723:
Emperor but to other kings and princes and those of whatever status; the right to establish pacts (ius constituendi foederae), of conducting war (bellum movendi), of constructing fortifications and walling forts (fortalitia extruendi et arces muniendi); without the need for permission they are able to call and hold assizesâŠ.they acknowledge no court but that of the
Emperor, even though they hold no fiefs of the Emperor; the privilege against new fiefs being erected, the right to arbitration (ius Austregarum) no less than other states of the Empire have, even if they hold certain mediate fiefs from another prince.â
1217:
1175:
173:
1086:
1185:
831:
1144:
1113:
and thus were subordinate to the
Emperor directly. The personal members (Personalisten) were non-landed members â regularly admitted â who had not yet acquired estates under knightly jurisdiction. As a result, the Personalisten were not included in claims made for compensation. Consequently, the numbers of landed families were probably closer to 400, with the Personalisten adding another 100, bringing the total number of knightly families to around 500 at the time of the corporation's dissolution.
743:
143:
1165:
36:
135:
1195:
2874:
2840:
1205:
1101:), with a total population of 350,000â450,000 inhabitants. These figures, however, are drawn from claims for compensation made after the upheavals of the French Revolution, and are more accurate for their description of geographical extent than of the total membership in the order. There were at least 400 families possessing land and many more of knightly rank that did not possess land, the so-called
1122:
1237:
1154:
2862:
715:(the right to establish an official Christian denomination in their territories). The knightly families had the right of house legislation, subject to the Emperor's approval, and so could control such things as the marriage of members and set the terms of the inheritance of family property. Imperial knights did not, however, have access to the Imperial Diet.
820:("General Correspondence Diet"), but the Circles and especially the Cantons became somewhat more important as their proximity meant that their interests were more closely aligned. Some immediate imperial fiefs, however, fell outside the structure of the Circles and their Cantons. The autonomous barony (
979:
Arising from the feudal connection between tenure of land and jurisdiction, the status of immediate subject was further distinct from that of a state of the Empire. There were many immediate territories that were not states of the Empire, and there could be states that were not immediate. Examples of
1112:
From early on, the membership of the corporation of
Imperial Knights controlled access to admission to its Circles and Cantons. There were two kinds of membership possible within the order: personal and landed. Landed members were families enrolled in a Circle and Canton who owned an immediate fief,
671:
suffered contraction due to the fluctuation in the price of agricultural foodstuffs. Ministeriales who were in a stronger economic position were better able to survive the weakening of their basis as landowners. The vast majority languished in poverty, resorting to selling lands to the Church, or to
608:
To protect their rights and avoid vassalage to more powerful nobles, they organized themselves into three unions (Partheien) in the late 15th century and into a single body in 1577, and fought to win recognition. This status, beholden only to the
Emperor himself rather than through a more powerful
975:
Whether or not an individual, an institution, or an area was directly subject to the
Emperor's authority defined the status of âimmediateâ and âmediateâ subject of the Empire (reichsunmittelbar, reichsmittelbar). The distinction was not restricted to noble subjects of the Emperor; for example, a
722:
Section XII: ââŠthey possess forestry rights (ius forestae)âŠthe right of hunting (ius venandi); the right to establish an archive (ius archivi, a right of sovereignty); the capacity to make laws (facultatem leges atque statuas condendi); to send ambassadors (ius mittendi legatos) not only to the
726:
Section XV: âthey enjoy the freedom of religion (pace religionis fruuntur) and therefore of establishing the
Protestant Religion in churches and schools not only in their own hereditary territories but also in those fiefs held from another stateâŠthey are able whenever they wish to abolish and
938:(Note: The semi-autonomous District Ortenau was affiliated with canton Neckar-Schwarzwald. District Ortenau served as the chief organizational connection to the empire for the Alsatian immediate nobility that had been absorbed by the French reunions of the seventeenth century.)
1070:
gave the great states unilateral powers and the
Imperial Knights' possessions, hitherto completely independent under the Emperor, formally became part of the territories of the higher rulers, by whose territory they were surrounded. They, for the most part, took the title of
1039:
Over time the title of
Imperial Knight became a title of nobility rather than occupation. Many Imperial Knights even as early as the 16th century are more famous for their scholarly, artistic, or diplomatic work than their military achievements. During the demise of the
679:
The minority of ministeriales rich enough to weather the crises soon came to be identified with the remnants of the free nobility, and were thus seen as constituting one noble order. By 1422, some of these nobles had achieved jurisdictional autonomy under the
Emperor
1023:, most Imperial Knights remained Catholic and their families made up a substantial fraction of noble Catholics in much of the Empire outside Austria and Bavaria. This eventually led to the Imperial Knights exerting significant influence in the selection of several
1105:. With these latter included, the total number of knightly families rises to perhaps as high as 500. The discrepancies in the numbers stem from the list of membership for the Lower Rhenish canton being incomplete and from the absence of
589:, and as such were the equals in most respects to the other individuals or entities, such as the secular and ecclesiastical territorial rulers of the Empire (margraves, dukes, princes, counts, archbishops, bishops, abbots, etc.) and the
718:
Concerning the rights of Free
Imperial Knights, Joseph Friederich von Ledersheim wrote in 1715 (De jure et privilegiis nobilium liberorum et immediatorum, Von des H. Röm. Reichs Freyen unmittelbahren Ritterschafft Discursus):
1011:
The Imperial Knights were called very often to war by the emperor and therefore won significant influence in the Military and the Administration of the Empire and also over the more powerful nobles. Every Canton had its own
797:, the right to collect taxes for the upkeep of the knightly order, even on estates that had been sold to non-knights. The knights also had the right to tax their subjects directly, and also possessed the feudal rights to the
605:. They tended to define their responsibilities to the Empire in terms of feudalized obligations to the Emperor, including personal service and strictly voluntary financial offerings paid to the Emperor himself.
609:
noble, meant the Imperial Knights were "immediate subjects" (their fealty was unmediated by another lord). As such, the Imperial Knights exercised a limited form of sovereignty within their territories.
535:
1168:
1093:
Exact numbers of Free Imperial Knights are difficult to assess. It is often stated that there were 350 knightly families in all three Circles, owning around 1,500 estates (around 200
620:
and the Middle Rhine areaâzones which were highly fragmented politically and where no powerful states were able to develop. In northern and northeastern Germany, as well as in
1016:
or Captain and kept detailed records of noble families and properties. The Imperial Knights were exempt from imperial taxes and were not required to quarter troops.
628:, the local nobles, facing larger states and stronger rulers, were incapable of developing and maintaining their independence. They formed the territorial nobility.
528:
2669:
521:
2909:
730:
All matters relating to the Imperial Knights' legal status as immediate vassals of the Emperor (house laws, debt, etc.) were managed by the
684:â), and the corporation of free imperial knights was born. The other ministeriales that did not manage to receive the status of immediate
707:, the privileges of the Imperial Knights were confirmed. The knights paid their own tax (voluntary) to the Emperor, possessed limited
770:), whose members were elected for fixed terms. The director and councilors were knights themselves, but the daily activities of the
1067:
992:), and some farms in Upper Swabia. The status of immediate subject of the Emperor could be held by an institution: the family of
2844:
100:
2130:
1188:
72:
1386:
1094:
1635:
593:, that also enjoyed Imperial immediacy. However, unlike all of those, the Imperial knights did not possess the status of
79:
1003:
Mediate entities were subjects arranged under an intermediate jurisdiction between the entity itself and the Emperor.
711:(rights of legislation, taxation, civil jurisdiction, police, coin, tariff, hunt; certain forms of justice), and the
636:
602:
119:
2471:
2776:
Die deutsche Reichsritterschaft in ihrer staatsrechlich-politischen Entwicklung von den AnfÀngen bis zum Jahre 1422
1409:
53:
2899:
162:
86:
585:. What distinguished them from other knights, who were vassals of a higher lord, was that they had been granted
57:
2725:
Hillay Zmora, "The Formation of the Imperial Knighthood in Franconia: A Comparative European Perspective", in
2340:
1209:
696:(Barons). By 1577, the Imperial Knights achieved the status of a noble corporate body within the empire: the
750:
Lacking access to the Imperial Diet, in 1650 the immediate knights organized themselves into three circles (
68:
793:, the right to buy back any land sold to a non-knight for the original price within three years, and the
2852:
1392:
976:
number of high officials in the imperial courts and the chancery were immediate, whether noble or not.
656:
The Free Imperial Knights arose in the 14th century, the fusion of the remnants of the old free lords (
2894:
612:
The Imperial Knighthood was a regional phenomenon limited to southwestern and south-central Germanyâ
2878:
1604:
138:
15 Knight-cantons (Ritterorten) are represented in this print of 1721, Johann Stephan Burgermeister
1178:
2904:
639:, the parliament of lords, and were not considered Hochadel, the high nobility, belonging to the
46:
17:
1057:
754:): the Franconian, Swabian, and Rhenish Circles. The Circles in turn were divided into cantons (
2640:
2354:
2314:
1245:
1225:
1221:
1174:
1020:
997:
731:
2783:
Nobles and Nation in Central Europe: Free Imperial Knights in the Age of Revolution, 1750â1850
1998:
2246:(Rhön-Werra: the lordships of Lauterbach, Stockhausen, Moos und Freienstein; mediatized 1803)
1216:
1053:
93:
836:
Des heiligen Römischen Reichs ohnmittelbahr - Freyer Ritterschafft Der Sechs Ort in Francken
2818:
Geschichte der ehemaligen freien Reichsritterschaft in Schwaben, Franken und am Rheinstrome
2729:, Edited by R. J. W. Evans, Michael Schaich, and Peter H. Wilson, Oxford, 2011, p. 283â284.
2629:
2359:
758:), each of which exercised a high degree of autonomy. Each canton possessed a directorate (
625:
462:
2788:
H. MĂŒller: Der letzte Kampf der Reichsritterschaft um ihre SelbststĂ€ndigkeit (1751â1815),
813:) and high judicial fines rendered them an anachronism in the eyes of imperial reformers.
601:) of the Empire, and therefore were not represented, individually or collectively, in the
8:
2034:
1728:
1147:
917:
704:
632:
172:
681:
590:
586:
572:
2474:(Baunach: possessions of the Princes and Counts of TruchseĂ-Waldburg; mediatized 1803)
1085:
1827:
1460:
1158:
1049:
1041:
1028:
564:
509:
154:
1184:
727:
introduce either religion if they hold the position of vogt over the possessions.â
2866:
2806:, Bauer & Raspe: Die Siebmacher'schen WappenbĂŒcher, Neustadt an der Aisch 2003
2189:
1611:
1559:
1241:
956:
830:
421:
285:
2809:
Kurt Freiherr RĂŒdt von Collenberg: Die reichsunmittelbare freie Ritterschaft, in:
827:
By the late eighteenth century, the organization of the circles was as following:
1550:
Erthal (Rhön-Werra, Baunach, Middle Rhine, Upper Rhine, Kocher, District Ortenau)
993:
689:
187:
2569:
Wallmoden-Gimborn (Middle Rhine: lordship of Gimborn-Neustadt; mediatized 1803)
1098:
805:
594:
556:
338:
312:
273:
1490:
Degenfeld (Rhön-Werra, Odenwald, Middle Rhine, Upper Rhine, Kocher, Kraichgau)
1143:
1031:, giving them some influence in the Imperial Diet and the College of Princes.
742:
2888:
2264:
1683:
1198:
1125:
1024:
661:
582:
504:
240:
235:
230:
2408:
1356:
864:
333:
297:
245:
220:
215:
1770:
Hatzfeld (Odenwald, Middle Rhine: lordship of Wildenberg; mediatized 1803)
2555:
1962:
Leonrodt (Neckar-Schwarzwald) (Two separate families with the same name.)
1137:
1129:
1062:
989:
881:
708:
1674:
Gemmingen (Odenwald, Upper Rhine, Neckar-Schwarzwald, Kocher, Kraichgau)
1249:
1229:
931:
910:
850:
693:
673:
668:
252:
2705:
Reich and Nation: the Holy Roman Empire as Idea and Reality, 1763-1806
2405:
Stadion (Steigerwald, Danube: lordship of Warthausen; mediatized 1803)
1128:, who was made an Imperial Knight, was known for his contributions to
2367:
1204:
1133:
981:
924:
874:
617:
499:
395:
390:
380:
364:
199:
2349:
2037:(Middle Rhine, Upper Rhine: county of Ochsenhausen; mediatized 1803)
1287:
1164:
799:
142:
35:
2685:
2243:
1707:
Greiffenclau (Odenwald, Baunach, Middle Rhine, Upper Rhine, Kocher)
1073:
985:
857:
657:
640:
631:
The immediate status of the Imperial Knights was recognized at the
577:
568:
483:
426:
405:
385:
375:
328:
323:
280:
257:
134:
1045:
963:
903:
888:
870:
785:
The Knights as a group were governed by the General Directorate (
621:
494:
457:
452:
343:
182:
1194:
816:
From 1577 on, the Imperial Knights met in a congress called the
2839:
2804:
Mainfranken: Zu Wappen und Geschichte frÀnkischer Adelsfamilien
1629:
685:
613:
473:
447:
431:
400:
302:
268:
1121:
1617:
Freyberg (Danube, District Hegau, Neckar-Schwarzwald, Kocher)
949:
436:
416:
354:
2599:
Wendt (Middle Rhine:lordship of Hardenberg; mediatized 1803)
1755:
Hahnsberg (Middle Rhine: lordship of Bruck; mediatized 1803)
1212:, and leader of the Counter Reformation, Painting from 1586
824:) of Haldenstein (in modern-day Switzerland) is an example.
2109:
Ostein (Middle Rhine: lordship of Buxheim; mediatized 1803)
1541:
1236:
359:
307:
292:
210:
194:
2827:
III 38 (1789) D2; Heimatchronik des Kreises Einbeck, 1955.
2745:(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966), 617â18.
1607:(Steigerwald, Middle Rhine, Upper Rhine, District Ortenau)
1153:
1406:
Boyneburg-Bömelberg (lordship of Gemen; mediatized 1803)
809:. The knights' reputation for heavy taxes (the maligned
575:. They were the remnants of the medieval free nobility (
2850:
1317:
Bechtolsheim (Steigerwald, Middle Rhine, Upper Rhine)
2177:
Quadt (Upper Rhine: county of Isny; mediatized 1803)
1116:
1044:
in 1803, the Knights' estates, which were generally
1359:(Rhön-Werra, Steigerwald, Baunach, AltmĂŒhl, GebĂŒrg)
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2343:(Gebirg: lordship of Wiesentheid; mediatized 1803)
1424:Breidenbach-BĂŒrresheim (Middle Rhine, Upper Rhine)
1767:Harling (Upper Rhine, Neckar-Schwarzwald, Kocher)
688:of the Emperor were gradually transformed into a
2886:
1851:Ingelheim (Odenwald, Middle Rhine, Upper Rhine)
970:
2468:Törring-Seefeld (Danube: county of Guttenzell)
146:Engraving depicting the Imperial Knights, 1710
2797:Handwörterbuch zur deutschen Rechtsgeschichte
1077:and submitted themselves to their new lords.
980:tiny immediate territories include villages (
529:
1487:Dalberg (Baunach, Middle Rhine, Upper Rhine)
1368:Bock (Upper Rhine, District Ortenau, Kocher)
1240:Detail of tomb of Prince-Bishop of WĂŒrzburg
1220:Detail of tomb of Prince-Bishop of WĂŒrzburg
766:), who was elected for life, and a council (
2447:Targin, Targino, Targini (Alsace, Lombardy)
1731:(Rhön-Werra, Gebirg, Baunach, Middle Rhine)
1472:Crailsheim (Odenwald, Steigerwald, AltmĂŒhl)
2707:, Indiana University Press, 1980, p. 12-13
1532:Egloffstein (Gebirg, Steigerwald, AltmĂŒhl)
660:) and the stronger elements of the unfree
536:
522:
2737:
2735:
1794:Heuslin v. Eusenheim (Rhön-Werra, Gebirg)
1080:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2910:Nobles of the Holy Roman Empire by title
1403:Botzheim (Upper Rhine, District Ortenau)
1235:
1215:
1203:
1193:
1183:
1173:
1163:
1152:
1142:
1120:
1084:
1068:Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine
829:
741:
141:
133:
1932:KĂŒnsberg (Gebirg, Baunach, Steigerwald)
1905:Knebel (Middle Rhine, District Ortenau)
1776:Heddersdorf (Middle Rhine, Upper Rhine)
1430:Bubenhofen (Neckar-Schwarzwald, Kocher)
1421:Breidenbach-Breidenstein (Middle Rhine)
1000:as an immediate fief from the Emperor.
14:
2887:
2732:
1908:Kniestedt (Neckar-Schwarzwald, Kocher)
1815:Horneck (Gebirg, Baunach, Upper Rhine)
1722:GĂŒltingen (Neckar-Schwarzwald, Kocher)
1947:Langwerth (Middle Rhine, Upper Rhine)
1701:Göllnitz (Neckar-Schwarzwald, Kocher)
1659:Gaisberg (Neckar-Schwarzwald, Kocher)
1511:DĂŒrckheim (AltmĂŒhl, District Ortenau)
1189:Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim
1006:
2411:(GebĂŒrg, Rhön-Werra and Steigerwald)
1800:Hoheneck (Middle Rhine, Upper Rhine)
1752:Hahn (Middle Rhine; mediatized 1803)
165:gentry and chivalric ranks in Europe
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
27:Free nobles of the Holy Roman Empire
2802:Anton P. Rahrbach: Reichsritter in
1824:Hundbiss (District AllgÀu-Bodensee)
1089:Estates of Imperial Knights (Fulda)
774:were carried out by legal experts (
746:Estates of Imperial Knights (Mainz)
24:
2795:V. Press: Reichsritterschaft, in:
2760:
2743:The Genesis of German Conservatism
1818:Hornstein (Danube, District Hegau)
635:. They never gained access to the
25:
2921:
2832:
2792:, 77. Berlin: Emil Eberling, 1910
1977:Leyen (Middle Rhine, Upper Rhine)
1812:Horben (District AllgÀu-Bodensee)
1773:Haxhausen (Odenwald, Upper Rhine)
1466:Chalon gen. Gehlen (Middle Rhine)
1117:Partial list of knightly families
1109:from the claims of compensation.
2872:
2860:
2838:
2727:The Holy Roman Empire, 1495â1806
1953:Lehrbach (Odenwald, Upper Rhine)
1704:Görtz (Rhön-Werra, Middle Rhine)
1169:Johannes Hanisch von Greifenthal
313:Prince-elector, Princess-elector
171:
34:
1791:Hettersdorf (Odenwald, Baunach)
1665:Gedult-Jungenfeld (Upper Rhine)
1626:Fuchs von Bimbach (Steigerwald)
1415:Brandenstein (District Ortenau)
1338:Berlichingen (Odenwald, Kocher)
737:
45:needs additional citations for
2748:
2719:
2710:
2697:
2426:Stubenberg (all three circles)
2293:Salis-Haldenstein (Graubunden)
1845:Ifflinger (Neckar-Schwarzwald)
1842:Ichtrazheim (District Ortenau)
1362:Bissingen (Neckar-Schwarzwald)
13:
1:
2825:GroĂer Historischer Weltatlas
2691:
1959:Leonrodt (Neckar-Schwarzwald)
1598:Forstner (Neckar-Schwarzwald)
1210:Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn
909:Hegau-AllgÀu-Bodensee (seat:
2769:German Knighthood, 1050â1300
1989:Lochner (Rhön-Werra, Gebirg)
1983:Liebenstein (Danube, Kocher)
1968:Leutrum (Neckar-Schwarzwald)
1848:Imhof (Baunach, Upper Rhine)
1332:Berckheim (District Ortenau)
971:Immediate and mediate status
298:Crown prince, Crown princess
7:
2679:
1980:Liebenfels (District Hegau)
1890:Keller (Neckar-Schwarzwald)
1638:(Middle Rhine, Upper Rhine)
1595:Forstmeister (Middle Rhine)
1592:Forster (Odenwald, AltmĂŒhl)
1562:(Odenwald, AltmĂŒhl, Danube)
1544:(Middle Rhine, Upper Rhine)
1389:(Middle Rhine, Upper Rhine)
1284:Attems (Neckar-Schwarzwald)
1208:Prince-Bishop of WĂŒrzburg,
1048:, were seized by the great
834:The Franconian Circle from
664:that had won noble status.
10:
2926:
1899:Kesselstatt (Middle Rhine)
1830:(Rhön-Werra, Middle Rhine)
1809:Holtzschuher (Steigerwald)
1671:Geispitzheim (Upper Rhine)
1656:Gailing (District Ortenau)
1508:Dungern (District Ortenau)
1371:Bocklin (District Ortenau)
1329:Benzel (Neckar-Shwarzwald)
1323:Bellersheim (Middle Rhine)
1034:
930:Neckar-Schwarzwald (seat:
651:
646:
563:) were free nobles of the
1764:Hanisch (von Greifenthal)
1538:Ellrichshausen (Odenwald)
1475:Cronenberg (Middle Rhine)
1469:Coudenhove (Middle Rhine)
1436:Bulach (District Ortenau)
1374:Bodeck (District Ortenau)
1308:Bassenheim (Middle Rhine)
782:) staffed by non-nobles.
253:Grand duke, Grand duchess
2816:Roth v. Schreckenstein:
2156:Preuschen (Middle Rhine)
1893:Kellerbach (Upper Rhine)
1806:Holtz (Odenwald, Kocher)
1803:Hohenfeld (Middle Rhine)
1680:Geuder (GebĂŒrg, AltmĂŒhl)
1677:Gerstorff (Middle Rhine)
1605:Franckenstein (house of)
1547:Enzberg (District Hegau)
1529:Egkh (Neckar-Shwarzwald)
1526:Edelsheim (Middle Rhine)
1493:Deuring (District Hegau)
1377:Bodmann (District Hegau)
1365:Bobenhausen (Rhön-Werra)
1281:Assenburg (Middle Rhine)
2820:1â2, TĂŒbingen 1859â1871
2472:TruchseĂ von Wetzhausen
2311:Schenk von Schweinsberg
1965:Leuchselring (Augsburg)
1902:Kieningen (Upper Rhine)
1725:GĂŒnerode (Middle Rhine)
1653:Gail (District Ortenau)
1580:Fahnenberg (Rhön-Werra)
1505:Drachsdorf (Rhön-Werra)
1439:Burscheid (Upper Rhine)
1380:Boinenburg (Rhön-Werra)
818:Generalkorrespondenztag
163:Imperial, royal, noble,
2900:1806 disestablishments
2626:Winkler von Mohrenfels
2575:Warsberg (Lower Rhine)
1986:Lichtenstern (Baunach)
1956:Lentnersheim (AltmĂŒhl)
1887:Karg (Gebirg, Baunach)
1881:Kalbsried (Rhön-Werra)
1758:Hallberg (Upper Rhine)
1743:Habermann (Rhön-Werra)
1713:GroĂ (Gebirg, Baunach)
1662:Gebsattel (Rhön-Werra)
1589:Feiguier (Upper Rhine)
1583:Falkenhausen (AltmĂŒhl)
1523:Ebersberg (Rhön-Werra)
1502:Dienheim (Upper Rhine)
1445:Buttlar (Middle Rhine)
1253:
1246:Tilman Riemenschneider
1233:
1232:Cathedral (1496â1499).
1226:Tilman Riemenschneider
1222:Rudolf von Scherenberg
1213:
1201:
1191:
1181:
1171:
1161:
1150:
1140:
1090:
1081:Numbers and membership
1021:Protestant Reformation
839:
789:). This exercised the
762:), led by a director (
747:
732:Imperial Aulic Council
560:
553:
500:Gentleman, Gentlewoman
147:
139:
2845:Free Imperial knights
2025:Marschall von Ostheim
1782:Helmstatt (Kraichgau)
1719:Gudenus (Upper Rhine)
1695:Gleichen (Rhön-Werra)
1668:Geismar (Upper Rhine)
1586:Fechenbach (Odenwald)
1448:Buwinghausen (Kocher)
1442:Buseck (Middle Rhine)
1433:Buchenau (Rhön-Werra)
1320:Beckers (Upper Rhine)
1311:Bastheim (Rhön-Werra)
1239:
1219:
1207:
1197:
1187:
1179:Götz von Berlichingen
1177:
1167:
1156:
1146:
1124:
1088:
833:
745:
550:Free Imperial Knights
376:Viscount, Viscountess
324:Marquess, Marchioness
258:Archduke, Archduchess
200:High king, High queen
145:
137:
2847:at Wikimedia Commons
2811:Deutsches Adelsblatt
2653:
2549:Waldenburg-Schenkern
2542:
2485:
2437:
2280:
2182:
2170:
2120:
2087:
2060:
2006:
1937:
1917:Kofler (Upper Rhine)
1896:Kerpen (Upper Rhine)
1871:
1856:
1835:
1821:Hoyen (Middle Rhine)
1736:
1650:Gagern (Upper Rhine)
1643:
1573:
1565:Eyben (Middle Rhine)
1553:Esbeck (Upper Rhine)
1516:
1496:Diede (Middle Rhine)
1480:
1453:
1302:Bartenstein (Kocher)
1295:
1272:Altenstein (Baunach)
1266:Adelsheim (Odenwald)
1256:
1099:English square miles
955:Middle Rhine (seat:
692:of free status: the
626:Archduchy of Austria
591:free imperial cities
386:Burgrave, Burgravine
329:Margrave, Margravine
54:improve this article
2790:Historische Studien
2781:William D. Godsey:
2754:Godsey (2004), p. 8
2269:Roth-Schreckenstein
1914:Koeth (Upper Rhine)
1911:Knöringen (AltmĂŒhl)
1866:Jakob (Upper Rhine)
1749:Hagen (Upper Rhine)
1746:Hacke (Upper Rhine)
1710:Grosclag (Odenwald)
1601:Frais (Upper Rhine)
1556:Esch (Middle Rhine)
1499:Diemar (Rhön-Werra)
1305:Baumgarten (Sweden)
1148:Franz von Sickingen
1095:German square miles
962:Lower Rhine (seat:
948:Upper Rhine (seat:
856:Steigerwald (seat:
705:Peace of Westphalia
633:Peace of Westphalia
453:Baronet, Baronetess
2799:, Berlin 1961â1998
2785:. Cambridge, 2004.
2703:Gagliardo, J. G.,
2648:WĂŒrtzburg (GebĂŒrg)
2079:Nordeck zu Rabenau
2016:Malapert-Neufville
1995:Löw (Middle Rhine)
1992:Loë (Middle Rhine)
1863:Jett (Upper Rhine)
1779:Hees (Upper Rhine)
1698:Goeler (Kraichgau)
1689:Geyso (Rhön-Werra)
1568:Eys (Middle Rhine)
1427:Brockdorf (GebĂŒrg)
1397:Borié (Rhön-Werra)
1383:Bokdorf (Braunach)
1326:Bemelberg (Danube)
1269:Aichinger (GebĂŒrg)
1254:
1234:
1214:
1202:
1192:
1182:
1172:
1162:
1151:
1141:
1091:
1050:territorial states
1029:prince-archbishops
1007:Role in the Empire
880:Rhön-Werra (seat:
840:
787:Generaldirektorium
778:) and committees (
748:
587:Imperial immediacy
148:
140:
2879:Holy Roman Empire
2843:Media related to
2528:Voit von Salzburg
1920:Kolowrat (Danube)
1878:Kageneck (Danube)
1788:Hessberg (Gebirg)
1535:Eichler (AltmĂŒhl)
1263:Adelmann (Kocher)
1159:Ulrich von Hutten
1097:, or about 4,400
1060:in the so-called
1042:Holy Roman Empire
923:Kraichgau (seat:
843:Franconian Circle
667:Around 1300, the
565:Holy Roman Empire
546:
545:
510:Lord of the Manor
474:Knight, Chevalier
130:
129:
122:
104:
69:"Imperial Knight"
16:(Redirected from
2917:
2895:Imperial Knights
2877:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2856:
2842:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2739:
2730:
2723:
2717:
2716:Gagliardo, p. 13
2714:
2708:
2701:
2525:Voit von Rieneck
2190:Raitz von Frentz
1761:Haller (AltmĂŒhl)
1632:(Danube, Kocher)
1242:Lorenz von Bibra
944:(three cantons)
867:near Emskirchen)
849:Odenwald (seat:
669:manorial economy
538:
531:
524:
183:Emperor, Empress
175:
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125:
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103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
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2873:
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2859:
2851:
2835:
2830:
2763:
2761:Further reading
2758:
2753:
2749:
2741:Klaus Epstein,
2740:
2733:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2682:
2677:
2656:
2651:
2545:
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2519:Vogt-hunolstein
2488:
2483:
2440:
2435:
2283:
2278:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2123:
2118:
2090:
2085:
2063:
2058:
2009:
2004:
1974:Leyder (Danube)
1971:Leyden (Kocher)
1950:Lasser (Danube)
1940:
1935:
1926:Kress (AltmĂŒhl)
1923:Koniz (Baunach)
1874:
1869:
1859:
1854:
1838:
1833:
1739:
1734:
1646:
1641:
1623:Fuchs (Baunach)
1620:Fries (AltmĂŒhl)
1576:
1571:
1519:
1514:
1483:
1478:
1456:
1451:
1418:Brandi (Gebirg)
1335:Berga (AltmĂŒhl)
1314:Bauz (Odenwald)
1298:
1293:
1259:
1157:The Protestant
1119:
1083:
1066:. In 1806, the
1037:
1014:Ritterhauptmann
1009:
994:Thurn und Taxis
973:
898:(five cantons)
863:AltmĂŒhl (seat:
853:near Heilbronn)
795:jus collectandi
764:Ritterhauptmann
740:
698:corpus equestre
690:titled nobility
654:
649:
567:, whose direct
542:
479:Imperial Knight
417:Baron, Baroness
355:Count, Countess
164:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2923:
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2912:
2907:
2905:German knights
2902:
2897:
2882:
2881:
2869:
2849:
2848:
2834:
2833:External links
2831:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2778:, Dresden 1912
2772:
2771:, Oxford, 1985
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1276:
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1025:prince-bishops
1008:
1005:
972:
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960:
953:
942:Rhenish Circle
936:
935:
928:
921:
916:Kocher (seat:
914:
907:
902:Danube (seat:
896:Swabian Circle
893:
892:
887:GebĂŒrg (seat:
885:
878:
868:
861:
854:
845:(six cantons)
822:Freiherrschaft
739:
736:
713:ius reformandi
653:
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641:Lower Nobility
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2774:O. Eberbach:
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52:Please help
47:verification
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2813:1925, 106ff
2767:B. Arnold:
2584:Weitersheim
2556:Walderdorff
2531:Von Beetzen
2516:Vittinghoff
2453:Thannhausen
2315:Scherenberg
2287:Saint-André
2275:Rumerskirch
2225:Reigersberg
2013:Maiershofen
1636:FĂŒrstenberg
1612:(Raitz von)
1347:Beroldingen
1138:cartography
1130:mathematics
1063:Rittersturm
1058:WĂŒrttemberg
990:Schweinfurt
882:Schweinfurt
776:Konsulenten
772:Direktorium
760:Direktorium
709:sovereignty
2889:Categories
2823:L. Wolff:
2692:References
2674:Zyllnhardt
2614:Wiesenthau
2608:Westphalen
2605:Westernach
2593:Welschberg
2552:Waldenfels
2507:VarnbĂŒhler
2495:Uiberbruck
2429:Sturmfeder
2423:Stolzingen
2417:Steinhorst
2360:Seckendorf
2334:Schmidburg
2302:Schaumberg
2299:Schaunberg
2204:Ratzenried
2138:Paumgarten
2131:Pappenheim
2097:Oberndorff
2073:Neuenstein
2070:Nesselrode
2035:Metternich
2031:Mayerhofen
2028:Massenbach
2001:(Odenwald)
1999:Löwenstein
1729:Guttenberg
1686:(Odenwald)
1353:Bettendorf
1344:Bernhausen
1252:Cathedral.
1019:After the
911:Radolfzell
851:Kochendorf
780:AusschĂŒsse
768:RitterrÀte
694:Freiherren
674:brigandage
581:) and the
484:Druzhinnik
80:newspapers
2867:Biography
2637:Wollzogen
2634:Wöllwarth
2630:Wolfskehl
2620:Wildungen
2566:Wallbrunn
2560:Waldkirch
2510:Venningen
2456:Thrumbach
2399:Speshardt
2378:Sickingen
2368:Seinsheim
2341:Schönborn
2325:Schilling
2265:Rotenhahn
2261:Rosenbach
2228:Reischach
2153:Prettlack
2112:Osterberg
2106:Olnhausen
2100:Oelhaften
2094:Oberkirch
2082:Neufforge
1610:Fren(t)z
1410:Brambilla
1400:Börstling
1134:astronomy
996:held the
982:Gochsheim
957:Friedberg
925:Heilbronn
918:Esslingen
875:Nuremberg
682:immediacy
618:Franconia
552:(German:
396:Advocatus
391:Landgrave
381:Castellan
365:Ealdorman
110:July 2013
2686:Freiherr
2680:See also
2617:Wildberg
2534:von Vatz
2504:Umgelter
2480:TĂŒrkheim
2444:TĂ€tessin
2364:Seefried
2322:Schertel
2249:Riedheim
2244:Riedesel
2240:Riaucour
2222:Reichlin
2210:Rechberg
2165:Pruglach
2159:Preysing
2150:Pöllnitz
2103:Oetinger
2067:Neipperg
2043:Molsberg
2019:Mansbach
1350:Berstett
1290:(GebĂŒrg)
1250:WĂŒrzburg
1230:WĂŒrzburg
1074:Freiherr
1046:enclaves
986:Sennfeld
932:TĂŒbingen
858:Erlangen
803:and the
658:Edelfrei
624:and the
578:edelfrei
571:was the
569:overlord
427:Lendmann
406:Starosta
281:Princess
155:a series
153:Part of
2853:Portals
2666:Zöllner
2645:Wurmser
2623:Winkler
2590:Welling
2578:Weihmar
2572:Wambolt
2563:Waldner
2537:Vorster
2513:Vieregg
2462:Thungen
2420:Stetten
2387:Sohlern
2337:Schmitz
2305:Scheldt
2234:Reutner
2219:Reibeld
2216:Rehling
2213:Redwitz
2198:Rassler
2195:Raknitz
2144:Pfetten
2135:Pappius
2055:MĂŒnster
2046:Mozzian
2040:Migazzi
2022:Marioth
1884:Kamauff
1461:Castell
1054:Bavaria
1035:Decline
964:Koblenz
904:Ehingen
889:Bamberg
873:(seat:
871:Baunach
703:In the
686:vassals
652:Origins
647:History
622:Bavaria
595:Estates
573:Emperor
495:Esquire
458:Fidalgo
344:Voivode
286:consort
274:consort
241:dowager
236:consort
231:regnant
221:dowager
216:consort
188:dowager
94:scholar
18:Dungern
2611:Wetzel
2596:Welser
2587:Welden
2581:Weiler
2498:Ullmer
2492:ĂxkĂŒll
2477:Tucher
2432:Syberg
2396:Specht
2384:Sodden
2375:Serpes
2372:Senfft
2350:SchĂŒtz
2331:Schlus
2328:Schler
2308:Schenk
2296:Schall
2258:Roeder
2255:Ritter
2141:Pergen
2049:MĂŒller
1828:Hutten
1630:Fugger
1412:(Wien)
1393:Bonnot
1288:AufseĂ
1136:, and
838:, 1720
806:bannum
800:corvée
614:Swabia
599:StÀnde
463:Nobile
448:Ritter
432:Primor
401:Vidame
303:Herzog
269:Prince
246:mother
227:Queen
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2663:Zobel
2641:Wrede
2465:Thurn
2459:Thumb
2414:Stein
2402:Speth
2393:Spaur
2390:Sparr
2381:Siles
2237:Rhode
2076:Neveu
2052:MĂŒnch
1929:Krohn
1716:Grupe
1684:Geyer
1357:Bibra
1275:Apian
1052:like
988:near
950:Mainz
557:Latin
437:Boyar
422:Thane
101:JSTOR
87:books
2670:Zorn
2660:Zech
2602:Wenz
2522:Voit
2450:Than
2272:RĂŒdt
2252:Riez
2162:Prör
2127:Palm
1542:Eltz
1056:and
1027:and
984:and
548:The
360:Earl
308:Jarl
211:King
73:news
2501:Ulm
2207:Rau
1560:Eyb
1248:in
1244:by
1228:in
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56:by
2891::
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