Dutch Golden Age painting

815: 1559: 1937: 2115: 2183: 424: 1956: 1208: 1229: 1540: 283: 1192: 1035: 1360: 2130: 1314:. A more realistic Dutch landscape style developed, seen from ground level, often based on drawings made outdoors, with lower horizons which made it possible to emphasize the often impressive cloud formations that were (and are) so typical in the climate of the region, and which cast a particular light. Favourite subjects were the dunes along the western seacoast, rivers with their broad adjoining meadows where cattle grazed, often with the silhouette of a city in the distance. Winter landscapes with frozen canals and creeks also abounded. The sea was a favourite topic as well since the Low Countries depended on it for trade, battled with it for new land, and battled on it with competing nations. 1782: 2145: 2160: 1585: 2000: 38: 1345: 684:

in the background would show the sin of pride leads to an undeniable sameness in many Dutch portraits, for all their technical quality. Even a standing pose is usually avoided, as a full-length might also show pride. Poses are undemonstrative, especially for women, though children may be allowed more freedom. The classic moment for having a portrait painted was upon marriage, when the new husband and wife more often than not occupied separate frames in a pair of paintings. Rembrandt's later portraits compel by force of characterization, and sometimes a narrative element, but even his early portraits can be dispiriting

563: 1918: 931:" parties, women at work about the house, scenes of village or town festivities (though these were still more common in Flemish painting), market scenes, barracks scenes, scenes with horses or farm animals, in snow, by moonlight, and many more. In fact, most of these had specific terms in Dutch, but there was no overall Dutch term equivalent to "genre painting" – until the late 18th century the English often called them "drolleries". Some artists worked mostly within one of these sub-types, especially after about 1625. Over the course of the century, genre paintings tended to reduce in size. 1877:. The Dutch also led the world in botanical and other scientific drawings, prints and book illustrations. Despite the intense realism of individual flowers, paintings were composed from individual studies or even book illustrations, and blooms from very different seasons were routinely included in the same composition, and the same flowers reappear in different works, just as pieces of tableware do. There was also a fundamental unreality in that bouquets of flowers in vases were not in fact at all common in houses at the time – even the very rich displayed flowers one by one in 665: 943: 696: 1273: 125: 711: 1250: 785: 1613: 1977: 746:

The clothes were left at the studio and might well be painted by assistants, or a brought-in specialist master, although, or because, they were regarded as a very important part of the painting. Married and never-married women can be distinguished by their dress, highlighting how few single women were painted, except in family groups. As elsewhere, the accuracy of the clothes shown is variable - striped and patterned clothes were worn, but artists rarely show them, understandably avoiding the extra work. Lace and

1855: 1325:(1585–1634), both also mentioned above as genre painters – in Avercamp's case the same paintings deserve mention in each category. From the late 1620s the "tonal phase" of landscape painting started, as artists softened or blurred their outlines, and concentrated on an atmospheric effect, with great prominence given to the sky, and human figures usually either absent or small and distant. Compositions based on a diagonal across the picture space became popular, and water often featured. The leading artists were 2251: 1655: 1632: 725:, whose famously lively brushwork and ability to show sitters looking relaxed and cheerful adds excitement to even the most unpromising subjects. The extremely "nonchalant pose" of his portrait of Willem Heythuijsen is exceptional: "no other portrait from this period is so informal". The sitter was a wealthy textile merchant who had already commissioned Hals' only individual life-sized full-length portrait ten years before. In this much smaller work for a private chamber he wears riding clothes. 163: 1085: 935:

varies between artists. Many paintings which seem only to depict everyday scenes actually illustrated Dutch proverbs and sayings or conveyed a moralistic message – the meaning of which may now need to be deciphered by art historians, though some are clear enough. Many artists, and no doubt purchasers, certainly tried to have things both ways, enjoying the depiction of disorderly households or brothel scenes, while providing a moral interpretation – the works of

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by travellers and idlers but rarely tillers of the soil. Despite the Dutch Republic being the most important nation in international trade in Europe, and the abundance of marine paintings, scenes of dock workers and other commercial activities are very rare. This group of subjects was a Dutch invention, reflecting the cultural preoccupations of the age, and was to be adopted by artists from other countries, especially France, in the two centuries following.

918:, prominently feature figures to whom no specific identity can be attached – they are not portraits or intended as historical figures, but rather snapshots of quotidian life. Together with landscape painting, the development and enormous popularity of genre painting is the most distinctive feature of Dutch painting in this period, although in this case they were also very popular in Flemish painting. Many are single figures, such as Vermeer's 1740: 514: 356: 896: 104: 1470: 1851:. Here his displays began to sprawl sideways to form wide oblong pictures, unusual in the north, although Heda sometimes painted taller vertical compositions. Still life painters were especially prone to form dynasties, it seems there were many de Heems and Bosschaerts, Heda's son continued in his father's style, and Claesz was the father of Nicholaes Berchem. 1895:(d. 1657) pioneered still lifes of shells, as well as painting flowers. These early works were relatively brightly lit, with the bouquets of flowers arranged in a relatively simple way. From the mid-century arrangements that can fairly be called Baroque, usually against a dark background, became more popular, exemplified by the works of 3168: 505:(1678) contain more critical than biographical information and are among the most important treatises on painting of the period. Like other Dutch works on the theory of art, they expound many commonplaces of Renaissance theory and do not entirely reflect contemporary Dutch art, still often concentrating on history painting. 2018:

was meant not only as a list of biographies, but also a source of advice for young artists. It quickly became a classic standard work for generations of young Dutch and Flemish artists in the 17th century. The book advised artists to travel and see the sights of Florence and Rome, and after 1604 many

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or militia guards, boards of trustees and regents of guilds and charitable foundations and the like. Especially in the first half of the century, portraits were very formal and stiff in composition. Groups were often seated around a table, each person looking at the viewer. Much attention was paid to

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collars were unavoidable and presented a formidable challenge to painters' intent on realism. Rembrandt evolved a more effective way of painting patterned lace, laying in broad white stokes, and then painting lightly in black to show the pattern. Another way of doing this was to paint in white over a

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While Dutch portrait painting avoids the swagger and excessive rhetoric of the aristocratic Baroque portraiture current in the rest of 17th-century Europe, the sombre clothing of male and in many cases female sitters, and the Calvinist feeling that the inclusion of props, possessions or views of land

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in the south. The upheavals and large-scale transfers of population of the war, and the sharp break with the old monarchist and Catholic cultural traditions, meant that Dutch art had to reinvent itself almost entirely, a task in which it was very largely successful. The painting of religious subjects

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theme – implicit even in the absence of an obvious symbol like a skull, or less obvious one such as a half-peeled lemon (like life, sweet in appearance but bitter to taste). Flowers wilt and food decays, and silver is of no use to the soul. Nevertheless, the force of this message seems less powerful

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The same painters often painted works in a very different spirit of housewives or other women at rest in the home or at work – they massively outnumber similar treatments of men. In fact, working-class men going about their jobs are notably absent from Dutch Golden Age art, with landscapes populated

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Family portraits tended, as in Flanders, to be set outdoors in gardens, but without an extensive view as later in England, and to be relatively informal in dress and mood. Group portraits, largely a Dutch invention, were popular among the large numbers of civic associations that were a notable part

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scenes. Recent historical events essentially fell out of the category, and were treated in a realist fashion, as the appropriate combination of portraits with marine, townscape or landscape subjects. Large dramatic historical or Biblical scenes were produced less frequently than in other countries,

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Dutch artists were strikingly less concerned about artistic theory than those of many nations, and less given to discussing their art; it appears that there was also much less interest in artistic theory in general intellectual circles and among the wider public than was by then common in Italy. As

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Though genre paintings provide many insights into the daily life of 17th-century citizens of all classes, their accuracy cannot always be taken for granted. Typically they show what art historians term a "reality effect" rather than an actual realist depiction; the degree to which this is the case

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The cost of group portraits was usually shared by the subjects, often not equally. The amount paid might determine each person's place in the picture, either head to toe in full regalia in the foreground or face only in the back of the group. Sometimes all group members paid an equal sum, which was

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From what little we know of the studio procedures of artists, it seems that, as elsewhere in Europe, the face was probably drawn and perhaps painted at an initial sitting or two. The typical number of further sittings is unclear - between zero (for a Rembrandt full-length) and 50 appear documented.

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Nudity was effectively the preserve of the history painter, although many portraitists dressed up their occasional nudes (nearly always female) with a classical title, as Rembrandt did. For all their uninhibited suggestiveness, genre painters rarely revealed more than a generous cleavage or stretch

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More than in other types of painting, Dutch history painters continued to be influenced by Italian painting. Prints and copies of Italian masterpieces circulated and suggested certain compositional schemes. The growing Dutch skill in the depiction of light was brought to bear on styles derived from

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and others for the delicacy of its depiction of a father reprimanding his daughter. In fact, in the view of most (but not all) modern scholars it is a proposition scene in a brothel – there are two versions (Berlin & Amsterdam) and it is unclear whether a "tell-tale coin" in the man's hand has

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was rescued from near-total obscurity in the 19th century, by which time several of his works had been re-attributed to others. However the fact that so many of his works were already in major collections, often attributed to other artists, demonstrates that the quality of individual paintings was

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did many of these. The Dutch were less given to the Flemish style of combining large still life elements with other types of painting – they would have been considered prideful in portraits – and the Flemish habit of specialist painters collaborating on the different elements in the same work. But

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were a great opportunity to display skill in painting textures and surfaces in great detail and with realistic light effects. Food of all kinds laid out on a table, silver cutlery, intricate patterns and subtle folds in tablecloths and flowers all challenged painters. Dutch painters produced still

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Van de Velde was also important as a landscapist, whose scenes included unglamorous figures very different from those in his genre paintings, which were typically set at garden parties in country houses. Hals was principally a portraitist, but also painted genre figures of a portrait size early in

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At the end of the century there was a fashion for showing sitters in a semi-fancy dress, begun in England by van Dyck in the 1630s, known as "picturesque" or "Roman" dress. Aristocratic, and militia, sitters allowed themselves more freedom in bright dress and expansive settings than burghers, and

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Portrait painting thrived in the Netherlands in the 17th century, as there was a large mercantile class who were far more ready to commission portraits than their equivalents in other countries; a summary of various estimates of total production arrives at between 750,000 and 1,100,000 portraits.

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The technical quality of Dutch artists was generally high, still mostly following the old medieval system of training by apprenticeship with a master. Typically, workshops were smaller than in Flanders or Italy, with only one or two apprentices at a time, the number often being restricted by guild

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Franits, 180-182, though he strangely seems to discount the possibility that the couple are married. Married or not, the hunter clearly hopes for a return from his gift of (punning) birds, though the open shoe and gun on the floor, pointing in different directions, suggest he may be disappointed.

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The distribution of pictures was very wide: "yea many tymes, blacksmithes, cobblers etts., will have some picture or other by their Forge and in their stalle. Such is the generall Notion, enclination and delight that these Countrie Native have to Painting" reported an English traveller in 1640.

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and aspirations for political reform. In the 19th century, with a near-universal respect for realism, and the final decline of the hierarchy of genres, contemporary painters began to borrow from genre painters both their realism and their use of objects for narrative purposes, and paint similar

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Foreigners remarked on the enormous quantities of art produced and the large fairs where many paintings were sold – it has been roughly estimated that over 1.3 million Dutch pictures were painted in the 20 years after 1640 alone. The volume of production meant that prices were fairly low,

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The Dutch concentrated heavily on the "lower" categories, but by no means rejected the concept of the hierarchy. Most paintings were relatively small – the only common type of really large paintings were group portraits. Painting directly onto walls hardly existed; when a wall-space in a public

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forbade religious painting in churches, and though biblical subjects were acceptable in private homes, relatively few were produced. The other traditional classes of history and portrait painting were present, but the period is more notable for a huge variety of other genres, sub-divided into

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are the leading masters of the later decades, tending, as at the beginning of the century, to make the ship the subject, whereas in tonal works of earlier decades the emphasis had been on the sea and the weather. They left for London in 1672, leaving the master of heavy seas, the German-born

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This later generation, whose work now seems over-refined compared to their predecessors, also painted portraits and histories, and were the most highly regarded and rewarded Dutch painters by the end of the period, whose works were sought after all over Europe. Genre paintings reflected the

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numerous specialized categories, such as scenes of peasant life, landscapes, townscapes, landscapes with animals, maritime paintings, flower paintings and still lifes of various types. The development of many of these types of painting was decisively influenced by 17th-century Dutch artists.

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Van Ostade was as likely to paint a single figure as a group, as were the Utrecht Caravaggisti in their genre works, and the single figure, or small groups of two or three became increasingly common, especially those including women and children. The most notable woman artist of the period,

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nearly all commissions and sales were private, and between bourgeois individuals whose accounts have not been preserved, these are also less well documented than elsewhere. But Dutch art was a source of national pride, and the major biographers are crucial sources of information. These are

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From the 1650s the "classical phase" began, retaining the atmospheric quality, but with more expressive compositions and stronger contrasts of light and colour. Compositions are often anchored by a single "heroic tree", windmill or tower, or ship in marine works. The leading artist was

1003:. The illustrations to these are often quoted directly in paintings, and since the start of the 20th century art historians have attached proverbs, sayings and mottoes to a great number of genre works. Another popular source of meaning is visual puns using the great number of Dutch 302:

except for the best known artists; as in most subsequent periods, there was a steep price gradient for more fashionable artists. Those without a strong contemporary reputation, or who had fallen out of fashion, including many now considered among the greatest of the period, such as

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building needed decorating, fitted framed canvas was normally used. For the extra precision possible on a hard surface, many painters continued to use wooden panels, sometime after the rest of Western Europe had abandoned them; some used copper plates, usually recycling plates from

619:. Utrecht, before the revolt the most important city in the new Dutch territory, was an unusual Dutch city, still about 40% Catholic in the mid-century, even more among the elite groups, who included many rural nobility and gentry with town houses there. The leading artists were 1118:

his lifelong subject, though he often took a more sentimental approach. Before Brouwer, peasants had normally been depicted outdoors; he usually shows them in a plain and dim interior, though van Ostade's sometimes occupy ostentatiously decrepit farmhouses of enormous size.

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There were many dynasties of artists, and many married the daughters of their masters or other artists. Many artists came from well-off families, who paid fees for their apprenticeships, and they often married into property. Rembrandt and Jan Steen were both enrolled at the

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Architecture also fascinated the Dutch, churches in particular. At the start of the period the main tradition was of fanciful palaces and city views of invented Northern Mannerist architecture, which Flemish painting continued to develop, and in Holland was represented by

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is an enormous and famous portrait which Napoleon took to Paris (it later returned) though livestock analysts have noted from the depiction of the various parts of the anatomy that it appears to be a composite of studies of six different animals of widely different ages.

2058:, were among several artists who left Holland at the French invasion of 1672, which brought a collapse in the art market. They also moved to London, and the beginnings of English landscape painting were established by several less distinguished Dutch painters, such as 762:. This was usually a half-length of a single figure which concentrated on capturing an unusual mood or expression. The actual identity of the model was not supposed to be important, but they might represent a historical figure and be in exotic or historic costume. 1379:(1628–1682), who produced a great quantity and variety of work, using every typical Dutch subject except the Italianate landscape (below); instead, he produced "Nordic" landscapes of dark and dramatic mountain pine forests with rushing torrents and waterfalls. 1400:(1619–1688). Cuyp took golden Italian light and used it in evening scenes with a group of figures in the foreground and behind them a river and wide landscape. Koninck's best works are panoramic views, as from a hill, over wide flat farmlands, with a huge sky. 680:

Rembrandt enjoyed his greatest period of financial success as a young Amsterdam portraitist, but like other artists, grew rather bored with painting commissioned portraits of burghers: "artists travel along this road without delight", according to van Mander.

1690:, and many vessels can be identified as naval or one of the many other government ships. Many pictures included some land, with a beach or harbour viewpoint, or a view across an estuary. Other artists specialized in river scenes, from the small pictures of 1403:

A different type of landscape, produced throughout the tonal and classical phases, was the romantic Italianate landscape, typically in more mountainous settings than are found in the Netherlands, with golden light, and sometimes picturesque Mediterranean

1698:, where the sun is usually setting over a wide river. The genre naturally shares much with landscape painting, and in developing the depiction of the sky the two went together; many landscape artists also painted beach and river scenes. Artists included 547:, which had produced a strong reaction towards realism and a distrust of grandiose visual rhetoric. History painting was now a "minority art", although to an extent this was redressed by a relatively keen interest in print versions of history subjects. 1936: 1207: 1169:

increasing prosperity of Dutch society, and settings grew steadily more comfortable, opulent and carefully depicted as the century progressed. Artists not part of the Leiden group whose common subjects also were more intimate genre groups included

927:"Seventeenth-century Holland produced more and better artists dedicated to genre painting with and without messages than any other nation." There were a large number of sub-types within the genre: single figures, peasant families, tavern scenes, " 868:

and were much more flamboyant and relaxed or even boisterous than other types of portraits, as well as much larger. Early examples showed them dining, but later groups showed most figures standing for a more dynamic composition. Rembrandt's famous

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was enormously popular, and taken to new heights in the period by Dutch artists; as with landscapes, the move from the artificial elevated view typical of earlier marine painting was a crucial step. Pictures of sea battles told the stories of a

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engraved sensuous nude Mannerist goddesses, painted unpeopled views of now whitewashed Gothic city churches. His emphasis on even light and geometry, with little depiction of surface textures, is brought out by comparing his works with those of

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In general histories 1702 is sometimes taken as the end of the Golden Age, a date which works reasonably well for painting. Slive, who avoids the term (see p. 296), divides his book into two parts: 1600–1675 (294 pages) and 1675–1800 (32

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likely to lead to quarrels when some members gained a more prominent place in the picture than others. In Amsterdam most of these paintings would ultimately end up in the possession of the city council, and many are now on display in the

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and others, including many mentioned below as history or genre painters, did their best to enliven more conventional works. Portraiture, less affected by fashion than other types of painting, remained the safe fallback for Dutch artists.

420:. With the obvious exception of portraits, many more Dutch paintings were done "speculatively" without a specific commission than was then the case in other countries – one of many ways in which the Dutch art market showed the future. 373:

regulations. The turmoil of the early years of the Republic, with displaced artists from the south moving north and the loss of traditional markets in the court and church, led to a resurgence of artists guilds, often still called the

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painting horses and riders in various settings. The cow was a symbol of prosperity to the Dutch, hitherto overlooked in art, and apart from the horse by far the most commonly shown animal; goats were used to indicate Italy. Potter's

1294:) of the 16th century first served as an example. These had been not particularly realistic, having been painted mostly in the studio, partly from imagination, and often still using the semi-aerial view from above typical of earlier 609:. Compared to Baroque history painting from other countries, they shared the Dutch emphasis on realism, and narrative directness, and are sometimes known as the "Pre-Rembrandtists", as Rembrandt's early paintings were in this style. 1228: 255:. In turn, the number of surviving Golden Age paintings was reduced by them being overpainted with new works by artists throughout the 18th and 19th century – poor ones were usually cheaper than a new canvas, stretcher and frame. 1539: 980:, and though each of the individual components of it is realistically depicted, the overall scene is not a plausible depiction of a real moment; typically, of genre painting, it is a situation that is depicted, and satirized. 1584: 852:

portraits preferred an image of austerity and humility, posing in dark clothing (which by its refinement testified to their prominent standing in society), often seated around a table, with solemn expressions on their faces.

377:. In many cases these involved the artists extricating themselves from medieval groupings where they shared a guild with several other trades, such as housepainting. Several new guilds were established in the period: 2479: 154:, and often a particular sub-type within these categories. Many of these types of subjects were new in Western painting, and the way the Dutch painted them in this period was decisive for their future development. 3592: 2290:(illustrated at the start of this article), and the liveliness of Hals' portraits, regretting he lacked the "patience" to finish them properly, and lamented that Steen had not been born in Italy and formed by the 1392:(1689, London), a departure from his usual scenes of watermills and roads through woods. Two other artists with more personal styles, whose best work included larger pictures (up to a metre or more across), were 1191: 539:

as there was no local market for church art, and few large aristocratic Baroque houses to fill. More than that, the Protestant population of major cities had been exposed to some remarkably hypocritical uses of

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Franits, 34-43. Presumably these are intended to imply houses abandoned by Catholic gentry who had fled south in the Eighty Years' War. His self-portrait shows him, equally implausibly, working in just such a

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this sometimes did happen – Philips Wouwerman was occasionally used to add men and horses to turn a landscape into a hunting or skirmish scene, Berchem or Adriaen van de Velde to add people or farm animals.

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relied on trade by sea for its exceptional wealth, had naval wars with Britain and other nations during the period, and was criss-crossed by rivers and canals. It is therefore no surprise that the genre of

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Scientists often posed with instruments and objects of their study around them. Physicians sometimes posed together around a cadaver, a so-called 'Anatomical Lesson', the most famous one being Rembrandt's

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religious affiliations probably affected many depictions. By the end of the century aristocratic, or French, values were spreading among the burghers, and depictions were allowed more freedom and display.

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of paintings, with the majority of artists producing the bulk of their work within one of these. The full development of this specialization is seen from the late 1620s, and the period from then until the

644:(1661) illustrates both his commitment to the form and the difficulties he had in finding an audience. Several artists, many his pupils, attempted with some success to continue his very personal style; 2294:, so that his talent could have been put to better use. By Reynolds' time, the moralist aspect of genre painting was no longer understood, even in the Netherlands; the famous example is the so-called 1416:, was a leading developer of the subgenre, which influenced the work of many painters of landscapes with Dutch settings, such as Aelbert Cuyp. Other artists who consistently worked in the style were 991:

had, in the hands of the 17th-century Dutch – almost universally literate in the vernacular, but mostly without education in the classics – turned into the popularist and highly moralistic works of

1496:. A greater realism began to appear, and the exteriors and interiors of actual buildings were reproduced, though not always faithfully. During the century understanding of the proper rendering of 879:(1642), was an ambitious and not entirely successful attempt to show a group in action, setting out for a patrol or parade, also innovative in avoiding the typical very wide format of such works. 3125: 408:

Later in the century, it began to become clear to all involved that the old idea of a guild controlling both training and sales no longer worked well, and gradually the guilds were replaced with

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did so. However, it is noticeable that the most important Dutch artists in all fields, figures such as Rembrandt, Vermeer, Hals, Steen, Jacob van Ruisdael, and others, had not made the voyage.

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fine details in clothing, and where applicable, to furniture and other signs of a person's position in society. Later in the century groups became livelier and colours brighter. Rembrandt's

631:, and the school was active about 1630, although van Honthorst continued until the 1650s as a successful court painter to the English, Dutch and Danish courts in a more classical style. 2331:

was among those Romantics who denounced them for artificiality, preferring the tonal and classical artists. In fact, both groups remained influential and popular in the 19th century.

195:" in painting, whereby some types were regarded as more prestigious than others, led many painters to want to produce history painting. However, this was the hardest to sell, as even 2197:

The enormous success of 17th-century Dutch painting overpowered the work of subsequent generations, and no Dutch painter of the 18th century—nor, arguably, a 19th-century one before

969:", but in practice these were very often the same establishments, as many taverns had rooms above or behind set aside for sexual purposes: "Inn in front; brothel behind" was a Dutch 314:

in his last years, had considerable problems earning a living, and died poor; many artists had other jobs, or abandoned art entirely. In particular, the French invasion of 1672 (the

2853:(1983) is an important work (though see Slive's terse comment on p. 344). See also Franits, 20-21 on paintings being understood differently by contemporary individuals, and his p.24 294: 1533:

preferred more intimate scenes of quieter Amsterdam streets, often with trees and canals. These were real views, but he did not hesitate to adjust them for compositional effect.

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Franits, 152-6. Schama, 455-460 discusses the general preoccupation with maidservants, "the most dangerous women of all" (p. 455). See also Franits, 118-119 and 166 on servants.

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recognised even if his collective oeuvre was unknown. Other artists have continued to be rescued from the mass of little-known painters: the late and very simple still lifes of

120:. 1628–30. Oil on wood, 58 cm × 52 cm (23 in × 20 in). The tronie includes elements of portraiture, genre painting, and sometimes history painting. 2114: 2092:

invited Dutch artists to paint scenes which are valuable in showing the seventeenth-century landscape and peoples of the region. The two most well-known of these artists were

1249: 3551: 1917: 2224:, especially since the Romantic period. Other artists have shown drastic shifts in critical fortune and market price; at the end of the period some of the active Leiden 1976: 1683:

at the peak of its glory, though today it is usually the more tranquil scenes that are highly estimated. Ships are normally at sea, and dock scenes surprisingly absent.

652:(1640–1711) was another of these, before falling under heavy influence from French classicism, and becoming its leading Dutch proponent as both artist and theoretician. 446:

for a while. Several cities had distinct styles and specialities by subject, but Amsterdam was the largest artistic centre, because of its great wealth. Cities such as

1515:, who left in the people, uneven floors, contrasts of light and such clutter of church furniture as remained in Calvinist churches, all usually ignored by Saenredam. 1427:

A number of other artists do not fit in any of these groups, above all Rembrandt, whose relatively few painted landscapes show various influences, including some from

6858: 1424:. Italianate landscapes were popular as prints, and more paintings by Berchem were reproduced in engravings during the period itself than those of any other artist. 634:

Rembrandt began as a history painter before finding financial success as a portraitist, and he never relinquished his ambitions in this area. A great number of his

1955: 1805:("ostentatious still lifes"), which depicted expensive and exotic objects and had been developed as a subgenre in the 1640s in Antwerp by Flemish artists such as 2144: 2201:—is well known outside the Netherlands. Already by the end of the period artists were complaining that buyers were more interested in dead than living artists. 2129: 199:

found. Many were forced to produce portraits or genre scenes, which sold much more easily. In descending order of status, the categories in the hierarchy were:

814: 3792: 2159: 555:. Some Dutch painters also travelled to Italy, though this was less common than with their Flemish contemporaries, as can be seen from the membership of the 5483: 534:

This category comprises not only paintings that depicted historical events of the past, but also paintings that showed biblical, mythological, literary and

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describes a group of artists who produced both history painting and generally large genre scenes in an Italian-influenced style, often making heavy use of

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is the core of Golden Age painting. Artists would spend most of their careers painting only portraits, genre scenes, landscapes, seascapes and ships, or

2104:. There was a market in Amsterdam for such paintings, and Post continued to produce Brazilian scenes for years after his return to the Netherlands. The 1341:(1601–1653), with a host of minor figures – a recent study lists over 75 artists who worked in van Goyen's manner for at least a period, including Cuyp. 3122: 1843:

In all these painters, colours are often very muted, with browns dominating, especially in the middle of the century. This is less true of the works of

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in including a great number of short lives of artists – over 500 in Houbraken's case – and both are considered generally accurate on factual matters.

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Franits, 1, mentioning costume in works by the Utrecht Caravagggisti, and architectural settings, as especially prone to abandon accurate depiction.

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and other cities emerging after 1648, and above all Amsterdam, which increasingly drew to it artists from the rest of the Netherlands, as well as

3954: 1891:(1573–1621), a Flemish-born flower painter who had settled in the north by the beginning of the period and founded a dynasty. His brother-in-law 1773:

simpler "breakfast pieces". Virtually all still lifes had a moralistic message, usually concerning the brevity of life – this is known as the

6360: 5812: 2360: 939:, whose other profession was as an innkeeper, are an example. The balance between these elements is still debated by art historians today. 777: 2100:, who produced ethnographic paintings of Brazil's population. These were originally displayed in the Great Hall of the Vrijburg Palace in 7095: 5846: 2034:

was a diplomatic gift which included four contemporary Dutch paintings. English painting was heavily reliant on Dutch painters, with Sir

88:, and often shows many of its characteristics, most lacks the idealization and love of splendour typical of much Baroque work, including 2699: 6353: 2862: 2220:. But the reputation of the period has shown many changes and shifts of emphasis. One nearly constant factor has been admiration for 2204:

If only because of the enormous quantities produced, Dutch Golden Age painting has always formed a significant part of collections of

3785: 3154:

and only a few others, see Slive, 128, 320-321 and index, and Schama, 414. The outstanding woman artist of the age was Judith Leyster

2182: 1869:

Flower paintings formed a sub-group with its own specialists, and were occasionally the speciality of the few women artists, such as

1631: 766:

and Rembrandt, many of whose self-portraits are also tronies (especially his etched ones), were among those who developed the genre.

1906:

Dead game, and birds painted live but studied from the dead, were another subgenre, as were dead fish, a staple of the Dutch diet –

1813:, became more popular. The early realist, tonal and classical phases of landscape painting had counterparts in still life painting. 1602: 423: 3041:

Rembrandt owned seven Seghers; after a recent fire only 11 are now thought to survive – how many of Rembrandt's remain is unclear.

2639:

Franits, 65. Catholic 17th-century Dutch artists included Abraham Bloemaert and Gerard van Honthorst from Utrecht, and Jan Steen,

6635: 5170: 4604: 3921: 3906: 3835: 3386: 1687: 1239: 3684: 344:

were among the most important. Landscapes were the easiest uncommissioned works to sell, and their painters were the "common

183:

A distinctive feature of the period, compared to earlier European painting, was the small amount of religious painting. Dutch

5573: 4655: 4371: 3743: 3698: 3611: 3573: 3464: 1523:, had supplemented the traditional view along a main axis of the church with diagonal views that added drama and interest. 3333:. Franits, 146-7, citing Alison Kettering, says there is "deliberate vagueness" as to the subject, and still uses the title 1431:(c. 1589–c. 1638); his very rare large mountain valley landscapes were a very personal development of 16th-century styles. 262:

and attached to public buildings, and small sculptures for houses are a noticeable gap, their place taken by silverware and

7055: 7050: 4215: 3801: 3778: 2930:

Metsu used opposed dogs several times, and may have invented the motif, which was copied by Victorian artists. A statue of

2324:

subjects themselves, with all the genres the Dutch had pioneered appearing on far larger canvases (still lifes excepted).

7090: 7045: 4953: 4936: 4337: 3947: 3848: 2228:

had enormous reputations, but since the mid-19th century realist works in various genres have been far more appreciated.

834: 5922: 4282: 2476: 729:

encouraged his sitters to pose costumed as figures from classical history, but many of his works are of his own family.

282: 7065: 7040: 5990: 4841: 3911: 3152: 640: 320:, or "year of disaster") brought a severe depression to the art market, which never quite returned to earlier heights. 4310: 1758:

lifes in great numbers, revealing the Dutch "love of domestic culture". The English term "derives from the Dutch word

6069: 6064: 4909: 4400: 3815: 3628: 3565: 3537: 3523: 3511: 3506: 3492: 3478: 3162: 2327:

In landscape painting, the Italianate artists were the most influential and highly regarded in the 18th century, but

1141:("fine painters") were renowned for small and highly finished paintings, many of this type. Leading artists included 4327: 3760: 2313: 73: 5075: 1359: 1034: 1031:), among many other options, and purely visual symbols such as shoes, spouts, and jugs and flagons on their side. 7075: 6495: 5968: 4259: 4175: 2089: 2055: 1723: 1053:

The tradition developed from the realism and detailed background activity of Early Netherlandish painting, which

3583:

The Economics of Taste, Vol I: The Rise and Fall of Picture Prices 1760–1960, Barrie and Rockliffe, London, 1961

1781: 324:

There were, for virtually the first time, many professional art dealers, several also significant artists, like

6248: 5797: 5656: 5420: 4440: 4276: 3985: 3940: 3765: 3723: 2213: 5337: 5090: 3392: 2051: 1719: 1218: 416:, with the court, was an early example, where artists split into two groups in 1656 with the founding of the 17: 2800:, with a different composition, but using most of the same moralizing objects, is analysed by Franits, 206-9 527: 274:, led Europe. With this exception, the best artistic efforts were concentrated on painting and printmaking. 6719: 6091: 5932: 5760: 4565: 4477: 4450: 3380: 3223:, pp. 171-72. With the Portuguese replacementr of the Dutch, Maurits gave the Vrijburg Palace paintings to 1066: 884: 97: 76:

provinces that made up the new state had traditionally been less important artistic centres than cities in

6380: 6081: 4747: 2648: 1999: 37: 6034: 2208:

paintings, itself a term invented in the 18th century to describe Dutch Golden Age artists. Taking only

758:

A distinctive type of painting, combining elements of the portrait, history, and genre painting was the

7080: 6677: 6293: 6116: 5490: 5104: 5080: 4633: 4592: 4305: 3820: 3690: 1150: 818: 734: 689: 668: 5028: 3543:

Prak, Maarten, (2003) "Guilds and the Development of the Art Market during the Dutch Golden Age." In:

2077:

specialized in game and birds, dead or alive, and were in demand for country house and shooting-lodge

589:

artists with styles formed in the previous century continued to work, until the 1630s in the cases of

61:, a period in Dutch history roughly spanning the 17th century, during and after the later part of the 7060: 5876: 5755: 5711: 5119: 4762: 4628: 4114: 2074: 493:

in the same format covers many Dutch artists he knew. Houbraken's master, and Rembrandt's pupil, was

382: 360: 2278:

disapproved that they "invite laughter to divert itself with the nastiest indelicacy of boors". Sir

92:. Most work, including that for which the period is best known, reflects the traditions of detailed 6640: 6623: 6278: 6121: 6106: 5917: 5787: 5661: 5453: 5408: 5369: 5310: 5281: 4681: 4022: 3932: 3915: 3444: 3404: 3224: 2340: 2296: 2259: 1344: 1311: 1058: 89: 5817: 5777: 3210:, ed. Ernst van den Boogaart, et al. 297-376. The Hague: Johan Maurits van Nassau Stichting, 1979. 1529:

specialized in lightly populated views of main city streets, squares, and major public buildings;

270:

tiles were very cheap and common, if rarely of really high quality, but silver, especially in the

7070: 6801: 6138: 5978: 5733: 5342: 5288: 4892: 4735: 4650: 4577: 4516: 3875: 3416: 2350: 2345: 562: 337: 5910: 5728: 5220: 72:

was the most prosperous nation in Europe and led European trade, science, and art. The northern

7019: 6912: 6560: 6510: 6470: 6433: 6333: 5973: 5293: 5271: 5131: 4099: 3439: 2917: 2355: 1961: 1590: 1503: 1473: 1388: 920: 875: 857: 795: 494: 349: 238: 129: 46: 3648: 1438:

Landscapes with animals in the foreground were a distinct sub-type, and were painted by Cuyp,

6550: 6525: 6490: 6460: 6426: 6348: 6126: 6101: 5716: 5595: 5500: 4059: 3981: 3017: 2696: 2286:, made several revealing comments on Dutch art. He was impressed by the quality of Vermeer's 2031: 1942: 1892: 1814: 1497: 1162: 1061:

were among the first to turn into their principal subjects, also making use of proverbs. The

620: 341: 116: 31: 4978: 3727: 664: 7085: 6672: 6253: 6022: 5927: 5721: 5651: 5567: 5441: 5244: 5070: 4870: 4560: 4395: 4300: 4234: 4165: 4084: 4074: 4064: 3599: 2396:, the painting of some kind of everyday scenes with unidentified people. But, for example, 2317: 2312:

In the second half of the 18th century, the down-to-earth realism of Dutch painting was a "

1907: 1888: 1870: 1785: 1691: 1658: 1447: 1330: 1222:, 1658, a study in domestic virtue, texture and spatial complexity. The woman is a servant. 946: 624: 486: 443: 386: 233:, including seascapes, battle scenes, cityscapes, and ruins (landscapists were the "common 62: 942: 8: 6895: 6480: 6396: 6365: 6243: 6206: 6007: 5893: 5740: 5413: 5099: 5085: 4691: 4614: 4492: 4412: 4390: 3885: 2461: 1844: 1810: 1707: 1500:

grew and were enthusiastically applied. Several artists specialized in church interiors.

1443: 1318: 1276: 1128: 1074: 612: 566: 374: 192: 176: 81:

declined very sharply, but a large new market for all kinds of secular subjects grew up.

6974: 6218: 4752: 3309: 2026:

was also an important export market, by which Rembrandt became known across Europe. The

695: 84:

Although Dutch painting of the Golden Age is included in the general European period of

6937: 6545: 6485: 6228: 6150: 6086: 5900: 5861: 5704: 5605: 5532: 5359: 5146: 4921: 4795: 4725: 4587: 4582: 4359: 4124: 4089: 3901: 3733: 3715: 2059: 1847:(1606–1684), an important figure who spent much of his career based over the border in 1545: 1530: 1520: 1376: 1348: 1291: 1272: 1158: 1115: 1081:" of finely dressed young people, with moralistic significance lurking in the detail. 1038: 649: 597:. Many history paintings were small in scale, with the German painter (based in Rome) 586: 478:– "The Great Theatre of Dutch Painters", 1718–21). Both followed, and indeed exceeded, 6995: 6176: 5856: 1799:

Initially the objects shown were nearly always mundane. However, from the mid-century

710: 6665: 6618: 6588: 6448: 6318: 6233: 6223: 5888: 5871: 5745: 5364: 5327: 5298: 5251: 5114: 5060: 5050: 5040: 4931: 4609: 4521: 4511: 4498: 4487: 4150: 4079: 4054: 4010: 3739: 3719: 3694: 3624: 3607: 3578: 3569: 3561: 3533: 3519: 3502: 3488: 3474: 3460: 3158: 2554:

Franits' book is largely organized by city and by period; Slive by subject categories

2477:

also worked as a warder in the Utrecht prison, conveniently close to the fish market.

2209: 2186: 2105: 2047: 1641: 1526: 1516: 1455: 1432: 1322: 1307: 1198: 1185:, long a very obscure figure, but now the most highly regarded genre painter of all. 1154: 751:

black layer and scratch off the white with the end of the brush to show the pattern.

628: 590: 570: 417: 213: 175:(1647); 3.4 metres wide. An unusually monumental animal painting that challenges the 4902: 4322: 2431:. Perhaps only 1% survive today, and "only about 10% of these were of real quality". 7001: 6947: 6905: 6608: 6401: 6039: 5946: 5824: 5537: 5520: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5386: 5332: 5055: 5000: 4897: 4865: 4836: 4715: 4708: 4703: 4676: 4538: 4533: 4210: 3971: 3365: 2644: 2301: 2291: 2254: 2240: 2231: 2217: 2043: 1923: 1896: 1728: 1711: 1703: 1606:

of the type Van Eeverdingen began to paint after his return from Norway and Sweden.

1512: 1428: 1417: 1383: 1338: 1174: 1054: 730: 471: 467: 433: 203: 124: 85: 58: 41: 6729: 3208:

Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen, 1604-1679: A Humanist Prince in Europe and Brazil

784: 6922: 6779: 6754: 6704: 6628: 6453: 6443: 6338: 6323: 6303: 6186: 6096: 6059: 6044: 5792: 5699: 5641: 5463: 5458: 5215: 5184: 5136: 4826: 4757: 4742: 4570: 4548: 4469: 4417: 4407: 4379: 4332: 4315: 4239: 4180: 4170: 4109: 3640: 3593:

The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age

3129: 2869: 2846: 2703: 2654: 2483: 2465: 2456:

was one of many whose wealthy wives persuaded them to give up painting, although

2428: 2279: 2039: 1854: 1836:(d. 1660) preferred to paint simpler "ontbijt" ("breakfast pieces"), or explicit 1552:; Ruisdael is a central figure, with more varied subjects than many landscapists. 1493: 1397: 1334: 1303: 1299: 1213: 1178: 1111: 996: 915: 747: 714: 638:

are of narrative religious scenes, and the story of his last history commission,

594: 271: 4806: 3206:

Rüdger Joppien. "The Dutch Vision of Brazil: Johan Maurits and His Artists", in

1654: 6984: 6952: 6900: 6848: 6831: 6821: 6749: 6411: 6288: 6258: 6155: 6143: 6017: 5951: 5883: 5750: 5646: 5349: 5045: 4985: 4926: 4790: 4720: 4427: 4349: 4266: 4119: 3841: 3680: 3660:

Dutch Seventeenth-Century Genre Painting : Its Stylistic and Thematic Evolution

3652: 2657: 2504:

Fuchs, 43; Franits, 2 calls this "oft-quoted" remark "undoubtedly exaggerated".

2457: 2393: 2328: 2275: 2271: 2236: 2170: 2151: 2097: 1801: 1715: 1670: 1461: 1451: 1421: 1413: 1234: 1124: 790: 645: 602: 598: 578: 427: 394: 258:

There was very little Dutch sculpture during the period; it is mostly found in

171: 93: 69: 6565: 4434: 3770: 3188:

Fuchs, 111-112. Slive, 279-281, also covering unseasonal and recurring blooms.

1435:(d. 1677) painted very small scenes of rivers at night or under ice and snow. 601:

as much an influence as Caravaggio (both died in 1610) on Dutch painters like

7034: 6885: 6853: 6714: 6709: 6692: 6520: 6515: 6500: 6475: 6465: 6416: 6076: 6054: 5985: 5851: 5680: 5583: 5559: 5542: 5510: 5495: 5276: 5266: 5261: 5165: 4914: 4875: 4814: 4640: 4597: 4366: 4295: 4227: 4069: 4047: 3963: 3616: 3547:, vol. 30, no. 3/4. (2003), pp. 236–251. Expanded version is Prak (2008) 3305: 2225: 1874: 1833: 1806: 1743: 1699: 1618: 1507: 1484: 1439: 1326: 1295: 1290:

was a major genre in the 17th century. Flemish landscapes (particularly from

1287: 1255: 1170: 1146: 1088: 1078: 928: 738: 517: 329: 259: 230: 166: 162: 6370: 5515: 5177: 2250: 470:(Het Schilderboeck, 1604), who essentially covers the previous century, and 6964: 6917: 6873: 6863: 6826: 6796: 6759: 6734: 6724: 6687: 6530: 6313: 6181: 5905: 5834: 5631: 5554: 5305: 5256: 5160: 5141: 5109: 5006: 4946: 4941: 4686: 4506: 4344: 4202: 4185: 4145: 4140: 4094: 4032: 3880: 3870: 3865: 3587: 3410: 2797: 2473: 2453: 2283: 2085: 2066: 2007: 1858: 1695: 1408:

and ruins. Not all the artists who specialized in these had visited Italy.

1393: 1363: 1201:

painted almost exclusively winter scenes of crowds seen from some distance.

1137: 988: 848: 824:

Banquet of the Amsterdam Civic Guard in Celebration of the Peace of Münster

807: 556: 544: 6959: 4820: 6880: 6843: 6784: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6598: 6593: 6535: 6438: 6375: 6328: 6268: 6238: 6160: 6002: 5840: 5829: 5802: 5772: 5636: 5610: 5527: 5448: 5436: 5391: 5381: 5376: 5354: 5315: 5151: 5126: 5011: 4973: 4880: 4848: 4800: 4528: 4456: 4249: 4190: 4104: 4042: 4002: 3707: 2880:

Fuchs, 39-42, analyses two comparable scenes by Steen and Dou, and p. 46.

2320: 2193:(1649); a landscape with Wouwerman's trademark highlight of a white horse 2023: 1825: 1754: 1182: 1084: 984: 839: 763: 726: 616: 606: 365: 333: 263: 252: 224: 3499:

The Wallace Collection, Catalogue of Pictures, Vol IV, Dutch and Flemish

2916:

Explored at length by Schama in his Chapter 6. See also the analysis of

2486:

Bankrupts included: Rembrandt, Frans Hals, Jan de Bray, and many others.

2069:

were a colony of Dutch artists who introduced the genre scene to Italy.

2022:

Many Dutch (and Flemish) painters worked abroad or exported their work;

6927: 6739: 6699: 6645: 6613: 6505: 6343: 6298: 6191: 5997: 5807: 5675: 5396: 5198: 4990: 4831: 4619: 4385: 4290: 4254: 4244: 4222: 4037: 4027: 4015: 3967: 2640: 2397: 2244: 2205: 2136: 2121: 2093: 2070: 2035: 2027: 2003: 1982: 1694:

with little boats and reed-banks to the large Italianate landscapes of

1680: 1675: 1478: 1142: 1070: 992: 803: 771: 722: 699: 552: 307: 286: 244: 151: 107: 2084:

Although the Dutch control of the northeast sugar-producing region of

476:

De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen

6989: 6979: 6942: 6774: 6764: 6744: 6570: 6540: 6273: 6196: 5615: 5401: 5238: 4995: 4696: 4645: 4543: 4354: 4160: 4131: 3830: 3361: 2449: 2221: 1881: 1878: 1739: 1370:(c. 1655); Cuyp specialized in golden evening light in Dutch settings 936: 900: 865: 843: 540: 413: 409: 390: 378: 311: 267: 196: 184: 141:

A distinctive feature of the period is the proliferation of distinct

134: 3962: 924:; others may show large groups at some social occasion, or crowds. 706:(1634), 47 cm × 37 cm (19 in × 15 in). 6969: 6890: 6838: 6769: 6682: 6603: 6555: 6421: 6406: 6263: 6201: 6133: 6027: 6012: 5686: 5600: 5590: 5578: 5322: 4785: 4482: 4422: 3422: 2198: 2078: 2042:, developing the English portrait style established by the Flemish 1564: 1409: 1405: 1020: 656:

of thigh, usually when painting prostitutes or "Italian" peasants.

535: 513: 459: 345: 316: 234: 207: 147: 77: 3459:, Mauritshuis/National Gallery/Waanders Publishers, Zwolle, 2007, 3329:

Slive, 158-160 (coin quote), and Fuchs, 147-8, who uses the title

3239:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 2017, pp. 150-51. 3237:

Amsterdam's Atlantic: Print Culture and the Making of Dutch Brazil

522: 355: 6308: 6111: 6049: 5866: 5765: 5505: 5232: 5065: 4671: 4271: 4155: 2460:

seems to have run away from his to continue his work. Conversely

1966: 1949:(1631); Heda was famous for his depiction of reflective surfaces. 1848: 1774: 1110:

A stay in Haarlem by the Flemish master of peasant tavern scenes

1062: 1000: 970: 966: 895: 861: 635: 451: 447: 325: 303: 103: 5227: 1778:

in the more elaborate pieces of the second half of the century.

1262:; housemaid troubles were the subject of several of Maes' works. 1243:; various references to proverbs or emblems have been suggested. 1077:

were important painters early in the period. Buytewech painted "

405:

authorities distrusted guilds and did not allow one until 1648.

6932: 6791: 6283: 6213: 5782: 5694: 5549: 4780: 3553:

Painters, Guilds and the Art Market during the Dutch Golden Age

3532:, 1991, National Gallery Catalogues, National Gallery, London, 2305: 2166: 2101: 1903:, The Hague, and Amsterdam particularly excelled in the genre. 1900: 1132: 1008: 958: 957:

The titles given later to paintings often distinguish between "

759: 479: 455: 402: 218: 111: 2706:. Her grandparents' various portraits by Rembrandt are famous. 2212:

paintings in old royal collections, there are more than 60 in

675:(1645), a member of one of the wealthiest families in Holland. 5016: 3020:

who, unlike Ruysdael, had visited Norway, in 1644. Slive, 203

2931: 2389: 1469: 1181:, whose interest in light in interior scenes was shared with 1004: 887:; there are no significant examples outside the Netherlands. 717:, family portrait, 1652, with the boys in "picturesque" dress 398: 142: 3766:

A Brief Overview of the Dutch Art Market in the 17th century

6868: 5670: 3645:

The Art of Describing: Dutch Art in the Seventeenth Century

3300:"Advertisement" or Preface to Vol. 4 of the 2nd edition of 2472:

tycoon. See their biographies in MacLaren. The fish artist

2469: 1578:

of the type Both began to paint after his return from Rome.

1012: 950: 688:, as in the roomful of 'starter Rembrandts' donated to the 454:

were more important in the first half of the century, with

3761:

Painting in the Dutch Golden Age - National Gallery of Art

3667:

The Golden Age of Dutch Painting in Historical Perspective

2724:

Shawe-Taylor, 22-23, 32-33 on portraits, quotation from 33

6859:

Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation

2920:, claimed by different art historians for each tradition. 962: 2010:; painted in 1662, some years after the colony was lost. 543:

allegory in unsuccessful Habsburg propaganda during the

3558:

Guilds, innovation, and the European economy, 1400–1800

1127:(1609–1660), specialized in these, before her husband, 489:(1606–1688) had worked for periods in Holland, and his 3545:

Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art

2647:, plus Vermeer who probably converted at his marriage. 412:, often only concerned with the training of artists. 3516:

Enchanting the Eye, Dutch Paintings of the Golden Age

3726:, 9780892365487, first published in German in 1902, 3457:

Dutch Portraits, The Age of Rembrandt and Frans Hals

1989:(1692), set in the gardens of a large country house. 1317:

Important early figures in the move to realism were

291:

Gentlemen Smoking and Playing Backgammon in a Tavern

30:"Dutch Masters" redirects here. For the cigar, see 3738:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1988. 3556:, in Epstein, Stephen R. and Prak, Maarten (eds), 1102:, a study in marital relations, with a visual pun. 3455:"Ekkart": Rudi Ekkart and Quentin Buvelot (eds), 3308:'s notebooks, page ix, 1782, J. Dodwell, London, 2316:taste" in England, and in France associated with 2274:were long popular, but little-regarded. In 1780, 910:); while the housewife sleeps, the household play 871:The Militia Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq 368:, whose self-portrait is the second from the left 7032: 2863:On Diderot's Art Criticism. Mira Friedman, p. 36 2603:, "Prologue" pp. 27–43, 1945, Faber, London 1412:(d. 1652), who had been to Rome and worked with 781:is a subtle treatment of a group round a table. 770:of Dutch life, such as the officers of a city's 503:Inleyding tot de Hooge Schoole der Schilderkonst 3800: 3647:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983, ( 3606:, Royal Collection Publications, London, 2008, 3735:Dutch and Flemish paintings from the Hermitage 3604:Bruegel to Rubens, Masters of Flemish Painting 3320:Slive, 144 (Vermeer), 41-2 (Hals), 173 (Steen) 2998:Slive, 189 – the study is by H.-U. Beck (1991) 2845:Franits, 4-6 summarizes the debate, for which 1686:More often than not, even small ships fly the 3948: 3786: 3028: 3026: 2495:Franits, 217 and ff. on 1672 and its effects. 721:The other great portraitist of the period is 3674:Still Life and Trade in the Dutch Golden Age 2541: 2539: 2537: 1267: 1131:, prevailed on her to give up painting. The 581:, not a market available in most of Holland. 2096:, a landscapist, and a still life painter, 2088:turned out to be brief (1630-54), Governor 3955: 3941: 3793: 3779: 3540:; the main source for biographical details 3023: 2361:List of painters from the Dutch Golden Age 2108:were covered much less well artistically. 1765:Several types of subject were recognised: 890: 2534: 2522:Prak (2008), 151-153, or Prak (2003), 241 1887:The Dutch tradition was largely begun by 1663:View of Deventer Seen from the North-West 1386:(1638–1709), best known for his atypical 3471:Dutch Seventeenth-Century Genre Painting 2563:Franits throughout, summarized on p. 260 2249: 2181: 2177: 1998: 1930:(c. 1665), with typical dark background. 1853: 1780: 1738: 1653: 1468: 1358: 1343: 1271: 1083: 1033: 941: 894: 813: 783: 709: 694: 663: 561: 512: 422: 354: 281: 161: 123: 102: 36: 3679: 3518:, Royal Collection Publications, 2004, 3150: 2309:been removed or overpainted in either. 1665:(1657); an example of the "tonal phase" 14: 7033: 6636:Contemporary Indigenous Australian art 3922:Early modern Netherlandish cartography 2787:Ekkart (Marike de Winkel essay), 72-73 2778:Ekkart (Marike de Winkel essay), 69-71 2760:Ekkart (Marike de Winkel essay), 66-68 2751:Ekkart (Marike de Winkel essay), 68-69 2014:For Dutch artists, Karel van Mander's 1240:A Boy and a Girl with a Cat and an Eel 585:In the early part of the century many 4656:Art of the late 16th century in Milan 3936: 3774: 3530:The Dutch School, 1600–1800, Volume I 3261:, and listings for individual artists 2660:was among Flemish Protestant artists. 2464:came from a very wealthy family, and 2282:, the English leader of 18th-century 2150:Brazilian Indian warrior (Tarairiu), 2050:. The marine painters van der Velde, 999:, and others, often based in popular 3560:, Cambridge University Press, 2008, 1762:", which came into use about 1650. 1649: 1337:(1595–1661), and in marine painting 914:Scenes of everyday life, now called 157: 65:(1568–1648) for Dutch independence. 3849:The Great Theatre of Dutch Painters 3487:, Thames and Hudson, London, 1978, 2769:Ekkart (Marike de Winkel essay), 73 2239:in the 1950s, and the landscapists 1947:Breakfast Table with Blackberry Pie 976:The Steen above is very clearly an 835:Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp 508: 24: 7096:17th century in the Dutch Republic 5991:Vienna School of Fantastic Realism 4842:Neoclassical architecture in Milan 3669:, 1999, Cambridge University Press 3634: 3132:in: Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms 1828:(1619–1693) led the change to the 641:The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis 605:, Rembrandt's master, and Jan and 25: 7107: 6065:American Figurative Expressionism 4401:International Gothic art in Italy 3754: 3665:Grijzenhout, F., and Veen, Henk, 3257:See Reitlinger, 11-15, 23-4, and 2135:Landscape with a worker's house, 1625:; an example of the "tonal" style 348:in the Army of Art" according to 237:in the Army of Art" according to 7015: 7014: 5574:Neue Künstlervereinigung München 3712:The Group Portraiture of Holland 3346:Reitlinger, I, 11-15. Quote p.13 3302:Anecdotes of Painting in England 2158: 2143: 2128: 2113: 1994: 1975: 1954: 1935: 1916: 1630: 1611: 1583: 1557: 1538: 1454:(1626–1678, farm animals), with 1248: 1227: 1206: 1190: 949:(1625), punning visually on the 277: 6496:Tunisian collaborative painting 5969:International Typographic Style 3623:, Yale University Press, 1995, 3340: 3323: 3314: 3294: 3285: 3276: 3264: 3251: 3242: 3229: 3213: 3200: 3191: 3182: 3171:from the original on 2021-01-12 3144: 3135: 3116: 3107: 3098: 3089: 3080: 3071: 3062: 3053: 3044: 3035: 3010: 3001: 2992: 2983: 2974: 2965: 2956: 2946: 2937: 2923: 2910: 2901: 2892: 2883: 2874: 2856: 2839: 2830: 2821: 2812: 2803: 2790: 2781: 2772: 2763: 2754: 2745: 2736: 2727: 2718: 2709: 2690: 2681: 2672: 2663: 2633: 2624: 2615: 2606: 2593: 2584: 2575: 2566: 2557: 2548: 2525: 2516: 2507: 2090:Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen 1483:, 1649, with the gravestone of 846:). Boards of trustees in their 210:and popular religious subjects. 191:The widely held theory of the " 6249:The Caribbean Artists Movement 2581:See Slive, 296-7 and elsewhere 2498: 2489: 2443: 2434: 2421: 2412: 2403: 2382: 2372: 1987:Still Life with a Dead Peacock 1734: 1007:terms in the sexual area: the 13: 1: 4605:Dutch and Flemish Renaissance 3907:Netherlandish Renaissance art 3836:Works of the Dutch Golden Age 3676:, 2007, Yale University Press 3662:, 2018, Yale University Press 3425: (1917–1931) 3419: (1885–1930) 3413: (1860–1890) 3407: (1608–1700) 3401: (1615–1702) 3395: (1580–1615) 3389: (1520–1580) 3383: (1400–1523) 3352: 1818: 1795:); "ostentatious" still life. 1789: 1720:Willem van de Velde the Elder 1594: 1568: 1219:Courtyard of a House in Delft 1096: 904: 778:Syndics of the Drapers' Guild 90:that of neighbouring Flanders 6720:Modern European ink painting 6092:Bay Area Figurative Movement 3686:Vermeer and the Delft School 3501:, Wallace Collection, 1992, 2400:is also a genre in painting. 2388:Confusingly, one particular 2267:(c. 1654; Amsterdam version) 1519:, followed by van Witte and 1067:Willem Pieterszoon Buytewech 885:Amsterdams Historisch Museum 659: 98:Early Netherlandish painting 7: 7056:17th-century Dutch painters 7051:Art of the Dutch Golden Age 6381:Artificial intelligence art 3802:Art of the Dutch Golden Age 3399:Dutch "Golden Age" painting 3270:See Reitlinger, 483-4, and 3007:Slive, 190 (quote), 195-202 2715:Ekkart, 17 n.1 (on p. 228). 2334: 2300:, as it was then known, by 2120:Landscape with sugar mill, 1899:(1627–1683). Painters from 1638:The Great Market in Haarlem 1368:River landscape with Riders 1298:landscape painting in the " 401:between 1609 and 1611. The 361:The Haarlem Painter's Guild 27:17th-century Dutch painting 10: 7112: 7091:17th-century Dutch artists 7046:Dutch Golden Age paintings 6294:Post-painterly abstraction 6117:Situationist International 5491:Pennsylvania Impressionism 3821:Dutch Baroque architecture 3691:Metropolitan Museum of Art 3113:Slive, 279-281. Fuchs, 109 2599:Fuchs, 62, R.H. Wilenski, 2191:Travelers Awaiting a Ferry 2081:across Northern Europe. 1151:Frans van Mieris the Elder 1114:, from 1625 or 1626, gave 1011:could be represented by a 819:Bartholomeus van der Helst 735:Bartholomeus van der Helst 690:Metropolitan Museum of Art 669:Bartholomeus van der Helst 648:was the most successful. 575:Christ crowned with thorns 227:or scenes of everyday life 29: 7066:Netherlandish Baroque art 7041:Dutch Golden Age painters 7010: 6814: 6579: 6389: 6169: 5961: 5945: 5877:California Scene Painting 5756:California Scene Painting 5712:Figurative Constructivism 5624: 5429: 5208: 5197: 5027: 4964: 4857: 4773: 4763:Poussinists and Rubenists 4664: 4468: 4201: 4001: 3992: 3979: 3912:Netherlandish Baroque art 3894: 3858: 3826:Dutch Golden Age painting 3808: 3621:Dutch Painting, 1600–1800 1731:, as the leading artist. 1268:Landscapes and cityscapes 577:, 1623, for a convent in 55:Dutch Golden Age painting 6975:Prehistoric European art 6624:Contemporary African art 6107:Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai 6035:Generación de la Ruptura 5662:Universal Constructivism 5454:California Impressionism 5409:American Barbizon school 3916:Flemish Baroque painting 3816:Dutch Golden Age artists 3445:List of Flemish painters 3405:Flemish Baroque painting 3225:Frederick III of Denmark 2934:presides over the scene. 2818:Fuchs, 42 and Slive, 123 2366: 2341:Art of the Low Countries 2247:earlier in the century. 1312:Pieter Bruegel the Elder 1059:Pieter Bruegel the Elder 827:, 1648; 5.47 metres wide 6802:Walking Artists Network 6139:Letterist International 5979:Washington Color School 4893:Arts in the Philippines 3750:Fully available online. 3550:Prak, Maarten, (2008), 3417:Amsterdam Impressionism 3151:Tierney, Helen (1999). 2351:Dutch School (painting) 2346:Delft School (painting) 1928:Still life with a watch 1769:were "banquet pieces", 1043:Peasants in an Interior 987:tradition of recondite 891:Scenes of everyday life 858:militia group portraits 551:Italy, notably that of 338:Hendrick van Uylenburgh 148:French invasion of 1672 114:, with the later title 57:is the painting of the 7076:Golden ages (metaphor) 6913:Illuminated manuscript 6561:The Designers Republic 6511:Neue Slowenische Kunst 6434:Pattern and Decoration 6334:Institutional critique 5974:Abstract expressionism 4954:Latin American Baroque 4910:Colonial Asian Baroque 3728:fully available online 3440:List of Dutch painters 3016:Derived from works by 2918:The Milkmaid (Vermeer) 2868:July 21, 2011, at the 2392:of painting is called 2356:List of Dutch painters 2304:. This was praised by 2268: 2194: 2075:Melchior d'Hondecoeter 2011: 1962:Jan Davidszoon de Heem 1866: 1796: 1751: 1666: 1591:Allaert van Everdingen 1504:Pieter Jansz Saenredam 1488: 1474:Pieter Jansz Saenredam 1389:Avenue at Middelharnis 1371: 1356: 1284: 1103: 1046: 1027:), and sex by a bird ( 954: 911: 828: 811: 796:militia group portrait 718: 707: 676: 582: 531: 495:Samuel van Hoogstraten 438: 369: 350:Samuel van Hoogstraten 298: 239:Samuel van Hoogstraten 180: 138: 130:The Blinding of Samson 121: 51: 6551:Artist-run initiative 6526:Young British Artists 6491:New European Painting 6427:Moscow Conceptualists 6349:Feminist art movement 6127:Ukrainian underground 6102:Gutai Art Association 5501:Ten American Painters 5005:Western influence in 3982:List of art movements 3672:Hochstrasser, Julie, 3602:and Scott, Jennifer, 3600:Shawe-Taylor, Desmond 3235:Michiel van Groesen, 3018:Allart van Everdingen 2889:Fuchs, pp 54, 44, 45. 2851:The Art of Describing 2253: 2185: 2178:Subsequent reputation 2032:Charles II of England 2002: 1943:Willem Claeszoon Heda 1893:Balthasar van der Ast 1857: 1815:Willem Claeszoon Heda 1784: 1742: 1657: 1472: 1362: 1347: 1275: 1163:Adriaen van der Werff 1087: 1037: 953:in this brothel scene 945: 898: 860:were commissioned in 817: 787: 713: 698: 667: 621:Hendrick ter Brugghen 565: 528:Rembrandt's treatment 516: 426: 358: 336:. Rembrandt's dealer 285: 165: 127: 106: 40: 32:Dutch Masters (cigar) 6361:Saqqakhaneh movement 6254:Chicano art movement 6122:Soviet Nonconformist 5928:Boston Expressionism 5911:Abstraction-Création 5729:Arbeitsrat für Kunst 5722:Cologne Progressives 5442:Art Nouveau in Milan 5245:Anglo-Japanese style 5221:National romanticism 4651:Fontainebleau School 4561:Northern Renaissance 4396:International Gothic 3387:Renaissance painting 3221:Amsterdam's Atlantic 2742:Ekkart, 130 and 114. 2169:, and other fruits, 1908:Abraham van Beijeren 1889:Ambrosius Bosschaert 1871:Maria van Oosterwyck 1786:Abraham van Beijeren 1692:Salomon van Ruysdael 1659:Salomon van Ruisdael 1448:Adriaen van de Velde 1353:The Windmill at Wijk 1331:Salomon van Ruysdael 1153:, and later his son 947:Gerrit van Honthorst 873:better known as the 625:Gerard van Honthorst 487:Joachim von Sandrart 444:University of Leiden 6896:Hierarchy of genres 6461:Saint Soleil School 6397:Post-conceptual art 6366:The Stars Art Group 6244:Black Arts Movement 6207:Neo-Dada Organizers 6008:Lyrical abstraction 5741:Australian tonalism 5414:California Tonalism 5086:Hudson River School 4889:Colonial Asian art 4629:English Renaissance 4578:Ghent–Bruges school 4566:Early Netherlandish 4478:Italian Renaissance 4391:Gothic art in Milan 3886:Utrecht Caravaggism 3658:Franits, Wayne E., 3381:Early Netherlandish 3335:Paternal Admonition 3157:. Greenwood Press. 2796:Another version at 2462:Jan van de Cappelle 2297:Paternal Admonition 2260:Paternal Admonition 2216:and over 50 in the 1845:Jan Davidsz de Heem 1811:Adriaen van Utrecht 1708:Jan van de Cappelle 1444:Albert Jansz. Klomp 1319:Esaias van de Velde 1277:Esaias van de Velde 1129:Jan Miense Molenaer 1075:Esaias van de Velde 613:Utrecht Caravaggism 567:Utrecht Caravaggism 497:(1627–1678), whose 375:Guild of Saint Luke 193:hierarchy of genres 177:hierarchy of genres 6938:Landscape painting 6546:New Leipzig School 6486:Neo-conceptual art 6234:Art & Language 6229:Capitalist realism 6151:Florida Highwaymen 6087:Hard-edge painting 5901:Streamline Moderne 5862:Harlem Renaissance 5705:Novecento Italiano 5533:Deutscher Werkbund 5360:Post-Impressionism 4922:Latin American art 4726:Guild of Romanists 4588:German Renaissance 4583:Northern Mannerism 3902:Northern Mannerism 3716:Getty Publications 3681:Liedtke, Walter A. 3579:Reitlinger, Gerald 3512:Lloyd, Christopher 3393:Northern Mannerism 3128:2019-02-02 at the 2702:2021-01-09 at the 2653:2010-09-23 at the 2482:2018-08-13 at the 2452:was an innkeeper, 2427:Lloyd, 15, citing 2269: 2195: 2060:Hendrick Danckerts 2012: 1867: 1797: 1752: 1667: 1546:Jacob van Ruisdael 1531:Jan van der Heyden 1521:Hendrick van Vliet 1489: 1377:Jacob van Ruisdael 1372: 1357: 1349:Jacob van Ruisdael 1288:Landscape painting 1285: 1159:Godfried Schalcken 1116:Adriaen van Ostade 1104: 1047: 1039:Adriaen van Ostade 955: 912: 829: 812: 719: 708: 704:Willem Heythuijsen 677: 650:Gerard de Lairesse 587:Northern Mannerist 583: 532: 485:The German artist 439: 370: 299: 181: 139: 122: 52: 7081:Netherlandish art 7028: 7027: 6810: 6809: 6666:Corporate Memphis 6619:Classical Realism 6589:Amazonian pop art 6481:Appropriation art 6449:Neo-expressionism 6319:Environmental art 6224:Nouvelle tendance 5941: 5940: 5889:Socialist realism 5746:Dresden Secession 5365:Neo-Impressionism 5328:Decadent movement 5299:Heidelberg School 5193: 5192: 5091:American luminism 5076:Düsseldorf School 5071:Shoreham Ancients 5061:Nazarene movement 5051:Danish Golden Age 4932:Indochristian art 4610:Antwerp Mannerism 4499:Pittura infamante 4493:Florentine School 4488:Proto-Renaissance 3930: 3929: 3745:978-0-87099-509-5 3700:978-0-87099-973-4 3612:978-1-905686-00-1 3574:978-0-521-88717-5 3497:Ingamells, John, 3473:, Yale UP, 2004, 3465:978-1-85709-362-9 3452: 3451: 2187:Philips Wouwerman 2106:Dutch East Indies 2048:English Civil War 1676:maritime painting 1650:Maritime painting 1642:Gerrit Berckheyde 1576:Italian landscape 1527:Gerrit Berckheyde 1517:Gerard Houckgeest 1487:in the foreground 1456:Philips Wouwerman 1433:Aert van der Neer 1323:Hendrick Avercamp 1308:Herri met de Bles 1199:Hendrick Avercamp 1155:Willem van Mieris 1093:The Hunter's Gift 629:Dirck van Baburen 591:Abraham Bloemaert 571:Dirck van Baburen 491:Deutsche Akademie 432:Self-portrait as 418:Confrerie Pictura 293:. Note: see also 289:, genre scene of 214:Portrait painting 158:Types of painting 63:Eighty Years' War 16:(Redirected from 7103: 7061:Baroque painting 7018: 7017: 7002:Western painting 6948:Modern sculpture 6906:History painting 6609:Art intervention 6402:Installation art 6219:Nouveau réalisme 5959: 5958: 5933:Leningrad School 5825:Mexican muralism 5798:Grosvenor School 5538:American Realism 5521:Der Blaue Reiter 5479:Berlin Secession 5474:Vienna Secession 5469:Munich Secession 5387:Pont-Aven School 5206: 5205: 5056:Troubadour style 5034:(c. 1770 – 1862) 5001:Qing handicrafts 4967:Western elements 4898:Letras y figuras 4871:African-American 4866:African diaspora 4837:Directoire style 4748:Heptanese school 4731:Dutch Golden Age 4716:Stroganov School 4709:Lutheran Baroque 4704:Louis XIII style 4677:Baroque in Milan 4539:Bolognese School 4534:High Renaissance 4517:Forlivese School 4512:Ferrarese School 4235:Migration Period 3999: 3998: 3957: 3950: 3943: 3934: 3933: 3859:Group and school 3795: 3788: 3781: 3772: 3771: 3749: 3714:, reprint 2000, 3704: 3641:Alpers, Svetlana 3528:MacLaren, Neil, 3469:Franits, Wayne, 3357: 3356: 3347: 3344: 3338: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3312: 3310:Internet Archive 3298: 3292: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3240: 3233: 3227: 3217: 3211: 3204: 3198: 3195: 3189: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3176: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3133: 3120: 3114: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3096: 3093: 3087: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3060: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3042: 3039: 3033: 3030: 3021: 3014: 3008: 3005: 2999: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2981: 2978: 2972: 2969: 2963: 2960: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2941: 2935: 2927: 2921: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2872: 2860: 2854: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2819: 2816: 2810: 2807: 2801: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2779: 2776: 2770: 2767: 2761: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2743: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2707: 2697:Trip family tree 2694: 2688: 2685: 2679: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2661: 2645:Jacob van Velsen 2637: 2631: 2628: 2622: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2604: 2597: 2591: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2532: 2531:Prak (2008), 153 2529: 2523: 2520: 2514: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2496: 2493: 2487: 2468:was a self-made 2447: 2441: 2438: 2432: 2425: 2419: 2416: 2410: 2407: 2401: 2386: 2380: 2376: 2302:Gerard ter Borch 2292:High Renaissance 2255:Gerard ter Borch 2241:Jacobus Mancaden 2162: 2147: 2132: 2117: 2044:Anthony van Dyck 2038:followed by Sir 1979: 1958: 1939: 1924:Willem van Aelst 1920: 1897:Willem van Aelst 1823: 1820: 1794: 1791: 1729:Ludolf Bakhuizen 1712:Hendrick Dubbels 1704:Simon de Vlieger 1634: 1615: 1603:Nordic landscape 1599: 1596: 1587: 1573: 1570: 1561: 1542: 1513:Emanuel de Witte 1450:(1636–1672) and 1429:Hercules Seghers 1420:(1620–1683) and 1418:Nicolaes Berchem 1396:(1620–1691) and 1384:Meindert Hobbema 1339:Simon de Vlieger 1321:(1587–1630) and 1281:Winter Landscape 1260:The idle servant 1252: 1231: 1210: 1194: 1175:Gerard ter Borch 1101: 1098: 1055:Hieronymus Bosch 909: 906: 731:Thomas de Keyser 509:History painting 499:Zichtbare wereld 472:Arnold Houbraken 468:Karel van Mander 328:and his father, 216:, including the 204:History painting 137:gave to Huyghens 86:Baroque painting 59:Dutch Golden Age 42:Johannes Vermeer 21: 7111: 7110: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7100: 7031: 7030: 7029: 7024: 7006: 6923:Interactive art 6806: 6780:SoFlo Superflat 6705:Kitsch movement 6629:Africanfuturism 6581: 6575: 6454:Transavantgarde 6385: 6339:Light and Space 6324:Performance art 6304:Psychedelic art 6187:Nueva Presencia 6177:Otra Figuración 6165: 6097:Les Plasticiens 6082:New York School 6060:Action painting 6045:Metcalf Chateau 5954: 5949: 5937: 5857:Cercle et Carré 5793:New Objectivity 5700:Return to order 5642:School of Paris 5620: 5464:School of Paris 5425: 5311:Arts and Crafts 5216:Neo-romanticism 5201: 5189: 5185:Etching revival 5137:Barbizon school 5081:Pre-Raphaelites 5033: 5030: 5023: 4966: 4960: 4853: 4827:Louis XVI style 4769: 4758:Louis XIV style 4721:Animal painting 4682:Flemish Baroque 4660: 4571:World landscape 4522:Venetian School 4464: 4451:Majorcan school 4418:Novgorod School 4408:Lucchese School 4380:Opus Anglicanum 4372:Norman-Sicilian 4316:Italo-Byzantine 4216:Early Christian 4197: 4181:Pompeian Styles 3994: 3988: 3975: 3961: 3931: 3926: 3890: 3854: 3804: 3799: 3757: 3746: 3732: 3701: 3637: 3635:Further reading 3355: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3234: 3230: 3218: 3214: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3174: 3172: 3165: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3130:Wayback Machine 3121: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3024: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2971:Franits, 164-6. 2970: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2928: 2924: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2870:Wayback Machine 2861: 2857: 2847:Svetlana Alpers 2844: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2704:Wayback Machine 2695: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2655:Wayback Machine 2638: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2484:Wayback Machine 2466:Joachim Wtewael 2448: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2429:Jonathan Israel 2426: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2387: 2383: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2337: 2280:Joshua Reynolds 2272:Genre paintings 2180: 2173: 2163: 2154: 2148: 2139: 2133: 2124: 2118: 2040:Godfrey Kneller 1997: 1990: 1980: 1971: 1959: 1950: 1940: 1931: 1921: 1863:Freshwater Fish 1821: 1802:pronkstillevens 1792: 1737: 1688:Dutch tricolour 1652: 1645: 1635: 1626: 1616: 1607: 1597: 1588: 1579: 1571: 1562: 1553: 1550:View of Haarlem 1543: 1506:, whose father 1494:Dirck van Delen 1398:Philips Koninck 1335:Pieter de Molyn 1304:Joachim Patinir 1302:" tradition of 1300:world landscape 1270: 1263: 1253: 1244: 1232: 1223: 1214:Pieter de Hooch 1211: 1202: 1195: 1179:Pieter de Hooch 1112:Adriaen Brouwer 1099: 1079:merry companies 997:Roemer Visscher 916:genre paintings 907: 893: 794:, an Amsterdam 662: 595:Joachim Wtewael 511: 280: 272:auricular style 160: 96:inherited from 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7109: 7099: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7071:Dutch painting 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7022: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7004: 6999: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6956: 6955: 6953:Late modernism 6950: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6901:Genre painting 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6851: 6849:Ballets Russes 6846: 6841: 6836: 6835: 6834: 6832:Asemic writing 6824: 6822:History of art 6818: 6816: 6815:Related topics 6812: 6811: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6788: 6787: 6782: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6750:Relational art 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6673:Hypermodernism 6670: 6669: 6668: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6585: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6419: 6414: 6412:Postminimalism 6409: 6404: 6399: 6393: 6391: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6289:Generative art 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6259:Conceptual art 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6156:Cybernetic art 6153: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6144:Ultra-Lettrist 6141: 6131: 6130: 6129: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6018:Arte Informale 6015: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5994: 5993: 5983: 5982: 5981: 5971: 5965: 5963: 5956: 5955:(1945–present) 5943: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5903: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5891: 5884:Heroic realism 5881: 5880: 5879: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5818:Latin American 5815: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5788:Group of Seven 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5758: 5753: 5751:Social realism 5748: 5743: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5734:November Group 5726: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5697: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5664: 5657:Latin American 5652:Constructivism 5649: 5647:Crystal Cubism 5644: 5639: 5634: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5576: 5571: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5518: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5487: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5445: 5444: 5433: 5431: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5423: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5357: 5352: 5350:Volcano School 5347: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5308: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5248: 5247: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5212: 5210: 5203: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5144: 5139: 5129: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5112: 5107: 5105:Norwich School 5102: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5046:Fairy painting 5037: 5035: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4970: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4956: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4937:Chilote School 4929: 4927:Casta painting 4919: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4903:Tipos del País 4900: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4883: 4873: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4791:Louis XV style 4788: 4777: 4775: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4694: 4684: 4679: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4602: 4601: 4600: 4595: 4593:Cologne School 4585: 4580: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4558: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4526: 4525: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4495: 4490: 4474: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4462: 4461: 4460: 4453: 4448: 4446:Italian school 4437: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4428:Sienese School 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4383: 4376: 4375: 4374: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4347: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4338:Pre-Romanesque 4335: 4330: 4320: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4293: 4288: 4287: 4286: 4274: 4269: 4267:Donor portrait 4264: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4207: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4195: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4176:Julio-Claudian 4173: 4168: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4125:Greco-Buddhist 4117: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4065:Protogeometric 4062: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4025: 4020: 4019: 4018: 4007: 4005: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3960: 3959: 3952: 3945: 3937: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3909: 3904: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3852: 3845: 3842:Schilder-boeck 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3805: 3798: 3797: 3790: 3783: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3756: 3755:External links 3753: 3752: 3751: 3744: 3730: 3705: 3699: 3677: 3670: 3663: 3656: 3653:Ernst Gombrich 3636: 3633: 3632: 3631: 3617:Slive, Seymour 3614: 3597: 3585: 3576: 3548: 3541: 3526: 3509: 3495: 3485:Dutch painting 3481: 3467: 3450: 3449: 3448: 3447: 3442: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3428: 3427: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3369: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3348: 3339: 3322: 3313: 3293: 3284: 3275: 3263: 3250: 3241: 3228: 3212: 3199: 3197:Slive, 287-291 3190: 3181: 3163: 3143: 3134: 3123:Pronkstilleven 3115: 3106: 3097: 3088: 3086:Slive, 213-224 3079: 3070: 3068:Slive, 213-216 3061: 3052: 3050:Slive, 268-273 3043: 3034: 3022: 3009: 3000: 2991: 2982: 2973: 2964: 2955: 2945: 2943:Franits, 24-27 2936: 2922: 2909: 2900: 2891: 2882: 2873: 2855: 2838: 2829: 2820: 2811: 2802: 2789: 2780: 2771: 2762: 2753: 2744: 2735: 2726: 2717: 2708: 2689: 2680: 2671: 2662: 2658:Jacob Jordaens 2632: 2623: 2614: 2605: 2601:Dutch Painting 2592: 2583: 2574: 2565: 2556: 2547: 2533: 2524: 2515: 2506: 2497: 2488: 2458:Karel Dujardin 2442: 2433: 2420: 2411: 2402: 2394:genre painting 2381: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2336: 2333: 2329:John Constable 2276:Horace Walpole 2237:Adriaen Coorte 2179: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2171:Albert Eckhout 2164: 2157: 2155: 2152:Albert Eckhout 2149: 2142: 2140: 2134: 2127: 2125: 2119: 2112: 2098:Albert Eckhout 1996: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1981: 1974: 1972: 1960: 1953: 1951: 1941: 1934: 1932: 1922: 1915: 1830:pronkstilleven 1736: 1733: 1716:Abraham Storck 1671:Dutch Republic 1651: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1636: 1629: 1627: 1623:Dune landscape 1617: 1610: 1608: 1589: 1582: 1580: 1563: 1556: 1554: 1544: 1537: 1462:The Young Bull 1452:Karel Dujardin 1422:Adam Pijnacker 1414:Claude Lorrain 1382:His pupil was 1310:and the early 1269: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1254: 1247: 1245: 1235:Judith Leyster 1233: 1226: 1224: 1212: 1205: 1203: 1196: 1189: 1125:Judith Leyster 892: 889: 791:Meagre Company 661: 658: 646:Govaert Flinck 603:Pieter Lastman 599:Adam Elsheimer 559:club in Rome. 510: 507: 428:Aert de Gelder 279: 276: 260:tomb monuments 248: 247: 242: 228: 225:Genre painting 222: 211: 172:The Young Bull 159: 156: 133:, 1636, which 70:Dutch Republic 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7108: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7021: 7013: 7012: 7009: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6886:Fantastic art 6884: 6882: 6879: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6855: 6854:Christian art 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6813: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6755:Skeuomorphism 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6715:Massurrealism 6713: 6711: 6710:Lightpainting 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6694: 6693:Post-Internet 6691: 6690: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6578: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6566:Grunge design 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6521:Retrofuturism 6519: 6517: 6516:Scratch video 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6501:Memphis Group 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6476:Telematic art 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6466:Guerrilla art 6464: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6417:Endurance art 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6132: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6077:New media art 6075: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6055:Nanyang Style 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5987: 5986:Visionary art 5984: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5957: 5953: 5948: 5944: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5882: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5852:Scuola Romana 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5778:Anthropophagy 5776: 5774: 5771: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5762: 5761:Functionalism 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5681:Neoplasticism 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5585: 5584:Cubo-Futurism 5582: 5581: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5543:Ashcan School 5541: 5540: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5511:Expressionism 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5496:Mir iskusstva 5494: 5492: 5489: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5419: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5283: 5282:Boston School 5280: 5278: 5277:Hoosier Group 5275: 5274: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5267:Impressionism 5265: 5263: 5262:Peredvizhniki 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5252:Beuron School 5250: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5166:Munich School 5164: 5163: 5162: 5159: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5008: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4965:Art borrowing 4963: 4955: 4952: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4915:Company style 4913: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4847: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4815:Neoclassicism 4813: 4809: 4808: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4782: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4641:Cretan School 4639: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4630: 4627: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4598:Danube school 4596: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4527: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4075:Orientalizing 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4060:Sub-Mycenaean 4058: 4057: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4012: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3997: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3974:art movements 3973: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3953: 3951: 3946: 3944: 3939: 3938: 3935: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3791: 3789: 3784: 3782: 3777: 3776: 3773: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3747: 3741: 3737: 3736: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3675: 3671: 3668: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3630: 3629:0-300-07451-4 3626: 3622: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3589: 3588:Schama, Simon 3586: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3566:0-521-88717-8 3563: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3549: 3546: 3542: 3539: 3538:0-947645-99-3 3535: 3531: 3527: 3525: 3524:1-902163-90-7 3521: 3517: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3507:0-900785-37-3 3504: 3500: 3496: 3494: 3493:0-500-20167-6 3490: 3486: 3482: 3480: 3479:0-300-10237-2 3476: 3472: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3453: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3343: 3336: 3332: 3331:Brothel Scene 3326: 3317: 3311: 3307: 3306:George Vertue 3303: 3297: 3288: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3260: 3254: 3245: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3222: 3219:van Groesen, 3216: 3209: 3203: 3194: 3185: 3170: 3166: 3164:9780313296208 3160: 3156: 3155: 3147: 3138: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3119: 3110: 3101: 3092: 3083: 3074: 3065: 3056: 3047: 3038: 3029: 3027: 3019: 3013: 3004: 2995: 2986: 2980:MacLaren, 227 2977: 2968: 2959: 2949: 2940: 2933: 2926: 2919: 2913: 2904: 2895: 2886: 2877: 2871: 2867: 2864: 2859: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2833: 2824: 2815: 2806: 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2009: 2005: 2001: 1995:Foreign lands 1988: 1984: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1919: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1882:tulip-holders 1880: 1876: 1875:Rachel Ruysch 1872: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1834:Pieter Claesz 1831: 1827: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1807:Frans Snyders 1804: 1803: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1756: 1749: 1745: 1744:Pieter Claesz 1741: 1732: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1700:Jan Porcellis 1697: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1643: 1639: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1619:Jan van Goyen 1614: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1592: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1566: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1541: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1508:Jan Saenredam 1505: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1446:(1625-1688), 1445: 1442:(1625–1654), 1441: 1440:Paulus Potter 1436: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1333:(1602–1670), 1332: 1329:(1596–1656), 1328: 1327:Jan van Goyen 1324: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1296:Netherlandish 1293: 1289: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1261: 1257: 1256:Nicolaes Maes 1251: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1236: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1171:Nicolaes Maes 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1147:Gabriel Metsu 1144: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1094: 1090: 1089:Gabriel Metsu 1086: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 981: 979: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 952: 948: 944: 940: 938: 932: 930: 929:merry company 925: 923: 922: 917: 902: 897: 888: 886: 880: 878: 877: 872: 867: 863: 859: 854: 851: 850: 845: 841: 837: 836: 826: 825: 820: 816: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 792: 786: 782: 780: 779: 773: 767: 765: 761: 756: 752: 749: 743: 740: 739:Ferdinand Bol 736: 732: 728: 724: 716: 712: 705: 701: 697: 693: 692:in New York. 691: 687: 681: 674: 670: 666: 657: 653: 651: 647: 643: 642: 637: 632: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 558: 554: 548: 546: 542: 537: 529: 525: 524: 519: 518:Jacob van Loo 515: 506: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 463: 462:and Germany. 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 436: 435: 429: 425: 421: 419: 415: 411: 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 385:in 1590, and 384: 380: 376: 367: 363: 362: 357: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 330:Jan van Goyen 327: 321: 319: 318: 313: 309: 305: 296: 292: 288: 284: 278:The art world 275: 273: 269: 265: 261: 256: 254: 246: 243: 240: 236: 232: 229: 226: 223: 221: 220: 215: 212: 209: 205: 202: 201: 200: 198: 194: 189: 186: 178: 174: 173: 168: 167:Paulus Potter 164: 155: 153: 149: 144: 136: 132: 131: 126: 119: 118: 113: 109: 105: 101: 99: 95: 91: 87: 82: 79: 75: 74:Netherlandish 71: 66: 64: 60: 56: 49: 48: 43: 39: 33: 19: 18:Dutch Masters 6996:Trompe-l'œil 6994: 6965:Outsider art 6918:Illustration 6874:Lutheran art 6864:Catholic art 6827:Abstract art 6797:Unilalianism 6760:Software art 6735:Neosymbolism 6725:Neo-futurism 6688:Internet art 6678:Hyperrealism 6531:Superfiction 6314:Photorealism 6182:Afrofuturism 5947:Contemporary 5923:Dimensionism 5906:Concrete art 5839: 5835:Precisionism 5685: 5632:Sosaku-hanga 5606:Productivism 5596:Metaphysical 5566: 5555:Proto-Cubism 5459:Secessionism 5421:Costumbrismo 5306:Aestheticism 5257:Hague School 5237: 5161:Academic art 5142:Costumbrismo 5110:Empire style 4947:Quito School 4942:Cusco School 4858:Colonial art 4819: 4807:Fête galante 4805: 4774:18th century 4736:Delft School 4730: 4687:Caravaggisti 4665:17th century 4550: 4507:Quattrocento 4497: 4455: 4378: 4281: 4211:Late antique 4095:Severe style 4085:Black-figure 3972:Contemporary 3881:Fijnschilder 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Retrieved 3153: 3146: 3141:Fuchs, 113-6 3137: 3118: 3109: 3104:MacLaren, 79 3100: 3091: 3082: 3073: 3064: 3059:Slive, 273-6 3055: 3046: 3037: 3012: 3003: 2994: 2985: 2976: 2967: 2958: 2948: 2939: 2925: 2912: 2903: 2894: 2885: 2876: 2858: 2850: 2841: 2832: 2823: 2814: 2805: 2798:Apsley House 2792: 2783: 2774: 2765: 2756: 2747: 2738: 2729: 2720: 2711: 2692: 2687:Fuchs, 77-78 2683: 2678:Fuchs, 69-77 2674: 2665: 2635: 2630:Fuchs, 62-69 2626: 2621:Slive, 13-14 2617: 2608: 2600: 2595: 2586: 2577: 2568: 2559: 2550: 2527: 2518: 2509: 2500: 2491: 2474:Jacob Gillig 2454:Aelbert Cuyp 2445: 2436: 2423: 2418:Franits, 2-3 2414: 2405: 2384: 2374: 2326: 2311: 2295: 2287: 2284:academic art 2270: 2264: 2258: 2230: 2203: 2196: 2190: 2086:Dutch Brazil 2083: 2067:Bamboccianti 2064: 2021: 2015: 2013: 2008:Dutch Brazil 1986: 1965: 1946: 1927: 1905: 1886: 1868: 1862: 1859:Jacob Gillig 1842: 1837: 1829: 1800: 1798: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1696:Aelbert Cuyp 1685: 1668: 1662: 1637: 1622: 1601: 1575: 1549: 1525: 1502: 1490: 1477: 1460: 1437: 1426: 1402: 1394:Aelbert Cuyp 1387: 1381: 1373: 1367: 1364:Aelbert Cuyp 1352: 1316: 1286: 1280: 1259: 1238: 1217: 1167: 1138:fijnschilder 1136: 1121: 1109: 1107:his career. 1105: 1092: 1052: 1048: 1042: 1028: 1024: 1016: 989:emblem books 982: 977: 975: 956: 933: 926: 921:The Milkmaid 919: 913: 881: 874: 870: 855: 849:regentenstuk 847: 833: 830: 822: 808:Pieter Codde 800:schutterstuk 799: 788: 776: 768: 757: 753: 744: 720: 703: 685: 682: 678: 672: 654: 639: 633: 611: 584: 574: 557:Bentvueghels 549: 545:Dutch Revolt 533: 521: 502: 498: 490: 484: 475: 464: 440: 431: 407: 371: 364:in 1675, by 359: 340:and his son 322: 315: 300: 290: 257: 249: 217: 206:, including 190: 182: 170: 140: 128: 115: 83: 67: 54: 53: 47:The Milkmaid 45: 7086:Western art 6881:Digital art 6844:Avant-garde 6785:Superstroke 6661:Flat design 6656:Fictive art 6651:Excessivism 6599:Art for art 6594:Altermodern 6536:Taring Padi 6471:Lowbrow art 6439:Pliontanism 6376:Yoru no Kai 6329:Process art 6269:Systems art 6239:Arte Povera 6161:Antipodeans 6070:in New York 6040:Jikken Kōbō 6003:Color field 5872:Regionalism 5841:Aeropittura 5830:Neo-Fauvism 5803:Neues Sehen 5773:Kinetic art 5637:Suprematism 5611:Synchromism 5528:Noucentisme 5449:Primitivism 5437:Art Nouveau 5392:Cloisonnism 5382:Pointillism 5377:Divisionism 5355:Incoherents 5316:Art pottery 5202:(1863–1944) 5152:Macchiaioli 5127:Biedermeier 5115:Historicism 5100:Orientalism 5041:Romanticism 5012:Akita ranga 4864:Art of the 4849:Picturesque 4801:Chinoiserie 4796:Frederician 4634:Tudor court 4529:Cinquecento 4470:Renaissance 4457:Mappa mundi 4441:cartography 4333:Carolingian 4328:Merovingian 4311:Palaeologan 4283:Repoblación 4240:Anglo-Saxon 4171:Gallo-Roman 4110:Hellenistic 4105:Kerch style 4043:Minyan ware 3914:(including 3708:Alois Riegl 3483:Fuchs, RH, 3360:History of 3304:, based on 2733:Ekkart, 118 2669:Slive, 22-4 2612:Fuchs, 62-3 2321:rationalism 2046:before the 2024:printmaking 2006:, scene in 1826:Willem Kalf 1822: 1680 1793: 1660 1755:Still lifes 1735:Still lifes 1640:, 1696, by 1598: 1660 1572: 1650 1498:perspective 1183:Jan Vermeer 1100: 1660 985:Renaissance 908: 1663 876:Night Watch 840:Mauritshuis 764:Jan Lievens 727:Jan de Bray 715:Jan Mijtens 673:Sophia Trip 617:chiaroscuro 607:Jacob Pynas 536:allegorical 366:Jan de Bray 334:Willem Kalf 253:printmaking 152:still lifes 50:(1658–1661) 7035:Categories 6928:Jewish art 6740:Passionism 6700:iPhone art 6646:Cyborg art 6641:Crypto art 6614:Brandalism 6506:Cyberdelic 6371:Tropicália 6344:Street art 6299:Intermedia 6279:Minimalism 5998:Spatialism 5952:Postmodern 5808:Surrealism 5676:Shin-hanga 5516:Die Brücke 5484:Sonderbund 5397:Synthetism 5120:Revivalism 5029:Transition 4986:Manichaean 4832:Adam style 4753:Classicism 4692:in Utrecht 4620:Still life 4350:Romanesque 4306:Macedonian 4301:Iconoclast 4260:Visigothic 4166:Republican 4120:Indo-Greek 4090:Red-figure 3724:089236548X 3353:References 3282:Slive, 319 3248:Slive, 212 3175:2016-02-20 3095:Slive, 277 3077:Franits, 1 3032:Slive, 225 2898:Slive, 191 2827:Slive, 123 2809:Slive, 123 2641:Paulus Bor 2590:Fuchs, 107 2513:Fuchs, 104 2440:Franits, 2 2409:Fuchs, 104 2398:still-life 2245:Frans Post 2206:Old Master 2137:Frans Post 2122:Frans Post 2094:Frans Post 2071:Jan Weenix 2036:Peter Lely 2028:Dutch Gift 2004:Frans Post 1983:Jan Weenix 1771:ontbijtjes 1681:Dutch navy 1661:, typical 1485:his father 1479:Assendelft 1143:Gerard Dou 1135:school of 1071:Frans Hals 993:Jacob Cats 899:A typical 804:Frans Hals 772:schutterij 723:Frans Hals 700:Frans Hals 553:Caravaggio 308:Frans Hals 287:Dirck Hals 266:. 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Dutch Golden Age painting

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