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383:. For their contributions to reaction dynamics, Herschbach and Lee are considered to have helped create a new field of research in chemistry. Herschbach is a pioneer in molecular stereodynamics, measuring and theoretically interpreting the role of angular momentum and its vector properties in chemical reaction dynamics.
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faculty
September 1, 2005, as a professor of physics, teaching one semester per year in the chemical physics program. As of 2010, he holds the title of professor emeritus at Harvard and remains well known for his involvement as a lecturer and mentor in the Harvard research community. He and his wife
474:'s Lunch with a Laureate program, where middle and high school students get to engage in an informal conversation with a Nobel Prize-winning scientist over a brown-bag lunch. He is also a member of the Festival's advisory board. Herschbach has participated in the Distinguished Lecture Series of the
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Herschbach has been a strong proponent of science education and science among the general public, and frequently gives lectures to students of all ages, imbuing them with his infectious enthusiasm for science and his playful spirit of discovery. Herschbach has also lent his voice to the animated
350:
resulted in the discovery that the hot-wire surface ionization detector they were using was potentially contaminated by previous use, and had to be pre-treated to obtain reliable results. Changes to the instrumentation yielded reliable results, including the observation that the K +
379:, was his collaboration with Yuan T. Lee on crossed molecular beam experiments. Crossing collimated beams of gas-phase reactants allows partitioning of energy among translational, rotational, and vibrational modes of the product molecules—a vital aspect of understanding reaction
542:
337:, where he was appointed an assistant professor of chemistry and became an associate professor in 1961. At Berkeley, he and graduate students George Kwei and James Norris constructed a cross-beam instrument large enough for reactive scattering experiments involve
359:
In 1963, Herschbach returned to
Harvard University as a professor of chemistry. There he continued his work on molecular-beam reactive dynamics, working with graduate students Sanford Safron and Walter Miller on the reactions of alkali atoms with alkali
341:
and various molecular partners. His interest in studying elementary chemical processes in molecular-beam reactive collisions challenged an often-accepted belief that "collisions do not occur in crossed molecular beams". The results of his studies of K +
355:
reaction involved a stripping reaction, in which the KBr product scattered forward from the incident K atom beam. As the research continued, it became possible to correlate the electronic structure of reactants and products with the reaction dynamics.
551:
Herschbach's wife, Georgene
Herschbach, served as the Associate Dean of Harvard College for Undergraduate Academic Programs. Prior to retirement in 2009, she chaired Harvard College's influential Committee on Undergraduate Education.
364:. In 1967, Yuan T. Lee joined the lab as a postdoctoral student, and Herschbach, Lee, and graduate students Doug MacDonald and Pierre LeBreton began to construct a "supermachine" for studying collisions such as Cl + Br
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325:. At Harvard, Herschbach examined tunnel splitting in molecules, using microwave spectroscopy. He was awarded a three-year Junior Fellowship in the Society of Fellows at Harvard, lasting from 1957 to 1959.
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I were the first to provide a detailed view of an elementary collision, demonstrating a direct rebound process in which the KI product recoiled from an incoming K atom beam. Subsequent studies of K + Br
688:, Stanford University, University of California, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Berkeley, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission) (July 1962).
875:
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695:, University of California, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Berkeley, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission) (January 29, 1964).
681:, University of California, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Berkeley, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission) (February 1962).
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In the course of his life's work in research, Herschbach has published over 400 scientific papers. Herschbach has applied his broad expertise in both the theory and practice of
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formation, meaning that the actual amount of hydrocarbons available on Earth might be much larger than conventionally assumed under the assumption that all hydrocarbons are
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experiments that enabled a detailed molecular-level understanding of many elementary reaction processes. Herschbach is a member of the Board of
Sponsors of the
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256:"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes". Herschbach and Lee specifically worked with molecular beams, performing
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to an introductory undergraduate course in general chemistry that he taught for many years at
Harvard, and described as his "most challenging assignment".
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of Great
Britain. In addition to the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, he has received a wide variety of national and international awards. These include the
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is, in fact, spontaneously formed at high-pressure and high-temperature environments such as those deep in the Earth's
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Scott, H. P.; Hemley, R. J.; Mao, H.-k.; Herschbach, D. R.; Fried, L. E.; Howard, W. M.; Bastea, S. (2004).
693:"Proposed Molecular Beam Determination of Energy Partition in the Photodissociation of Polyatomic Molecules"
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716:"Press Release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1986 Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee, John C. Polanyi"
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on June 18, 1932. The eldest of six children, he grew up in a rural area. He graduated from
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His most acclaimed work, for which he won the Nobel Prize in
Chemistry in 1986 with
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from 1992 to 2010. Herschbach is a member of the Board of
Sponsors of the
6879:
University of
California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
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1000:"The Scientist as Educator and Public Citizen: Linus Pauling and His Era"
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Georgene
Herschbach also served for several years as the co-Masters of
279:
664:"Anharmonic Potential Constants and Their Dependence Upon Bond Length"
485:
Although still an active research professor at Harvard, he joined the
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955:
Brams, Steven J.; Herschbach, DR (2001). "The Science of Elections".
666:, University of California, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Berkeley,
387:
177:
5376:
3080:
686:"The Determination of Molecular Structure from Rotational Spectra"
478:(RSI), a summer research program for high school students held at
1263:"Georgene Herschbach To Become Associate Dean of Harvard College"
1103:"Research Science Institute at MIT Hosts 81 High School Students"
399:
391:
313:
Herschbach then attended Harvard University, where he earned an
361:
338:
1308:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
1415:
90:
81:
77:
850:"Dudley Herschbach: Chemical Reactions and Molecular Beams"
764:. Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp.
547:
Dudley Robert Herschbach on science and peace, UNESCO 2011
514:. In 2003 he was one of 22 Nobel Laureates who signed the
6829:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
479:
94:
895:
294:, Herschbach chose the academic. His freshman advisor,
441:
Hershbach's teaching ranges from graduate seminars on
417:. His recent work also includes a collaboration with
290:. Offered both athletic and academic scholarships to
1347:
321:in chemical physics in 1958 under the direction of
3092:
6805:
5377:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
679:"Reactive Collisions in Crossed Molecular Beams"
470:In October 2010, Herschbach participated in the
1290:"Dingman, Herschbach take on new College roles"
1216:. American Humanist Association. Archived from
954:
902:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
310:in chemistry in 1955 from Stanford University.
302:for gas-phase reactions. Herschbach received a
240:(born June 18, 1932) is an American chemist at
2815:
3062:
2801:
1401:
818:
816:
504:Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation
1129:"Nobel Prize Winner to Join Physics Faculty"
710:
708:
406:; this finding is an exciting indication of
1330:"American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal"
756:"1986 Nobel Laureate, Dudley R. Herschbach"
269:
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1394:
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813:
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598:American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal
158:American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal
6894:Campbell High School (California) alumni
6854:Fellows of the American Physical Society
4786:
1287:
1255:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1079:. Usasciencefestival.org. Archived from
1053:. Usasciencefestival.org. Archived from
1024:Friedman, Claire G. (November 3, 2003).
1023:
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536:
432:
428:
3356:
3078:United States National Medal of Science
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782:
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737:
6806:
1238:
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1095:
1026:"Chem Professor Nets "Simpsons" Cameo"
997:
991:
825:"Dudley Herschbach Nobel Prize Winner"
822:
761:Nobel laureates in chemistry 1901–1992
753:
684:Laurie, V. W. & D. R. Herschbach.
662:Herschbach, D. R. & V. W. Laurie.
506:and was the chairman of the board for
5906:
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1389:
1288:Mitchell, Robert (February 3, 2005).
1117:
948:
795:"Dudley R. Herschbach – Biographical"
562:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
6884:Society for Science & the Public
6824:Scientists from San Jose, California
856:. United States Department of Energy
734:
691:Zare, R. N. & D. R. Herschbach.
555:
508:Society for Science & the Public
472:USA Science and Engineering Festival
437:Herschbach with AIC Gold Medal, 2011
368:and hydrogen and halogen reactions.
335:University of California at Berkeley
6834:National Medal of Science laureates
459:", where he is seen presenting the
13:
1127:Hutchins, Shana (March 10, 2005).
1107:Center for Excellence in Education
842:
668:United States Department of Energy
188:University of California, Berkeley
14:
6905:
6859:American people of German descent
1343:
1184:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1004:Oregon State University Libraries
823:Nguyen, Eliza M. (May 25, 2011).
512:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
497:
263:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1638:
1350:
1133:Science Texas A&M University
670:(through predecessor agency the
592:, the Golden Plate Award of the
29:
1322:
1316:American Academy of Achievement
1300:
1232:
1202:
1109:. June 24, 2013. Archived from
1069:
1043:
603:
594:American Academy of Achievement
527:Distinguished Eagle Scout Award
333:In 1959, Herschbach joined the
889:
868:
570:American Philosophical Society
560:Herschbach is a Fellow of the
306:in mathematics in 1954 and an
1:
4300:
3093:Behavioral and social science
969:10.1126/science.292.5521.1449
758:. In James, Laylin K. (ed.).
699:
6839:Nobel laureates in Chemistry
1214:Humanism and Its Aspirations
653:Resources in other libraries
629:Resources in other libraries
566:National Academy of Sciences
502:He is a board member of the
16:American chemist (born 1932)
7:
1379:of a talk by Herschbach on
1241:"Scouts-L Youth Group List"
1158:"Scouts-L Youth Group List"
854:DOE R&D Accomplishments
582:ACS Award in Pure Chemistry
328:
116:ACS Award in Pure Chemistry
10:
6910:
6874:Harvard University faculty
6864:Stanford University alumni
6849:American physical chemists
5981:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
1294:Harvard University Gazette
1267:Harvard University Gazette
476:Research Science Institute
6869:Harvard University alumni
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1334:Science History Institute
648:Resources in your library
624:Resources in your library
578:National Medal of Science
532:
317:in physics in 1956 and a
231:
217:
205:
183:
173:
166:
151:National Medal of Science
130:RSC Michael Polanyi Medal
111:
101:
69:
40:
28:
21:
6844:American Nobel laureates
6405:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
5851:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
3482:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
2562:Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
1841:Wendell Meredith Stanley
1421:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
672:Atomic Energy Commission
487:Texas A&M University
270:Early life and education
246:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
238:Dudley Robert Herschbach
200:Texas A&M University
144:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
45:Dudley Robert Herschbach
5716:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
3634:George Ledyard Stebbins
3555:James Augustine Shannon
1051:"Lunch with a Laureate"
923:10.1073/pnas.0405930101
876:"Google Scholar search"
637:By Dudley R. Herschbach
457:Treehouse of Horror XIV
394:to diverse problems in
274:Herschbach was born in
6173:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
6160:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
5116:Harry George Drickamer
5062:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
4736:M. Frederick Hawthorne
4610:John D. Baldeschwieler
3850:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
3532:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
2980:Nobel Prize recipients
2932:Physiology or Medicine
2726:Emmanuelle Charpentier
2714:M. Stanley Whittingham
1685:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
998:Herschbach, Dudley R.
754:Farrar, James (1993).
574:Royal Chemical Society
548:
461:Nobel Prize in Physics
438:
258:crossed molecular beam
6764:Sylvester James Gates
6150:William Alfred Fowler
6132:Robert Rathbun Wilson
5945:Robert Burns Woodward
4757:Geraldine L. Richmond
4505:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
3788:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
3717:Vernon B. Mountcastle
3573:Sterling B. Hendricks
3390:Marshall W. Nirenberg
3385:Theodosius Dobzhansky
3233:William Julius Wilson
2948:(United States/Italy)
2096:Christian B. Anfinsen
1736:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
1239:Lupton, Neil (2005).
1156:Lupton, Neil (2004).
590:Irving Langmuir Award
546:
525:and recipient of the
436:
429:Science and education
137:Irving Langmuir Award
6735:Warren M. Washington
6699:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
6608:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
6553:Martin Schwarzschild
6334:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
6326:J. Robert Schrieffer
6296:E. Margaret Burbidge
6140:Nicolaas Bloembergen
6117:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
5996:Vladimir K. Zworykin
5748:John Griggs Thompson
5671:Martin David Kruskal
5511:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
4984:Erwin Wilhelm MĂĽller
4938:Ralph Brazelton Peck
4893:Jack St. Clair Kilby
4820:John Robinson Pierce
4787:Engineering sciences
4718:Jacqueline K. Barton
4573:George M. Whitesides
4492:Dudley R. Herschbach
4430:Richard B. Bernstein
4399:Walter H. Stockmayer
3947:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
3878:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
3768:Stanley Norman Cohen
3755:Rita Levi-Montalcini
3591:Keith Roberts Porter
3454:Alfred H. Sturtevant
3449:Michael Heidelberger
3421:Fritz Albert Lipmann
2946:Rita Levi-Montalcini
2835:Dudley R. Herschbach
2758:Karl Barry Sharpless
2255:Dudley R. Herschbach
2080:Luis Federico Leloir
1366:Dudley R. Herschbach
615:Dudley R. Herschbach
284:Campbell High School
62:San Jose, California
23:Dudley R. Herschbach
6889:Chemical physicists
6785:Shirley Ann Jackson
6704:Charles P. Slichter
6548:Marshall Rosenbluth
6540:Wallace S. Broecker
6493:Eugene M. Shoemaker
6254:Victor F. Weisskopf
6201:Herbert S. Gutowsky
6183:Edgar Bright Wilson
6024:George Kistiakowsky
5642:Stephen Cole Kleene
5153:George H. Heilmeier
5140:Mildred Dresselhaus
5031:Edward H. Heinemann
4961:Frederick E. Terman
4925:Richard T. Whitcomb
4846:Clarence L. Johnson
4807:Theodore von Kármán
4694:Stephen J. Benkovic
4673:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
4660:Marvin H. Caruthers
4615:Ralph F. Hirschmann
4555:Darleane C. Hoffman
4445:Harden M. McConnell
4386:Frank H. Westheimer
4198:Stanley B. Prusiner
4162:Robert J. Lefkowitz
3921:Howard Martin Temin
3778:Maurice R. Hilleman
3773:Joseph L. Goldstein
3712:Donald A. Henderson
3629:Earl Reece Stadtman
3614:Elizabeth C. Crosby
3578:Orville Alvin Vogel
3408:Donald D. Van Slyke
3357:Biological sciences
2750:Carolyn R. Bertozzi
2662:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
2399:Jens Christian Skou
2367:F. Sherwood Rowland
2279:Charles J. Pedersen
2243:Herbert A. Hauptman
1936:Vincent du Vigneaud
1553:Richard Willstätter
1437:Jacobus van 't Hoff
1312:www.achievement.org
1180:"Board of Sponsors"
1030:The Harvard Crimson
914:2004PNAS..10114023S
908:(39): 14023–14026.
829:The Harvard Crimson
586:Linus Pauling Medal
323:Edgar Bright Wilson
300:Arrhenius A-factors
292:Stanford University
212:Edgar Bright Wilson
196:Freiburg University
123:Linus Pauling Medal
74:Stanford University
6657:G. Brent Dalrymple
6475:Arthur L. Schawlow
6382:James A. Van Allen
6273:Philip W. Anderson
6229:Richard P. Feynman
6155:Linus Carl Pauling
5790:Dennis P. Sullivan
5347:John B. Goodenough
5280:Edwin N. Lightfoot
5248:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
5229:Kenneth N. Stevens
4997:Raymond D. Mindlin
4920:Harold E. Edgerton
4765:A. Paul Alivisatos
4644:Stephen J. Lippard
4623:Ernest R. Davidson
4560:Harold S. Johnston
4394:William S. Johnson
4358:George C. Pimentel
4193:Susan L. Lindquist
4175:Francis S. Collins
4069:Victor A. McKusick
4044:Francisco J. Ayala
4026:Nancy C. Andreasen
3976:Robert A. Weinberg
3750:Har Gobind Khorana
3735:Michael E. DeBakey
3722:George Emil Palade
3694:Wendell L. Roelofs
3684:Howard L. Bachrach
3514:Barbara McClintock
3416:Edward F. Knipling
2710:John B. Goodenough
2638:William E. Moerner
2518:Richard R. Schrock
2490:Roderick MacKinnon
2462:K. Barry Sharpless
2287:Johann Deisenhofer
2116:Geoffrey Wilkinson
2112:Ernst Otto Fischer
2036:Robert S. Mulliken
1972:Jaroslav HeyrovskĂ˝
1920:Hermann Staudinger
1740:Irène Joliot-Curie
1368:on Nobelprize.org
1220:on October 5, 2012
677:Herschbach, D. R.
549:
516:Humanist Manifesto
439:
296:Harold S. Johnston
286:, where he played
244:. He won the 1986
242:Harvard University
192:Harvard University
106:Molecular dynamics
87:Harvard University
35:Herschbach in 2012
6801:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6793:
6792:
6730:Esther M. Conwell
6670:Robert N. Clayton
6662:Riccardo Giacconi
6626:Raymond Davis Jr.
6514:Albert Overhauser
6457:Edwin M. McMillan
6418:Arnold O. Beckman
6395:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
6372:Paul C. Lauterbur
6349:Robert Hofstadter
6301:Maurice Goldhaber
6288:Charles H. Townes
6239:Edward M. Purcell
6206:Frederick Rossini
6060:Wolfgang Panofsky
5991:John H. Van Vleck
5907:Physical sciences
5897:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5859:Solomon W. Golomb
5819:Andrew J. Viterbi
5814:Leonard Kleinrock
5761:Calyampudi R. Rao
5729:Ronald R. Coifman
5637:George F. Carrier
5618:Donald C. Spencer
5613:Saunders Mac Lane
5548:Marshall H. Stone
5498:Shiing-Shen Chern
5405:Solomon Lefschetz
5367:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5304:David J. Wineland
5272:John M. Prausnitz
5213:C. Kumar N. Patel
5208:James L. Flanagan
5176:John Roy Whinnery
5163:H. Guyford Stever
5145:Nick Holonyak Jr.
5108:George W. Housner
5103:Willis M. Hawkins
5098:Daniel C. Drucker
5080:Robert Byron Bird
5072:Bernard M. Oliver
4979:Peter C. Goldmark
4966:Wernher von Braun
4912:George E. Mueller
4885:Nathan M. Newmark
4880:J. Presper Eckert
4859:Claude E. Shannon
4828:Charles S. Draper
4777:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4744:Judith P. Klinman
4628:Gábor A. Somorjai
4539:Isabella L. Karle
4526:George S. Hammond
4487:Gertrude B. Elion
4440:Rudolph A. Marcus
4291:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4217:Ralph L. Brinster
4136:Torsten N. Wiesel
4113:Norman E. Borlaug
4100:Solomon H. Snyder
4095:J. Michael Bishop
4054:Mario R. Capecchi
3934:Salome G. Waelsch
3865:E. Donnall Thomas
3740:Theodor O. Diener
3639:Paul Alfred Weiss
3467:Bernard B. Brodie
3403:George G. Simpson
3347:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3292:Michael I. Posner
3193:Eleanor J. Gibson
3145:George J. Stigler
3113:Neal Elgar Miller
3044:
3043:
2965:James M. Buchanan
2957:Economic Sciences
2783:
2782:
2766:Moungi G. Bawendi
2686:Richard Henderson
2530:Roger D. Kornberg
2498:Aaron Ciechanover
2331:Rudolph A. Marcus
2235:Robert Merrifield
2171:Peter D. Mitchell
1944:Cyril Hinshelwood
1705:Friedrich Bergius
1629:Richard Zsigmondy
1545:Theodore Richards
1493:Ernest Rutherford
1336:. March 22, 2018.
1210:"Notable Signers"
1113:on March 4, 2016.
1083:on April 21, 2010
1057:on April 21, 2010
674:) (January 1961).
610:Library resources
556:Awards and honors
544:
455:for the episode "
443:chemical kinetics
235:
234:
218:Doctoral students
168:Scientific career
162:
155:
148:
141:
134:
127:
120:
6901:
6613:Gilbert F. White
6558:George Wetherill
6452:Allan M. Cormack
6410:Jack Steinberger
6390:D. Allan Bromley
6339:H. Richard Crane
6316:Frederick Reines
6306:Helmut Landsberg
6221:George Uhlenbeck
6122:Vladimir Haensel
6084:Allan R. Sandage
6055:Herbert C. Brown
6037:Herbert Friedman
5963:Leon M. Lederman
5935:Julian Schwinger
5914:
5913:
5903:
5902:
5872:Alexandre Chorin
5846:Richard A. Tapia
5827:David B. Mumford
5655:Alberto CalderĂłn
5600:Joseph B. Keller
5587:Michael Freedman
5556:Herman Goldstine
5410:H. Marston Morse
5384:
5383:
5373:
5372:
5312:Rudolf E. Kálmán
5296:Robert S. Langer
5288:Jan D. Achenbach
5121:Herbert E. Grier
4872:Igor I. Sikorsky
4833:Othmar H. Ammann
4794:
4793:
4783:
4782:
4749:Jerrold Meinwald
4518:Norman Hackerman
4497:Glenn T. Seaborg
4412:William O. Baker
4340:F. Albert Cotton
4308:
4307:
4297:
4296:
4274:Mary-Claire King
4167:Bert W. O'Malley
4123:Thomas E. Starzl
4118:Phillip A. Sharp
4105:Charles Yanofsky
4087:Evelyn M. Witkin
4082:James E. Darnell
3908:Paul C. Zamecnik
3873:Mary Ellen Avery
3845:Herbert W. Boyer
3840:Baruj Benacerraf
3811:Joshua Lederberg
3801:Viktor Hamburger
3763:Michael S. Brown
3609:Robert H. Burris
3364:
3363:
3353:
3352:
3300:Mortimer Mishkin
3225:William K. Estes
3209:Roger N. Shepard
3201:Robert K. Merton
3185:George A. Miller
3132:Herbert A. Simon
3100:
3099:
3089:
3088:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3048:
3047:
2982:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2787:
2786:
2776:
2774:Alexei I. Ekimov
2760:
2754:Morten P. Meldal
2744:
2732:
2720:
2704:
2688:
2678:Jacques Dubochet
2672:
2656:
2640:
2624:
2608:
2602:Robert Lefkowitz
2596:
2588:
2572:
2566:Thomas A. Steitz
2556:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2514:Robert H. Grubbs
2508:
2492:
2480:
2464:
2437:
2435:Hideki Shirakawa
2421:
2413:
2401:
2385:
2369:
2353:
2345:
2333:
2325:
2323:Richard R. Ernst
2317:
2309:
2297:
2281:
2265:
2249:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2201:
2199:Frederick Sanger
2185:
2179:Herbert C. Brown
2173:
2165:
2157:
2155:William Lipscomb
2138:
2126:
2118:
2106:
2090:
2088:Gerhard Herzberg
2082:
2074:
2062:
2054:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2014:
2002:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1964:Frederick Sanger
1958:
1950:
1948:Nikolay Semyonov
1938:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1902:
1900:Glenn T. Seaborg
1879:
1867:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1827:
1825:Artturi Virtanen
1819:
1811:
1809:George de Hevesy
1803:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1770:
1762:
1750:
1742:
1730:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1707:
1695:
1687:
1675:
1667:
1665:Heinrich Wieland
1659:
1657:Theodor Svedberg
1642:
1641:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1616:
1608:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1547:
1539:
1531:
1519:
1511:
1503:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1469:Adolf von Baeyer
1463:
1455:
1453:Svante Arrhenius
1447:
1439:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1373:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1338:
1337:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1186:. Archived from
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1010:
995:
989:
988:
952:
946:
945:
935:
925:
893:
887:
886:
884:
882:
872:
866:
865:
863:
861:
846:
840:
839:
837:
835:
820:
811:
810:
808:
806:
791:
780:
779:
751:
732:
731:
729:
727:
712:
545:
449:television show
396:chemical physics
207:Doctoral advisor
160:
153:
146:
139:
132:
125:
118:
58:
54:
52:
33:
19:
18:
6909:
6908:
6904:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6899:
6898:
6804:
6803:
6802:
6789:
6777:Sean C. Solomon
6739:
6691:Daniel Kleppner
6683:Lonnie Thompson
6678:Ralph A. Alpher
6644:W. Jason Morgan
6631:Charles Keeling
6621:Marvin L. Cohen
6588:
6571:John N. Bahcall
6566:Don L. Anderson
6532:Peter Goldreich
6485:Steven Weinberg
6437:
6367:Walter Elsasser
6344:Herman Feshbach
6258:
6196:Samuel Goudsmit
6188:Chien-Shiung Wu
6127:Frederick Seitz
6094:John A. Wheeler
6079:Robert H. Dicke
6064:
5927:Luis W. Alvarez
5908:
5889:
5877:David Blackwell
5831:
5782:Carl R. de Boor
5753:Karen Uhlenbeck
5733:
5687:Louis Nirenberg
5622:
5595:Ralph E. Gomory
5533:
5529:Donald E. Knuth
5516:Hassler Whitney
5454:
5378:
5359:
5324:
5256:Andreas Acrivos
5233:
5221:Eli Ruckenstein
5200:Hermann A. Haus
5171:Calvin F. Quate
5158:Luna B. Leopold
5125:
5016:
5002:Robert N. Noyce
4992:Emmett N. Leith
4951:Manson Benedict
4933:Rudolf Kompfner
4897:
4851:Warren K. Lewis
4788:
4769:
4703:
4665:Peter B. Dervan
4636:John I. Brauman
4595:
4547:Norman Davidson
4474:John D. Roberts
4449:
4417:Konrad E. Bloch
4363:Richard N. Zare
4325:
4302:
4283:
4240:Sallie Chisholm
4222:Rudolf Jaenisch
4202:
4185:J. Craig Venter
4144:Rita R. Colwell
4011:
3997:David Baltimore
3888:Robert W. Kates
3860:David G. Nathan
3855:Edward B. Lewis
3825:
3821:Harland G. Wood
3816:Roger W. Sperry
3671:Glenn W. Burton
3643:
3619:Arthur Kornberg
3586:Roger Guillemin
3563:Hallowell Davis
3527:Daniel I. Arnon
3519:Albert B. Sabin
3499:
3472:Detlev W. Bronk
3444:Harry F. Harlow
3439:Kenneth S. Cole
3426:William C. Rose
3398:Francis P. Rous
3358:
3339:
3304:
3284:Gordon H. Bower
3245:
3241:Robert M. Solow
3157:
3153:Milton Friedman
3117:
3094:
3083:
3075:
3045:
3040:
2978:
2970:
2967:(United States)
2951:
2942:(United States)
2926:
2921:Heinrich Rohrer
2895:
2892:(United States)
2876:
2852:
2843:(United States)
2837:(United States)
2821:
2814:
2784:
2779:
2763:
2747:
2738:David MacMillan
2735:
2730:Jennifer Doudna
2723:
2707:
2691:
2675:
2666:Fraser Stoddart
2659:
2650:Paul L. Modrich
2643:
2627:
2611:
2599:
2591:
2586:Ei-ichi Negishi
2578:Richard F. Heck
2575:
2559:
2546:Osamu Shimomura
2543:
2535:
2527:
2511:
2495:
2483:
2467:
2454:William Knowles
2451:
2440:
2431:Alan MacDiarmid
2424:
2416:
2404:
2388:
2383:Richard Smalley
2372:
2359:Paul J. Crutzen
2356:
2348:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2312:
2300:
2284:
2275:Jean-Marie Lehn
2268:
2252:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2204:
2188:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2141:
2136:Vladimir Prelog
2129:
2121:
2109:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2065:
2057:
2041:
2033:
2028:Robert Woodward
2025:
2020:Dorothy Hodgkin
2017:
2005:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1905:
1893:
1882:
1870:
1865:William Giauque
1862:
1854:
1849:Robert Robinson
1846:
1833:James B. Sumner
1830:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1780:Leopold RuĹľiÄŤka
1776:Adolf Butenandt
1773:
1765:
1753:
1745:
1733:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1713:Irving Langmuir
1710:
1698:
1690:
1678:
1670:
1662:
1654:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1611:
1603:
1598:Frederick Soddy
1595:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1525:Victor Grignard
1522:
1514:
1506:
1501:Wilhelm Ostwald
1498:
1490:
1482:
1474:
1466:
1458:
1450:
1442:
1434:
1423:
1414:
1358:Scouting portal
1356:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1269:. June 13, 1996
1261:
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1135:
1125:
1118:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1084:
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1049:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1022:
1018:
1008:
1006:
996:
992:
953:
949:
894:
890:
880:
878:
874:
873:
869:
859:
857:
848:
847:
843:
833:
831:
821:
814:
804:
802:
793:
792:
783:
776:
752:
735:
725:
723:
714:
713:
706:
702:
659:
658:
657:
634:
633:
618:
617:
613:
606:
558:
537:
535:
500:
465:Professor Frink
431:
423:approval voting
377:John C. Polanyi
367:
354:
349:
345:
331:
272:
254:John C. Polanyi
224:
222:Richard N. Zare
198:
194:
190:
156:
149:
142:
135:
128:
121:
85:
70:Alma mater
65:
59:
56:
50:
48:
47:
46:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6907:
6897:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6799:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6787:
6782:
6779:
6774:
6772:Burton Richter
6769:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6747:
6745:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6725:Yakir Aharonov
6722:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6693:
6688:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6672:
6667:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6639:Richard Garwin
6636:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6603:Willis E. Lamb
6600:
6596:
6594:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6542:
6537:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6495:
6490:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6445:
6443:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6362:Philip Abelson
6359:
6356:
6354:Chen-Ning Yang
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6328:
6323:
6321:Bruno B. Rossi
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6278:Yoichiro Nambu
6275:
6270:
6266:
6264:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6089:John C. Slater
6086:
6081:
6076:
6072:
6070:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5976:Jacob Bjerknes
5973:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5929:
5924:
5920:
5918:
5910:
5909:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5882:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5839:
5837:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5824:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5808:
5803:
5800:
5795:
5792:
5787:
5784:
5779:
5776:
5774:James G. Glimm
5771:
5768:
5766:Elias M. Stein
5763:
5758:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5718:
5713:
5710:
5708:Shing-Tung Yau
5705:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5689:
5684:
5681:
5676:
5673:
5668:
5665:
5660:
5657:
5652:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5576:
5574:Antoni Zygmund
5571:
5566:
5563:
5561:Isadore Singer
5558:
5553:
5550:
5545:
5541:
5539:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5524:Joseph L. Doob
5521:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5505:
5503:George Dantzig
5500:
5495:
5493:John W. Backus
5490:
5487:
5482:
5479:
5474:
5471:
5469:Richard Brauer
5466:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5450:William Feller
5447:
5444:
5439:
5436:
5431:
5428:
5423:
5420:
5415:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5399:
5397:Norbert Wiener
5394:
5390:
5388:
5380:
5379:
5369:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5355:Thomas Kailath
5352:
5349:
5344:
5341:
5336:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5314:
5309:
5306:
5301:
5298:
5293:
5290:
5285:
5282:
5277:
5274:
5269:
5266:
5261:
5258:
5253:
5250:
5245:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5223:
5218:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5202:
5197:
5194:
5189:
5186:
5181:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5092:
5087:
5085:H. Bolton Seed
5082:
5077:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5038:
5036:Donald L. Katz
5033:
5028:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5007:Earl R. Parker
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4914:
4909:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4861:
4856:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4841:Hugh L. Dryden
4838:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4798:
4790:
4789:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4759:
4754:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4725:
4723:Peter J. Stang
4720:
4715:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4699:Marye Anne Fox
4696:
4691:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4675:
4670:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4654:
4652:Tobin J. Marks
4649:
4646:
4641:
4638:
4633:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4581:Stuart A. Rice
4578:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4549:
4544:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4528:
4523:
4520:
4515:
4513:Donald J. Cram
4510:
4507:
4502:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4482:Ronald Breslow
4479:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4424:
4422:Elias J. Corey
4419:
4414:
4409:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4388:
4383:
4381:Carl S. Marvel
4378:
4373:
4368:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4353:Roald Hoffmann
4350:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4312:
4304:
4303:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4269:Stanley Falkow
4266:
4263:
4261:Rakesh K. Jain
4258:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4064:Gene E. Likens
4061:
4056:
4051:
4049:George F. Bass
4046:
4041:
4038:
4033:
4031:Peter H. Raven
4028:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3965:
3960:
3957:
3955:Alexander Rich
3952:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3936:
3931:
3929:Daniel Nathans
3926:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3910:
3905:
3903:Folke K. Skoog
3900:
3895:
3893:Salvador Luria
3890:
3885:
3883:Elvin A. Kabat
3880:
3875:
3870:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3796:Katherine Esau
3793:
3790:
3785:
3783:Eric R. Kandel
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3729:
3727:Joan A. Steitz
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3701:
3699:Berta Scharrer
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3666:Seymour Benzer
3663:
3660:
3658:Philip Handler
3655:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3545:Erwin Chargaff
3542:
3540:Britton Chance
3537:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3490:Robert Huebner
3487:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3379:
3377:C. B. van Niel
3374:
3370:
3368:
3360:
3359:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3335:Albert Bandura
3332:
3329:
3327:Robert Axelrod
3324:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3273:
3270:
3268:R. Duncan Luce
3265:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3227:
3222:
3219:
3217:Paul Samuelson
3214:
3211:
3206:
3203:
3198:
3195:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3177:Patrick Suppes
3174:
3172:Leonid Hurwicz
3169:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3096:
3095:
3085:
3084:
3074:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3051:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2961:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2943:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2865:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2831:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2790:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2761:
2745:
2733:
2721:
2705:
2698:Gregory Winter
2694:Frances Arnold
2689:
2673:
2657:
2641:
2625:
2618:Michael Levitt
2614:Martin Karplus
2609:
2597:
2589:
2573:
2557:
2554:Roger Y. Tsien
2550:Martin Chalfie
2541:
2533:
2525:
2509:
2493:
2481:
2465:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2427:Alan J. Heeger
2422:
2414:
2402:
2395:John E. Walker
2386:
2370:
2354:
2346:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2298:
2295:Hartmut Michel
2282:
2271:Donald J. Cram
2266:
2250:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2211:Roald Hoffmann
2202:
2195:Walter Gilbert
2186:
2174:
2166:
2163:Ilya Prigogine
2158:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2132:John Cornforth
2127:
2119:
2107:
2100:Stanford Moore
2091:
2083:
2075:
2063:
2055:
2048:Ronald Norrish
2039:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2003:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1956:Alexander Todd
1951:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1903:
1896:Edwin McMillan
1890:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1771:
1763:
1756:Norman Haworth
1751:
1743:
1731:
1723:
1716:
1708:
1696:
1688:
1676:
1668:
1660:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1617:
1609:
1601:
1593:
1590:Walther Nernst
1585:
1578:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1520:
1512:
1504:
1496:
1488:
1485:Eduard Buchner
1480:
1472:
1464:
1461:William Ramsay
1456:
1448:
1440:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1374:
1362:
1361:
1345:
1344:External links
1342:
1340:
1339:
1321:
1299:
1280:
1254:
1231:
1201:
1190:on May 9, 2018
1171:
1145:
1116:
1094:
1068:
1042:
1016:
990:
963:(5521): 1449.
947:
888:
867:
841:
812:
799:Nobelprize.org
781:
775:978-0841226906
774:
733:
720:Nobelprize.org
703:
701:
698:
697:
696:
689:
682:
675:
656:
655:
650:
645:
639:
635:
632:
631:
626:
620:
619:
608:
607:
605:
602:
557:
554:
534:
531:
521:He is also an
499:
498:Public service
496:
430:
427:
365:
352:
347:
343:
330:
327:
271:
268:
233:
232:
229:
228:
226:Seong Keun Kim
219:
215:
214:
209:
203:
202:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
164:
163:
113:
109:
108:
103:
102:Known for
99:
98:
71:
67:
66:
60:
44:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6906:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6819:Living people
6817:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6786:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6742:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6717:James E. Gunn
6715:
6713:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6649:Edward Witten
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6591:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6467:Roger Revelle
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6440:
6434:
6433:Henry Stommel
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6423:Eugene Parker
6421:
6419:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6283:Edward Teller
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6261:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6249:Lyman Spitzer
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6168:Hans A. Bethe
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6112:Maurice Ewing
6110:
6108:
6107:Carl Djerassi
6105:
6102:
6100:
6099:Saul Winstein
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6067:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6047:Eugene Wigner
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6032:Paul Bartlett
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6019:Louis Hammett
6017:
6015:
6014:Gregory Breit
6012:
6010:
6009:Francis Birch
6007:
6005:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5968:William Rubey
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5904:
5900:
5886:
5885:Michael Artin
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5834:
5828:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5798:Bradley Efron
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5724:Felix Browder
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5700:Stephen Smale
5698:
5696:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5647:John McCarthy
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5625:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5608:Samuel Karlin
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5418:Oscar Zariski
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5374:
5370:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5230:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5192:Ray W. Clough
5190:
5187:
5185:
5184:Alfred Y. Cho
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5054:John G. Trump
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4867:Edwin H. Land
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4815:Vannevar Bush
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4784:
4780:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4731:Allen J. Bard
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4686:JoAnne Stubbe
4684:
4682:
4681:Joanna Fowler
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4591:Susan Solomon
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4435:Melvin Calvin
4433:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4376:Yuan Tseh Lee
4374:
4372:
4371:Harry B. Gray
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4345:Gilbert Stork
4343:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4294:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4253:Bruce Alberts
4251:
4249:
4248:May Berenbaum
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4154:Lubert Stryer
4152:
4150:
4149:Nina Fedoroff
4147:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4131:Anthony Fauci
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4074:Harold Varmus
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4007:Lynn Margulis
4005:
4003:
4002:Jared Diamond
4000:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3942:Thomas Eisner
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3916:Maxine Singer
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3898:Paul A. Marks
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3707:Stanley Cohen
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3596:Efraim Racker
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3550:James V. Neel
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:Horace Barker
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3431:Sewall Wright
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3350:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3319:Anne Treisman
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3276:Kenneth Arrow
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:Anne Anastasi
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3060:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2940:Stanley Cohen
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2923:(Switzerland)
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2775:
2771:
2770:Louis E. Brus
2767:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2742:Benjamin List
2739:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2718:Akira Yoshino
2715:
2711:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2682:Joachim Frank
2679:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2646:Tomas Lindahl
2642:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2623:
2622:Arieh Warshel
2619:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2606:Brian Kobilka
2603:
2598:
2595:
2594:Dan Shechtman
2590:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2570:Ada E. Yonath
2567:
2563:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2502:Avram Hershko
2499:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2478:Kurt WĂĽthrich
2475:
2474:Koichi Tanaka
2471:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2391:Paul D. Boyer
2387:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2347:
2344:
2343:Michael Smith
2340:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2303:Sidney Altman
2299:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2212:
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2207:Kenichi Fukui
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2104:William Stein
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2029:
2024:
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2016:
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2009:
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1980:Willard Libby
1976:
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1932:
1929:
1928:Linus Pauling
1924:
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1909:
1908:Archer Martin
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1533:
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1381:Linus Pauling
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801:. Nobel Media
800:
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790:
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96:
92:
88:
83:
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75:
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68:
63:
57:(age 92)
55:June 18, 1932
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
6759:Sandra Faber
6754:Sidney Drell
6584:Leo Kadanoff
6579:James Cronin
6527:Hans Dehmelt
6462:Robert Pound
6428:Robert Sharp
6244:John Sinfelt
6211:Verner Suomi
6178:Lewis Sarett
6042:Lars Onsager
5986:Henry Eyring
5953:John Bardeen
5695:Richard Karp
5663:Allen Newell
5442:Jerzy Neyman
5067:Tung-Yen Lin
5044:Bill Hewlett
4974:Morris Cohen
4568:John W. Cahn
4491:
4469:Karl Folkers
4230:Lucy Shapiro
4180:Elaine Fuchs
4059:Ann Graybiel
3989:Janet Rowley
3971:James Watson
3963:Ruth Patrick
3806:Philip Leder
3676:Mildred Cohn
3624:Severo Ochoa
3601:E. O. Wilson
3010:
2871:Wole Soyinka
2847:John Polanyi
2834:
2702:George Smith
2582:Akira Suzuki
2538:Gerhard Ertl
2522:Yves Chauvin
2470:John B. Fenn
2458:Ryoji Noyori
2445:2001–present
2419:Ahmed Zewail
2379:Harold Kroto
2363:Mario Molina
2291:Robert Huber
2263:John Polanyi
2254:
2247:Jerome Karle
2183:Georg Wittig
2068:Derek Barton
2060:Lars Onsager
2012:Giulio Natta
2008:Karl Ziegler
2000:John Kendrew
1768:Richard Kuhn
1693:Hans Fischer
1509:Otto Wallach
1445:Emil Fischer
1324:
1311:
1302:
1293:
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1266:
1257:
1245:. Retrieved
1234:
1222:. Retrieved
1218:the original
1213:
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1188:the original
1183:
1174:
1162:. Retrieved
1136:. Retrieved
1132:
1111:the original
1106:
1097:
1085:. Retrieved
1081:the original
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1055:the original
1045:
1033:. Retrieved
1029:
1019:
1007:. Retrieved
1003:
993:
960:
956:
950:
905:
901:
891:
879:. Retrieved
870:
858:. Retrieved
853:
844:
832:. Retrieved
828:
803:. Retrieved
798:
760:
724:. Retrieved
719:
643:Online books
636:
614:
604:Publications
559:
550:
520:
511:
501:
484:
469:
452:The Simpsons
450:
447:
440:
419:Steven Brams
415:fossil fuels
385:
370:
358:
332:
312:
273:
261:
237:
236:
184:Institutions
167:
6814:1932 births
6712:Berni Alder
6519:Frank Press
6400:Walter Kohn
6377:George Pake
6311:Walter Munk
6234:Herman Mark
6216:Henry Taube
6004:Jesse Beams
5958:Peter Debye
5940:Harold Urey
5864:Barry Mazur
5426:John Milnor
5320:Amnon Yariv
5264:Leo Beranek
5090:Ernst Weber
4943:Abel Wolman
4534:Thomas Cech
4464:Elkan Blout
4404:Max Tishler
4321:Roger Adams
4279:Simon Levin
3745:Harry Eagle
3568:Paul Gyorgy
3260:Gary Becker
2915:Gerd Binnig
2909:Ernst Ruska
2890:Elie Wiesel
2841:Yuan T. Lee
2818:Nobel Prize
2670:Ben Feringa
2654:Aziz Sancar
2634:Stefan Hell
2630:Eric Betzig
2407:Walter Kohn
2375:Robert Curl
2351:George Olah
2339:Kary Mullis
2315:Elias Corey
2307:Thomas Cech
2259:Yuan T. Lee
2227:Henry Taube
1760:Paul Karrer
1748:Peter Debye
1728:Harold Urey
1614:Fritz Pregl
1575:Fritz Haber
1517:Marie Curie
1087:December 9,
1061:December 9,
1009:October 29,
881:December 9,
523:Eagle Scout
411:hydrocarbon
373:Yuan T. Lee
250:Yuan T. Lee
6808:Categories
6506:Vera Rubin
6145:Paul Flory
5806:Hyman Bass
5679:John Cocke
5582:Raoul Bott
5485:Kurt Gödel
5477:John Tukey
5434:Paul Cohen
5049:George Low
5012:Simon Ramo
4235:Leroy Hood
4036:Carl Woese
3984:Bruce Ames
3495:Ernst Mayr
2858:Literature
2506:Irwin Rose
2486:Peter Agre
2411:John Pople
2219:Aaron Klug
2124:Paul Flory
2072:Odd Hassel
1996:Max Perutz
1877:Kurt Alder
1873:Otto Diels
1701:Carl Bosch
1224:October 2,
1077:"Advisors"
700:References
596:, and the
280:California
51:1932-06-18
6501:Val Fitch
5569:Peter Lax
5339:Shu Chien
4586:John Ross
4301:Chemistry
3689:Paul Berg
3081:laureates
2917:(Germany)
2911:(Germany)
2873:(Nigeria)
2827:Chemistry
2820:laureates
2191:Paul Berg
2146:1976–2000
1887:1951–1975
1817:Otto Hahn
1648:1926–1950
1428:1901–1925
1417:Laureates
1273:April 28,
1243:. Listerv
1194:April 28,
1160:. Listerv
1138:April 28,
1035:April 28,
860:April 28,
834:April 28,
805:April 28,
726:April 28,
421:studying
408:abiogenic
388:chemistry
178:Chemistry
6480:Ed Stone
3477:Jay Lush
2849:(Canada)
985:28262658
977:11379606
942:15381767
572:and the
529:(DESA).
381:dynamics
329:Research
288:football
276:San Jose
2901:Physics
1419:of the
1247:June 1,
1164:June 1,
957:Science
910:Bibcode
766:686–692
400:methane
392:physics
362:halides
2764:2023:
2748:2022:
2736:2021:
2724:2020:
2708:2019:
2692:2018:
2676:2017:
2660:2016:
2644:2015:
2628:2014:
2612:2013:
2600:2012:
2592:2011:
2576:2010:
2560:2009:
2544:2008:
2536:2007:
2528:2006:
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2496:2004:
2484:2003:
2468:2002:
2452:2001:
2425:2000:
2417:1999:
2405:1998:
2389:1997:
2373:1996:
2357:1995:
2349:1994:
2337:1993:
2329:1992:
2321:1991:
2313:1990:
2301:1989:
2285:1988:
2269:1987:
2253:1986:
2241:1985:
2233:1984:
2225:1983:
2217:1982:
2205:1981:
2189:1980:
2177:1979:
2169:1978:
2161:1977:
2153:1976:
2130:1975:
2122:1974:
2110:1973:
2094:1972:
2086:1971:
2078:1970:
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2042:1967:
2034:1966:
2026:1965:
2018:1964:
2006:1963:
1994:1962:
1986:1961:
1978:1960:
1970:1959:
1962:1958:
1954:1957:
1942:1956:
1934:1955:
1926:1954:
1918:1953:
1906:1952:
1894:1951:
1871:1950:
1863:1949:
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1831:1946:
1823:1945:
1815:1944:
1807:1943:
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1734:1935:
1726:1934:
1711:1932:
1699:1931:
1691:1930:
1679:1929:
1671:1928:
1663:1927:
1655:1926:
1627:1925:
1612:1923:
1604:1922:
1596:1921:
1588:1920:
1573:1918:
1551:1915:
1543:1914:
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1515:1911:
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1491:1908:
1483:1907:
1475:1906:
1467:1905:
1459:1904:
1451:1903:
1443:1902:
1435:1901:
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940:
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930:
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612:about
588:, the
584:, the
580:, the
568:, the
564:, the
533:Family
404:mantle
339:alkali
174:Fields
161:(2011)
154:(1991)
147:(1986)
140:(1983)
133:(1981)
126:(1978)
119:(1965)
112:Awards
64:, U.S.
6744:2010s
6593:2000s
6442:1990s
6263:1980s
6069:1970s
5917:1960s
5836:2010s
5738:2000s
5627:1990s
5538:1980s
5459:1970s
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5329:2010s
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3830:1990s
3648:1980s
3504:1970s
3367:1960s
3309:2010s
3250:2000s
3162:1990s
3122:1980s
3103:1960s
3011:1986
2882:Peace
2816:1986
1377:Video
981:S2CID
319:Ph.D.
6781:2014
6768:2012
6750:2011
6721:2009
6708:2008
6695:2007
6687:2006
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6666:2004
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5881:2013
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5351:2012
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4761:2014
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3331:2015
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1275:2015
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1226:2012
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1089:2010
1063:2010
1037:2015
1011:2007
973:PMID
938:PMID
883:2010
862:2015
836:2015
807:2015
770:ISBN
728:2015
390:and
375:and
315:A.M.
308:M.S.
304:B.S.
252:and
41:Born
965:doi
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928:PMC
918:doi
906:101
480:MIT
463:to
95:PhD
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