
2801:
2791:
2781:
2771:
2761:
2745:
2740:
2710:
2705:
2590:
2547:
2502:
2482:
2390:
2386:Solomon Islands
2355:
2299:
2281:
2213:
2204:New York Latino
2179:American Indian
2159:
2153:
2014:
2007:
1948:
1930:
1916:Channel Islands
1907:
1875:
1842:
1815:
1758:
1720:
1630:
1614:
1600:
1550:Wayback Machine
1532:Brentley Frazer
1512:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1472:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1443:
1441:
1426:
1422:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1339:
1332:
1318:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1256:
1252:
1244:on 2008-01-03.
1226:
1222:
1215:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1133:
1129:
1118:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1080:
1076:
1063:
1061:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
964:
903:
884:
867:
862:
858:Wooden language
778:
748:Brentley Frazer
698:
631:speech patterns
626:
587:
568:
562:
496:
480:
387:There is a cat.
371:transitive verb
367:past participle
289:class inclusion
244:
220:
214:
199:
47:restricted form
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3267:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3146:Reality tunnel
3143:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3129:Hagbard Celine
3126:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3097:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3071:
3061:
3051:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3020:
3010:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2973:
2963:
2952:
2950:
2946:Cosmic Trigger
2938:
2937:
2927:
2917:
2907:
2897:
2887:
2877:
2867:
2857:
2847:
2837:
2827:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2794:
2784:
2774:
2764:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2716:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2648:
2646:Englishisation
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2553:Southeast Asia
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2468:South Atlantic
2465:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2320:
2318:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2250:Cayman Islands
2247:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2163:
2161:
2160:ethno-cultural
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1951:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1752:Stoke-on-Trent
1749:
1744:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1611:Modern English
1599:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1553:
1540:
1534:
1525:
1511:
1510:External links
1508:
1506:
1505:
1479:
1454:
1420:
1400:
1386:
1363:
1356:
1330:
1309:
1292:(4): 376–392.
1269:
1250:
1220:
1213:
1195:
1185:
1178:
1160:
1147:
1127:
1112:
1094:(2): 175–179.
1074:
1044:
1030:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
1001:
988:
975:Murphy, Cullen
972:
961:
951:
941:
931:
921:
914:
907:
901:
888:
882:
868:
866:
863:
861:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
797:
792:
786:
779:
777:
774:
773:
772:
766:
756:
755:by Eric Wagner
750:
739:
733:
723:
711:
697:
694:
678:
677:
669:
661:
657:
653:
641:
625:
622:
586:
583:
561:
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557:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
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529:
520:
519:
516:
513:
509:
508:
505:
502:
498:
497:
493:
492:
489:
486:
479:
476:
428:ergative verbs
408:
407:
406:
405:
391:
390:
389:
375:
374:
373:
356:
334:
333:
332:
318:
317:
316:
302:
301:
300:
286:
285:
284:
270:
269:
268:
243:
240:
198:
195:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3266:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3193:Timothy Leary
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3134:Celine's laws
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3100:Discordianism
3098:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3075:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2942:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2901:Ishtar Rising
2898:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2851:Neuropolitics
2848:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2811:Philosophical
2809:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:International
2664:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2346:Torres Strait
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2081:North-Central
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2059:New York City
2057:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1993:Ottawa Valley
1991:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1787:Multicultural
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1747:Black Country
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1737:West Midlands
1735:
1733:
1732:East Midlands
1730:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:
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1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
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1652:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1469:on 2017-12-29
1468:
1464:
1458:
1451:
1440:on 2006-10-07
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1372:Ellis, Albert
1367:
1359:
1357:9781886230354
1353:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1342:Ellis, Albert
1337:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1321:Ellis, Albert
1316:
1314:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1216:
1214:0-918970-46-6
1210:
1206:
1199:
1189:
1181:
1179:0-918970-38-5
1175:
1171:
1164:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1120:Cullen Murphy
1116:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1033:
1031:88-8453-220-5
1027:
1023:
1022:
1014:
1010:
999:(2): 192–195.
998:
994:
989:
986:
985:
980:
976:
973:
970:
962:
960:
956:
952:
950:
946:
942:
940:
936:
932:
930:
926:
922:
919:
915:
912:
908:
904:
902:0-918970-46-6
898:
894:
889:
885:
883:0-918970-38-5
879:
875:
870:
869:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
838:Perspectivism
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
798:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
780:
770:
767:
764:
760:
757:
754:
751:
749:
745:
744:
740:
737:
734:
731:
730:David Gerrold
727:
724:
721:
717:
716:
712:
709:
705:
704:
700:
699:
693:
691:
687:
683:
675:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
639:
638:
637:
634:
632:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
582:
580:
575:
573:
567:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
526:
525:
517:
514:
511:
510:
506:
503:
500:
499:
494:
490:
487:
484:
483:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
404:
401:
400:
399:
395:
392:
388:
385:
384:
383:
379:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
357:
355:
351:
347:
344:
343:
342:
338:
335:
331:
328:
327:
326:
322:
319:
315:
312:
311:
310:
306:
303:
299:
296:
295:
294:
290:
287:
283:
280:
279:
278:
274:
271:
267:
264:
263:
262:
258:
255:
254:
253:
251:
250:
239:
237:
233:
229:
224:
219:
212:
208:
204:
194:
191:
189:
185:
181:
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2451:South Africa
2446:Sierra Leone
2199:Miami Latino
2088:Philadelphia
2076:Inland North
1981:Newfoundland
1799:West Country
1613:by continent
1519:
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1492:the original
1482:
1471:. Retrieved
1467:the original
1457:
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1438:the original
1433:
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1376:
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1289:
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703:Laws of Form
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674:time-binding
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42:
38:
37:, sometimes
34:
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26:
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3161:Chaos magic
2996:screenplays
2802:(1982–1991)
2576:Philippines
2369:New Zealand
2255:Bay Islands
2235:The Bahamas
2158:Social and
2115:New Orleans
2032:New England
1926:Isle of Man
1871:Port Talbot
1772:East Anglia
1689:Northumbria
848:Temporality
799:Elaboration
682:ESL and EFL
305:predication
29:(short for
3238:Categories
3216:Illuminati
3171:Ivan Stang
2516:Bangladesh
2508:South Asia
2461:Cape Flats
2411:The Gambia
2336:Aboriginal
2172:vernacular
2137:California
2110:High Tider
2105:Appalachia
1966:Aboriginal
1898:South-West
1742:Birmingham
1699:Sunderland
1684:Manchester
1674:Lancashire
1473:2014-07-08
1444:2009-10-06
1303:2015-04-06
1154:2021-02-07
1064:2009-01-10
865:References
663:Excluding
624:Criticisms
3151:23 enigma
2994:Plays and
2581:Singapore
2543:Sri Lanka
2498:Hong Kong
2324:variation
2316:Australia
2227:Caribbean
2093:Baltimore
1976:Lunenburg
1921:Gibraltar
1838:Highlands
1716:Yorkshire
1679:Liverpool
1407:Compare:
1286:Et Cetera
1105:4 October
1006:Footnotes
652:excluded.
560:Rationale
378:existence
365:with the
352:with the
337:auxiliary
321:ownership
3183:Neophile
2701:Standard
2671:Learning
2659:Nerrière
2650:Globish
2566:Malaysia
2538:Pakistan
2478:Zimbabwe
2406:Cameroon
2240:Barbados
1971:Atlantic
1939:Americas
1856:Abercraf
1825:Scotland
1804:Cornwall
1725:Midlands
1709:Teesside
1704:Tyneside
1694:Pitmatic
1657:Cheshire
1603:Dialects
1546:Archived
1393:12 April
1344:(2001).
1323:(2010).
1298:42577258
1100:42582343
833:Ontology
783:Ego eimi
776:See also
572:dogmatic
491:E-Prime
478:Examples
394:location
257:identity
126:such as
3205:E-Prime
3086:Related
2948:trilogy
2750:Fiction
2631:Engrish
2626:E-Prime
2599:Related
2586:Vietnam
2571:Myanmar
2441:Nigeria
2436:Namibia
2426:Liberia
2308:Oceania
2290:Bermuda
2262:Jamaica
2189:Chicano
2027:Midland
2013:United
1949:America
1885:Ireland
1861:Cardiff
1833:Glasgow
1782:Cockney
1662:Cumbria
1640:England
1631:Britain
1607:accents
1516:Excerpt
1498:1 March
1037:15 June
746:, 2017
688:in the
515:
504:
363:passive
197:History
164:where's
156:there's
152:they're
112:weren't
27:E-Prime
21:Eprhyme
3218:(game)
3077:(2005)
3069:(1988)
3059:(1983)
3049:(1980)
3037:Essays
3028:(1997)
3018:(1992)
3008:(1987)
2981:(1995)
2971:(1991)
2961:(1977)
2935:(2002)
2925:(1998)
2915:(1990)
2905:(1989)
2895:(1987)
2885:(1986)
2875:(1983)
2865:(1979)
2855:(1978)
2845:(1974)
2835:(1973)
2825:(1972)
2792:(1981)
2782:(1979)
2772:(1975)
2762:(1973)
2654:Gogate
2561:Brunei
2473:Uganda
2456:accent
2431:Malawi
2399:Africa
2374:accent
2329:accent
2272:Samaná
2245:Bequia
2064:accent
2037:Boston
2015:States
1998:Quebec
1958:Canada
1947:North
1903:Ulster
1893:Dublin
1809:Dorset
1667:Barrow
1629:Great
1620:Europe
1524:, 1990
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468:reside
456:remain
249:copula
188:that's
186:, and
184:what's
168:when's
160:here's
136:you're
108:wasn't
104:aren't
3124:Fnord
2696:Plain
2611:Basic
2533:Nepal
2521:India
2421:Kenya
2416:Ghana
2381:Palau
2341:South
2184:Cajun
2125:Texas
2120:Older
2100:South
2071:North
2047:Maine
1866:Gower
1848:Wales
1764:South
1649:North
1518:from
1294:JSTOR
1282:(PDF)
1193:2021.
1124:p. 78
1096:JSTOR
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665:to be
649:To be
645:to be
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176:how's
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2132:West
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1500:2017
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1382:ISBN
1352:ISBN
1264:On É
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1039:2017
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878:ISBN
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460:rest
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