444:
85:
20:
186:
397:
377:
267:
309:. A conversation then takes place between the candidate and the formateur, during which they are asked whether there are any possible obstacles to accepting the position. Business interests must be put at a distance. After the interview, the candidate confirms in writing what was discussed to the formateur. After completion of all discussions, the formateur discusses the report with the parliamentary group leaders of the coalition and informs the prime ministers of
1869:
149:(in the modern sense) has ever had a majority in the House of Representatives or has come close to it since the adoption of the current proportional representation system in 1918. To gain sufficient support in at least the House of Representatives, at least two parties must agree to form a government with majority support. The negotiations leading to this agreement are the cabinet formation period in the Netherlands.
344:). During this meeting, agreements are made on procedural matters such as the portfolio distribution, replacement scheme, profile of the cabinet and the unity of cabinet policy. Comments can be made about the coalition agreement and the government statement is discussed. If no objections arise from the constitutive deliberation, the formateur will submit a final report.
117:, the portfolios are determined, divided among the parties and ministers and state secretaries are sought. The specifics of each phase are flexible, and if a phase does not yield the desired outcome, the process can revert to an earlier phase. Ultimately, the appointed individuals are sworn in by the monarch. The formation concludes with a
475:) is also discussed in the Council of Ministers and ultimately adopted. The prime minister usually delivers the government statement within two weeks after being sworn in, which is followed directly by a debate. The debate is the first moment at which the House can express its opinion on the required trust in the cabinet (the unwritten
253:. The informateur generally has a background in the largest party in the House of Representatives. It is also possible to appoint multiple informateurs, with backgrounds in other prospective partners. The informateur is given a specific task by the House of Representatives, often to "seek a coalition of parties with
152:
The formation process after elections can be roughly divided into three phases: exploratory, constructive (also known as information phase) and formation phase. In these phases, agreements are made about the four P's: which parties participate in the cabinet, what program the cabinet has, what the
495:
and the introduction of the parliamentary system. Before that time, the governing duties and authority were vested in the king, and the ministers primarily served him. Since then, the process has evolved further, with the parliament playing an increasingly significant role, a development known as
576:
Criticism of the formation process also focuses on the existence of a democratic deficit. Voters have influence over which parties enter the parliament, but they have no influence over which parties subsequently join the cabinet. Thus, there is a weak correlation between election results and the
522:
Based on the advice received, the head of state appointed a formateur. Until 1963, it was customary for the formateur to independently assemble the cabinet and draft a government agreement. The position of informateur was introduced in 1951, distancing the head of state further from the process.
257:
and a majority in parliament." The informateur has meetings with individual chairs of parliamentary parties, and chairs sessions of negotiations between them. During these negotiations the parties try to find compromises on the policies of the future government and draft a coalition agreement.
222:". The custom is for the largest party to nominate a scout. The scout then has the task to meet with all parliamentary leaders to see which parties can start programmatic negotiations. At the beginning and at the end of the assignment, the scout holds - just like later the (in)formateur - a
607:
corresponds to the final coalition agreement. However, certain aspects often turn out differently. Citizens rarely, if ever, receive promised tax cuts, whereas unexpectedly businesses do. Government expenditures exceed projections, except in education. Coalition agreements tend to
531:, the Rules of Procedure of the House of Representatives were amended so that the House would appoint the (in)formateur. This change also introduced the practice of appointing a scout before the installation of the House, although this is not regulated in the Rules of Procedure.
567:
and the cabinet. In those years, the coalition agreement was increasingly drawn up in consultation with the House of
Representatives factions of the coalition parties. They thus commit themselves to the agreements in advance and are therefore less critical of the cabinet.
526:
In 1970, the House of
Representatives adopted the Kalfschoten motion, allowing the House to propose a (in)formateur for the head of state to appoint. However, this option has never been used. In 2012, due to dissatisfaction with Queen Beatrix's role during the
226:. The scout makes a report in which includes a recommendation for the follow-up process. This report will be discussed with the scout in the debate on the election results, which will take place as soon as possible after the installation of the new House.
364:
for these decisions. Ministers who were already part of the previous cabinet are not sworn in again, but they are not dismissed. The new ministers then swear or promise, as laid down in article 49 of the
Constitution, allegiance to the king/queen, the
631:
One of the rules of the game that Van Baalen identified is drive; a caretaker cabinet must be in place for as short a time as possible. Cabinet formations in the
Netherlands, however, take longer than in other countries. The longest formation was the
636:, which lasted 299 days. The duration of formations is influenced by whether it takes place after elections, how many parties there are and how fragmented the outcome is. A longer formation has no influence on the stability of a cabinet.
137:
as they are called in the
Netherlands. The cabinet requires support from both chambers of the Dutch parliament to pass laws. Thus to form a stable government sufficient, and preferably majority support in both chambers is required.
426:'. Afterwards the ministers go to their department where the official transfer takes place. For example, the Minister of Finance hands over the key to the treasury and the new prime minister receives the key to the office in the
577:
formation process. It can happen that parties that have lost the elections come together during the formation process and enter into a coalition to form a cabinet, while parties that have gained seats end up in opposition.
1774:
514:
Starting with Queen
Wilhelmina, it became customary for the head of state to seek advice from the speakers of the Senate and the House of Representatives, the vice president of the Council of State, and occasionally the
1509:
108:
are willing to form a cabinet together. In the subsequent information phase, negotiations will take place under the leadership of an informateur about the government's future policy programme, to be recorded in a
209:
The day after the elections, the likely parliamentary groups meet, although the results are not yet final and the new House will not be installed until two weeks later. The likely faction then chooses their
1674:
1514:
290:. Even before the formation, parties have contacted potential ministers within their party. In this phase, the formateur, in consultation with negotiators of the coalition, approaches the candidate
1754:
1719:
1669:
1629:
1619:
1524:
1504:
589:
503:
in 1868, the confidence rule was affirmed, preventing the king from forming a cabinet against the wishes of the majority in the House of
Representatives. This was reaffirmed in 1939 when the
580:
A proposal to reduce the deficit is a democratically elected formateur. The formateur would then be elected by voters simultaneously with the general election. The idea was launched by
229:
At a later point in the formation, for example after negotiations between parties have failed, there may be a need for a new scouting phase. This is then carried out by an informateur.
153:
portfolio distribution is among the parties and finally which persons will join the cabinet. If it concerns a formation after the fall of the cabinet, not all steps are often followed.
810:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1724:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1624:
1614:
1599:
1589:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1519:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1469:
585:
452:
389:
162:
93:
1449:
593:
286:
As soon as the intended coalition partners have agreed on a coalition agreement, a formateur is appointed with the task of forming a cabinet. Usually this is the intended
1395:
1330:
241:
who explores the options for a new cabinet. The informateur often is a relative outsider and a veteran politician who has retired from active politics: a member of the
81:, there must be sufficient backing to pass legislation. These rules are complemented by conventions, traditions, and customs that have evolved and changed over time.
1292:
902:
597:
173:. Since 1972, the convention has been that no cabinet change takes place without elections, but a cabinet can be glued together or partially continued as
169:
that a cabinet offers resignation around the time of the election. A formation can also take place after the cabinet has offered resignation following a
1318:
540:
1442:
1079:
476:
67:
435:
324:
Hearings by the House of
Representatives of candidate cabinet members – with the exception of the prime minister – were first held as part of the
838:
422:
It has been customary since 1971 that after being sworn in, the new team of ministers is photographed together with the king/queen during the '
301:
After a candidacy has been accepted, the files on the candidate cabinet member are investigated in the judicial documentation register, at the
218:. The strategy for the formation are also often discussed. A day later, the likely parliamentary leaders meet to discuss the appointment of a "
612:
more and also allocate more spending to welfare recipients. Possible explanations include a government wanting to start off well by improving
1893:
1872:
1265:
1435:
443:
1001:
775:
366:
1234:
1769:
302:
1862:
356:
in which the resignation application of departing ministers is accepted and new ministers are appointed. The old prime minister
1188:
564:
519:. Since 1946, the head of state has also consulted all parliamentary group leaders in the House of Representatives for advice.
52:
616:
for all groups, and in negotiations, all parties aiming to secure something, which is resolved through increased spending and
84:
1844:
1839:
1819:
1594:
633:
325:
202:
24:
146:
609:
604:
463:
takes place, where the conclusions of the constitutive deliberations are included as the first item on the agenda. The
460:
1403:
1338:
1288:
1161:
912:
287:
1120:
689:
1857:
62:
requirement is the appointment of ministers by the head of state at the end of the formation process. According to
623:
The cabinet formation is seen as non-transparent. The actual negotiations usually take place behind closed doors.
539:
There is criticism about the course of events of a formation in every formation. According to political scientist
516:
250:
59:
1386:
1018:
336:
When the new team of ministers is complete, the candidate ministers will meet in the constitutive deliberation (
1375:
306:
492:
295:
134:
48:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1764:
1759:
1729:
1684:
1679:
1609:
1604:
1584:
1579:
1559:
1474:
843:
528:
415:
279:
185:
77:
dictates that the new cabinet must have the support of the majority in parliament. Additionally, under the
1071:
19:
464:
118:
373:, and take a purification oath before the king/queen. This has been broadcast on television since 2012.
841:[Hearings candidate cabinet members start: Introduction, with the possibility of a spectacle].
361:
130:
811:"Hoe ministers in de dop al naar hoorzitting Kamer gaan voordat een nieuw kabinet op het bordes staat"
1349:
957:
242:
523:
Gradually, the formateur became responsible only for selecting the ministers and state secretaries.
1367:
1102:
381:
1257:
499:
Initially, the head of state still played a significant role in the formation process. After the
480:
1356:
A ritual dance in the House of
Representatives? Complaints about cabinet formations, 1946 - 2002
23:
Expected parliamentary leaders meeting the day after the election to appoint a scout during the
507:
was voted down during the government declaration. This cabinet had been assembled by formateur
246:
58:
There are no legal provisions outlining the specific process of forming a government. The only
291:
44:
396:
1226:
581:
504:
411:
211:
78:
36:
753:
100:
The formation can be roughly divided into three phases. In the scouting phase, a scout or
8:
357:
254:
198:
110:
72:
560:
548:
544:
370:
142:
1399:
1371:
1334:
1157:
500:
360:
the dismissals and the new prime minister the appointments. In doing so, they assume
166:
105:
1178:
376:
839:"Hoorzittingen beoogd bewindslieden van start: kennismaking, met kans op spektakel"
613:
603:
A large part of the promises from the calculations of the election programs by the
508:
275:
223:
352:
As laid down in articles 43 and 46 of the
Constitution, the king/queen takes the
238:
194:
1351:
Een rituele dans in de Tweede Kamer? Klagen over kabinetsformaties, 1946 - 2002
468:
385:
337:
215:
170:
1887:
1125:
1023:
907:
694:
617:
161:
Cabinet formations usually take place after general elections. Following the
63:
40:
266:
133:
is the executive body of the Dutch government. It consists of ministers and
1427:
1183:
448:
423:
353:
318:
190:
174:
559:
Since 1946, cabinet formations have become more monistic, instead of the
101:
1419:
974:
939:
815:
790:
401:
271:
237:
On basis of this advice, the House of Representatives then appoints an
145:
and the nationwide party-list system of proportional representation—no
89:
314:
1363:
114:
710:
962:
927:
883:
871:
859:
428:
406:
722:
646:
483:
is adopted in that debate, the formation will be fully completed.
1348:———————— (2003).
1220:
1218:
734:
670:
543:, these complaints can be divided into three categories: lack of
451:
during the debate on the government's policy statement after the
1215:
1420:
Official website Bureau of spokesperson for cabinet formation
1289:"Lange formatie, stabieler kabinet? Economen slaan plank mis"
310:
51:. Most cabinet formations take place after elections for the
1179:"De kabinetsformatie is het zwarte gat van ons staatsrecht"
1002:"De kabinetsformatie en de instituties: 1. De Tweede Kamer"
1051:
1203:
113:. During the formation phase, under the leadership of a
1039:
658:
995:
993:
991:
989:
491:
The process of forming a cabinet has its roots in the
274:
receives candidate minister and deputy prime minister
1317:
980:
968:
945:
933:
889:
877:
865:
796:
740:
728:
716:
676:
652:
986:
1885:
1072:"Regeringswissels en electorale verantwoording"
328:after the nominees had met with the formateur.
347:
1443:
1070:Otjes, Simon; Stiers, Dieter (2 March 2023).
92:receives the four faction leaders during the
1457:
1258:"Langere formatie, (in)stabielere regering?"
331:
121:and debate in the House of Representatives.
55:, but these can also take place in between.
16:Process to form a cabinet in the Netherlands
1286:
1255:
1224:
1069:
911:(in Dutch). 5 November 2012. Archived from
903:"Nieuwe ministers kabinet-Rutte II beëdigd"
433:
1450:
1436:
1347:
1209:
1103:"Kabinetsformateur, kiezen of aanbevelen?"
1057:
1045:
999:
1121:"Gekozen minister-president of formateur"
690:"Kabinetswisselingen zonder verkiezingen"
486:
440:of transfer is signed by both ministers.
303:General Intelligence and Security Service
808:
442:
395:
375:
265:
189:Speaker of the House of Representatives
184:
83:
18:
1863:List of Dutch (in)formateurs and scouts
1384:
1147:
664:
1886:
1323:De kabinetsformatie in vijftig stappen
1287:Van de Meer, Tom (21 September 2017).
1100:
1431:
1176:
1019:"Historische ontwikkeling kabinetten"
809:Keultjes, Hanneke (31 January 2024).
776:"The process of forming a government"
756:(in Dutch). Houseofrepresentatives.nl
590:state commission parliamentary system
584:in 1965. This was recommended by the
571:
1894:Cabinet formation in the Netherlands
1327:The cabinet formation in fifty steps
626:
563:relationships envisaged between the
232:
124:
1256:Van de Meer, Tom (10 August 2017).
1225:Van de Meer, Tom (25 August 2017).
1000:Van Baalen, Carla (11 April 2011).
605:Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis
193:hands over an assignment to scouts
13:
1148:Bolhuis, Wimar (18 October 2018).
1109:(in Dutch) – via delpher.nl.
261:
14:
1905:
1227:"Waarom duren formaties zo lang?"
1191:from the original on 2 April 2021
1101:Numans, P.O. (15 February 1971).
958:The government's policy statement
180:
1868:
1867:
1858:List of Dutch cabinet formations
1413:
1321:; Van Kessel, Alexander (2012).
1295:from the original on 9 June 2021
1268:from the original on 9 June 2021
1237:from the original on 9 June 2021
1082:from the original on 9 June 2021
981:Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012
969:Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012
946:Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012
934:Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012
890:Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012
878:Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012
866:Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012
797:Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012
741:Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012
729:Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012
717:Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012
677:Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012
653:Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012
1385:Bootsma, Peter (8 March 2017).
1280:
1249:
1170:
1141:
1113:
1094:
1063:
1011:
951:
895:
831:
802:
404:(left) receives the key to the
768:
746:
682:
511:without consulting the House.
326:cabinet formation of 2023–2024
307:Tax and Customs Administration
156:
1:
1311:
493:Constitutional Reform of 1848
465:government's policy statement
214:, which in most cases is the
119:government's policy statement
1156:] (in Dutch). Brooklyn.
639:
592:(2018), but rejected by the
586:state commission-Cals/Donner
534:
459:A few days later, the first
33:formation of a Dutch cabinet
7:
634:2021–2022 cabinet formation
594:state commission Biesheuvel
551:and the rules of the game.
348:Appointment and swearing in
203:2021–2022 cabinet formation
141:Due to several factors—the
25:2021–2022 cabinet formation
10:
1910:
554:
414:(right) at the end of the
362:ministerial responsibility
131:cabinet of the Netherlands
1853:
1465:
778:(in Dutch). Government.nl
332:Constitutive deliberation
1459:Dutch cabinet formations
847:(in Dutch). 20 June 2024
565:House of Representatives
382:First Biesheuvel cabinet
380:The bordes scene of the
53:House of Representatives
754:"The formation process"
496:"parliamentarization".
481:motion of no confidence
367:Statute for the Kingdom
529:2010 cabinet formation
487:Historical development
472:
456:
453:1986 cabinet formation
434:
419:
416:2010 cabinet formation
393:
390:1971 cabinet formation
341:
283:
280:2012 cabinet formation
206:
163:1922 cabinet formation
97:
94:1952 cabinet formation
28:
1154:Every formation fails
446:
399:
379:
269:
188:
87:
22:
582:Jan Glastra van Loon
505:fifth Colijn cabinet
461:Council of Ministers
412:Jan Peter Balkenende
342:Constituerend beraad
212:parliamentary leader
201:at the start of the
79:parliamentary system
37:government formation
1150:Elke formatie faalt
983:, pp. 265–266.
948:, pp. 257–258.
799:, pp. 230–231.
610:redistribute income
598:De Koning committee
473:Regeringsverklaring
255:coalition agreement
199:Annemarie Jorritsma
111:coalition agreement
1329:] (in Dutch).
618:aversion to losses
572:Democratic deficit
549:democratic deficit
517:Ministers of State
457:
420:
394:
284:
207:
143:multi-party system
98:
35:is the process of
29:
1881:
1880:
1319:Van Baalen, Carla
1177:Verheijen, Mark.
719:, pp. 30–31.
667:, pp. 22–23.
627:Rules of the game
501:Luxembourg Crisis
296:state secretaries
251:minister of state
233:Information phase
135:state secretaries
125:Formation process
106:political parties
49:state secretaries
1901:
1871:
1870:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1409:
1393:
1381:
1361:
1344:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1222:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1067:
1061:
1060:, pp. 7–12.
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
997:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
924:
922:
920:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
856:
854:
852:
835:
829:
828:
826:
824:
806:
800:
794:
788:
787:
785:
783:
772:
766:
765:
763:
761:
750:
744:
738:
732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
707:
705:
703:
686:
680:
674:
668:
662:
656:
650:
614:purchasing power
541:Carla van Baalen
509:Hendrikus Colijn
439:
276:Lodewijk Asscher
247:Council of State
224:press conference
76:
43:, consisting of
1909:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1849:
1461:
1456:
1422:
1416:
1406:
1391:
1388:Coalitievorming
1378:
1359:
1341:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1262:Stuk Rood Vlees
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1231:Stuk Rood Vlees
1223:
1216:
1210:Van Baalen 2003
1208:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1107:NRC Handelsblad
1099:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1076:Stuk Rood Vlees
1068:
1064:
1058:Van Baalen 2003
1056:
1052:
1046:Van Baalen 2003
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1004:
998:
987:
979:
975:
967:
963:
956:
952:
944:
940:
932:
928:
918:
916:
915:on 24 June 2021
901:
900:
896:
888:
884:
876:
872:
864:
860:
850:
848:
837:
836:
832:
822:
820:
807:
803:
795:
791:
781:
779:
774:
773:
769:
759:
757:
752:
751:
747:
739:
735:
727:
723:
715:
711:
701:
699:
688:
687:
683:
675:
671:
663:
659:
651:
647:
642:
629:
596:(1985) and the
588:(1971) and the
574:
557:
537:
489:
477:confidence rule
447:Prime Minister
400:Prime Minister
350:
334:
264:
262:Formation phase
235:
195:Kajsa Ollongren
183:
159:
147:political party
127:
104:explores which
70:
68:confidence rule
17:
12:
11:
5:
1907:
1897:
1896:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
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985:
973:
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961:
950:
938:
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926:
894:
892:, p. 245.
882:
880:, p. 243.
870:
868:, p. 237.
858:
830:
801:
789:
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745:
733:
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721:
709:
681:
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644:
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573:
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488:
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436:proces-verbaal
410:from outgoing
386:Huis ten Bosch
349:
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294:and candidate
288:prime minister
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216:lead candidate
182:
181:Scouting phase
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60:constitutional
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64:customary law
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41:Dutch cabinet
38:
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1775:Sep–Nov 1982
1770:May–Jun 1982
1675:May–Jun 1945
1515:May–Jun 1866
1510:Jan–Feb 1866
1458:
1394:(in Dutch).
1387:
1362:(in Dutch).
1355:
1350:
1326:
1322:
1297:. Retrieved
1282:
1270:. Retrieved
1261:
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1230:
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1184:De Limburger
1182:
1172:
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1124:
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1084:. Retrieved
1075:
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1041:
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1022:
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913:the original
906:
897:
885:
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861:
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842:
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814:
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770:
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693:
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665:Bootsma 2017
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449:Ruud Lubbers
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371:Constitution
358:countersigns
351:
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319:Sint Maarten
300:
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191:Khadija Arib
175:rump cabinet
165:, it is the
160:
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32:
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305:and at the
278:during the
239:informateur
157:Resignation
102:informateur
71: [
1423:(in Dutch)
1377:9012098017
1312:References
1129:(in Dutch)
1027:(in Dutch)
819:(in Dutch)
816:Het Parool
698:(in Dutch)
402:Mark Rutte
388:after the
272:Mark Rutte
270:Formateur
167:convention
90:Louis Beel
88:Formateur
1845:2023–2024
1840:2021–2022
1820:2006–2007
1755:1972–1973
1720:1960–1961
1630:1925–1926
1620:1923–1924
1595:1907–1908
1525:1870–1871
1505:1861–1862
1364:The Hague
640:Citations
561:dualistic
535:Criticism
479:). If no
292:ministers
115:formateur
45:ministers
1888:Category
1873:Category
1670:Feb 1945
1293:Archived
1266:Archived
1235:Archived
1189:Archived
1080:Archived
600:(1993).
429:Torentje
407:Torentje
369:and the
1195:2 April
1133:8 March
1031:14 July
919:19 June
851:20 June
823:9 March
702:8 March
555:Dualism
545:dualism
315:Curaçao
1402:
1374:
1358:]
1337:
1299:9 June
1272:9 June
1241:9 June
1160:
1086:9 June
782:24 May
760:24 May
243:Senate
66:, the
1392:(PDF)
1360:(PDF)
1354:[
1325:[
1152:[
1005:(PDF)
469:Dutch
338:Dutch
311:Aruba
249:or a
220:scout
75:]
39:of a
1835:2017
1830:2012
1825:2010
1815:2006
1810:2003
1805:2002
1800:1999
1795:1998
1790:1994
1785:1989
1780:1986
1765:1981
1760:1977
1750:1972
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1740:1967
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1700:1955
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1615:1922
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1605:1918
1600:1913
1590:1907
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1520:1868
1500:1861
1495:1860
1490:1858
1485:1856
1480:1853
1475:1849
1470:1848
1400:ISBN
1396:Boom
1372:ISBN
1335:ISBN
1331:Boom
1301:2021
1274:2021
1243:2021
1197:2021
1158:ISBN
1135:2024
1088:2023
1033:2024
921:2021
853:2024
825:2024
784:2017
762:2017
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