Dye 3 - Knowledge

542:“On most of the Greenland ice sheet, however, the annual accumulation rate is considerably higher than 0.2 m ice a, and the delta method therefore works thousands of years backwards in time, the only limitation being obliteration of the annual delta cycles by diffusion of the water molecule in the solid ice....” Delta refers to the changing proportion of oxygen-18 in the different seasonal layers. “The main reason for the seasonal delta variations is that, on its travel to the polar regions, a precipitating air mass is generally cooled more in winter than in summer.” “... the annual layer thickness...decreases from 19 cm in 2,000-year-old ice to 2 cm in 10,000-year-old ice due to plastic thinning of the annual layers as they sink towards greater depths.” “... volcanic acids in snow layers deposited shortly after a large volcanic eruption can be detected – as elevated specific conductivities measured on melted ice samples8, or as elevated acidities revealed by an electric current through the solid ice...” 719:

downwards by percolation, along isolated channels, into the snow of several previous years. This can happen in regions which generally have little or no melting at the snow surface as exemplified during mid July 1954 in north-west Greenland. Such an event could lead to the conclusion that two or three successive years had abnormally warm summers, whereas all the icing formed during a single period which lasted for several days. The location where melt features will have the greatest climatic significance is high in the percolation facies where summer melting is common but deep percolation is minimal. Dye 3 in southern Greenland (65°11’N; 43°50’W) is such a location.”

921:“Thus in principle dating of the Camp Century ice core by counting annual layers is possible to about the 1,060 m depth, corresponding to 8,300 yr BP according to the time scale which we shall adopt.” “It may be necessary, however, to apply a depth dependent correction to account for ‘lost’ annual oscillations. Even during firnification seasonal δ-oscillations in years with unusually low accumulation may disappear due to mass exchange. Unfortunately, the physical condition (broken or missing pieces) of the Camp Century ice core precludes continuous measurement of seasonal isotope variations for the purpose of dating from the surface downward.” 1188:

of ice evenly distributed in the depth interval 115 – 880 m. Peak sizes with depth were ~1.9 mm 115 m, ~2.2 mm 165 m, ~2.8 mm 220 m, ~3.0 mm 330 m, ~3.2 mm 440 m, ~3.3 mm 605 m, whereas mean sizes with depth were ~1.8 115 m, ~2.2 mm 165 m, ~2.4 mm 220 m, ~2.8 mm ~270 m, ~2.75 mm 330 m, ~2.6 mm ~370 m, ~2.9 mm 440 m, ~2.8 mm ~490 m, ~2.9 mm ~540 m, ~2.9 mm 605 m, ~3.0 ~660 m, ~3.2 mm ~720 m, ~2.9 mm ~770 m, ~2.7 mm ~820 m, ~2.8 mm 880 m. And, here again as with Dye 3, steady state in grain growth was reached and continued through the

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terminated in August 1981. The ice core is 2035 m long and has a diameter of 10 cm. It was drilled with less than 6° deviation from vertical, and less than 2 m is missing. The deepest 22 m consists of silty ice with an increasing concentration of pebbles downward. In the depth interval 800 to 1400 m the ice was extremely brittle, and even careful handling unavoidably damaged this part of the core, but the rest of the core is in good to excellent condition.”

1089: 1116: 428:. GISP involved scientists and funding agencies from Denmark, Switzerland and the United States. Besides the U.S. National Science Foundation, funding was provided by the Swiss National Science Foundation and the Danish Commission for Scientific Research in Greenland. The ice cores provide a proxy archive of temperature and atmospheric constituents that help to understand past climate variations. 343: 737:

minimum of ~0.05 cm at 200 m above bedrock (depth 1837 m), increasing again linearly to ~0.25 cm v and ~0.3 cm h just above bedrock. Crystal diameters remain approximately constant between 1400 and 300 m above bedrock (depths 637–1737 m), with the largest crystals and the largest distortion (~0.55 cm v and ~0.7 cm h) occurring at 1100 m above bedrock (depth 937 m).

329: 315: 301: 287: 273: 259: 17: 2388: 1227:"Several of the pieces look very much like blades of grass or pine needles," said University of Colorado at Boulder geological sciences Professor James White, an NGRIP principal investigator. "If confirmed, this will be the first organic material ever recovered from a deep ice-core drilling project," he said. 1195:

The size distribution of ice crystals changes with depth and approaches the Normal Grain Growth law via competing mechanisms of fragmentation (producing smaller polygonal grains) and grain boundary diffusion (producing larger, vertically compressed, horizontally expanded grains). Although some of the

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project. GISP2 produced an ice core 3053.44 meters in depth, the deepest ice core recovered in the world at the time. The GRIP site was 30 km to the east of GISP2. "Down to a depth of 2790 m in GISP2 (corresponding to an age of about 110 kyr B.P.), the GISP2 and GRIP records are nearly identical

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The Dye 3 1979 core is not completely intact and is not undamaged. “Below 600 m, the ice became brittle with increasing depth and badly fractured between 800 and 1,200 m. The physical property of the core progressively improved and below ~1,400 m was of excellent quality.” “The deep ice core drilling

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In the upper 80 m of the ice sheet, the firn or the snow gradually compacts to a close packing of ice crystals of typical sizes 1 to 5 mm. Crystal size distributions were obtained from fifteen vertical thin sections of 20 cm × 10 cm (height × width) and a thickness of 0.4 ±0.1 mm

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The isotopic temperature records show 23 interstadial events correlateable between the GRIP and GISP2 records between 110 and 15 kyr B.P. Ice in both cores below 2790 m depth (records prior to 110 kyr B.P.) shows evidence of folding or tilting in structures too large to be fully observed in a single

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As the drill site of Dye 3 receives more than twice as much accumulation as central Greenland, the annual layers are well resolved and relatively thick in the upper parts, making the core ideal for dating the most recent millennia. But, the high accumulation rate has resulted in relatively rapid ice

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The new radar sites were found to receive from three to four feet of snow each year. The snow was formed into large drifts by winds constantly blowing as much as 100 mph. To overcome this, the Dye sites were elevated approximately 20 feet above the ice cap surface. Dye 3 was completed in 1960.

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and, at 2037 meters, the final Dye 3 1979 core was the deepest of the 20 ice cores recovered from the Greenland ice sheet. The surface ice velocity is 12.5 ma, 61.2° true. At 500 m above bedrock, the ice velocity is ~10 ma, 61.2° true. The ice upstream and downstream from Dye 3 is flowing downhill

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For an intermediate drilling c. 390 m, the drill was installed 25 m below the surface at the bottom of the Dye 3 radar station. Some 740 seasonal δ cycles were counted, indicating that the core reached back to 1231 AD. Evident in this coring was that as melt water seeps through the porous snow, it

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After extensive studies in late 1957, the US Air Force (USAF) selected sites for two radar stations on the ice cap in southern Greenland. The DYE stations were the eastern extension of the DEW Line. DYE-1 was on the West Coast at Holsteinsborg; DYE-4 on the East Coast at Kulusuk. Dye 2 (66°29'30"N

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On the ice sheet, temperatures are generally substantially lower than elsewhere in Greenland. The lowest mean annual temperatures, about −31 °C (−24 °F), occur on the north-central part of the north dome, and temperatures at the crest of the south dome are about −20 °C (−4 °F).

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from the accumulation of snow and ice that has re-crystallized and trapped air bubbles over many years. The composition of these ice cores, especially the presence of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes, provides a picture of the climate at the time. Ice cores contain an abundance of climate information.

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Melting has been commonplace throughout the Holocene. Summer melting is usually the rule at Dye 3, and there is occasional melting even in north Greenland. All of these meltings disturb the clarity of the annual record to some degree. “An exceptionally warm spell can produce features which extend

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Crystal diameters range from ~0.2 cm at 1900 m from bedrock (depth 137 m) to ~0.42 cm vertical diameter (v) and ~0.55 cm horizontal diameter (h) at 300 m above bedrock (depth 1737 m). However, below 300 m crystal diameter decreases rapidly with increasing dust concentration to a

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at Dye 3 began in the summer of 1979 using a new Danish electro-mechanical ice drill yielding a 10.2 cm diameter core. From July to August 1979 using ISTUK, 273 m of core was removed. At the end of the 1980 field season ISTUK had gnawed down to 901 m. In 1981 at a depth of 1785 m dust and

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Willerslev, E.; Cappellini, E.; Boomsma, W.; Nielsen, R.; Hebsgaard, M. B.; Brand, T. B.; Hofreiter, M.; Bunce, M.; Poinar, H. N.; Dahl-Jensen, D.; Johnsen, S.; Steffensen, J. P.; Bennike, O.; Schwenninger, J. -L.; Nathan, R.; Armitage, S.; De Hoog, C. -J.; Alfimov, V.; Christl, M.; Beer, J.;

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During the transition from the Younger Dryas to the Pre-Boreal, the South Greenland temperature increased by 15 °C in 50 years. At the beginning of this same transition the deuterium excess and dust concentration shifted to lower levels in less than 20 years.

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A graphical description of changes in temperature in Greenland from AD 500 – 1990 based on analysis of the deep ice core from Greenland and some historical events. The annual temperature changes are shown vertical in ˚C. The numbers are to be read

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Although available GISP data gathered over the earlier seven years, pointed to north-central Greenland as the optimum site location for the first deep drilling, financial restrictions forced the selection of the logistically convenient Dye-3 location.

937:"The first core drilled at Station Milcent in central Greenland covers the past 780 years." Milcent core was drilled at 70.3°N, 44.6°W, 2410 masl. The Milcent core (398 m) was 12.4 cm in diameter, using a Thermal (US) drill type, in 1973. 1067:

The follow-up U.S. GISP2 project drilled at a glaciologically better location on the summit (72°36'N, 38°30'W, 3200 masl). This hit bedrock (and drilled another 1.55 m into bedrock) on July 1, 1993 after five years of drilling.

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heat flux locally. This has the advantage that the bottom layers are less compressed by thinning than they would otherwise be: NGRIP annual layers at 105 kyr age are 1.1 cm thick, twice the GRIP thicknesses at equal age.

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19 cm long section of GISP 2 ice core from 1855 m showing annual layer structure illuminated from below by a fiber optic source. Section contains 11 annual layers with summer layers (arrowed) sandwiched between darker winter

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For most of the arctic ice cores up to 1987, regions of the core with high dust concentrations correlate well with the ice having high deformation rates and small crystal diameters, in both Holocene and Wisconsin ice.

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conductivity measurements indicated the beginning of ice from the last glaciation. Coring continued and on August 10, 1981, bedrock was reached at a depth of 2038 m. The depth range for the Danish drill was 80–2038 m.

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The Renland ice core was drilled in 1985. The Renland ice core from East Greenland apparently covers a full glacial cycle from the Holocene into the previous Eemian interglacial. The Renland ice core is 325 m long.

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From the delta-profile, the Renland ice cap in the Scoresbysund Fiord has always been separated from the inland ice, yet all the delta-leaps revealed in the Camp Century 1963 core recurred in the Renland ice core.

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and the Settlement layer) originating in Iceland have been identified in GRIP by comparison of chemical composition of glass shards from the ash. The other four have not been correlated with known ash deposits.

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As of 1998 the only long record available for Be is from Dye 3 1979. Questions were raised whether all parts of the Dye 3 1979 record reflect the sun activity or are affected by climatic and/or ice dynamics.

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thermal (US) coring drill to produce an 18 cm diameter access hole, which was cased, to a depth of 77 m. The large diameter casing was inserted over the porous firn zone to contain the drilling fluid.

225:. The crests of both domes are displaced east of the centre line of Greenland. The unconfined ice sheet does not reach the sea along a broad front anywhere in Greenland, so that no large ice shelves occur. 761:

The dust concentration has a peak of ~3 mg/kg at 200 m above bedrock (depth 1837 m), second only to the silty ice (>20 mg/kg) of the bottom 25 m, which has a very high deformation rate.

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During winter, the ice sheet takes on a strikingly clear blue/green color. During summer, the top layer of ice melts leaving pockets of air in the ice that makes it look white. Positioned in the

603:), where a 372 meter deep, 10.2 cm diameter core was recovered using a Thermal (US) drill type. Three more cores to depths of 90, 93, and 95 m were drilled with different drill types. 1125:

Photograph of a section of the GISP2 ice core from 1837 m depth with clearly visible annual layers. The white bands are considered from summer snow and the clear bands from winter snow.

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The brittle zone mentioned above under "Core continuity" corresponds in Dye 3 1979 with the steady state grain size (crystal size) from ~637 to ~1737 m depth range. This is also the

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To investigate the possibility of climatic cooling, scientists drilled into the Greenland ice caps to obtain core samples. The oxygen isotopes from the ice caps suggested that the

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The Renland core is noted for apparently containing the first Northern Hemisphere record of methanesulfonate (MSA), and having the first continuous record of non-seasalt sulfate.

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had caused a relatively milder climate in Greenland, lasting from roughly 800 to 1200. However, from 1300 or so the climate began to cool. By 1420, we know that the "

369:) Line radar stations built by the United States of America (USA) between 1955 and 1960 across Alaska, Canada, Greenland and Iceland at a cost of billions of dollars. 1778: 377:

and 90 miles south of the Arctic Circle at an altitude of 7,600 feet. Dye 3 was located approximately 100 miles south-east of Dye 2 at an elevation of 8,600 feet.

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The Camp Century, Greenland, ice core (cored from 1963 to 1966) is 1390 m deep and contains climatic oscillations with periods of 120, 940, and 13,000 years.

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by coalescence of ice caps and glaciers. It did not develop at all until the late Pliocene, but apparently developed very rapidly with the first continental

1975:

Dansgaard, W.; Johnsen, S. J.; Moller, J.; Langway, C. C. (1969). "One Thousand Centuries of Climatic Record from Camp Century on the Greenland Ice Sheet".

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lasted from ~9000–4000 yrs B.P. as determined from Dye 3 1979 and Camp Century 1963 δ O profiles. Both Dye 3 1979 and Camp Century 1963 cores exhibit the

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The ice surface reaches its greatest altitude on two north–south elongated domes, or ridges. The southern dome reaches almost 3,000 metres at latitudes

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Inclusions in the snow, such as wind-blown dust, ash, bubbles of atmospheric gas and radioactive substances, remain in the ice. The variety of climatic

1651:

Dansgaard, W.; Clausen, H. B.; Gundestrup, N.; Hammer, C. U.; Johnsen, S. F.; Kristinsdottir, P. M.; Reeh, N. (1982). "A New Greenland Deep Ice Core".

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1. From AD 700 to 750 people belonging to the Late Dorset Culture move into the area around Smith Sound, Ellesmere Island and Greenland north of Thule.

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flow (flow-induced layer thinning and diffusion of isotopes), Dye 3 1979 cannot be used for annual layer counting much more than 8 kyr back in time.

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Johnsen, S. J.; Dansgaard, W.; Clausen, H. B.; Langway, C. C. (1972). "Oxygen Isotope Profiles through the Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheets".

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The distribution of Be in the top 40 m of the Renland ice core has been reported and corroborates the Be cyclic fluctuation pattern from Dye 3.

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The ice in the current ice sheet is as old as 110,000 years. However, it is generally thought that the Greenland Ice Sheet formed in the late

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The depth interval 800 to 1400 m would be a period approximately from about two thousand years ago to about five or six thousand years ago.

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Constitutive properties of ice at Dye 3, Greenland in "The Physical Basis of Ice Sheet Modelling" (Proceedings of the Vancouver Symposium)

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The Crête core was drilled in central Greenland (1974) and reached a depth of 404.64 meters, extending back only about fifteen centuries.

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Hammer, C. U.; Clausen, H. B.; Dansgaard, W. (1980). "Greenland ice sheet evidence of post-glacial volcanism and its climatic impact".

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In 2003, NGRIP recovered what seem to be plant remnants nearly two miles below the surface, and they may be several million years old.

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portion of the record. NGRIP covers 5 kyr of the Eemian, and shows that temperatures then were roughly as stable as the pre-industrial

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Oeschger, H.; Beer, J.; Andree, M.; Fehn, U.; Damon, P.; Raisbeck, G.; Henning, W.; Bard, E. (1987). "Be and C in the Earth system".

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peaks for the deeper distributions appear to be slightly greater, the predicted steady state average grain size is 2.9±0.1 mm.

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Eight ash layers have been identified in the central Greenland ice core GRIP. Four of the ash layers (Ash Zones I and II,

2136:"High latitude biospheric activity during the Last Glacial Cycle revealed by ammonium variations in Greenland Ice Cores" 566: 191:

is almost 2,400 kilometers long in a north–south direction, and its greatest width is 1,100 kilometers at a latitude of

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Due to snow accretion, the station was "jacked up" again in the late 1970s, but by the 1990s needed further elevation.

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Herron, M. M.; Herron, S. L.; Langway, C. C. (1981). "Climatic signal of ice melt features in southern Greenland".

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in on July 17, 2003. The NGRIP site was chosen to extract a long and undisturbed record stretching into the last

2393: 2275: 1950:. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press in association with the National Museum of Natural History. p. 1715: 851:

Ellen Mosley-Thompson led a 3-man glaciological team to drill an intermediate depth core at Dye 3, Greenland.

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A second core at Dye 3 was drilled in 1975 with a Shallow (Swiss) drill type to 95 m at 7.6 cm diameter.

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Grönvold, K.; Óskarsson, N. E.; Johnsen, S. S. J.; Clausen, H. B.; Hammer, C. U.; Bond, G.; Bard, E. (1995).

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Funder, S.; Hjort, C.; Landvik, J. N. Y. (2008). "The last glacial cycles in East Greenland, an overview".

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Another core at Dye 3 was drilled in 1978 using a Shallow (US) drill type, 10.2 cm diameter, to 90 m.

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A third core at Dye 3 was drilled in 1976 with a Wireline (US) drill type, 10.2 cm diameter, to 93 m.

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appears as a downward peak establishing a small, low-intensity gap between the Bølling and the Allerød.

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Annual field expeditions were carried out to drill intermediate depth cores at various locations on the

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9. John Cabot is the first European in the post-Iceland era to visit Labrador – Newfoundland in 1497.

816: 781: 741: 2427: 2229:"Ash layers from Iceland in the Greenland GRIP ice core correlated with oceanic and land sediments" 1122: 126:, volcanic eruptions, solar variability, sea-surface productivity, desert extent and forest fires. 2096:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

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with smooth bedrock would have been better; logistically, such a site would have been too remote.

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7. In 1408 is the Marriage in Hvalsey, the last known written document on the Norse in Greenland.

134: 511: 505: 496: 2177:"The first Greenland ice core record of methanesulfonate and sulfate over a full glacial cycle" 1357:"Dating of Greenland ice cores by flow models, isotopes, volcanic debris, and continental dust" 403: 1951: 1870:; Haile, J.; Taberlet, P.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Casoli, A.; Campani, E.; Collins, M. J. (2007). 835:

cores revealed that high-altitude southern Greenland has been inhabited by a diverse array of

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Aldahan A; Possnert G; Johnsen SJ; Clausen HB; Isaksson E; Karlen W; Hansson M (June 1998).

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The NGRIP record helps to resolve a problem with the GRIP record – the unreliability of the

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The borehole is 41.5 km east of the local ice divide of the south Greenland ice sheet.

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Unusually, there is melting at the bottom of the NGRIP core – believed to be due to a high

1143:(75.1 N, 42.32 W, 2917 m, ice thickness 3085). Drilling began in 1999 and was completed at 894: 651:

In 1979, the initial Dye-3 deep bedrock drilling was started using a 22.2 cm diameter

374: 164: 1325:. National Report to IUGG, Rev. Geophys. Vol. 33 Suppl., American Geophysical Union, 1995. 1085:

The GISP2 time scale is based on counting annual layers primarily by visual stratigraphy.

8: 1817: 1048: 1001: 774: 222: 218: 214: 192: 184: 150: 138: 2192: 2151: 2107: 2042: 1988: 1887: 1833: 1742: 1664: 1612: 1459: 1412: 1372: 877:

5. Late Dorset culture disappears from Greenland in the second half of the 13th century.

703:(-) on ~0.48 % mean slope. The bedrock temperature is −13.22 °C (as of 1984). 643:

samples spanning the period 1895–1978 were taken from the Dye 3 1978 core down to 70 m.

2341: 2204: 2054: 2008: 1904: 1871: 1847: 1754: 1684: 1624: 1471: 1424: 1106: 1056: 820: 2253: 2228: 2000: 1955: 1944: 1909: 1851: 1676: 1579: 1533: 1505: 2355: 2208: 1688: 1475: 1259:"The Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line: A Bibliography and Documentary Resource List" 2337: 2248: 2196: 2155: 2111: 2058: 2046: 2012: 1992: 1899: 1891: 1837: 1758: 1746: 1668: 1628: 1616: 1463: 1428: 1416: 1376: 1265: 2294: 1672: 780:

From the δ O profile of the Dye 3 core it is relatively easy to differentiate the

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The Renland core is also the first to provide a continuous record of ammonium (NH

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Typical ice cores are removed from an ice sheet such as the ice cap internal to

1872:"Ancient Biomolecules from Deep Ice Cores Reveal a Forested Southern Greenland" 1867: 898: 237: 1599:

Shoji, H.; Langway, C. C. (1982). "Air hydrate inclusions in fresh ice core".

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For a map of the locations of the various Greenland ice cap corings, see ref.

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Samples from the base of the 2 km deep Dye 3 1979 and the 3 km deep

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Dahl-Jensen D; Gundestrup NS (August 1987). Waddington ED; Walder JS (eds.).

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The Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) was a decade-long project to drill 20

389: 58: 44: 2176: 1895: 1786:. Copenhagen, Denmark: University of Copenhagen. p. 166. Archived from 1444:"Sulphate and nitrate concentrations in snow from South Greenland 1895–1978" 1355:

Hammer; Clausen HB; Dansgaard W; Gundestrup N; Johnsen SJ; Reeh, N. (1978).

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2. Norse settlement of Iceland starts in the second half of the 9th century.

535: 526: 2115: 2004: 1913: 1680: 1205: 801: 668: 460: 32: 195:, near its northern margin. The mean altitude of the ice is 2,135 meters. 2160: 2135: 805: 664: 472: 454: 203: 111: 91: 380:

The sites were constructed with materials provided through airlift from

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Neftel, A.; Beer, J.; Oeschger, H.; Zürcher, F.; Finkel, R. C. (1985).

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covers about 1.71 million km and contains about 2.6 million km of ice.

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Improvement, dating, and analysis of Greenland ice core stratigraphies

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refreezes somewhere in the cold firn and disturbs the layer sequence.

2050: 1750: 1620: 1578:. Vol. 170. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: IAHS. pp. 31–43. 1467: 1420: 1140: 1005: 660: 432: 425: 399:

Instead, Dye 3 was closed as a radar station in the years 1990/1991.

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11. The Norwegian priest, Hans Egede, arrives in Greenland in 1721.

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3. Norse settlement of Greenland starts just before the year 1000.

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is greater than in any other natural recorder of climate, such as

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The Renland core apparently contains ice from the Eemian onward.

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ice, and the lower portion is considered as deposited during the

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46°18'19"W, 2338 masl) was built approximately 100 miles east of

221:; the northern dome reaches about 3,290 metres at about latitude 1650: 875:

4. Thule Inuit move into northern Greenland in the 12th century.

2226: 1264:. Arctic Institute of North America. p. 23. Archived from 1069: 823:

and the boundary event separating Holocene I from Holocene II.

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Map of Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line Stations in Greenland

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to avoid the flow distortions that render the bottom of the

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problems related to the development of a more sophisticated

699: 640: 83:. As a DEW line base, it was disbanded in years 1990/1991. 1573: 16: 1441: 1339:"NOAA Paleoclimatology World Data Centers Dye 3 Ice Core" 883:

8. The Eastern Settlement disappears in mid 15th century.

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6. The Western Settlement disappears in mid 14th century.

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covering 1.71 million km, roughly 80% of the surface of

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Fitzhugh, William W.; Ward, Elisabeth I., eds. (2000).

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10. “Little Ice Age” from ca 1600 to mid 18th century.

236:, the Greenland ice sheet is especially vulnerable to 409: 1818:"Sixty year Be record from Greenland and Antarctica" 731: 2072:Rose, LE (Winter 1987). "The Greenland Ice Cores". 1728: 945:

The Milcent core record only goes back to AD 1174 (

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Dye 3 in 1973, an intermediate drilling to c. 390 m

2327: 1943: 1101:The bulk of the GISP2 ice core is archived at the 1313:Encyclopædia Britannica. 1999 Multimedia edition. 365:Dye-2 and 3 were among 58 Distant Early Warning ( 2404: 1523: 1521: 1510:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2174: 1569: 1532:. Odder, Denmark: Narayana Press. p. 124. 977:) apparently through the whole glacial period. 804:. In the Dye 3 1979 oxygen isotope record, the 1567: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1488: 2133: 1968: 1518: 463:(70°18’N 45°35’W, 2410 masl) in 1973 to 398 m 402:Today, it is used as a training site for the 243: 122:, chemistry and gas composition of the lower 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2292: 1776: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1598: 499:(82°30’N 38°20’W, 1270 masl) in 1975 to 60 m 493:(63°33’N 44°36’W, 2850 masl) in 1975 to 80 m 484:(71°17’N 37°56’W, 3212 masl) in 1974 to 31 m 445:(75°46’N 42°27’W, 2870 masl) in 1972 to 15 m 384:D’s from the 17th Troop Carrier Squadron at 2222: 2220: 2218: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2089: 2087: 1546: 1527: 1500:. Archived from the original on 2013-02-17. 1072:scientists produced a parallel core in the 916: 901:" had reached intense levels in Greenland. 520:(77°10’N 61°8’W, 1885 masl) in 1977 to 49 m 179:. It is the second largest ice body in the 2286: 2024: 2022: 1858: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1704:"Some preliminary remarks about ice cores" 1530:Frozen Annals Greenland Ice Sheet Research 1042: 747: 388:, flying out of Sonderstrom Air Base (now 2312: 2252: 2159: 1903: 1841: 1765: 1635: 1394: 1392: 1380: 855:Comparison with other Greenland ice cores 722: 240:. Arctic climate is now rapidly warming. 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2215: 2175:Hansson, M. E.; Saltzman, E. S. (1993). 2122: 2084: 1935: 1350: 1348: 1212:temperatures were. This is confirmed by 1137:North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) 1087: 965: 861: 154: 15: 2168: 2019: 1804: 1701: 1323:"The Summit Ice Cores (GISP2 and GRIP)" 1237:List of research stations in the Arctic 996:GRIP successfully drilled a 3028-metre 466:Dye 2 (66°23’N 46°11’W) in 1973 to 50 m 159:Satellite composite image of Greenland. 2405: 2295:"Breaking through Greenland's ice cap" 1866:Muscheler, R.; Barker, J.; Sharp, M.; 1722: 1695: 1491:"The history of early polar ice cores" 1482: 1389: 1333: 1331: 1080: 1077:in shape and in many of the details." 949:) due to the high accumulation rates. 144: 2261: 2065: 1925: 1923: 1592: 1435: 1345: 1290:"NSIDC Arctic Sea Ice News Fall 2007" 1253: 1251: 1167:The site was chosen for a flat basal 1162: 1131:North Greenland Ice Core Project 1996 756: 2071: 1282: 1151:, and it was apparently successful. 908: 784:, portions thereof and earlier: the 2354:Cascio, Jamais (10 September 2004) 2233:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1328: 769:The uppermost 1780 m is considered 693: 342: 13: 2342:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1994.tb00601.x 1920: 1248: 706: 646: 451:(74°37’N 39°36’W) in 1972 to 100 m 410:Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP) 14: 2439: 2371: 1183:Ice crystal diameter distribution 732:Ice crystal diameter distribution 698:The Dye 3 cores were part of the 679:The Dye 3 site was a compromise: 2134:Hansson, M.; Holmén, K. (2001). 1946:Vikings: the North Atlantic saga 1930:North Greenland Ice core Project 1216:cores, in particular MD95-2042. 1114: 529:(69°43’N 50°8’W) in 1977 to 84 m 457:(71°7’N 37°19’W) in 1972 to 15 m 341: 327: 313: 299: 285: 271: 257: 250: 37:Distant Early Warning (DEW) line 31:site and previously part of the 2348: 1489:Langway CC Jr. (January 2008). 952: 932: 843:within the past million years. 2418:Research stations in Greenland 2293:Whitehouse D (July 23, 2003). 1316: 1307: 545: 110:. These include (proxies for) 1: 2356:Not-So-Abrupt Climate Change? 1673:10.1126/science.218.4579.1273 1242: 1199: 1190:post-glacial climatic optimum 1062: 983: 940: 924: 846: 817:post-glacial climatic optimum 782:post-glacial climatic optimum 631: 623: 615: 606: 554: 328: 314: 300: 286: 272: 133:. Greenland is, by area, the 2254:10.1016/0012-821X(95)00145-3 2181:Geophysical Research Letters 2140:Geophysical Research Letters 1997:10.1126/science.166.3903.377 1777:Rasmussen SO (August 2006). 1219: 1103:National Ice Core Laboratory 1055:The Saksunarvatn tephra via 991: 7: 1292:. nsidc.org. Archived from 1230: 764: 416:Greenland Ice Sheet Project 258: 163:The 'Greenland ice sheet' ( 10: 2444: 1714:(1): 43–54. Archived from 1498:US Army Corps of Engineers 826: 659:After working out various 563:started in 1971 at Dye 3 ( 413: 244:Distant Early Warning Line 148: 1382:10.1017/S0022143000021183 1135:The drilling site of the 742:Holocene climatic optimum 639:Measurements of and in 20:Dye 3 circa early 1980s. 2385:as part of the DEW line 2245:1995E&PSL.135..149G 1896:10.1126/science.1141758 1702:Rose LE (Winter 1987). 1059:is ca 10,200 years BP. 748:Beryllium 10 variations 683:, a higher site on the 2116:10.1098/rsta.1987.0071 1932:. glaciology.gfy.ku.dk 1139:is near the center of 1094: 917:Counting annual layers 890: 723:Counting annual layers 478:Dye 2 in 1974 to 101 m 439:Dye 3 in 1971 to 372 m 404:139th Airlift Squadron 168: 160: 135:world's largest island 21: 1361:Journal of Glaciology 1091: 1043:Inclusions in the ice 1008:from 1989 to 1992 at 966:Inclusions in the ice 865: 523:Dye 2 in 1977 to 84 m 502:Dye 3 in 1976 to 93 m 487:Dye 3 in 1975 to 95 m 386:Sewart Air Force Base 158: 19: 2161:10.1029/2000GL012317 1528:Dansgaard W (2004). 895:Medieval Warm Period 375:Sondrestrom Air Base 357:class=notpageimage| 171:) is a vast body of 2365:. worldchanging.com 2193:1993GeoRL..20.1163H 2152:2001GeoRL..28.4239H 2108:1987RSPTA.323...45O 2043:1972Natur.235..429J 1989:1969Sci...166..377D 1888:2007Sci...317..111W 1834:1998InEPS.107..139A 1743:1981Natur.293..389H 1665:1982Sci...218.1273D 1613:1982Natur.298..548S 1460:1985Natur.314..611N 1413:1980Natur.288..230H 1373:1978JGlac..20....3H 1081:Visual stratigraphy 1023: / 1004:at Summit, Central 1002:Greenland Ice Sheet 578: / 475:in 1974 to 404.64 m 185:Antarctic Ice Sheet 151:Greenland ice sheet 145:Greenland ice sheet 139:Greenland ice sheet 54: / 2389:GRIP page from ESF 2361:2008-10-06 at the 1843:10.1007/BF02840464 1179:cores unreliable. 1107:Lakewood, Colorado 1095: 1057:radiocarbon dating 1000:to the bed of the 891: 757:Dust concentration 532:Dye 3 1978 to 90 m 161: 22: 2423:Research projects 2201:10.1029/93GL00910 2187:(12): 1163–1166. 2146:(22): 4239–4242. 2037:(5339): 429–434. 1868:Penkman, K. E. H. 1737:(5831): 389–391. 1607:(5874): 548–550. 1585:978-0-947571-36-8 1539:978-87-990078-0-6 1454:(6012): 611–613. 1407:(5788): 230–235. 1109:, United States. 1027:72.583°N 37.633°W 909:Camp Century 1963 583:65.183°N 43.817°W 559:Preliminary GISP 406:Flying LC-130’s. 59:65.183°N 43.817°W 2435: 2413:Paleoclimatology 2366: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2325: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2272: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2224: 2213: 2212: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2131: 2120: 2119: 2091: 2082: 2081: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2051:10.1038/235429a0 2026: 2017: 2016: 1983:(3903): 377–80. 1972: 1966: 1965: 1949: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1918: 1917: 1907: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1845: 1822:J Earth Syst Sci 1813: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1798: 1792: 1785: 1774: 1763: 1762: 1751:10.1038/293389a0 1726: 1720: 1719: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1659:(4579): 1273–7. 1648: 1633: 1632: 1621:10.1038/298548a0 1596: 1590: 1589: 1571: 1544: 1543: 1525: 1516: 1515: 1509: 1501: 1495: 1486: 1480: 1479: 1468:10.1038/314611a0 1439: 1433: 1432: 1421:10.1038/288230a0 1396: 1387: 1386: 1384: 1352: 1343: 1342: 1335: 1326: 1320: 1314: 1311: 1305: 1304: 1302: 1301: 1286: 1280: 1279: 1277: 1276: 1270: 1263: 1255: 1163:Shear conditions 1118: 1038: 1037: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1016: 788:transition, the 775:Wisconsin period 694:Shear conditions 602: 601: 599: 598: 597: 595: 590: 589: 584: 579: 576: 575: 574: 571: 538:in 1978 to 80 m. 514:in 1977 to 325 m 345: 344: 331: 330: 317: 316: 303: 302: 289: 288: 275: 274: 261: 260: 254: 79:, 2480 masl) in 78: 77: 75: 74: 73: 71: 66: 65: 60: 55: 52: 51: 50: 47: 2443: 2442: 2438: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2433: 2432: 2428:Arctic research 2403: 2402: 2378:Dye 3 core data 2374: 2369: 2363:Wayback Machine 2353: 2349: 2326: 2313: 2303: 2301: 2291: 2287: 2282:. October 2020. 2274: 2273: 2262: 2225: 2216: 2173: 2169: 2132: 2123: 2102:(1569): 45–56. 2092: 2085: 2070: 2066: 2027: 2020: 1973: 1969: 1962: 1940: 1936: 1928: 1921: 1882:(5834): 111–4. 1863: 1859: 1814: 1805: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1783: 1775: 1766: 1727: 1723: 1700: 1696: 1649: 1636: 1597: 1593: 1586: 1572: 1547: 1540: 1526: 1519: 1503: 1502: 1493: 1487: 1483: 1440: 1436: 1397: 1390: 1353: 1346: 1341:. 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2391: 2386: 2380: 2373: 2372:External links 2370: 2368: 2367: 2347: 2336:(4): 283–293. 2311: 2285: 2260: 2239:(1): 149–155. 2214: 2167: 2121: 2083: 2064: 2018: 1967: 1961:978-1560989950 1960: 1934: 1919: 1857: 1803: 1764: 1721: 1718:on 2015-04-10. 1694: 1634: 1591: 1584: 1545: 1538: 1517: 1481: 1434: 1388: 1344: 1327: 1315: 1306: 1281: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1232: 1229: 1221: 1218: 1201: 1198: 1184: 1181: 1164: 1161: 1132: 1129: 1121: 1120: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1082: 1079: 1064: 1061: 1044: 1041: 993: 990: 985: 982: 974: 967: 964: 954: 951: 942: 939: 934: 931: 926: 923: 918: 915: 910: 907: 899:Little Ice Age 856: 853: 848: 845: 828: 825: 766: 763: 758: 755: 749: 746: 733: 730: 724: 721: 708: 705: 695: 692: 671:, drilling to 648: 645: 633: 630: 625: 622: 617: 614: 608: 605: 556: 553: 547: 544: 540: 539: 533: 530: 524: 521: 515: 509: 503: 500: 494: 488: 485: 479: 476: 470: 467: 464: 458: 452: 446: 440: 414:Main article: 411: 408: 392:, Greenland). 355: 354: 348: 347: 340: 339: 334: 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1060: 1058: 1053: 1050: 1040: 1039:, 3238 masl. 1036: 1007: 1003: 999: 989: 981: 978: 971: 963: 959: 950: 948: 938: 930: 922: 914: 906: 902: 900: 896: 864: 860: 852: 844: 842: 838: 834: 824: 822: 818: 813: 809: 807: 803: 799: 798:Younger Dryas 795: 791: 787: 783: 778: 776: 772: 762: 754: 745: 743: 738: 729: 720: 716: 713: 704: 701: 691: 688: 686: 682: 677: 674: 670: 666: 662: 657: 654: 644: 642: 637: 629: 621: 613: 604: 600: 562: 552: 543: 537: 534: 531: 528: 525: 522: 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 504: 501: 498: 495: 492: 489: 486: 483: 480: 477: 474: 471: 468: 465: 462: 459: 456: 453: 450: 449:North Central 447: 444: 441: 438: 437: 436: 434: 429: 427: 423: 417: 407: 405: 400: 397: 393: 391: 390:Kangerlussuaq 387: 383: 378: 376: 370: 368: 358: 253: 241: 239: 235: 230: 226: 224: 220: 216: 211: 209: 205: 201: 196: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 157: 152: 142: 140: 136: 132: 127: 125: 121: 120:precipitation 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 96: 93: 89: 84: 82: 76: 38: 34: 30: 26: 18: 2350: 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